16-QSP-05-3A

DESIGN GUIDE
FOR
WAKE FREQUENCY CALCULATION
FOR THERMOWELL

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0 31.8.04 Issued for implementation LR DB AMG
Rev. Date Description Prpd. Chkd. Appd.
DESIGN GUIDE FOR
WAKE FREQUENCY
CALCULATION FOR
THERMOWELL
Std. / Doc. Number Rev.
09-DG-005 0
Sheet 1 of 11

16-QSP-05-3A
CONTENTS
1.0 PURP!"
#.0 !$P"
3.0 LI!% & ABBR"'IA%I(!
4.0 PR$"DUR"
).0 "*AMPL" PRBL"M
+.0 LIMI%A%I(
,.0 APPLI$ABL" $D"! - !%A(DARD!
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DESIGN GUIDE FOR
WAKE FREQUENCY
CALCULATION FOR
THERMOWELL
Std. / Doc. Number Rev.
09-DG-005 0
Sheet 2 of 11
16-QSP-05-3A
1.0 PURPOSE
%.e purpose of t.is do/ument is to pro0ide 1uidelines and ena2le one to determine if a
t.ermo3ell sele/ted for ser0i/e is stron1 enou1. to 3it.stand spe/ifi/ appli/ation /onditions
su/. as pressure4 0elo/it5 and 0i2ration.
2.0 SCOPE
%.is do/ument s.all in/lude 2ut is not limited to t.e safe len1t. re6uirements of t.ermo3ell
into a mo0in1 fluid.
3.0 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS:
API 7 AM"RI$A( P"%RL"UM I(!%I%U%"
A(!I 7 AM"RI$A( (A%I(AL !%A(DARD! I(!%I%U%"
A!M" 7 AM"RI$A( !$I"%8 & M"$9A(I$AL "(GI(""R!
I!A 7 %9" I(!%RUM"(%A%I(4 !8!%"M! A(D AU%MA%I(
!$I"%8
4.0 PROCEDURE:
%.e t.ermo3ell pro0ides prote/tion for temperature sensin1 element in pressure 0essels
and pipelines. %.e t.ermo3ells are pro0ided 3it. e:ternal t.reads or ot.er means for
lea; ti1.t pressure atta/.ment to t.e 0essels and pipelines. %.e temperature sensor 3.i/.
resides inside t.e t.ermo3ell measures t.e temperature of a mo0in1 fluid in a /onduit
3.ere t.e stream e:erts an appre/ia2le for/e. %.e t.ermo3ells are desi1ned to 3it.stand
0arious t5pes of loadin1. A t.ermo3ell permits /.e/;in1 and repla/in1 t.e temperature
sensin1 elements 3it.out drainin1 t.e 0essel or pipeline or s.utdo3n of pro/ess.
%.ermo3ell failures are /aused 25 for/es imposed 25 stati/ pressure4 stead5 state flo34 and
0i2ration. !eparate e0aluations of ea/. of t.e a2o0e effe/ts s.ould 2e made in order to
determine t.e limitin1 /ondition.
%.is desi1n pro/edure does not allo3 for effe/ts due to /orrosion or erosion.
%.ere are four /riti/al parameters to /onsider in t.ermo3ell desi1n<
i= Material $ompati2ilit5
ii= &lo37Indu/ed 'i2ration
iii= !tati/ Pressure
i0= !tead5 !tate Bendin1 !tress
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DESIGN GUIDE FOR
WAKE FREQUENCY
CALCULATION FOR
THERMOWELL
Std. / Doc. Number Rev.
09-DG-005 0
Sheet 3 of 11
16-QSP-05-3A
Material Compatibility:
%.e t.ermo3ell material /.osen for t.e installation s.all 2e 1o0erned mainl5 25 t.e
/orrosion /onditions of t.e 3ell en0ironment. %.e material used s.all 2e for1ed or 2arsto/;
and s.all /onform to t.e A!%M spe/ifi/ations of A(!I !tandard B31.1 or one of t.e !A or
!B spe/ifi/ations listed in se/tion 7 II of t.e A!M" Boiler and Pressure 'essel $ode.
