Compilation of Assignments in Elementary School in The Philippines

TogetthefullCOMPILATION,pleasemessageme:Email:r_borres@yahoo.
com
COMPILATIONOF
ASSIGNMENT
IN
ELEMENTARYLEVEL
(4MiniReviewand79
Assignments)

TogetthefullCOMPILATION,pleasemessageme:Email:r_borres@yahoo.com
BOOKREVIEWS
AngDagaatLeon
AngPagongatangGansa
AngKabayoatBuriko
AngUngoyatPagong
BOOKREPORTSAFILIPINO
Pamagatngkwento:AngLeonatangDaga
Sumulatngkwento:Aesop(FromtheAesopsFables)

Pamagatngkwento:AngMadaldalngPagong
Sumulatngkwento:Aragon,AngelitaL.MgaAlamatatibapangmgaKuwento(Legendsandother
Stories).QuezonCity:TruCopyPrintingPress,1986,pp.4849
Tauhan:
1. Pagong
2. DalawangGanzaAbuhinatPuti
3. Mgabata
Pamagatngkwento:AngBurikoatangkabayo
Sumulatngkwento:BootsAgbayaniPastor

Pamagatngkwento:AngPagongatUnggoy
Sumulatngkwento:EutiquianoGarcia

COMPILATIONOF
ASSIGNMENTS
ELEMENTARYLEVEL

LISTOFASSIGMENTS:
1. AIDS
2. AlamatngAlitaptap
3. Amphibians
4. Amphibians2
5. AngAgilaatMaya
6. AnimalNameswiththeiryoungsnames
7. AnimalYoungs
8. Antonyms
9. AnyongLupa
10. AnyongTubig
11. AwitingPilipino
12. Bantas
13. Bantas
14. bayanirevised
15. BienvenidoSantos
16. Bloodismadeupoffourmainparts
17. Bloodplasma
18. blood
19. BoneandMuscleDiseases
20. BookReportsMinor
21. BranchesofScience
22. CHEMICALTOILET
23. CLOUDS
24. COLORWHEELCHART
25. ElectricalTerms
26. ENVIRONMENTALLAWS
27. Epiko
28. Erosionisdisplacementofsolids
29. Filipinoidioms
30. FoodChains
31. FoodPyramid
32. FoodWeb
33. Forest
34. GOFOODS
35. HanamichiSakuragiistrue
36. HARAKIRI
37. Heart
38. Humanbrain
39. LeavesJeff
40. MakabagongPabula
41. MgaBugtong
42. MgaEpiko
43. MgaPabula
44. MgaPabula
45. MgaPambansangPagdiriwang
46. MgaUnangTaosaPilipinas
47. MockVolcanothatEruptsProject
48. MusicalInstruments
49. Oxygen
50. Peripheralnerve
51. PlanetEarth
52. PlanetVenus
53. Planets
54. Platelets
55. Poliomyelitis
56. RedBloodCells
57. References
58. Riddles
59. Salawikain2
60. SampleofFriction
61. SCIDAMARules
62. Sensorynerve
63. SexualityasRight
64. ShortFables
65. SolarSystem
66. SpinalCord
67. Symbiosis
68. The10Datus
69. TheCirculatorySystem
70. THECROWANGTHEPITCHER
71. TheEarthAthmosphere
72. theselovelythingspoem
73. Tradisyonatkulturaa
74. Typesofwind
75. UrbanandRuralPhotos
76. uringpamayanan2
77. WaystoControlRapidPopulationinUrbanAreas
78. WhatisBiofuel
79. WhatisScience
80. Whitebloodcells
81. WoodenGeneratorProject

1
st
Pages
oftheAssignments
AIDS

Provided by A.D.A.M., Inc.

Definition
AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) is the final and most serious stage of HIV disease, which
causes severe damage to the immune system.

The Centers for Disease Control has defined AIDS as beginning when a person with HIV infection has a
CD4 cell (also called "t-cell", a type of immune cell) count below 200. It is also defined by numerous
opportunistic infections and cancers that occur in the presence of HIV infection.

Al ternative Names
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome

Causes, incidence, and ri sk factors
AIDS is the fifth leading cause of death among persons between ages 25 and 44 in the United States.
About 47 million people worldwide have been infected with HIV since the start of the epidemic.
The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) causes AIDS. The virus attacks the immune system and
leaves the body vulnerable to a variety of life-threatening illnesses and cancers.
Common bacteria, yeast, parasites, and viruses that ordinarily do not cause serious disease in people
with fully functional immune systems can cause fatal illnesses in people with AIDS.
HIV has been found in saliva, tears, nervous system tissue, blood, semen (including pre-seminal fluid, or
"pre-cum"), vaginal fluid, and breast milk. However, only blood, semen, vaginal secretions, and breast
milk have been proven to transmit infection to others.

Transmission of the virus occurs:
1. through sexual contact -- including oral, vaginal, and anal sex
2. through blood -- via blood transfusions (now extremely rare in the U.S) or needle sharing
3. from mother to child -- a pregnant woman can passively transmit the virus to her fetus, or a
nursing mother can transmit it to her baby
Other transmission methods are rare and include accidental needle injury, artificial insemination with
donated semen, and through a donated organ.

HIV infection is not spread by casual contact (such as hugging and touching), by touching dishes,
doorknobs, or toilet seats previously touched by a person infected with the virus, during participation in
sports, or by mosquitoes.
It is not transmitted to a person who DONTATES blood or organs in the U.S. because hospitals do not re-
use syringes and sterilize all devices involved in such procedures.
However, HIV can be transmitted to the person RECEIVING blood or organs from an infected donor. This
is why blood banks and organ donor programs screen donors, blood, and tissues thoroughly.
Those at highest risk include homosexual or bisexual men engaging in unprotected sex, intravenous drug
users who share needles, the sexual partners of those who participate in high-risk activities, infants born
to mothers with HIV, and people who received blood transfusions or clotting products between 1977 and
1985 (prior to standard screening for the virus in the blood).

AIDS begins with HIV infection. People infected with HIV may have no symptoms for ten years or longer,
but they can still transmit the infection to others during this symptom-free period. Meanwhile, their
immune system gradually weakens until they develop AIDS.
Acute HIV infection progresses over time to asymptomatic HIV infection and then to early symptomatic
HIV infection. Later, it progresses to AIDS (very advanced HIV infection with T-cell count below 200).
Most individuals infected with HIV will progress to AIDS, if not treated. However, there is a tiny group of
patients who develop AIDS very slowly or never at all. These patients are called non-progressors and
many seem to have a genetic difference which prevents the virus from attaching to certain immune
receptors.

Symptoms
ANG ALAMAT NG ALITAPTAP

Engkantada (Fairy)

Alitaptap (Firefl y)

bians
lOverview
biansareanimalsthathavethefollowingcharacterizations:Theydevelopoutsidethebody(eggs),
glandular skin without external scales,and resperation (breath) occures through gills during
pment or in some cases into adulthood. Some examples of amphibians include frogs, toads,
nders,newtsandcaecilians.
on
ecordsindicatethatamphibiansevolvedformfishwhoselobedfinsbecamelegs.Gillsadaptedto
eymaybreathbothaboveandbelowthesurfaceofthewater.Amphibiansfirstappearedsome340
millionyearsago,intheperiodknownastheMississipian.Todate,Amphibianscanbefound
hereexceptinAntarcticaandGreenland.
atch
theirglandularskinandthefactthattheyspendtheircriticaldevelopmentperiodsinthewetlands,
biansaregoodindicatorsastothehealthofourenvironment.
orldofAmphibians
reabout4,780speciesofamphibiansknowntonaturalists,andtheremaybe300to500morethat
ettobediscovered.IntheUnitedStatesandCanadathereareonly250species.Theworlds
bians,mostofwhichliveintropicalareas,fallintothreemajorgroups(calledorders)withspecial
eristics.
sanAmphibian?
ds,reptiles,mammals,andfishes,amphibiansarevertebratesthatis,creatureswithabackbone
internalskeleton.Amphibianslivepartoftheirlifeinwaterandpartonland.Eventhosespecies
yeggsonlandstartlifeinafluidfilledegg,breathingthroughgills.
fallkinds(includingtoads)makeupthebiggestorderofamphibians,withabout4,000species
theglobe.NorthAmericanorthofMexicohas100frogspecies.Therearemanykindsoffrogs,
ngtreefrogs,truetoads,spadefoottoads,andmanyothers.
nders
ndersarenotnearlyascommonasfrogs,totalingonlysome410knownspecies.NorthAmerica,
out150species,isthebestplaceintheworldtoseesalamanders
ans
rdorderofamphibians,thecaecilians,doesnotoccurintheUnitedStatesorCanada.Caeciliansare
ingwormlikecreaturesthatliveintropicalareas.Thereare165speciesworldwide.
arebrightlycoloredsalamanders.Thesesmallamphibiansarefoundinmoist,woodedareasin
America,Europe,andAsia.
my:Onaverage,newtsareabout3to4inches(7.5to10cm)long.Theyhavefourlegs;thereare
gersoneachofthefrontlegsandfivetoesoneachofthehindlegs.Theadult'scolorvariesfrom
reen to brown on top and the underbelly is usually yellow with dark spots Many newts have red
Amphibians
General Overview
Amphibians are animals that have the following characterizations: They develop out side the body
(eggs), have glandular skin without external scales,and resperation (breath) occures through gills
during development or in some cases into adulthood. Some examples of amphibians include frogs,
toads, salamanders, newts and caecilians.
Evolution
Fossil records indicate that amphibians evolved form fish whose lobed fins became legs. Gills
adapted to that they may breath both above and below the surface of the water. Amphibians first
appeared some 340 to 270 million years ago, in the period known as the Mississipian. To date,
Amphibians can be found everywhere except in Antarctica and Greenland.
Frog Watch
Due to their glandular skin and the fact that they spend their critical development periods in the
wetlands, amphibians are good indicators as to the health of
our environment.

The World of Amphibians
There are about 4,780 species of amphibians known
to naturalists, and there may be 300 to 500 more that
have yet to be discovered. In the United States and
Canada there are only 250 species. The worlds
amphibians, most of which live in tropical areas, fall
into three major groups (called orders) with special
characteristics.

Frogs
Frogs of all kinds (including toads) make up the biggest order of amphibians, with about 4,000
species around the globe. North America north of Mexico has 100 frog species. There are many
kinds of frogs, including treefrogs, true toads, spadefoot toads, and many others.
All About Frogs
Frogs have large eyes on the tops of
their heads. Many frogs have poison
glands in their skin. Most frogs and toads
have distinct songs or calls that are used
by males during the mating season.
They produce these calls by inflating a
pouch in the neck, called the vocal sac.
Frogs have short front legs and long,
powerful hind legs. They have four toes

Little Grass
Frog

ANG AGILA AT ANG MAYA

AGILA (EAGLE)

MAYA (SPARROW)

NAMESOFANIMALSANDTHEIRYOUNGS
Animal Male Female Baby

Group of
Animals

Alligator bull cow hatchling
congregation,
pod (of young)

Alpaca male female cria herd

Antelope buck doe calf herd

Ape male female baby shrewdness

Armadillo male female pup -

Badger boar sow kit, cub cete

Bat male female pup colony

Bear boar sow cub sleuth, sloth
ANIMALYOUNGS

DUCKS FROGS-TADPO

CHICKEN BIRDS
ANTONYMS
WORDS THAT HAVE OPPOSITE MEANING

Pretty

Ugly

Hap
py

Sad

Cold

Hot

Big

Little
ANYONG LUPA

1. Kapatagan (Plain) isang lugar kung saan walang pagtaas o pagbaba ng
lupa, patag at pantay ang lupa rito. Maaaring itong taniman ng mga
palay,mais,at gulay.

