An advice to students for writing a well structured answer
Essays & Problems There are two types of questions that usually appear in exam paper, Essay questions and Problem Questions. They are quite different. Essays require you to analyse critically a particular area of the law and, often, consider what the law ought to be as well as what it is. Problems simply require you to apply the law as it is to a hypothetical set of facts. Following are a few advice on answering the exam questions. Problems Problems are quite different to essays. Whereas with essays you are asked to state what the law is and then provide some form of assessment of its rights and wrongs, problem questions require you to state what the law is, or how it might be interpreted, by applying it to a given set of facts. Problem questions usually consist of a fairly complex set of hypothetical facts in relation to which you are asked either to advise certain of the parties or discuss what offences may have been committed or liability incurred. The facts are usually quite improbable in that they will raise several legal issues whereas, in reality, cases usually boil down to one or two issues at most. The skill in answering problem questions is to spot the legal issues to which the facts give rise and then indicate how a court is likely to resolve them on the basis of the existing law. Needless to say, problem questions cannot be answered without a clear understanding of the relevant areas of law. If you add to this the fact that problem questions can cut across several different topics on a particular question, you can begin to see why problems are viewed by many as the best way of assessing whether a student has a real understanding for the law. There is no way of acquiring the skill other than through practice. What you should try to do: 1) Try and read the question first and only then the sets of facts. In this way you can keep the question in the back of your mind when you read the text. This should help you remain more focused on answering the question. 2) You are strongly advised to highlight/underline key words/key sentences (we shall practice this in the workshop) on the text when you read the problem the first/second time. 3) Make sure you identify the players (i.e. the various people/companies involved in the transactions) and make a list of these players. 4) Visualise the problem. Draw a diagram/table/tree etc. or whatever necessary so it would be clearer for you to see the various players and more important, the various connections and links between people and/or companies. For example, some players may have more than one capacity (both a shareholder/director) etc. 5) Make sure you answer the question asked and only the questions asked. Remain focused in your answer. Always ask yourself: is what Im writing relevant to answering the question? If not, it shouldnt be there! 6) When answering problems, you have to adopt a well-structured approach: use headings and numbered paragraphs to divide up your answer into the separate issues and sub-issues which are raised by the facts. Recommended time: planning - up to 30%-40% /writing up: 60%-70% There is no set structure for answering a problem question. Sometimes it is better to write an introduction and highlight the issues and advice each party separately. In other cases you can List down the main issues in your introduction and discuss the sub issues revolving the main issues in the subsequent paragraph. For example- Main issue could be whether Mervin has right to bring an action for damages. The sub issues could be whether there is a breach, whether there was a binding contract etc In case of company law an issue could arrive whether a shareholder has right to bring an action for minority protection. Sub issues could be whether derivative claim under S 260 of the Companies Act 2006 is tenable. Always remember to link your case laws with the facts of the question. Do not just pour information on the paper! 2. Essays type questions Planning Planning is essential and you should ensure that you leave enough time to do it properly. Some students are paralysed at the point when they come to write, often because they have not been thinking about the demands of the question while reading the question. It is a good idea to keep a sheet of paper on which you should record thoughts and ideas relevant to the question. These jottings do not need to be elaborate, but making them will assist you in shaping your answer. Writing An answer should demonstrate your ability to do the following: describe a topic analyse a topic Analysing a topic can involve one or more of the following: explanation criticism comparison In the process of analysing, you will demonstrate your ability to formulate an argument substantiate or justify an argument by further argument, evidence, citation of respected sources, case law etc. pursue a number of analytic themes or arguments throughout the answer, coming to a well- grounded conclusion at the end Think very carefully about the precise wording of the question Ensure you understand and keep to the area of law/policy required by the particular question. If the question directs you to, for example, 'critically evaluate' an area, show clearly in your answer that you are attempting to do what is asked. Do you need to define/explain terms used in the question? Does the question contain opinions/assumptions that are open to debate? Where does your own, special, contribution come in? Your individual contribution is to demonstrate your ability to formulate arguments, to evaluate them and come to a conclusion. Your guiding principle here should be clarity. You should make your case explicit and providing signposts to your argument. Aristotle helps us here: A speech has two parts. You must state your case and prove it. You cannot either state your case and omit to prove it, or prove it, without having first stated it; since any proof must be a proof of something, and the only use of a preliminary statement is the proof that follows it. Structure An answer should have a structure. At a minimum this structure will comprise: An introduction which has a number of functions. It can be used to identify the issues which the question raises. Where opinion is divided - and it usually is - the introduction also provides an opportunity to evaluate the arguments, albeit in a preliminary fashion. This evaluation should help you to signpost your own approach; in other words, to establish an analytical strategy. The type of strategy you adopt will depend on the kind of question you are asked but it often helps to break the question down into a series of sub-questions, each of which can be addressed in a separate paragraph. A middle section - containing the description and development of the arguments. An end otherwise known as a conclusion - containing a very brief resume of the content of your answer and/or a statement of the argument(s) you set out to make and how you have made them. Your answer should be clearly organised into paragraphs. Each paragraph should have an argument that is somehow related to the main question; if it does not, it should be eliminated. The argument of the paragraph (its proposition) should be announced in the first sentence of the paragraph (the topic sentence). The sentences which follow should prove the proposition by means of evidence. It is also legitimate to use the topic sentence to introduce a question or state a problematic provided that (i) it is related to the main question; (ii) the paragraph addresses that question/problematic, and sticks to it, and (iii) your answer to the problematic is clear by the end of the paragraph. You should not drift from the subject matter announced in the topic sentence. It should be possible for the reader to make sense of your answer by reading the first and last sentences of each paragraph. Test for yourself. Some students have difficulty linking their paragraphs. Much depends on whether you have successfully identified an analytical strategy at the outset. If you have done this well, you will already have given the reader the necessary signposts to the argument, so that s/he will know where each unit stands in relation to the whole. But there are other devices for linking material. One is by means of a brief summary of the argument so far, pulling the strands together, and indicating the thus far unanswered questions. Another is by providing a numbered sequence of points, e.g. There are three reasons for this... then list them in summary form...then devote a paragraph to each. Numbered sequences can also be used to organise materials within paragraphs. Another common source of difficulty lies in the use of evidence, which, in legal terms, means cases and statutes and not the opinions of writers. The latter can certainly be called upon in support of your argument but even the opinions of writers must be based on evidence. When writing your answer do not fall into the trap of identifying which area of the law the question relates to and turning it into everything I know about...- in which you provide (no doubt accurate) summaries of the cases you have just read but no real argument. The evidence should be made to fit the argument you have constructed before you put pen to paper. Some general observations on style (for both problems and essays) 1) When answering essay type questions (to open-ended questions) or answering problems it is helpful to underline the names of cases, when cited. You do not need to cite the case in full; a reasonably identifiable abbreviation will do, e.g. R v Home Secretary ex parte Bentley can be cited as ex p. Bentley or Entick v Carrington as Entick. You do not need to use a ruler or otherwise be too precise when underlining; a freehand stroke will be fine. 2) Some abbreviations are entirely acceptable: J. for Mr. Justice, LJ for Lord Justice. Others can be used if you indicate what they are on the first occasion they are used: e.g. Companies Act 1985 (CA 1985). 3) You do not need to cite the reference for cases or the year, though if chronology is important (because one case has overruled/distinguished another) you should ensure that you get cases in the right order. I hope these hints are helpful. Remember, few can hope to achieve all these things in one short answer, but if you PRACTICE THIS and aim for quite a few of them and achieve some of them, you will be doing well.