!ome of t.e most /ommonl5 used materials suita2le for t.ermo3ells are<
A10) Gr. II4 $ar2on steel
A181 Gr. II4 $ar2on steel
A18# Gr. &##4 Lo3 allo5 >/.rome mol5= steel
A18# Gr. &3044 9i allo5 >stainless= steel
A18# Gr. &31+4 9i allo5 >stainless= steel
B1+4 $lass A or B4 (i/;el 7 /opper allo5 >monel=4 annealed
B1+ $lass A or B4 &ree 7 /uttin1 2rass rod
%.e natural fre6uen/5 of t.e t.ermo3ell is dependent on t.e sele/ted t.ermo3ell material.
Flow-induced Vibration:
?.en a t.ermo3ell is inserted into flo3in1 li6uid or 1as4 /ir/ular flo3 is /reated do3n
stream of t.e t.ermo3ell. %.is /ir/ular flo3 patterns are /alled 'on @arman >3a;e=
0orti/es. %.ese 0orti/es 2rea; a3a5 periodi/all54 ;no3n as 0orte: s.eddin1 and /ause a
re1ular /.an1e in t.e for/e on t.e t.ermo3ell4 3.i/. is proportional to t.e flo3 0elo/it5. If
t.e re1ular /.an1e4 or fre6uen/5 >3a;e fre6uen/5= is /lose to t.e natural fre6uen/5 of t.e
t.ermo3ell4 a resonan/e /ondition ma5 o//ur 3.ere a massi0e amounts of ener15 are
a2sor2ed 25 t.e t.ermo3ell4 resultin1 in 0er5 .i1. stresses and possi2le failures. "0en if t.e
t.ermo3ell does not fail4 t.e sensor /apsule inside t.e t.ermo3ell ma5 2e su2Ae/ted to
se0ere le0els of s.o/; and 0i2ration4 resultin1 in erroneous readin1s or total sensor failure.
%.e A!M" P%$ 1B.3 7 1B,4 re6uires t.at t.e ratio of 3a;e fre6uen/5 to natural fre6uen/5
of a t.ermo3ell 2e less t.an 0.8. In instan/es 3.ere t.e ratio is 1reater t.an 0.84 t.e user .as
t3o options<
1. De/rease t.e 3a;e fre6uen/5 25 redu/in1 t.e flo3 0elo/it5 or usin1 a lar1er
diameter t.ermo3ell4 or
#. In/rease t.e natural fre6uen/5 of t.e t.ermo3ell 25 usin1 a stron1er t.ermo3ell
/onfi1uration >a different t.ermo3ell t5pe or material4 or a s.orter len1t.
t.ermo3ell=.
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DESIGN GUIDE FOR
WAKE FREQUENCY
CALCULATION FOR
THERMOWELL
Std. / Doc. Number Rev.
09-DG-005 0
Sheet 4 of 11
16-QSP-05-3A
FIGURE 1
%.is /al/ulation is not re6uired 3.en t.e t.ermo3ell is inserted in fluid t.at is not mo0in1.
>for e1.4 temperature elements in 0essels=
%.e /riteria for an a//epta2le desi1n is<
r (f
w
/f
n
)

< 0.8 "6uation >1=
3.ere
r C &re6uen/5 ratio
f
3
C ?a;e &re6uen/54 /5/les per se/ond
f
n
C (atural &re6uen/5 of t.e 3ell at 3or;in1 temperature4 /5/les per se/ond
%.e 3a;e or !trou.al fre6uen/5 and natural fre6uen/5 is 1i0en 25<
F
w
2.64 ` (V/B) "6uation >#=
F
n
(K
f
/L
2
) ` ( ( e E/Y)) "6uation >3=
?.ere
' C &luid 0elo/it54 fps
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DESIGN GUIDE FOR
WAKE FREQUENCY
CALCULATION FOR
THERMOWELL
Std. / Doc. Number Rev.