2. Bundok (Mountain/Hill) isang pagtaas ng lupa sa daigdig, may matatarik
na bahagi at hamak na mas mataas kaysa burol.

ANYONG TUBIG

1. Karagatan (Ocean) - Ang pinakamalaking anyong tubig.

2. Dagat (Sea) - Malaking anyong tubig, ngunit mas maliit sa Karagatan.

BAHAYKUBO
FilipinoLanguage English
Bahaykubo,kahitmunti
Anghalamandoonaysarisari.
Singkamasattalong,sigarilyasatmani
Sitaw,bataw,patani.
Kundol,patola,upo'tkalabasa
Atsakamayroonpanglabanos,mustasa,
sibuyas,kamatis,bawangatluya
sapaligidligidaypurolinga.
Nipahut,althoughsmall
Theplantstherehavemanykinds
Turnipandeggplant,wingedbeanandpeanut
Stringbean,hyacinth(lablab)bean,limabean.
Waxgourd,loofah,bottlegourdandsquash
Andthenthereareradish,mustard
Onion,tomato,garlicandginger
Aroundtheareaaresesameplants.
ANG BANTAS

Ang bantas ay ang mga pananda o sagisag na ginagamit upang maging malinaw ang kahulugan ng
mga pangungusap. Tumutulong ito sa pagpapakilala ng kahulugan o kaisipan. Naghuhudyat din ito
ng pagbabago ng bigkas at intonasyon.

MGA BANTAS:

1. TULDOK (.)
Sa katapusan ng pangungusap na paturol at pautos
Sa nag-iisang titik sa ngalan ng tao at salitang dinaglat
Sa tambilang at titik sa balangkas

Halimbawa :
1. Ako ay mag-aaral ng mabuti.
2. Dr. Jose Rizal
3. Ph.D.
4. 1. (Pambilang)
5. IV. (Titik Romano)

2. KUWIT (,)
Sa paghihiwalay ng mga salita, parirala o sugnay
Sa oo o hindi
Sa pagitan ng petsa at taon
Sa bating panimula at pangwakas
Naghihiwalay ng magkaibang bahagi ng salita

Halimbawa:
1. Ang prutas, gulay at isda ay malulusog na pagkain.
2. Oo, kumain na ako.
3. Setyembre 28, 1971
4. Nagmamahal, Erick
5. Jeff, kumakain ka ba ng gulay?

3. PANANONG (?)
Sa pangungusap na patanong
Sa loob ng panaklong upang mapahiwatig ang pag-aalinlangan sa diwa ng pangungusap.

Halimbawa:
1. Ano ang pangalan mo?
2. Maglalaro ba tayo ng badminton?
3. Marunong ka bang lumangoy?
4. Tapus ka na ba sa iyong takdang aralin?
5. Si Manuel Roxas ang ikalawang (?) pangulo ng Republika ng Pilipinas.

4. PADAMDAM (!)
Sa salita o pangungusap na padamdam

Halimbawa:
1. Mabuhay ang Pilipinas!
2. Naku! Nadulas ang plato.
3. Aray! Naapakan mo ako.
4. Uy! Ang ganda mo ngayon dahil sa bago mong damit.
5. Lalaban tayo!
ANG MGA IBAT-IBANG URI NG BANTAS

1. Tuldok (.) - ginagamit sa katapusan ng pangungusap na paturol at pautos, sa mga
salitang dinadaglat at pagkatapos ng mga tambilang at titik.

Halimbawa: Ang ating paaralan ay maayos at maganda.

2. Tandang Pananong (?) - ginagamit sa katapusan ng mga pangungusap na patanong at sa
bahaging pag-aalinlangan at ito'y inilalagay sa panaklong.

Halimbawa: Kumain na ba kayo?

3. Tandang Padamdam (!) - ginagamit sa katapusan ng mga salita o pangungusap na
pandamdam o nagpapahayag ng matindi o masidhing damdamin.

Halimbawa: Huminto ka! Baka ka masagasaan.

4. Panipi (" ") - ginagamit sa mga tuwirang sinsabi ng nagsasalita at sa mga pamagat o
pangalan ng mga paksa.

Halimbawa: Ang sabi ni Lolo, Maging kayong masunurin na mga bata.

5. Kudlit (') - ginagamit na pananda ng nawawalang letra o mga letra sa dalawa o mahigit
pang salitang magkasunod.

Halimbawa: May ibat ibang uri ng hayop na matatagpuan sa gubat.

6. Kuwit (,) - ginagamit pagkatapos ng panawag at sa magkasunod na mga salita o
parirala na nasa loob ng pangungusap.

Halimbawa: May ibat ibang uri ng hayop na matatagpuan sa gubat. Kagaya ng unggoy,
ibon, tigre, daga at iba pa.

7. Tutuldok (:) - ginagamit matapos maipauna ang pagpapakilala sa mga sumusunod na
paliwanag, halimbawa, katuturan, banggit o talaan.

Halimbawa: Ang ibat-ibang kulay: pula, dilaw, bughaw, berde at iba pa.

8. Tulduk-tuldok (...) - ginagamit kung may salita o mga salitang iniwawaglit sa
pangungusap.

Halimbawa: Ang batang masunurin at mabait ay kinlulugdan ng kanyang mga magulang
at

9. Tuldukuwit (;) - ginagamit sa pagitan ng magkakaugnay na mga mahahalagang sangkap
ng isang mahabang pangungusap. Karaniwang ginagamit pagkatapos ng mga sugnay na
ang kasunod ay ang mga salitang kaya, samakatuwid, gayon din, gayon man, anupa't,
bukod

Halimbawa: Ang batang masunurin at mabait ay kinlulugdan ng kanyang mga
magulang; bukod pa sa kanyang mga guro; at gayon din ang kanyang kamag-aral.
JOSE P. RIZAL Ang Pambansang Bayani
Hunyo 19, 1861 Calamba, Laguna

Natapos ang Bachiller en Artes sa Ateneo de Manila noong Marso 23, 1876. Noong
1877, kinuha niya ang pag-aaral ng medisina sa Unibersidad ng Santo Tomas.
Natapos niya ang pag-aaral ng medisina at pilosopiya noong 1885 sa Unibersidad
Centeral Madrid. Natuto siya magsulat gamit ang ibat-ibang wika kasama na ang
Latin at Greko. Sumulat ng librong Noli MeTangere at El Filibusterismo. Ito ang mga
librong nagsaad kung gaano kasama ang mg Espanyol. Bago namatay isinulat niya
ang Mi Ultimo Adios bilang inspirasyon ng mga susunod na henerasyon.

Naitulong sa kilusan:
Nagtatag ng La Liga Filipina noong Julyo 3, 1892. Sumulat ng librong nagbigay
inspirasyon sa mga Pilipinong mamulat sa kasakiman ng mga Espanyol.
ANDRES BONIFACIO - Ang Ama ng Katipunan
Nobyembre 30, 1863 Tondo, Manila

Panganay sa anim na anak ni Santiago Bonifacio at Catalina de Castro. Naulila ng
maaga, si Bonifacio na ang kumuha ng responsibilidad sa pag-aalaga sa kanyang
mga kapatid.nagbenta siya ng papel na pamayapay, na ginawa niya at ng kanyang
mga kapatid. Nagtrabaho bilang isang mensahero ito ang naging daan upang siya ay
matuto ng Ingles. Kahit tumigil na siya sa pag-aaral, patuloy siyang nag-aaral ng
mag-isa, nabasa din niya ang Noli Me Tangere at El Filibusterismo na isinulat ni
Rizal.

Siya kasama sina Valentin Diaz, Deodato Arellano, Teodoro Plata, Ladislao Diwa,
Jose Dizon, at dalawa pa ay nagtatag ng isang samahang tinawag na Katipunan.
Siya ay nagsilbing supremo o pinuno ng Katipunan. Pinamunuan niya ang paglaban
ng grupo sa mga Espanyol.
EMILIO AGUINALDO
Ipinanganak noong 1869 malapit sa Cavite
nag-aral sa San Juan de Letran sa Maynila. Nabotong unang presidente pagkatapos
ng pagdeklara ng kalayaan ng Pilipinas noong1898, lumaban siya sa mga Amerikano
tuloy pa rin siya sa pamumuno laban sa Amerikano hanggang 1901 noong siya ay
nahuli.

Namuno laban sa mga Espanyol sa Kawit, Cavite at nanalo sa laban. Ito daw ang
pinakamalaking panalo sa pag-aalsa. Ito na rin siguro ang nagpanalo sa kanya sa
administrasyon.
GREGORIO DEL PILAR Bayani ng Tirad Pass
Nobyembre 14, 1875 San Juan, Bulacan
Namuno kasama ang kanyang mga tauhan upang makatakas si Aguinaldo mula sa
mga Amerikano. Nabaril siya ng isang tauhan ng Amerika noong Disyembre 2, 1899.
Ito ang dahilan ng kanyang pagkamatay.

Namuno sa pagtulong para sa pagtakas ni Aguinaldo.
Bienvenido Santos
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Interested in contributing to Wikipedia?
Jump to: navigation, search
Bienvenido N. Santos (1911-1996) is a very important Filipino-American fictionist, poet
and nonfiction writer. He was born raised in Tondo, Manila. His family roots are
originally from Lubao, Pampanga, Philippines. He lived in the United States for many
years where he is widely credited as a pioneering Asian-American writer.
Santos received his Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of the Philippines
where he first studied creative writing under the tutelage of pioneering fictionist Paz
Marquez Benitez. Santos was a government pensionado (scholar) to the United States
at the University of Illinois, Columbia University, and Harvard University in 1941.
During World War II, he served with the Philippine government in exile under President
Manuel L. Quezon in Washington, D.C. together with the playwright Severino Montano
and Philippine National Artist Jose Garcia Villa.
In 1946, he returned to the Philippines to become a teacher and university
administrator. He received a Rockefeller fellowship at the Writers Workshop of the
University of Iowa where he later taught as a Fulbright exchange professor. Santos has
also received a Guggenheim Foundation fellowship, a Republic Cultural Heritage
Award in Literature as well as several Palanca Awards for his short stories. Scent of
Apples, his only book to be published in the United States, won an American Book
Award from the Before Columbus Foundation in 1980.
Santos received honorary doctorate degrees in Humanities and Letters from the
University of the Philippines, and Bicol University (Legazpi City, Albay) in 1981. He was
also a Professor of Creative Writing and Distinguished Writer in Residence at the
Wichita State University (Kansas, U.S.A.) from 1973 to 1982. Santos also received an
honorary doctorate degree in Humane Letters from Wichita State University in 1982.
After his retirement, Santos became Visiting Writer and Artist at De La Salle University
in Manila.
De La Salle University honored Bienvenido Santos by renaming its Creative Writing
Center after him.
Works
[edit] Novels
Brother My Brother (1960)
The Volcano (1965)
Villa Magdalena (1965)
The Praying Man (1977)
The Man Who (Thought He) Looked Like Robert Taylor

The blood that flows through this
network of veins and arteries is
called whole blood, and it contains
three types of blood cells:
1. RED BLOOD CELLS (RBCS)
2. WHITE BLOOD CELLS
(WBCS)
3. PLATELETS

BLOOD:
Blood is made up of four main
parts:

Red blood cells
Red blood cells deliver
oxygen from the lungs to the rest
of the body and transport carbon
dioxide from the body to the
lungs.

