Pipeline Hydraulics: Day 1 (Solutions) 1

PIPELINE DESIGN COURSE

DAY 1
PIPELINE HYDRAULICS

CONTINUING PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT RESULTS SHEET

PIPELINE HYDRAULICS HAND CALCULATION

Derive a relationship for the flow
rate relationship for the three
different pipes.

Derive a relationship for the
required effective diameter to
replace the three parallel pipes.









Flow rate relationship
3 2 1
Q Q Q Q
Total
+ + = .(1)

3 2 1 f f f
h h h = = and VA Q =

1
2
1 1 1
1
2gD
V L
h
f

= thus
1 1
1 1
1
2
L
h gD
V
f

= .(2)
2
2
2 2 2
2
2gD
V L
h
f

= thus
2 2
2 2
2
2
L
h gD
V
f

= .(3)
3
2
3 3 3
3
2gD
V L
h
f

= thus
3 3
3 3
3
2
L
h gD
V
f

= .(4)
Substitute (2), (3) and (4) into (1)

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+
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+
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=
4
2
4
2
4
2
2
3
3 3
3 3
2
2
2 2
2 2
2
1
1 1
1 1
D
L
h gD
D
L
h gD
D
L
h gD
Q
f f f
Total

SOLUTIONS

Pipeline Hydraulics: Day 1 (Solutions) 2

PIPELINE HYDRAULICS HAND CALCULATION

Effective diameter
3 2 1 f f f fE
h h h h = = =

3
2
3 3 3
2
2
2 2 2
1
2
1 1 1
2
2 2 2 2 gD
V L
gD
V L
gD
V L
gD
V L
E
E E E

= = =

2
1
1 1
1
2
1
|
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.
|

\
|
=
E
E E E
D L
D V L
V

.(1)
2
1
2 2
2
2
2
|
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.
|

\
|
=
E
E E E
D L
D V L
V

.(2)
2
1
3 3
3
2
3
|
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.
|

\
|
=
E
E E E
D L
D V L
V

.(3)

E
Q Q Q Q = + +
3 2 1


E E
A V A V A V A V = + +
3 3 2 2 1 1
.(4)

Substitute (1), (2) and (3) into (4)

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+
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+
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4 4 4 4
2 2
3
2
1
3 3
3
2
2
2
1
2 2
2
2
1
2
1
1 1
1 E
E
E
E E
E
E
E E
E
E
E E
E
D
V
D
D L
D L
V
D
D L
D L
V
D
D L
D L
V

( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
3
2
1
3 3
3 2
2
2
1
2 2
2 2
1
2
1
1 1
1
E
E
E E
E
E E
E
E E
D D
D L
D L
D
D L
D L
D
D L
D L
=
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+
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+
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\
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(
(
(

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+
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+
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=
3 3
2
5
3
2 2
2
5
2
1 1
2
5
1
2
5
L
D
L
D
L
D
L D
E E E














Pipeline Hydraulics: Day 1 (Solutions) 3

















NETWORK ANALYSIS HAND CALCULATION


Assume Hazen-Williams
roughness value of C=130 for all
the pipes.
VA Q =

85 . 1 165 . 1
85 . 1
78 . 6
C D
V L
h
f
=

=
i
fi
fi
q
h
h
q
2




Pipe nr
Flow
(l/s)
Head loss
(m)

i
fi
q
h

2 100 6.432 0.064
4 30 1.040 0.035
5 -100 -6.432 0.064
Total 1.040 0.163
Calculated correction factor for Loop 1 -3.185 l/s
( )
( )
( ) ( )
m h
f
432 . 6
130 3 . 0
3 . 0
1 . 0
1000 78 . 6
85 . 1 165 . 1
85 . 1
2
2
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

( )
( )
( ) ( )
m h
f
040 . 1
130 3 . 0
3 . 0
03 . 0
1500 78 . 6
85 . 1 165 . 1
85 . 1
2
4
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

( )
( )
( ) ( )
m h
f
432 . 6
130 3 . 0
3 . 0
1 . 0
1000 78 . 6
85 . 1 165 . 1
85 . 1
2
5
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

( )
s l q / 185 . 3
163 . 0 2
040 . 1
= =

Pipeline Hydraulics: Day 1 (Solutions) 4

ECONOMIC ANALYSIS HAND CALCULATION

1. Evaluate which of the future income streams S1 or S2 is more favourable if the cost
of capital is 10% on a yearly basis.








2. Determine the current investment that should be made for the replacement of a R1.5
mil installation (current cost) after 15 years, if the expected CPIX is 15 % and the
return on a fixed investment is 8% pa.

3. Determine the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) for the following cash flow.









Question 1

If you assume year 1 to be the base year than the NPV of the two income streams are:
NPV
S1
= R1 412.39
NPV
S2
= R1 374.43

Resulting in income stream S1 being the most favourable when comparing the Net Present
Values (NPV).