09-DG-005 0
Sheet 5 of 11
16-QSP-05-3A
B C Diameter of t.ermo3ell at tip4 in/.es
L C Insertion len1t. of t.ermo3ell4 in/.es
" C Modulus of elasti/it5 of 3ell material at use temperature4 psi
8 C !pe/ifi/ 3ei1.t of 3ell material4 l2 per /u in.
@
f
C A /onstant o2tained from %a2le71
%.e ratio DrE s.all not e:/eed 0.84 and 3.en t.is /ondition is met4 t.e Ma1nifi/ation &a/tor4
t.e ratio of d5nami/ to stati/ amplitude4 is 1i0en 25<
F
m
r
2
/(1-r
2
) "6uation >4=

Static Pressure:
%.e ma:imum pressure t.at a t.ermo3ell /an 3it.stand for a 1i0en material at a 1i0en
temperature s.all 2e /omputed from t.e follo3in1<
P K
1
S "6uation >)=
?.ere
P C ma:imum Allo3a2le stati/ 1au1e pressure4 psi
! C Allo3a2le stress for material at operatin1 temperature as 1i0en in t.e A!M" Boiler
and Pressure 'essel or Pipin1 $ode4 psi
@
1
C A stress /onstant o2tained from %a2le73
Steady State Bending Stress:
?.en a t.ermo3ell is inserted into mo0in1 fluid it is su2Ae/ted to a stead5 state 2endin1
stress. &luid flo34 3.i/. is a fun/tion of flo3 0elo/it5 and densit54 /auses a for/e to 2e
e:erted on t.e t.ermo3ell. %.e lon1er t.e t.ermo3ell4 t.e .i1.er t.e stress.
%.is /al/ulation is not re6uired 3.en t.e t.ermo3ell is inserted in fluid t.at is not mo0in1.
It does not a//ount for 2endin1 stress due to t.ermo3ell 3ei1.t.
The maximum length that a thermowell can be made for given service is dependent
upon both vibratory and steady state stress. The necessity for keeping the frequency
ratio at 0.8 or less impose one limitation on maximum length. The other limitation is
one of steady state stress considerations, as given by the following equation<
L
max
(K
2
/V) ` w{v(S-K
3
P
0
)/(1+F
m
)}] "6uation >+=
?.ere
L
ma:
C Ma:imum 0alue of L for a 1i0en ser0i/e
0 C !pe/ifi/ 0olume of t.e fluid4 /u ft per l2
P
0
C !tati/ operatin1 1au1e pressure4 psi
&
m
C Ma1nifi/ation fa/tor

@
#
4 @
3
C !tress /onstants o2tained from %a2le73
' C &luid 0elo/it54 fps
! CAllo3a2le stress for material at operatin1 temperature as 1i0en in t.e A!M"
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DESIGN GUIDE FOR
WAKE FREQUENCY
CALCULATION FOR
THERMOWELL
Std. / Doc. Number Rev.
09-DG-005 0
Sheet 6 of 11
16-QSP-05-3A
Boiler and Pressure 'essel or Pipin1 $ode4 psi
NOTE
&or 0elo/ities of 300 fps or less4 tapered t.ermo3ells s.all 2e used. &or 0elo/ities in e:/ess
of 300 fps4 a fi:ed 2eam t5pe t.ermo3ell is re/ommended.
