DNA contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all living organisms. It is located in the nucleus of cells and exists as long chains of nucleotides containing either thymine and adenine or guanine and cytosine. DNA replicates via a semi-conservative process that uses it as a template to produce two identical DNA molecules. During transcription, a complementary RNA copy of a section of DNA is produced, and during translation the cell uses this messenger RNA to assemble amino acids in the correct order specified by codons to produce proteins. Mutations in DNA can alter gene expression and cause phenotypic effects.
DNA contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all living organisms. It is located in the nucleus of cells and exists as long chains of nucleotides containing either thymine and adenine or guanine and cytosine. DNA replicates via a semi-conservative process that uses it as a template to produce two identical DNA molecules. During transcription, a complementary RNA copy of a section of DNA is produced, and during translation the cell uses this messenger RNA to assemble amino acids in the correct order specified by codons to produce proteins. Mutations in DNA can alter gene expression and cause phenotypic effects.
DNA contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all living organisms. It is located in the nucleus of cells and exists as long chains of nucleotides containing either thymine and adenine or guanine and cytosine. DNA replicates via a semi-conservative process that uses it as a template to produce two identical DNA molecules. During transcription, a complementary RNA copy of a section of DNA is produced, and during translation the cell uses this messenger RNA to assemble amino acids in the correct order specified by codons to produce proteins. Mutations in DNA can alter gene expression and cause phenotypic effects.
DNA Structure and Replication: Sections 12-1, 12-2
1. What are the two major functions of DNA 2. !nderstand the DNA structure at the o"erall loo#: What ma#es the $ac# $one of the chain, where are the $ases. %. What are the su$units of DNA &and RNA' ( what do the) consist of *now to identif) the su$units and their parts in a drawin+ of DNA. ,. !nderstand wh) the structure of DNA ena$les it to $e replicated. -. .ow does DNA pol)merase #now how to accuratel) replicate the DNA &focus on the template and the proofreadin+ functions' /. When +i"en a drawin+ of a DNA molecule ( Where is the $ac#$one ( what is it made of Where are h)dro+en $onds What do the) connect Where is a nucleotide in the o"erall structure 0. Where is the +enetic information in the DNA molecule &1s it in the $ases 1n the $ac#$one 1n the h)dro+en $onds' 2. What is the relationship $etween DNA, chromosome and +enes 3ene 45pression: 6rom DNA to 7rotein to 7henot)pe Section 12-% 8. When +i"en an mRNA se9uence, #now to write the DNA template form which the mRNA was transcri$ed. 1:. *now the order of e"ents &transcription, steps of translation' leadin+ from the +ene;s DNA se9uence to the amino acid order in the protein. *now each step ( where it happens and what for. 11. *now how to write the amino acid se9uence accordin+ to the DNA template strand or the mRNA. 12. *now to write the correct tRNA anticodons that correspond to a +i"en mRNA se9uence. 1%. What are the three structural differences $etween RNA and DNA 1,. What are the ad"anta+es &at least three' of usin+ mRNA transcripts, rather than the DNA itself, as a code for protein s)nthesis in the ri$osome &Wh) not translatin+ the protein directl) onto the DNA' 1-. What is the role of mRNA, tRNA and rRNA in protein s)nthesis 1/. *now how to use the +enetic code to list the amino acid se9uence accordin+ to a +i"en se+ment of template DNA, or of mRNA. <utations: Section 12-, 10. Wh) do mutations occur When do the) occur 12. Wh) is it that onl) mutations that occur in +erm cells &+ametes' and not in $od) cells can pass to the followin+ +enerations 18. *now to predict what will $e the affect of +i"en mutations in the DNA on the resultin+ se9uence of amino acids: includin+ point mutations &replacements', insertions and deletion of one or more nucleotides. 