White blood cells
White blood cells fight
infection and kill of germs and
CO2.

Platelets
Platelets combine with other
blood components to form clots to
prevent bleeding.

Plasma
Plasma, which is 90% water, is the
medium in which all the blood
components and clotting factors
are transported
BLOODPLASMA
Bloodplasmaistheyellowliquidcomponentofbloodinwhichthebloodcellsin
whole blood are normally suspended. It makes up about 55% of the total blood
volume.Itistheintravascularfluidpartofextracellularfluid(allbodyfluidoutside
of cells). It is mostly water (93% by volume) and contains dissolved proteins,
glucose, clotting factors, mineral ions, hormones and carbon dioxide (plasma
being the main medium for excretory product transportation). Blood plasma is
prepared by spinning a tube of fresh blood containing an anticoagulant in a
centrifugeuntilthebloodcellsfalltothebottomofthetube.Thebloodplasmais
then poured or drawn off.[1] Blood plasma has a density of approximately 1025
kg/m3,or1.025kg/l.
LOOD:
PLASMA
Bloodplasma,theyellowcoloredliquidcomponentofblood,inwhichbloodcellsare
suspended.
PLATELETS
Platelets,orthrombocytes,aresmall,irregularly
shapedanuclearcells,24mindiameter,whichare
derivedfromfragmentationofprecursor
megakaryocytes.Theaveragelifespanofaplateletis
between8and12days.Plateletsplayafundamental
roleinhemostasisandareanaturalsourceofgrowth
factors.Theycirculateinthebloodofmammalsand
areinvolvedinhemostasis,leadingtotheformationof
bloodclots.
WHITEBLOODCELLS
Whitebloodcells(WBCs),orleukocytes (alsospelled
"leucocytes"),arecellsoftheimmunesystem
defendingthebodyagainstbothinfectiousdisease
andforeignmaterials.Fivedifferentanddiversetypes
ofleukocytesexist,buttheyareallproducedand
derivedfromamultipotentcellinthebonemarrow
knownasahematopoieticstemcell.Leukocytesare
foundthroughoutthebody,includingthebloodand
lymphaticsystem.
REDBLOODCELLS
Redbloodcellsarethemostcommontypeofblood
cellandthevertebratebody'sprincipalmeansof
deliveringoxygentothebodytissuesviatheblood.
Theytakeupoxygeninthelungsorgillsandreleaseit
whilesqueezingthroughthebody'scapillaries.The
cellsarefilledwithhemoglobin,abiomoleculethat
canbindtooxygen.Theblood'sredcolorisduetothe
colorofhemoglobin.Inhumans,redbloodcells
developinthebonemarrowandliveforabout120
days;theytaketheformofflexiblebiconcavedisks
thatlackacellnucleusandorganellesandtheycannot
synthesizeproteins.
Bloodtypes
Abloodtype(alsocalledabloodgroup)isaclassificationofblood basedonthepresenceor
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets

BONE AND MUSCLE DISEASES

BONE DISEASES:

Arthritis ~ Inflammation of one or more joints that can be caused by gout,
rheumatic fever, or ankylosing spondylitis, a disease that affects the spine.

o Osteoarthritis - It is usually a mild, sometimes painful disease occurring
primarily with advancing age, when degenerative changes alter the
structure of the joints. Symptoms may be relieved and the condition
controlled with drugs, exercise, and other measures, sometimes including
orthopaedic surgery;

o Rheumatoid arthritis - Is by far the more serious, painful, and potentially
crippling form; it is chronic, is characterized by flare-ups and remissions,
and occurs throughout the world, in all climates and ethnic groups. The
prevalence in developed countries is generally about 3 per cent, with three
times as many women as men affected.

o Gout - complex disease of uncertain origin caused by the faulty metabolism
of uric acid produced in the body, and resulting in elevated levels of uric
acid in the blood. A diet rich in malt beverages, wines, and proteins may
precipitate individual attacks but does not cause the disease. Its incidence
is not usually affected by climate or season; about 95 per cent of sufferers
are men. The disease is rare in people under the age of 30; between 10 and
20 per cent of cases have a family history of the disease.

Rickets ~ nutritional disorder characterized by skeletal deformities. Rickets is
caused by a decreased mineralization of bones and cartilage due to low levels of
calcium and phosphorus in the blood. Vitamin D is essential for the maintenance of
normal calcium and phosphorus levels. Classic rickets, a deficiency disease of
children characterized by improper development or hardening of bones, is due to
lack of sufficient vitamin D in the diet, or to insufficient ultraviolet radiation from
direct sunlight, a lack that prevents conversion of the element 7-
dehydrocholesterol in the skin to vitamin D.

Poliomyelitis ~ infectious viral disease of the central nervous system, sometimes
resulting in paralysis. The greatest incidence of the disease, also known as
infantile paralysis, is in children between the ages of five and ten years.

Osteomyelitis ~ is a term applied to any inflammation of bone or bone marrow,
usually caused by infection by such micro-organisms as Staphylococcus aureus,
various streptococci, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and a host of others, as well as
DIVISIONS AND BRANCHES OF SCIENCE

I. BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE Life

A. Zoological Science Animal Life

Ornithology study of birds
Helminthology study of parasitic worms
Oology scientific study of birds eggs
Hippology study of horses
Entomology the branch of zoology that deals with
insects
Herpetology the study of snakes and amphibians
Conchology the branch of zoology that treats of
mollusks and their shells
Inchtyology study of fishes
Parasitology study of parasites
Mammalogy the branch of zoology involving the study
of mammals

B. Botanical Science Plant Life

Astrobotany the study of plants in space
Phycology the study of algae
Mycology the science of fungi or mushrooms
Paleobotany the study of fossil plants
Orchidology the study of orchids
Pomology the study of fruit growing
Floriculture the cultivation of flowers
Pteridology the study of ferns
Ethnobotany the study of primitive uses of plants
Dendrology the scientific study of trees and other
woody plants

II. Physical Science force and energy and the interactions within
them

Chemistry the science of the properties of substances

CHEMICAL TOILET

A chemical toilet is a toilet using chemicals to deodorize the waste instead of
simply storing it in a hole, or piping it away to a sewage treatment plant.
These toilets are most commonly found on airplanes, trains, caravans and
motorhomes, identified with a blue-colored dye in the bowl water.

CLOUDS

Clouds are the pretty white fluffs you see in
the sky. They are made up of tiny water
drops. Sometimes, if the wind is fast
enough, you can even watch the clouds
move.

Clouds can come in all sizes and shapes
and are formed by different processes.
They can be near the ground or way up
high. Ever wonder what different types of
clouds are called?

Different types of clouds cause different
kinds of weather. Sometimes clouds get
dark and scary looking when a
thunderstorm or tornado has formed.

At any given time, about half of Earth is covered by clouds. We would not have rain,
rainbows, or snow without clouds. Clouds make up some of the atmospheric optics we
can see in the sky. The atmosphere would be boring if the sky was always blue!

HOW CLOUDS ARE FORMED

A cloud is composed of tiny water droplets or ice crystals. A series of things have to
happen in order for these water droplets or ice crystals to form into clouds in the
atmosphere, and different types of clouds form in different ways. The four main ways
that clouds can form are:

Surface Heating
Mountains and Terrain
Air Masses Being Forced to Rise
Weather Fronts (cold or warm)

All of these processes involve the cooling of air. Warm air is able to hold larger
amounts of water vapor than cool air, so when air cools it can't hold as much water
vapor as when it was warm. This extra water vapor begins to condense out of the air
into liquid water droplets.

Water vapor usually needs some sort of particle, such as dust or pollen, to condense
upon. These particles are called condensation nuclei. Eventually, enough water vapor
will condense upon condensation nuclei to form a cloud. The water droplets in the
cloud may eventually fall down to Earth in the form of rain or snow (or other forms of
precipitation).


COLOR WHEEL CHART

DEFINITIONOFTERMS:
ATOMAunitofmatter,thesmallestunitofanelement,havingallthecharacteristicsofthatelement
andconsistingofadense,central,positivelychargednucleussurroundedbyasystemofelectrons.The
entirestructurehasanapproximatediameterof10
8
centimeterandcharacteristicallyremains
undividedinchemicalreactionsexceptforlimitedremoval,transfer,orexchangeofcertainelectrons.