TABLE - 1: VALUES OF K
f
Well
Length
L, inches
Nominal Size of Sensing Element, inches
1/4 3/8 9/16 11/16 7/8
#71F# #.0+ #.4# #.B, 3.3# 3.84
471F# #.0, #.4) 3.01 3.3B 3.B+
,71F# #.08 #.4+ 3.0) 3.44 4.03
1071F# #.0B #.4, 3.0+ 3.4+ 4.0+
1+ #.0B #.4, 3.0, 3.4, 4.08
#4 #.0B #.4, 3.0, 3.48 4.0B
TABLE - 2 : WELL DIMENSIONS IN INCHES >R"&"R &IGUR" 1 &R
DIM"(!I(AL D"%AIL!=
Dimensions Nominal Size of Sensing Element, inches
1/4 3/8 9/16 11/16 7/8
A >minimum= 13F1+ 1)F1+ 171F8 171F4 17,F1+
B >minimum= )F8 3F4 1)F1+ 171F1+ 171F4
d >minimum= 0.#)4 0.3,B 0.)++ 0.+B1 0.8,B
d >ma:imum= 0.#+# 0.38, 0.),) 0.,00 0.888
TABLE - 3: VALUES OF STRESS CONSTANTS
Stress
constants
Nominal Size of Sensing Element, inches
1/4 3/8 9/16 11/16 7/8
@
1
0.41# 0.334 0.##3 0.#0# 0.1))
@
#
3,.) 4#.3 4+.8 48., )0.1
@
3
0.11+ 0.#0) 0.38B 0.)48 0.8+4
TABLE - 4: MODULUS OF ELASTICITY, PSI x 10
6



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DESIGN GUIDE FOR
WAKE FREQUENCY
CALCULATION FOR
THERMOWELL
Std. / Doc. Number Rev.
09-DG-005 0
Sheet 7 of 11
16-QSP-05-3A
Modulus of "lasti/it5 >"= !pe/ifi/
?ei1.t in
P!I >8= Material %emperature in &
#00 300 400 )00 +00 ,00 800 B00 1000 1100 1#00 1300 1400 1)00 1+00 1800
!!30#
#,.B #,.3 #+., #+.0 #).4 #4.8 #4.# #3.+ #3.0 ##.3 #1.8 #1.# #0.+ #0.0
0.#B
!!304
#,.B #,.1 #+.+ #+.0 #).+ #4., #4.1 #3.# ##.) #1.8 #1.1 #0.4 1B.4 18.1
0.#B
!!30B
#3.1 ##.+ #1.8 #1.# 1B.8 1B.#
0.#B
!!310
#8.# #,.) #+.8 #+.# #).) #4.B #4.# #3.+ #3.0 ##.4 #1.8 #1.# 1B.8 1B.#
0.#B
!!31+
#8.1 #,.) #+.B #+.3 #).+ #4.B #4.# #3.) ##.8 ##.# #1.) #0.8 #0.0 1B.1
0.#B
!!3#1
#8.0 #,.3 #+.) #).8 #).3 #4.) #4.# #3.# ##.) #1.B #1.# #0.4 1B., 1B.1
0.#B
!!34,
#8.# #,.) #+.8 #+.1 #).4 #4.8 #4.1 #3.1 ##.8 ##.0 #1.4 #0., #0.0 1B.4 18.,
0.#B
Allo5 400
#+.8 #,.4 #).+ #4.8 #3., ##.+ #1.3 18.3
0.31B
Allo5 +00
31.0 #B.) #8.0 #+.8 ##.) #4.0 ##.) #1.0
0.304
A10)
#B.) #B.0 #8.3 #+., #).4 #3.8
0.#83
Alum
1100
10.0
0.0B8
(i #00
#B.1 #8.3 #,.4 #+.4 #).#
0.3#1
(i 410
#B.0 #8.3 #,., #,.0 #+.0 #4.8 #3.1 #1.4 1B.,
0.#8
(i 44+
#B.0
0.#,
$opper
14.0
0.3#3
Brass
B.0
0.304
In/ 800
#8.0 #+.+ #4.4 ##.3 #1.1 #0.0 18.,
0.#B
9ast B
30.0 #B., #,.B #+.B #+.0 #4., #3.3 #1.+
0.334
TABLE - 5: ALLOWABLE STRESS VALUES
Allowable Stress Values, PSI (S)
Material
Temperature in F
0 300 500 700 900 1100 1300
!!30# 11#)0.0 11000.0 10#)0.0 B000.0 ,,)0.0 +)00.0
!!304 18,)0.0 13,)0.0 11400.0 10)00.0 10000.0 8#)0.0 3400.0
!!310 18,)0.0 13,)0.0 1))00.0 1)100.0 11+)0.0 8)00.0 3)00.0
!!31+ 18,)0.0 14+00.0 1#+00.0 11300.0 10300.0 B4)0.0 4000.0
!!3#1 18,)0.0 1)300.0 13)00.0 1##00.0 11300.0 B100.0 ##00.0
!!34, 18,)0.0 1)300.0 13)00.0 1##00.0 11300.0 B100.0 ##00.0
Allo5 400 1++00.0 13+00.0 13100.0 13100.0 8000.0
Allo5 +00 #0000.0 18800.0 18)00.0 18)00.0 1+000.0 3000.0
Alum
1100
#3)0.0 18)0.0
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DESIGN GUIDE FOR
WAKE FREQUENCY
CALCULATION FOR
THERMOWELL
Std. / Doc. Number Rev.