This was calculated using the following formula:
( )
n
i
F
NPV
+
=
1

Where:
F = future value
i = interest rate
n = periods
Each future value was brought back to present values and accumulated to obtain the total
NPV for each income stream
Year S1 S2
1 250 100
2 350 400
3 600 350
4 100 600
5 400 250
Year Cash flow
0 -1300
1 250
2 350
3 600
4 100
5 400

Pipeline Hydraulics: Day 1 (Solutions) 5

ECONOMIC ANALYSIS HAND CALCULATION
Question 2

First the future value of the investment should be determined. The current installation is
worth R1 500 000 and the escalation will be 15 % for a 15 year period

( )
n
i P F + = 1 ( ) 592 205 R12 15 . 0 1 000 500 1
15
= + = F

Now the current investment should be calculated by discounting the future required value
with 8% per annum for the 15 year period.

( )
n
i
F
P
+
=
1

( )
712 847 R3
08 . 0 1
592 205 12
15
=
+
= P

Question 3

The internal rate of return is the rate where the NPV
income
= NPV
expenditure

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
5 4 3 2 1
1
400
1
100
1
600
1
350
1
250
i i i i i
NPV
income
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
= .(1)
( )
0
exp
1
1300
i
NPV
enditure
+
= .(2)

Equation (1) = Equation (2)

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0 5 4 3 2 1
1
1300
1
400
1
100
1
600
1
350
1
250
i i i i i i +
=
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+


Solving from this equation for i

IRR = 9.525%

Pipeline Hydraulics: Day 1 (Solutions) 6

Question Description Solution
NETWORK ANALYSES - PRACTICAL
D1Q1 Which nodes in the New York tunnel system
do not adhere to the minimum pressure
requirement?

Node 16 (64.47 m)
Node 17 (80.90 m)
Node 18 (48.35 m)
Node 19 (30.10 m)
Node 20 (64.05 m)
D1Q2 What is the pressure drop in pipe 14 ? h = 2.45 m (difference
between pressures of node
15 and 14)
D1Q3 What would the corresponding friction factor
() in pipe 14 be, as used in the Darcy
Weisbach equation?

= 0.0192
D1Q4 If you had to add any parallel pipes to the
system, where would you place these and why?
(Engineering gut feel)

Adding pipes close to the
supply reservoir usually
improves the pressure in the
entire network. Another
option is to place parallel
pipes along side pipes which
have high unit head loss
values such as pipes 17, 18,
19 and 21.


OPTIMIZATION - PRACTICAL
D1Q5 How many possible solutions does the small
network below have if with there are 5
different pipe diameters to select from?


Possible solutions
= 5
6
= 15 625
Pipe Diameter D1Q6 List the additional pipes (diameters) that
should be installed in the network to solve the
pressure problems and indicate where these
pipes should be installed.
3
14
16
17
18
19
21
2133.6
2133.6
2438.4
2438.4
2133.6
1828.8
1828.8
D1Q7 What is the cheapest solution for the above
system?
$41 219 821
D1Q8 Does the system meet the necessary pressure
and velocity criteria (Yes/No)?
Yes, there are no pressure or
velocity penalties


Pipeline Hydraulics: Day 1 (Solutions) 7


Question Description Solution
LIFE CYCLE COSTING ANALYSIS - PRACTICAL
D1Q9 What is the maximum flow rate for
Alternative 1 at the end of the design life
(Ml/day)?

10.263 Ml/day in year 2019


D1Q10 What and where is the lowest pressure (m) in
the pipeline (year 1) for alternative 1?

At chainage 1650 m the
pressure is 4.115 m

D1Q11 What is the capital cost of Alternative 2?
Total capital cost =
R5 079 261

D1Q12 What is the IRR of Alternative 2?
IRR = 62.511 %


D1Q13 What is the annual operating cost in year 15
for alternative 2?

Total operation cost =
R291 374.30

D1Q14 Which alternative would you recommend and
why?
Alternative 1 cannot provide
the total demand of 10.345
Ml/day in year 2019 whilst
Alternative 2 still has some
spare capacity. The total
capital cost of Alternative 1
is however less than that of
Alternative 2 by R363 000.
The IRR of alternative 1 is
also higher than that of
Alternative 2.
D1Q15 What other options do you have that will
improve the system, providing you with a
better alternative?
Use pipes with less internal
friction.
Other pipe materials.
Obtain the best combination
as shown in Alternative 2.
Could add a booster pump.
Different route.
Provide greater head
difference between the
reservoirs by lifting the
supply level or lowering the
end reservoir level.
The two entered alternatives are provided electronically on the website:
Practical Example (Gravity system Alternative 1).lcc
Practical Example (Gravity system Alternative 2).lcc