An atom (Greek ) is a microscopic structure found in all ordinary matter around us. Atoms are
composed of 3 types of subatomic particles:
electrons, which have a negative charge;
protons, which have a positive charge; and
neutrons, which have no charge.
NUCLEUSCentral,positivelychargedcoreofanatom.Itconsistsofpositivelychargedprotonsand
neutralneutrons,knowncollectivelyasnucleons,heldtogetherbythestrongforce.Thenumberof
nucleonscanrangefrom1toabout270,dependingontheelement.
PROTONStablesubatomicparticle(oneofthebaryons)withaunitofpositiveelectricchargeanda
mass1,836timesthatoftheelectron.Protonsarefoundintheatomicnucleusalongwithneutrons.For
everynucleusofagivenelement,thenumberofprotonsisalwaysthesame;thisnumberisthe
element'satomicnumber.
ELECTRONLightestelectricallychargedsubatomicparticleknown.Itcarriesanegativecharge(see
electriccharge),thebasicchargeofelectricity.Anelectronhasasmallmass,lessthan0.1%themassof
anatom.Undernormalcircumstances,electronsmoveaboutthenucleusofanatominorbitalsthat
formanelectroncloudboundinvaryingstrengthstothepositivelychargednucleus.Electronscloserto
ENVIRONMENTALLAWS
1. WaterCode(PD1067)Preservationandprotectionofwaterwaysandlakes
2. ImproperdisposalofGarbage(PD825)Againstimproperwastedisposal
3. Water&AirPollutionControl(RA3931)ToControlwaterandairpollution
4. CoconutPreservationAct(RA8048)Againstillegalcuttingofcoconuttrees
5. IndigenousPeoplesRight(RA8371)Preservationandprotectionofindigenouspeople
6. AgricultureandFisheriesModernizationAct(RA8435)Controllingtheuseofmodern
equipmentforagricultureandfisherieswhileprotectingtheseresources
7. AnimalWelfareAct(RA8485)Againstabusetoanimalsaspets
8. FisheriesCode(RA8550)Againstillegalfishing
9. WasteManagement(RA9003)Wastesegregationandrecycling
10. CaveProtectMgmt(RA9072)Preservationandprotectionofcaves
11. WildlifeProtection(RA9147)Protectionofanimalsinthewildagainstcaptivityandillegal
hunting
12. PlantVarietyProtection(RA9168)Lawpromotingandprotectingofvarietiesofplantsin
thewildandcultivated
13. ChainsawAct(RA9175)Lawagainstillegalcuttingoftrees]
14. LocalGovernmentCode(RA7160)ProvidedtheLocalGovernmentExecutivesshall
protectenvironmentintheirjurisdictionagainstdegradationandabuse,andshall
implementwastemanagement
LANDMANAGEMENTLAWS:
1. RevisedRegulationsonLandSurveys
2. DeclaringCertainPortionsofthePublicForestasAgriculturalLand(Alienableand
Disposable)forCroplandandotherPurposesandSettingAsideCertainParcelsThereoffor
PermanentForestPurposesUnderLCProjectNo.40oftheMunicipalityofLaurel,Province
ofBatangas
3. AmendingDAO200701,EstablishingTheNationalListOfThreatenedPhilippinePlantsAnd
TheirCategories,AndTheListOfOtherWildlifeSpecies
4. RulesandRegulationsGoverningtheIssuanceofPermitoverReclamationProjectsand
SpecialPatentsoverReclaimedLands
BIAGNILAMANG
(Luzon)
SalambakngNalbuansabaybayinngIlogNaguiliansaLaUnionaymaymagasawangkilalasa
pangalangDonJuanatNamongan.
NangmalapitnangmagsilangngsanggolsiNamongan,nilusobngtribongIgorotangnayonat
pinatayangmaramingtauhanniDonJuan.Salakinggalit,nilusobnamanniDonJuanangmga
Igorot upang ipaghiganti ang mga tauhan niya. Hindi na nakabalik si Don Juan sa kanyang
nayon.Angnagingbalita,siyaaypinugutanngulongmgaIgorot.
IsinilangniNamonganangkanyanganak.Angsanggolaynagsalitaagadatsiyanaangpumiling
pangalangLamangatsiyanarinangpumilingkanyangmagigingninong.
Nang malaman ni Lamang ang masakit na nangyari sa kanyang ama, sumumpa siyang
ipaghihiganti niya ito. Sa gulang na siyam na buwan pa lamang, ay malakas, matipuno at
malaking lalaki na siya.Ayaw man siyang payagan ng kanyanginaupang hanapin ang bangkay
ngkanyangama,aynagpilitdinsiLamangnamakaalis.
Kasama niya sa pagtungo sa lupain ng mga Igorot ay isang mahiwagang tandang, ang
tangabaran, at mahiwagang aso. Baon rin niya ang kanyang talisman mula sa punong saging.
Satulongngkanyangtalismanaymadaliniyangnalakbayangmgakabundukanatkaparangan.
SalakingpagodniLamang,siyaaynakatulog.NapangarapniyaangmgaIgorotnapumataysa
kanyangamananagsisipagsayawatnililigiranangpugotnaulongkanyangama.Nagpatuloysi
EROSION
Erosion is displacement of solids (sediment, soil, mud, rock and other particles) usually by the
agentsofcurrentssuchas,wind,water,oricebydownwardordownslopemovementinresponse
togravityorbylivingorganisms(inthecaseofbioerosion).
Erosion is distinguished from weathering, which is the breaking down of rock and particles
through processes where no movement is involved, although the two processes may be
concurrent.
Erosion is an intrinsic natural processbut in many places it is increased by human land use. Poor
land use practices include deforestation, overgrazing, unmanaged construction activity and road
ortrailbuilding.Landthatisusedfortheproductionofagriculturalcropsgenerallyexperiencesa
significant greater rate of erosion than that of land under natural vegetation. This is particularly
trueiftillageisused,whichreducesvegetationcoveronthesurfaceofthesoilanddisturbsboth
soilstructureandplantrootsthatwouldotherwiseholdthesoilinplace.However,improvedland
use practices can limit erosion, using techniques like terracebuilding, conservation tillage
practices,andtreeplanting.
Acertainamountoferosionisnaturaland,infact,healthyfortheecosystem.Forexample,gravels
continuously move downstream in watercourses. Excessive erosion, however, does cause
problems,suchasreceivingwatersedimentation,ecosystemdamageandoutrightlossofsoil.
Causes
The rate of erosion tenses on many factors, including the amount and intensity of precipitation,
the texture of the soil, the gradient of the slope, ground cover from vegetation, rocks, land
use,how much water there is, and possibility of erosion from speed of a stream. The first factor,
rain,istheagentforerosion,butthedegreeoferosionisgovernedbyotherfactors.
The first three factors can remain fairly constant over time. In general, given the same kind of
vegetativecover,youexpectareaswithhighintensityprecipitation,sandyorsiltysoilsandsteep
slopes to be the most erosive. Soils with a greater proportion of clay that receive less intense
precipitation and are on gentle slopes tend to erode less. But here, the impact of atmospheric
sodiumonerodibilityofclayshouldbeconsidered(SchmittnerandGiresse,1999).
The factor that is most subject to change is the amount and type of ground cover. In an
undisturbed forest, the mineral soil is protected by a litter layer and an organic layer. These two
layersprotectthesoilbyabsorbingtheimpactofraindrops.Theselayersandtheunderlayingsoil
inaforestisporousandhighlypermeabletorainfall.Typicallyonlythemostsevererainfallevents
willleadtooverlandflowinaforest.Ifthetreesareremovedbyfireorlogging,infiltrationrates
remainhighanderosionlowtothedegreetheforestfloorremainsintact.Severefirescanleadto
significantly increased erosion if followed by heavy rainfall. In the case of construction or road
A
agaw-buhay -- naghihingalo between life and death (literal=life about to
be snatched away)
anak-pawis -- magsasaka; manggagawa farmer; laborer; blue-collar worker
anak-dalita -- mahirap poor
alilang-kanin -- utusang walang sweldo,
pagkain lang
house-help with no income, provided with
food and shelter
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B
balitang kutsero -- hindi totoong balita rumor, gossip, false story
balik-harap -- mabuti sa harapan, taksil sa
likuran
double-faced person, one who betrays trust
bantay-salakay -- taong nagbabait-baitan a person who pretends to be good,
opportunist
bungang-araw -- sakit sa balat prickly heat (literal=fruit of the sun)
bungang-tulog -- panaginip dream (literal=fruit of sleep)
BALAT (SKIN)
balat-sibuyas -- manipis, maramdamin a sensitive person (literal=onion-skinned)
balat-kalabaw -- mahina ang pakiramdam,
di agad tinatablan ng hiya
one who is insensitive; with dense-face
(literal=buffalo-skinned)
buto't balat -- payat na payat malnourished (literal=skin-and-bone)
BIBIG (MOUTH)
tulak ng bibig -- salita lamang, di tunay sa
loob
insincere words (literal=pushed-by-the-
mouth)
dalawa ang bibig -- mabunganga, madaldal nagger, talkative person (literal=two-
mouthed)
BITUKA (INTESTINE)
halang ang bituka -- salbahe, desperado,
hindi nangingiming pumatay ng tao
a person with no moral compunction
(literal=with a horizontal intestine)
mahapdi ang bituka -- nagugutom a hungry person (literal=sore intestine)
FOODCHAINS
FOODPYRAMID
FOODWEB
FOREST
Forest is a large area of land thickly
coveredwithtreesandbushes.
TypesofForests:
Forests thrive in diverse climatic regions
throughout the world, and can be
categorized by their locations and
elevations. Here are the different types of
forests:
Tropical: lush, dense forests found
near the equator. They are vital
storehouses of the planet's
biodiversity;
Subtropical:consistsoftreesthatcanresistthesummerdrought.Theyarefoundtothe
northandsouthofthetropicalforests;
Mediterranean:locatedtothesouthofthetemperateregionsandmadeupprimarilyof
evergreentrees;
Temperate: mix of coniferous evergreen and deciduous trees found in North America,
northeasternAsiaandEurope;
Coniferous:Theseforestsarefoundaroundthepolesincold,windyregionsandcontain
bothconifersandhardwoods;and
Montane: also known as cloud forests. Contain mainly conifers and are found in high
elevationtropical,subtropicalandtemperatezones.
ImportanceofForestintheOverallEcosystem:
Theworld'sforestsholdimportanceforalloftheirinhabitantsaswellasfortheoverallhealth
oftheplanet.Thebenefitsofforeststosocietyandtothediversityoflifemakeitvitalthatthey
beprotectedfromdeforestationandotherpotentialnegativeimpactsofcivilization.

GOFOODS

HanamichiSakuragi
HanamichiSakuragiistrue?HanamichiSakuragiwasbornin1968inafamilyofthecommonworking
class.Hismotherpassedawaywhenhewasveryyoung,withouttheloveofhismotherheusethe
violence(outonthestreetfights)toresolvehisproblems.Asayoungboyhewasverytallattheageof
12average1.75mts,andhisbodybegantoacquireforceandalotofresistancethroughhisfights.Once
hehadafightwiththestudentsinthesportszoneoftheUniversityofTokyo;hisabilitiestofight,
velocityandtoandphysicalitytheyattractedthecoachofthebasketballteam,andofferedhimtojoin
theteam.
Inapartyofpractice,attheageof17,againsttheNationalTeamofJapan,Hanamichiof1.89mts,was
theuniqueonethatwasnotfrightenedbytheprofessionalsandnoted33pointsalone:10shots,3
nailed,1triple,1shotthatdidnotfindtheterminologytoexplain,and2freeshots.
Althoughitsteamlostwithonly59points(59115),IthadbeenanexcellentfirstgameforHanamichi.
Basketballwasinchaos,andhewasnamedTheHopeoftheJapaneseBasketball.Nevertheless,its
fatherfellsickayearlater.HanamichiwentofreturntoTokyo,andthistripwouldcosthimall.He
descendedofthebusinTokyoandhewasonthevergeofcrossingthestreetacrossthehospitalwhena
carthatwentveryfasthithim.Althoughhehadthebodyofsteel,theimpactsimplywastoostrong.
Hecollapsed,theycarriedhimtothehospital.Unfortunatelyitwastoolatebeforetheysenthimto
theoperatingroom,hediedfrominternalhemorrhage,onlywith18yearsofage.
TheWorldoftheJapaneseBasketballwascompletelydestroyed,theycalledthislossColossal.The
mangacaTakehikoInouecreateditsseriesSlamDunkbasedonthehistoryofthisyouth..
HARAKIRI
Harakiri(orharakiri)mostoftenreferstoaformofseppuku(orritualsuicide).
Seppuku("stomachcutting")isaformofJapaneseritualsuicidebydisembowelment.
Seppuku was originally reservedonlyfor samurai. Part of the samurai

bushido honor code, seppuku was used voluntarily by samurai to die
withhonourratherthanfallintothehandsoftheirenemies(andlikely
suffer torture), as a form of capital punishment for samurai who had
committed serious offenses, or performed for other reasons that had
brought shame to them. The ceremonial disembowelment, which is
usuallypartofamoreelaborateritualandperformedinfrontofspectators,consistsofplunginga
shortblade,traditionallyatant,intotheabdomenandmovingthebladefromlefttorightina
slicingmotion.
SpokenTermandWrittenTerm:
Seppuku is also known as harakiri ("cutting the belly") and is written with the same kanji as
seppuku, but in reverse order with an okurigana. In Japanese, the more formal seppuku, a
Chineseon'yomireading,istypicallyusedinwriting,whileharakiri,anativekun'yomireading,is
usedinspeech.Rossnotes,
"Itiscommonlypointedoutthatharakiriisavulgarism,butthisisamisunderstanding.Harakiri
is a Japanese reading or Kunyomi of the characters, as it became customary to prefer Chinese
readingsinofficialannouncementsonlythetermseppukuwaseverusedinwriting.Soharakiriis
aspokentermandseppukuawrittentermforthesameact."
[2]
PartoftheBushidoTheCodeoftheSamurai:
Seppuku was a key part of bushido, the code of the samurai

warriors;itwasusedbywarriorstoavoidfallingintoenemyhands,
and to attenuate shame and avoid possible torture. Samurai could
alsobeorderedbytheirdaimyo(feudallords)tocarryoutseppuku.
Later, disgraced warriors were sometimes allowed to carry out
seppuku rather than be executed in the normal manner. The most
common form of seppuku for men was composed ofthe cutting of
theabdomen,andwhenthesamuraiwasfinished,hestretchedout
his neckfor an assistant todecapitatehim. Since the mainpointof
the act was to restore or protect one's honor as a warrior, those
who did not belong to the samurai caste were never ordered or
expected to carry out seppuku. Samurai generally could carry out
theactonlywithpermission.
HEART
PartsoftheHeart
HUMANBRAIN
The human brain is the center of the human nervous system. Enclosed in the
cranium, the human brain has the same general structure as that of other
mammals,butisoverthreetimeslargerthanthebrainofatypicalmammalwith
an equivalent body size. Most of the spatial expansion comes from the cerebral
cortex, a convoluted layer of neural tissue which covers the surface of the
forebrain. Especially expanded are the frontal lobes, which are associated with
executive functions such as selfcontrol, planning, reasoning, and abstract
thought. The portion of the brain devoted to vision, the occipital lobe, is also
greatlyenlargedinhumanbeings.
LEAVES