09-DG-005 0
Sheet 8 of 11
16-QSP-05-3A
Alum +0+17% +000.0 )000.0
(i/;el 10000.0 10000.0 B)00.0
Brass 10000.0 10000.0
In/ 800 1)+00.0 1#100.0 10400.0 B+00.0 B100.0 8800.0 41)0.0
9ast B #)000.0 #4,)0.0 #14)0.0
9ast : #)3)0.0 188)0.0 1+000.0 1))00.0 1))00.0 1))00.0 B)00.0
5.0 EXAMPLE PROBLEM:
Assume t.at it .as 2een determined on t.e 2asis of t.ermometr5 /onsideration t.at a 4
1
F
#
in/.
3ell is re6uired to a//ommodate a BF1+ in/. sensin1 element to measure t.e temperature of
super.eated steam at #400 psi14 10)0
0
&4 flo3in1 at a 0elo/it5 of 300 fps. If t.e 3ell material
is to 2e %5pe 3#1 stainless steel4 3ill t.e 3ell 2e safeG
SOLUTION:
Let us /onsider t.e ne/essar5 data and 0alues of different /onstants from t.e 0arious ta2les.
' C 300 fps
B C 1)F1+ >&rom %a2le 7 #=
@
f
C 3.01 >&rom %a2le 7 1=
L C 4.) in/.
" C #8 * 10
+
psi >&rom %a2le 7 4=
8 C 0.#B l2 per /u in/. >&rom %a2le 7 4=
@
1
C 0.##3 >&rom %a2le 7 3=
! C 134100 psi >&rom %a2le 7 )=
@
#
C 4+.8 >&rom %a2le 7 3=
0 C 0.33)3 /u ft per l2 >&rom 1B+, 7 A!M" !team %a2les=
@
3
C 0.38B >&rom %a2le 7 3=
P
0
C #400 psi1
%.erefeore4 su2stitutin1 t.e 0alues in t.e a2o0e e6uations4 t.e follo3in1 results are o2tained<
f
w
C #.+4 * >300F>1)F1+== C 845 cps >&rom e6uation 7 #=
f
n
C >3.01F>4.)=
#
= * >w >#8*10
+
= F 0.#B= C 14+1 >&rom e6uation 7 3=
%.e 0alue of f
n
is at temperature of ,0
0
&.
%.erefore t.e a/tual 0alue of fn is<
f
n
C 0.B18 * 14+1 C 1341 cps
3.ere 0.B18 is t.e /orre/tion fa/tor
r 845 / 1341 0.63 >&rom e6uation 7 1=
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DESIGN GUIDE FOR
WAKE FREQUENCY
CALCULATION FOR
THERMOWELL
Std. / Doc. Number Rev.
09-DG-005 0
Sheet 9 of 11
16-QSP-05-3A
!in/e r H 0.8 t.e 0alue is satisfa/tor5.