Leaves are the most active and conspicuous organs of plants. The most important of their function is
absorbing sunlight to be used for photosynthesis. In order to do this, they expose large amounts of
surface area to the environment. On a global basis, leaves produce more than 200 billion tons of sugars
per year. Those sugars sustain most life on this planet.
How leaves form:
Leaves are the most diverse of all plant organs-because they can be tubular, feathery, needlelike, cupped
smooth, sticky fragrant, or waxy. They range in size from pinhead-sized leaves to 20-meter across, and
they range in number from millions to only one or two in the whole lifetime of the plant. Leaves are formed
by the coordinated efforts of several meristems, each of which is named for its position. The earliest stage
of leaf development is a small bulge at the shoot apex called a leaf buttress or primordium, which consists
of 100 to 300 cells. It is formed by cellular divisions one to three cell layers below the overlying protoderm
More cellular divisions and expansions produce a radially symmetrical cone called an apical peg, which
has an apical meristem and a procambial strand that forms the leaf's midrib. The adaxial surface of the
apical peg elongates slower than the abaxial surface, and arches the leaf primordium over the shoot
apical meristem.
The leaf then forms an adaxial meristem that thickens the leaf. It forms an upper leaf zone and a lower
leaf zone. The upper zone contains marginal meristems that form the flattened blade and stalklike petiole
that attaches the leaf to the stem. The lower leaf zone forms the leaf base.
Continued growth of a leaf involves cellular expansion and division. These divisions continue until the leaf
is one-half to three-fourths grown. Cellular expansion forms most of the intercellular spaces in a leaf.
Stomata differentiate soon after intercellular spaces form. Except for vascular tissues which differentiates
from the base into the tip of the leaf, other tissues in leaves differentiate from the tip toward the base.
Until it is 30%-40% of its final size, a growing leaf depends on the rest of the plant for its nutrition.
The Structure of Leaves:
External Structure:
There are four basi c kinds of leaves: simple, compound, peltate, and perfoli ate:
Simple leaves-have a flat, undivided blade that is supported by a stalk called a petiole. The
petiole is typically supported by collenchyma and sclerenchyma fibers.
Compound leaves-have blades divided into leaflets that form in one plane and lack axillary buds.
Each compound leaf has a single bud at the base of its petiole. There are two kinds of compound
leaves: pinnately compound and palmately compound leaves. Pinnately form in pairs along a
central stalklike rachis, and palmately attach at the same point.
Peltate leaves-have petioles that attach to the middle of the blade.
Perfoliate leaves-are sessile leaves that surround and are pierced by the stems.
Internal Structure:
Leaves consists of epidermal, ground, and vascular tissues.
Epidermis-it is compact, transparent, and usually not photosynthetic. It also contains many
stomata. In horizontally oriented leaves, there are usually more stomata on the protected lower
side that the exposed upper side. Vertical leaves usually have similar numbers of stomata on
Ang Pabula ng Kabayo at ng Mangngalakal

A short story from Katig.com book of fables
(Inspired by the ancient fables of Aesop)

Isang mangangalakal ang maghahatid ng dalawang sakong asin sa palengke.
Inilulan niya ang mga sako ng asin sa kanyang kabayo at nagtungo sila sa palengke.
Nang tumatawid sila sa isang ilog na dinaanan ay hindi sinasadyang nadulas at
natumba ang kabayo. Napunit ang mga sako at ang ilang bahagi ng asin ay nabuhos sa
ilog at ang iba naman ay nalusaw dahil sa pagkababad sa tubig. Hindi naman nasaktan
ang kabayo at napansin niya na lubhang gumaan ang pasan niyang dalawang sako ng
asin at siya ay natuwa

Nang sumunod na linggo ay magpupunta uli ang mangangalakal sa palengke at
naglulan na nman ng dalawang sakong asin sa kanyang kabayo. nang mapalapit na sila
sa ilog ay napagisip-isip ng kabayo: "Kung magpapadulas ako sa ilog ay tiyak na
gagaan uli ang pasan ko," ang sabi ng kabayo sa kanyang sarili. Ganun na nga ang
ginawa ng kabayo. Muling nabutas ang mga sako at ibang asin ay nabuhos sa ilog at
ang iba naman ay nalusaw. Nguni't sa pagkakataong eto ay nakahalata ang
mangangalakal na sadyang nagpadulas ang kabayo sa ilog.

Pagdaan pa ng isang linggo ay muling magtutungo ang mangangalakal sa
palengke subalit sa pagkakataong eto ay apat na baldeng may lamang alpombra ang
kanyang inilulan sa kabayo - dalawang balde sa magkabilang tabi ng kabayo. "Aba, ok
to, mas magaan ang pasan ko ngayon. Ganun pa man ay magpapadulas pa rin ako sa
ilog para mas gumaan pa ang pasan ko," ang sabi ng kabayo sa kanyang sarili.

Pagdating sa ilog ay kusa na namang nagpadulas ang kabayo ngunit laking gulat
niya nang biglang bumigat ang kanyang pasan nang siya ay malublob sa tubig. Ang
apat na balde na may alpombra ay napuno ng tubig at di hamak nanaging mas
mabigat pa keysa sa dalawang sakong asin.

Mga aral ng pabula:

Ang masamang balakin ay may katapat na kaparusahan. Ang pagiging tuso ay
may katapat na kabayaran.

ANGBUGTONG
Isanguringpanitikannakawiliwili.
Itoayisangparaanngpagpapalawakngtalasalitaan.
PagsasanaysamabilisnapagiisipItoaymaytugmaattalinghaga
Kapupulutanngmahalagangbutilngkarunungan.
Nagsalinsalinsabibigngatingmganinuno.
Angpagpapalitanngbugtongobugtunganaykaraniwangginagawasa
mgapagtitipontuladng:
lamayansapatay
paggigiiikngpalay
tulungantuladngpagbubuhatngbahayobayanihan
paghahasikngpunla
BIAGNILAMANG
(Luzon)
SalambakngNalbuansabaybayinngIlogNaguiliansaLaUnionaymaymagasawangkilalasa
pangalangDonJuanatNamongan.
NangmalapitnangmagsilangngsanggolsiNamongan,nilusobngtribongIgorotangnayonat
pinatayangmaramingtauhanniDonJuan.Salakinggalit,nilusobnamanniDonJuanangmga
Igorot upang ipaghiganti ang mga tauhan niya. Hindi na nakabalik si Don Juan sa kanyang
nayon.Angnagingbalita,siyaaypinugutanngulongmgaIgorot.
IsinilangniNamonganangkanyanganak.Angsanggolaynagsalitaagadatsiyanaangpumiling
pangalangLamangatsiyanarinangpumilingkanyangmagigingninong.
Nang malaman ni Lamang ang masakit na nangyari sa kanyang ama, sumumpa siyang
ipaghihiganti niya ito. Sa gulang na siyam na buwan pa lamang, ay malakas, matipuno at
malaking lalaki na siya.Ayaw man siyang payagan ng kanyanginaupang hanapin ang bangkay
ngkanyangama,aynagpilitdinsiLamangnamakaalis.
Kasama niya sa pagtungo sa lupain ng mga Igorot ay isang mahiwagang tandang, ang
tangabaran, at mahiwagang aso. Baon rin niya ang kanyang talisman mula sa punong saging.
Satulongngkanyangtalismanaymadaliniyangnalakbayangmgakabundukanatkaparangan.
SalakingpagodniLamang,siyaaynakatulog.NapangarapniyaangmgaIgorotnapumataysa
kanyangamananagsisipagsayawatnililigiranangpugotnaulongkanyangama.Nagpatuloysi
Mga Pabula
(Fables)
Ang pabula ay maikling kwento na karaniwan at tungkol sa mga hayop na
kapupulutan ng kabutihang asal.

Ang Kambing at ang Lobo
Ang Tigre at ang Matalinong Lobo
Ang Matakaw na Kuneho
Ang Mapaghiganting Bubuyog
Ang Usa na Naligaw sa Sapa
Ang Matigas na Ulong Sisiw
Ang Lobo na Walang Buntot

Ang Kambing at ang Lobo

Isang kambing ang nasa dulo ng bangin at kasalukuyang kumakain ng damo roon.
Namataan siya ng lobo at nais sana siyang kainin, ngunit hindi nito magawang
sunggaban siya sa takot na baka pareho silang bumulusok sa matarik na bangin.

"Ano't nagtitityaga ka sa maliit na damong kinakain mo diyan?", ang sabi ng lobo.
"Bakit hindi ka dito sa baba kumain ng damo, kung saan mas marami at mas luntian
ang mga kulay," panghihihkayat nito.

Pero sa halip na matukso, ang kambing ay nanatili sa kanyang kinatatayuan at
sinabing, "Aanhin ko ang luntiang damuhan, kung ito nama'y nakatanim sa lupang
kinatatayuan ng isang matakaw na lobong tulad mo na walang ibang hangad kundi
ang ako ay lamunin?"

Ang Tigre at ang Matalinong Lobo

Isang lobo ang nahuli ng isang tigre. Papatayin na sana ng tigre ang lobo upang
kainin nang bigla itong magsalita at tumutol.

"Huwag mo akong saktan! Huwag mo akong kainin!"

"Bakit?" tanong ng tigre.

"Sapagkat ako ay dapat mong katakutan! Hindi mo ba alam na ako ang itinuturing na
hari ng mga halimaw? Kapag ako ay iyong kinain, magagalit sa iyo ang Diyos na
naglalang sa akin . Parurusahan ka Niya."

Ayaw maniwala ng tigre. "Sa pagkakaalam ko, leon ang tinaguriang hari ng mga
halimaw sa buong kagubatan!"

ANG INAHING MANOK AT
ANG KANYANG MGA SISIW

Isang inahing manok na may anak na tatlong sisiw ang
naninirahan sa gitna ng taniman ng mais. Isang araw, lumabas ng
bahay ang magsasakang mayari ng taniman at sinabing, "Panahon
na upang anihin ko ang aking maisan! Kailangan tawagin ko ang
akingmgakapitbahayupangtulunganakosaakingpaganibukas!"
Narinig ito ng mga sisiw at agad iminungkahi sakanilang ina,

"Kailangang lumikas na tayo rito at humanap ng ibang matitirahan
inang! Kung hindi, matatagpuan tayo rito ng mga magsisipagani
bukasathuhulihinupangpatayin!"
Huwag kayong mabahala mga anak," ang wika ng inahing manok. "Kung mga kapit
bahay lamang ang aasahan niya, hindi agad magsisipagkilos ang mga iyon! May panahon pa
tayoupangmanirahandito."
Tamangaangsinabinginahingmanok.Sapagkatkinabukasannga'ywalangmgakapit
bahaynadumatingupangtumulongsapaganingmagsasaka.
"Kung hindi ko maasahan ang aking mga kapitbahay, sa aking mga kamaganak ako
lalapitupanghumingingtulongsaisasagawakongpaganibukas!"
"Narinig ng mga sisiw ang sinabi ng magsasaka at dalidaling iminungkahi sa kanilang

ina. Ngunit muli, hindi nabahala ang inahing manok at sinabing, "Kung sa mga kamaganak
lamangsiyaaasahindimagsisipagsunodangmgaiyon!Maymgatrabahoringdapatasikasuhin
ang mga iyon at tiyak na hindi maasahan. May panahon pa tayo para manirahan dito mga
anak!"
Kinabukasan nga'y tama uli ang sinabi ni inahing manok. Walang kamaganak na
dumatingangmagsasakaupangtulungansiyasapaganisamaisan.
Dahildito,napilitanangmagsasakangtawaginangkanyanganakatsinabing,"Bukasna
bukasdin,tayongdalawanalamangangaanisaatingpananim.Walatayongibangmaaasahan
kundiangatingmgasarili!"
Nangmarinigiyonngmgasisiw,dalidalisilangnagtungosakanilanginaatiminungkahi
ritoangsinabingmagsasaka.
Noonnagdesisyonanginahingmanoknalumisansilasalugarnaiyon,atsinabing,"Kung
sinabi ng magsasaka na siya na ang gagawa ng pagani, dapat tayong maniwala! Sapagkat
totoongwalangsinumansiyangmaaasahankundiangkanyangsarili!"

M
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Ang mga okasyong ipinagdiriwang
sa buong kapuluan ay yaong
napakahalaga sa kasaysayan at
lipunan. Nakikiisa ang bawat isa sa
mga Pilipino sa pagdaraos ng mga
ito kaya't tinatawag itong
pambansang pagdiriwang.
Karaniwang idinedeklarang pista
opisyal o walang pasok sa mga
opisina at paaralan ang mga
pambasang pagdiriwang.

MGAUNANGTAOSAPILIPINAS

SINOANGMGAUNANGTAOSAPILIPINAS?
Mga Negrito, Indones at Malay ang mga prinsipal na mamamayan ng Pilipinas.
Naganap pa ang iba pang migrasyon sa pamamagitan ng pagbiyahe sa tubig at
nangyari sa loob ng ilang libong taon na. Sila ang binubuo ng ibatiba pang
etnikong Pilipino. Ngunit kung tatanungin kung sino sa tatlong unang lahi na ito
ang tunay na Pilipino, masasabing hindi dapat tukuying sa kanila kung sino ang
tunaynaPilipinodahilangpagigingPilipinoaynakuhahindisapinagmulanglahi,
kundisapagunladngkultura,tradisyonatgawinanagmulasapagsasalinglahing
mga dayuhan sa Pilipinas, dagdagan pa ang matagal na pagsakop ng Espanya sa
atingbansanamaymalakingimpluwensyasakulturaattradisyongPilipino.

HOMOERECTUS
Sila ay nakakatindig na nang tuwid at gumagamit ng kasangkapang yari sa bato.

Maliitangkanyangbungoatangutakniyaaymay1,100hanggang750sentimetro
kubikolamangatsinasabinganglakinitoaynasapagitanngutakngtsimpanseat
modernong tao. Nakausli ang noo sa banda ng kanyang mga mata. Pango at
malapad ang kanyang ilong at maliit ang baba. Maaaring may kakayahan na rin
silangmagsalitadahilsabahagingkanyangutakparasapagsasalitaaymatambok
nanangkaunti.
TAONGTABON
Ang hitsura ng mga TAONG TABON ay halos kapareho na ng ating

pangangatawan.Angkanilangutakaymay1,200sentimetrokubikoatkatuladna
ngmgakasalukuyangtao.Mataasangnooathindinagaanongmatambok,maliit
ang mga ngipin, at mas maliit at nakausli na ang baba. Sila ay tinatayang mas
matalinokaysasamgahomoerectus.Masmaunladangkanilangmgakagamitan
tuladngmgalansetaatmatatalimnapanghiwa.
INDONES
Dumatingsilanoong3,000hanggang8,000taongnakalipasnoongBagong
MOCK VOLCANO THAT ERUPTS
This is a very messy projectespecially at the end when the volcano erupts. Wear old
clothes and work on a pile of newspapers (or even better, outdoors).
In a real volcano, molten rock from deep within the Earth erupts through a volcano (the
molten rock is called magma when it is within the
Earth and is called lava when it comes out of a
volcano). In this project, a mock volcano will erupt
with a bubbly, fizzy liquid that is created by a simple
chemical reaction.
This project shows what happens when an acid
(vinegar) and a base (baking soda) interact.
Chemically, the acid and base neutralize each other,
producing carbon dioxide gas as a byproduct. The
exact reaction is:
HC
2
H
3
O
2
(vinegar =acetic acid) +NaHCO
3
(baking
soda =sodium bicarbonate) =CO
2
(carbon dioxide
gas) +NaC
2
H
3
O
2
(sodium acetate) +H
2
O (water)

Model Volcano
(parental supervision is advised)
Begin by gathering all your ingredients; you
should have everything you need around the
house.
What you'll need:
Aluminum cookie sheet
Cardboard box
Lots of old newspaper
Baking soda (about 3-4 tablespoons)
Vinegar (about 1/2 cup)
A few drops of liquid dishwashing
detergent
Small plastic bottle (like a small pop
bottle)
Modeling clay
Funnel
Measuring spoon and measuring
cup
Red food coloring
Glitter (optional)
Recipe for Modeling Clay and
Eruption
OXYGENCARBONDIOXIDECYCLE
PERIPHERALNERVE
PLANET EARTH

Earth is the third planet
from the Sun. Earth is the
largest of the terrestrial planets
in the Solar System in diameter,
mass and density. It is also
referred to as the World and
Terra.

Home to millions of
species, including humans,
Earth is the only place in the
universe where life is known to
exist. The planet formed 4.54
billion years ago, and life
appeared on its surface within a
billion years. Since then, Earth's
biosphere has significantly
altered the atmosphere and
other abiotic conditions on the planet, enabling the proliferation of aerobic
organisms as well as the formation of the ozone layer which, together with
Earth's magnetic field, blocks harmful radiation, permitting life on land. The
physical properties of the Earth, as well as its geological history and orbit,
allowed life to persist during this period. The world is expected to continue
supporting life for another 1.5 billion years, after which the rising luminosity of
the Sun will eliminate the biosphere.

Earth's outer surface is divided into several rigid segments, or tectonic
plates, that gradually migrate across the surface over periods of many millions
of years. About 71% of the surface is covered with salt-water oceans, the
remainder consisting of continents and islands; liquid water, necessary for all
known life, is not known to exist on any other planet's surface. Earth's interior
remains active, with a thick layer of relatively solid mantle, a liquid outer core
that generates a magnetic field, and a solid iron inner core.

Earth interacts with other objects in outer space, including the Sun and
the Moon. At present, Earth orbits the Sun once for every roughly 366.26 times
it rotates about its axis. This length of time is a sidereal year, which is equal to
365.26 solar days. The Earth's axis of rotation is tilted 23.4 away from the
perpendicular to its orbital plane, producing seasonal variations on the planet's
surface with a period of one tropical year (365.24 solar days). Earth's only
known natural satellite, the Moon, which began orbiting it about 4.53 billion
years ago, provides ocean tides, stabilizes the axial tilt and gradually slows the
planet's rotation. A cometary bombardment during the early history of the
PLANET VENUS

Venus is the second-closest
planet to the Sun, orbiting it
every 224.7 Earth days. The
planet is named after Venus, the
Roman goddess of love. It is the
brightest natural object in the
night sky, except for the Moon,
reaching an apparent magnitude
of 4.6. Because Venus is an
inferior planet from Earth, it
never appears to venture far from
the Sun: its elongation reaches a
maximum of 47.8. Venus reaches
its maximum brightness shortly
before sunrise or shortly after
sunset, for which reason it is
often called the Morning Star or
the Evening Star.

Classified as a terrestrial planet, it is sometimes called Earth's "sister
planet," because they are similar in size, gravity, and bulk composition. Venus
is covered with an opaque layer of highly reflective clouds of sulfuric acid,
preventing its surface from being seen from space in visible light; this was a
subject of great speculation until some of its secrets were revealed by
planetary science in the twentieth century. Venus has the densest atmosphere
of all the terrestrial planets, consisting mostly of carbon dioxide, as it has no
carbon cycle to lock carbon back into rocks and surface features, nor organic
life to absorb it in biomass. It has become so hot that the earth-like oceans
that the young Venus is believed to have possessed have totally evaporated,
leaving a dusty dry desertscape with many slab-like rocks. The best hypothesis
is that the evaporated water has dissociated, and with the lack of a planetary
magnetic field, the hydrogen has been swept into interplanetary space by the
solar wind. The atmospheric pressure at the planet's surface is 92 times that of
the Earth.

Venus's surface has been mapped in detail only in the last 22 years, by
Project Magellan. It shows evidence of extensive volcanism, and the sulfur in
the atmosphere is taken by some experts to show that there has been some
recent volcanism, but it is an enigma as to why no evidence of lava flow
accompanies any of the visible caldera. There are a low number of impact
craters, demonstrating that the surface is relatively young, approximately half
a billion years old. There is no evidence for plate tectonics, possibly because
its crust is too strong to subduct without water to make it less viscous, and
SUN
Makes l i f e on our pl anet possi bl e by
gi vi ng us gr eat amount s of l i ght and
heat .

Cont ai ns about 98%of t he mass of t he
ent i r e Sol ar Syst em.

I s j ust a medi umsi zed st ar ( yel l ow
dwar f ) . I t i s about 1. 4 mi l l i on
ki l omet er s i n di amet er .

I s t he cent er of our Sol ar Syst em. Al l t he pl anet s and
ot her obj ect s or bi t ar ound i t .

I s ver y gaseous, and made up most l y of hydr ogen.

Cont ai ns dar kspot s t hat ar e known as sunspot s.

PLANETS

MERCURY

I s about t he same si ze as t he Moon.
I t s mass ( wei ght ) i s 1/ 20t h t hat of
t he Ear t h. I t s di amet er i s 2/ 5 t hat
of our pl anet .

I s t he cl osest pl anet t o t he Sun. I t
i s about 58 mi l l i on ki l omet er s f r om
t he Sun.

Makes one compl et e or bi t ar ound t he
Sun ever y 87. 97 days.

Rot at es on i t s axi s ver y sl owl y compar ed t o Ear t h. I t
compl et es one r ot at i on i n about 58 days and 15 mi nut es.