F
m
C >0.+3=
#
F >17 >0.+3=
#
= C 0.658 >&rom e6uation 7 4=
P C 0.##3 * 134100 C 2921 psig >&rom e6uation 7 )=
%.e /al/ulated 0alue of t.e ma:imum allo3a2le stati/ pressure is 1reater t.an t.e re6uired
0alue4 3.i/. is satisfa/tor5.
L
max
C >4+.8F300= * > w >>0.33)3 * >13100 7 >0.38B * #400===F >1 I 0.+)8==
C 7.7 inch >&rom e6uation 7 +=
%.is 0alue of L
ma:
is 1reater t.an t.e re6uired 4
1
F
#
in/. t.ermo3ell. 9en/e t.is /ondition is
fulfilled.
Conclusion:
All t.e re6uirements for fre6uen/5 and stress .a0e 2een met4 t.erefore t.e t.ermo3ell 3it.
all t.e a2o0e spe/ifi/ations is satisfa/tor5 in all respe/t for t.e intended ser0i/e.
6.0 LIMITATION:
!iJin1 limitation e:ist 3.en t.e diameter of t.e %ip is in/reased to t.e ma:imum and t.e
len1t. of t.e t.ermo3ell is redu/ed to 1F3
rd
of pipe ID. Redu/in1 len1t. 2elo3 t.is 0alue
3ill not allo3 .eat transfer distri2ution properl5. %o retain t.e len1t. to t.e minimum of t.e
1F3
rd
of t.e pipe ID and also retain t.e tip diameter 3it.in t.e limits t3o alternati0es e:ist.
i= Installation of /ollar<
A /ollar .as to 2e 3elded around t.e t.ermo3ell in a trian1ular s.ape 3it. a
/ur0ature around t.e ed1e of t.e trian1le. %.is 3ill ena2le for eas5 installation
into t.e pipe noJJle 3it.out /reatin1 an5 2lurs. B5 /reatin1 t.e /ollar4 t.e len1t.
is automati/all5 redu/ed sin/e no3 t.e len1t. is measured from t.e /ollar point
to 1F3
rd
of t.e pipe ID to t.ermo3ell tip and t.ere25 ratio DrE ma5 2e a/.ie0ed
3it.in t.e limits. $ollar desi1n is prefer met.od in t.e steel pipe as t.e 0elo/ities
in t.ese pipes rea/. to t.e ma:imum limit.
ii= %.ermo3ell lo/ation<
!e/ond alternati0e met.od is to install t.e t.ermo3ell from t.e 2ottom of t.e
pipe or t.e du/t. B5 t.is met.od in t.e li6uid ser0i/es or in t3o p.ase ser0i/e t.e
t.ermo3ell 3ill 2e totall5 in /onta/t 3it. t.e flo3in1 p.ase t.ere25 esta2lis.in1
a proper .eat transfer 3it. t.e t.ermo3ell. But t.is pra/ti/e is not re/ommended
as t.ere s.all 2e lots of pro2lems from t.e maintainan/e point of 0ie3 and also it
is not safe in /ase t.e fluid in t.e pipe is of /orrosi0e nature.
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DESIGN GUIDE FOR
WAKE FREQUENCY
CALCULATION FOR
THERMOWELL
Std. / Doc. Number Rev.
09-DG-005 0
Sheet 10 of 11
16-QSP-05-3A
7.0 APPLICABLE CODES & STANDARDS:
I. A!M" F A(!I P%$ 1B.37Latest "dition
II. A!M" !e/tion 'III Di0ision I4 !e/tion II7D
III. A!M" F A(!I B1+.)4 Pipe &lan1e and &lan1ed &ittin1s
I'. Mar;s !tandard 9and2oo; for Me/.ani/al "n1ineers.
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DESIGN GUIDE FOR
WAKE FREQUENCY
CALCULATION FOR
THERMOWELL
Std. / Doc. Number Rev.
09-DG-005 0
Sheet 11 of 11