I s cover ed wi t h mount ai ns, cr at er s, r i dges and val l eys.
Platelets
Platelets
Image from a light microscope (40x) from a peripheral blood smear surrounded by red blood cells.
Oneplateletcanbeseenintheupperleftsideoftheimage(purple)andissignificantlysmallerinsize
thantheredbloodcells(stainedpink)andthetwolargeneutrophils(stainedpurple).
POLIOMYELITIS
RedBloodCells
Humanredbloodcells(68m)

It wasn't my sister, nor my brother,
but still was the child of my father
and mother. Who was it?
The person speaking.

What is everyone in the world doing
at the same time?
Growing older.

What can be measured,
but has no length,
width or height?

The temperature.

What can't you see
that is always before you?
The future.

Which room has no door,
no windows, no floor
and no roof?

The mush room.

What letters are the smartest?

The Ys.

MGASALAWIKAINGPILIPINO
Isangmakabuluhangpahayag,kadakasanggumagamitng
masiningnapananalita,nanagpasalinsalinnasabibigngmga
taosamaraminghenerasyon.
Binubuoangsalawikainngsalitangugatnawikaatng
kabilaanglapingsalaatin.nangangahulugangitong
karaniwangsabihinokasabihanglagi,karaniwang
wikainoparatingsambitinsamgapagsasaysaynapaaral,
patalumpati,atgayondinsamgapangangatwiran.
Bungangkaranasan,pagkatuto,atpagpupunyagingmgatao
namapabutiangkanilangpamumuhay,mapayabongang
kanilangpakikipagkapwatao,atmapanatiliangkagandahang
asalsalahatngpanahon.

Friction of Tires of Plane With a
Road When Landing

Friction in Break in the Tire of a Bicycle

riction of Moving Object in the Ground

Friction Necessary to Light a Match

(Enclosure B to DECS Memorandum No. 361 s. 1999)

SCI-DAMATHS MANUAL

Basically the rules in playing the Filipino checkerboard game called
dama will be used with some modifications in integrating Mathematics
and Science as follows:

1. Set the starting position of the chips (see Table 1).
2. After the starting positions of the chips have been set, the first player is
determined by drawing lots.
3. A chip is allowed to move diagonally forward only to an adjoining vacant
square.
4. A chip has to take the opponents chip diagonally forward or backward,
thus, pass is not allowed. Mathematical operations (+; -; x; /) will be
used depending on the vacant squares operation symbol where the
taker chip lands by jumping over the taken chip (the latter chip has
to be removed from the board after performing the indicated
mathematical operation and recording same in the scoresheet).
5. In taking more than one chip, the taker chip is always the addend,
minuend, multiplicand, or dividend as the case may be.
6. In taking a chip or more than one chip, the dama rules on dama,
mayor dalawa or tatlo, mayor tatlo over dalawa, mayor dama, and
mayor dalawa or tatlo over dama prevail.
7. A chip is declared dama upon reaching terminally on the following
designated squares:
For red chips: (0,7) (2,7) (4,7) (6,7)
For blue chips: (1,0) (3,0) (5,0) (7,0)
8. A dama chip is allowed to take a chip or more than one chip, or move
to any unoccupied square along its diagonal path. Moreover, a damas
score is doubled in taking a chip or chips, and quadrupled if it takes the
opponents dama chip. Similarly, an ordinary chips score is doubled if it
takes a dama chip.
9. A more (e.g. 2 -> (6,3) ) is good only at the most for one (1) minute
including its corresponding entries in the scoresheet; while, the games
duration is twenty (20) minutes.
10. The game ends when any of the following situations occur:
a. If no show of one player is declared after ten minutes
b. Repetitive moves of any or both players
c. A player resigns
d. A players chip is cornered
e. A player has no more chip to move
f. The 20-minute game duration ended
11. The remaining chips have to be added to the respective players total
scores.
SENSORYNERVE
SexualityasRight
InagreementwiththeWorldHealth(theWHO)Thesexualityisinfluencedbytheinteraction
of social psychological biological factors economic legal ethical cultural politicians historical
spiritualmonksand(theWHO,2006)
Thesexualityistheassemblyofanatomical,physiologicalandpsychologicalaffectiveconditions
of the world animal that characterizes each sex. Also it is the assembly of emotional
phenomena and conduct related to sex, that mark of decisive way the human being in all the
phasesoftheirdevelopment.
Duringcenturiesitwasconsideredthatthesexualityintheanimalandthemenwasbasicallyof
instinctive type. On this belief the theories were based to determine the forms nonnatural of
thesexuality,betweenwhichthosepracticesnondirectedtotheprocreationwereincludedall.
Today,nevertheless,itisknownthatalsosomemammalsverydeveloped,likethedolphinsor
somepenguins,appearasexualconductdifferentiated,thatitincludes,besideshomosexuality
(observed in more than 1500 animal species), variants of the masturbation and the violation.
Modernpsychologydeduces,therefore,thatthesexualitycanormustbelearned.
Humansexuality
Blonde(1994/1998)proposesthatthesexualityisasystemoffourthehumanlifethatismade
upofholoneswhichtheymeansystemswithinasystem.Theseholonesinteracttoeachother
and with other systems in all the levels of the knowledge in particular in the levels biological,
psychologicalandsocial.
Thefourholonesaretheeroticism,theaffectiveentailment,thereproductividadandthesort.
Theeroticismisthecapacitytofeeltopleasethroughthesexualanswer,thatistosaythrough
sexualdesire,thesexualexcitationandorgasmo.
The affective entailment is the capacity to develop and to establish significant interpersonal
reports.
The reproductividad is more than the capacity to have children and to raise them, indeed
includes the feelings of maternity and paternity, the attitudes of paternaje and maternaje,
besidestheenhancingattitudesofthedevelopmentandeducationofotherbeings.
Holn of the developed sort, includes the degree in which experience the property to one of
thedimorphiccategories(feminineormasculine).Itisofutmostimportanceintheconstruction
of the identity, leaves from the sexual structure, based on sex it includes all the mental and
behavioralconstructionsofbeingOManwoman.
Dog and Goat

A dog spotted a rabbit and started chasing him, but the
rabbit got away. Seeing this, a goat stopped to gloat.
"Too fast for you, wasn't he?" he sneered. "Why are you
surprised?" said the dog. "I was chasing him for fun; he
was running for his life."

Moral: Performance depends on motivation.

Speedy Rabbit

Sick stag was lying in a corner, helpless and weak. He
was glad he had collected enough grass to last him
through his period of illness. But suddenly, to his dismay,
he saw that some friends who had come to see him were
helping themselves to the food. "Please go away," he
said. "My illness will not kill me but your greed certainly
could."

Moral: Thoughtless friends are more harmful than enemies.

The Ailing Deer

The cranes were eating grain from his field, so the
farmer set a trap and caught several of them. Among
them was a stork. You can see I dont belong here,
said the stork. Im a law- abiding bird. Please let me
go. You may well be what you claim to be, said the
farmer. But I caught you along with these robbers, so
you will have to hang with them.

Moral: You are j udged by the company you keep.

SOLAR SYSTEM

Contains the nine planets and other smaller objects
such as minor planets, comets, meteoroids and cosmic
dust.

The first four inner planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth,
and Mars) are relatively small and resemble the Earth
in composition (rocky).

The next four planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and
Neptune) are much larger planets and are very gaseous
in nature. Pluto is the smallest planet and is the
farthest away from the Sun.

All the objects in our Solar System orbit the Sun. It
is so big that everything in our Solar System could
fit in it many times.

Many scientists believe that our Solar System is over
4.6 billion years old.

SPINALCORD
The spinal cord is a long, thin,
tubular bundle of nervous tissue and
support cells that extends from the
brain(themedullaoblongataspecifically).
The brain and spinal cord together
makeupthecentral nervous system.The
spinal cord begins at the Occipital
boneandextendsdowntothespace
between the first and second lumbar
vertebrae; it does not extend the
entirelengthofthevertebral column.It
is around 45cm (18in) in men and
around43cm(17in)longinwomen.
Also, the spinal cord has a varying
width,rangingfrom1/2inchthickin
the cervical and lumbar regions to
1/4inch thick in the thoracic area.
The enclosing bony vertebral column
protects the relatively shorter spinal
cord. The spinal cord functions
primarily in the transmission of
neural signals between the brain and
the rest of the body but also
contains neural circuits that can
independently control numerous
reflexesandcentralpatterngenerators.The
spinal cord has three major
functions: A. Serve as a conduit for motor information, which travels down the
spinal cord. B. Serve as a conduit for sensory information, which travels up the
spinalcord.C.Serveasacenterforcoordinatingcertainreflexes.
SYMBIOSIS

Symbiosis is a relationship between organisms where each benefits from
the other. If a symbiotic relationship is essential for one of the species involved,
that species is said to be an obligate symbiote.

The mutualistic relationship between hard corals and their crustacean
symbionts. Many species of hard corals grow as tightly clumped "bushes", and
not surprisingly, corals with this growth morphology provide ideal shelter sites for
crustaceans such as shrimps and crabs, and even small fishes such as gobies.

The 10 Datus
From a book The Maragtas
Historians tell us that 10 Bornean datus headed by Datu Puti, along with their
followers, fled Borneo to escape persecution by Datu Makatunaw, the rajah of the
House of Sri-Vijaya. They boarded their long ships called barangays in order to seek
out new lands.
The other Dutus who accompanied Datu Puti were, Datu Sumakwel, Datu
Bangkaya, Datu Paiborong, Datu Paduhinogan, Datu Dumangsol, Datu Libay, Datu
Dumangsil, Datu Domalogdog, and Datu Balensuela. Together they were to become
the founders of the pre-colonial Philippine civilisation.
They sailed the seas, until they came to two islands, Panay and Sinugbuhan,
which were at that time under the rule of an Ati King, or Aeta named Marikudo. Those
Marikudo ruled were small-like group that practiced hunting and gathering as well as
slash and burn farming (kaingin), and they were initially in terror of the Borneans
because they were bigger than them. However, Datu Puti, sought a peaceful alliance
and was therefore welcomed by the Aetas. Immediately, they forged trade relations
with the natives exchanging their combs, hatchets, knives and copper swords (called
kris) for the Aetas deer horns, boar teeth, bamboo baskets, and various maritime
products.
To commemorate the new alliance, Marikudo invited his new associates for a
feast under the thick, broad branches of his dapdap and the bounteous food was laid
on banana leaves. The Borneans came wearing splendid accoutrements. The men
wore kerchiefs wound 4 times around their heads, grandiose jewellery, sleeveless and
collarless vests and various shirts. The women wore their hair parted in the middle
and knotted in two, like horns of a cows calf, and perched on each ear. They had
long sleeved blouses and they had long, ornately coloured skirts called tapis.
TheCirculatorySystem
What'sBelow
PULMONARYCIRCULATION...Howweusebloodtobreath!!...
BLOOD
o Plasma
o Platelets
o RedBloodCells
o Hemoglobin
o WhiteBloodCells
BLOODVESSELS...thehighwaysofyourbody...
o Capillaries
o Arteries
o Veins
HEART...thatthumpingnoiserevealed...
o Atrium
o Ventricle
o BloodPressure
PulmonaryCirculation
Oneofthemostindispensableorgansinthebodyforbloodcirculationistheorganthatisthe
carrier of oxygen, the lungs . Before a component of blood is pumped out of the heart to the
body, it has to acquire oxygen from the lungs which is critical for every cell in the body to
function.Blood from the head and arms enter the heart through the right auricle from the
upper ( superior) vena cava . Blood from the trunk and legs enter the heart from the lower (
inferior)venacava.Thebloodflowrestrictedbyavalveischanneledtotherightventricle.Itis
then conveyed to the lungs via the pulmonary (pertaining to the lungs) artery (it is called an
artery because it leads away from the heart) to obtain oxygen.
Having obtained oxygen in the lungs, blood is brought back to the left auricle through two
pulmonary veins . (They are called veins because they lead to the heart).
After that it is pumped through the aorta to be dispersed to all segments of the body
THECROWANGTHEPITCHER
ByAesop
ACROW,perishingwiththirst,sawapitcher,and,hopingtofindwater,flewtoitwith
greatdelight.Whenhereachedit,hediscoveredtohisgriefthatitcontainedsolittlewater
thathecouldnotpossiblygetatit.Hetriedeverythinghecouldthinkoftoreachthewater,but
allhiseffortswereinvain.Atlasthecollectedasmanystonesashecouldcarryanddropped
themonebyonewithhisbeakintothepitcher,untilhebroughtthewaterwithinhisreach,and
thussavedhislife.
Lessons:
Littlebylittledoesthetrick
Useyoubrightwittoachieveyourgoal
Necessityisthemotherofinvention
Events:
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THE EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE

The Earth's atmosphere is
a thin layer of gases that
surrounds the Earth. It
composed of 78%
nitrogen, 21% oxygen,
0.9% argon, 0.03% carbon
dioxide, and trace
amounts of other gases.
This thin gaseous layer
insulates the Earth from
extreme temperatures; it
keeps heat inside the
atmosphere and it also
blocks the Earth from
much of the Sun's
incoming ultraviolet
radiation.

The Earth's atmosphere is
about 300 miles (480 km) thick, but most of the atmosphere (about 80%) is within
10 miles (16 km) of the surface of the Earth. There is no exact place where the
atmosphere ends; it just gets thinner and thinner, until it merges with outer
space.

AIR PRESSURE

At sea level, the air pressure is about 14.7 pounds per square inch. As your
altitude increases (for example, if you climb a mountain), the air pressure
decreases. At an altitude of 10,000 feet, the air pressure is 10 pound per square
inch (and there is less oxygen to breathe).

THE LAYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE

Thermosphere:

The thermosphere is a thermal classification of the atmosphere. In the
thermosphere, temperature increases with altitude. The thermosphere includes
the exosphere and part of the ionosphere.


Jose La Villa Tierra

These things are lovely, and God made them so;

These little white sampagui t as wet with dew;

The graceful sway of grass, folk dancing on the lea;

The lacy waterfalls and rainbows in the sun;

The green of nar r a leaves; the blue of sky and sea;

The Masters canvas in the west when day is done;

The humble ni pa hut beneath the swaying palms

Listening to the breezes lilting pagan psalms;

The moonbeams in the bay; each little bird that sings;

Dal agas on the lane; the color that summer brings

These things are lovely, and God made them so,

And placed them in my country row on row.

Im glad Im too poor to leave my shore

And miss this loveliness outside my cottage door
Tradisyon:

Ang salitang tradisyon or tradition ay hango sa wikang latino na tradio na ang ibig
sabihin ay Ilipat sa ibang kamay o Ibigay. Ito ay ginagamit sa madaming kaparaanan
katulad ng:

1. Paniniwala at Kinamulatan na tinuro ng isang generasyon at sa mga sumusunod.
Halimbawa: Tradisyon ng pagbibinyag.
2. Mga Kinamulatan or gawi. Halimawa: Tradisyon ng pasko.
3. Ang mga pagkilos at gawi ng relihiyon. Halimbawa ay tradisyon ng islam,
katoliko at protestante.

Importateng aspeto ng tradition:

- ito ay gawi, Kinamulatan o istorya/salaysay na memoryado na isinalin sa bawat salin-
lahi or henerasyon na hindi na kinailangan ng panulat or pagtatala.

Kultura:

Ang kultura o kalinangn sa pangkalahatan ay tumutukoy sa aktibidad ng pamayanan
na naninirahan sa isang lugar ng daigdig. Iba't iba ang kahulugan ng kultura na
sumasalamin sa iba't ibang mga teoriya sa kaunawaan, o sukatan sa pagpapahalaga, sa
aktibidad ng sangkatauhan. Ang kultura ay pinapaloob sa teknolohiya, art, musiko,
relihiyon, syensya at moralidad.

Kinamulatan o Ugali (Custom):

Samantalang ang kinamulatan o ugali ay maituturing o tumutukoy sa mga kinaugaliang
gawi na naisalin sa ibat-ibang henerasyon na nasulat o natala.

WIND

Wind is moving air. Warm air rises, and cool air comes in to take its place. This
movement creates different pressures in the atmosphere which creates the
winds around the globe. Since the Earth spins, the winds try to move to the right
in the Northern Hemisphere, and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. This is
called the Coriolis Effect .

The prevailing wind is a type of wind that usually blows in a region. There are a
series of bands around the globe that have steadily blowing prevailing winds near
the surface. Different prevailing winds have different names. Trade winds are
steady and flow towards the equator. Jet streams are narrow zones of very
strong winds in the upper troposphere.

Winds move at different speeds and have different names based on the Beaufort
Scale. This scale is shown by numbers from 0 to 12 which goes from calm air to
breezes to strong winds or gales . Winds are also grouped by their direction.
Easterly winds blow from east to west, while westerly winds blow from west to
east.

The fastest recorded wind speed, 230 miles per hour (370 kilometers per hour),
was recorded in New Hampshire in 1934, although winds are faster in tornadoes.
The windiest place in the world is in Antarctica.

Types of wind

You might think that there
is only 1 kind of wind.
However, because the sun
shines different on each
part of the world there are
different types of wind. To
describe air movement
meteorologists have divided
the earth in six parts.
Another reason why there
are a lot of names for wind
is that people have called
winds different. In this
section we'll give an
explanation on all sorts of
wind in the world. The most common winds are listed on the right side of your
screen. There is also a large list of local names for different types of wind.

We divided the sorts of wind in global and local. The definitions are explained
below.

URBAN AT DAY

URBAN AT NIGHT


Bukirin
Ang pamayanang pansakahan ay karaniwang nasa bukid
Pagtatanim at pag-aalaga ng mga hayop ang karaniwang gawain
ng mga tao rito
Karaniwang itinatanim ng mga magsasaka ang palay, mais, gulay
at nag-aalaga ng baka, kalabaw, manok, bibe, baboy, kambing at
iba pa.

Lungsod
Ibat ibang gusali ang matatagpuan sa pamayanang ito
Narito ang mga ospital, kolehiyo at unibersidad, pabrika, bangko,
simbahan, supermarket, department store at iba pang bahay-
kalakal.

Iskwater
Kadalasan dito naninirahan ang mga manggagawa ng isang
komersyal o industriyal na lugar na matatagpuan sa mga
pangunahing lungsod sa bansa
Wala silang sariling lupa kaya nagtatayo lang sila ng bahay sa tabi
ng ilog o saan mga bakanteng lupa.

Komersyal
Pagtitinda ang pangunahing pinagkakakitaan sa pamayanang ito
Dito dinadala ang produkto ng pamayanang industriyal
Maraming malalaking tindahan, mayroong hotel, restaurant,
sinehan at opisina.
1. Population control - is the practice of limiting population increase,
usually by reducing the birth rate.

Different Birth Control Methods

BIOFUEL

What is Biofuel:

Biofuel is defined as solid, liquid or
gaseous fuel obtained from relatively recently
lifeless or living biological material and is
different from fossil fuels, which are derived
from long dead biological material.

Also, various plants and plant-derived
materials are used for biofuel manufacturing.

Biofuel is a substitute for Petroleum-based
Diesel.

Biofuel Uses:

1. Transportation Vehicles
2. Electric Power Generation
3. Marine and Shipping Industries
4. Railroads
5. Lubricant Additive for Smooth and Longer Engine Life
6. Additive of Petroleum Diesel (B20)
7. Home Heating Oil
8. Agricultural Machineries
9. Machineries and Equipment in Production Factories

What is Science?

Science is "knowledge attained through study or practice," or "knowledge covering
general truths of the operation of general laws, esp. as obtained and tested through
scientific method [and] concerned with the physical world." According to Webster's
New Collegiate Dictionary

Science is both a body of knowledge and a process.

- Knowledge: In school, science may sometimes seem like a collection of
isolated and static facts listed in a textbook; and

- Process: Science is also a process of discovery that allows us to link isolated
facts into coherent and comprehensive understandings of the natural world.

Science is exciting.

- Science is a way of discovering what's in the universe and how those things
work today, how they worked in the past, and how they are likely to work in
the future. Scientists are motivated by the thrill of seeing or figuring out
something that no one has before.

Science is useful.

- The knowledge generated by science is powerful and reliable. It can be used to
develop new technologies, treat diseases, and deal with many other sorts of
problems.

Science is ongoing.

- Science is continually refining and expanding our knowledge of the universe,
and as it does, it leads to new questions for future investigation. Science will
never be "finished."

Science is a global human endeavor.

- People all over the world participate in the process of science.

WHITEBLOODCELLS
Whitebloodcells
A scanning electron microscope image of normal circulating human blood. In addition to the
irregularly shaped leukocytes, both red blood cells and many small discshaped platelets are
visible.
Electric Generator
Wooden Generator
Preparation:
If you are buying a kit, all the wooden parts are included and they are already cut to
the size. So you just need to connect them. If you don't have a kit, prepare the
wooden parts as follows:
1. Cut two square pieces from the balsa wood (3.5" x 3.5").
2. Make a 3/8" hole in the center of each square.
3. Cut four 1" x 3 7/16.
4. Cut a 3/4" piece from the 1" wood dowel. Make a 3/8" hole in the center of it.
Insert a 6" long 3/8" wood dowel in the hole, apply some glue. center it and
wait for it to dry.
5. Make another hole with the diameter of your rod magnet in the center of the
larger wood dowel piece for the magnet to go through.
Wood dowels after completing the step 4

Wood dowels after completing the step 5

Adult supervision and professional help is required for all cuttings and hole
makings.
Procedure:
1. Insert the magnet in the hole of the wood dowel. Center it and use some glue
to secure it.
2. Use one large square balsa wood and four smaller rectangular balsa woods to
make a box.
3. Insert your wood dowel into the hole in the center of the box. At this time the
magnet is inside the box.
4. Place the other large square to complete the box. Apply some glue to the
edges and wait for the glue to dry. By now, you have a box and inside the
box you have a magnet that can spin when you spin the wood dowel.
5. Wrap 200 turns of copper wire around the box and use masking tape to
secure it.
6. Remove the insulation from the ends of the wire and connect it to the screws
of the bulb holder or base.
7. Insert the light bulb
8. Spin the wood dowel fast to get the light.

Compilation of Assignments in Elementary School in The Philippines

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Animal Male Female Baby

Seppuku was originally reservedonlyfor samurai. Part of the samurai

Seppuku was a key part of bushido, the code of the samurai

Narinig ito ng mga sisiw at agad iminungkahi sakanilang ina,

"Narinig ng mga sisiw ang sinabi ng magsasaka at dalidaling iminungkahi sa kanilang

Sila ay nakakatindig na nang tuwid at gumagamit ng kasangkapang yari sa bato.

Ang hitsura ng mga TAONG TABON ay halos kapareho na ng ating

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