2:. .ow is it, that some point mutations &su$stitutions' result in no effect at all, and some point mutations can cause the loss of the entire protein 21. What is the relationship $etween the +ene, the codons, the anticodons, and the correspondin+ amino acids Re+ulation of 3ene 45pression: Section 12-- 22. .ow does RNA pol)merase #now where to start transcri$in+ and where to stop What are promoters and terminators of transcription 2%. What determines if a +ene will $e acti"ated to $e e5pressed or not 2,. What are e5ons and introns of mRNA 2-. .ow does the ri$osome #now where on the mRNA to start translatin+ .ow does it #now where to stop 2/. Wh) is it important to re+ulate which +enes are acti"el) e5pressed and which are not $ein+ used =he =4S= itself &>>>' can $e downloaded form m) teacherweb site ( +o to http:??www.teacherwe$.com?@A?*enned)?*reiselman +o to ABiolo+) =estsC and open the word file A=4S= DN4: <olecular Biolo+) - practiceC. (A scrambled version of the same test will be used in class) GOOD LUCK! Mrs. Kreiselma! "prig 2##$ %&"% '(&: Molecular Biology )igure 12*1 ++++ 1. )igure 12*1 shows the structure o, a(a) a. DNA molecule. c. RNA molecule. $. amino acid. d. protein. ++++ 2. - )igure 12*1! the structure la.eled /0:/ is a. a $ase c. a nucleotide $. a $ac#-$one d. a ri$ose ++++ 1. 2hich o, the ,ollowig is a ucleotide ,oud i 3(45 a. ri$ose E phosphate +roup E th)mine c. deo5)ri$ose E phosphate +roup E uracil $. ri$ose E phosphate +roup E uracil d. deo5)ri$ose E phosphate +roup E c)tosine ++++ 6. 3(4 is copied durig a process called a. replication. c. transcription. $. translation. d. transformation. ++++ $. 3(4 replicatio results i two 3(4 molecules! a. each with two new strands. c. each with one new strand and one ori+inal strand. $. one with two new strands and the other with two ori+inal strands. d. each with two ori+inal strands. ++++ 7. 3urig 3(4 replicatio! a 3(4 strad that has the .ases C%4GG% produces a strad with the .ases a. =@3AA@. c. A3@==3. $. 3A=@@A. d. 3A!@@A. ++++ 8. 2hich o, the ,ollowig are ,oud i .oth 3(4 ad R(45 a. ri$ose, phosphate +roups, and adenine $. deo5)ri$ose, phosphate +roups, and +uanine c. phosphate +roups, +uanine, and c)tosine d. phosphate +roups, +uanine, and th)mine ++++ 9. 2hich o, the ,ollowig are directly copied ,rom 3(45 a. mRNA onl) c. mRNA and tRNA onl) $. mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA d. proteins ++++ :. 2hat is produced durig trascriptio5 a. RNA molecules c. RNA pol)merase $. DNA molecules d. proteins ++++ 1#. ;ow may codos are eeded to speci,y three amio acids5 a. % c. 8 $. / d. 12 ++++ 11. 2hat happes durig the process o, traslatio5 a. <essen+er RNA is made from DNA. $. =he cell uses information from messen+er RNA to produce proteins. c. =ransfer RNA is made from messen+er RNA. d. @opies of DNA molecules are made. ++++ 12. 2hich type o, R(4 ,uctios as a .lueprit o, the geetic code5 a. rRNA c. mRNA $. tRNA d. RNA pol)merase ++++ 11. 4 promoter is a a. $indin+ site for DNA pol)merase. c. start si+nal for transcription. $. $indin+ site for RNA pol)merase. d. stop si+nal for transcription. ++++ 16. %he su.uits o, R(4 are a. amino acids c. uracils $. $ases d. nucleotides ++++ 1$. %he complemetary 3(4 strad o, %%GC4%G is a. ==3@A=3 c. AA@3=A@ $. !!3@A!3 d. AA@3!A@ ++++ 17. %he complemetary R(4 strad o, %%GC4%G is a. AA@3!A@ c. AA@3=A@ $. !!3@A!3 d. !!@3A!3 ++++ 18. "peciali<ed cells regulate the e=pressio o, gees .ecause they a. do not want the +enes to $ecome worn out. c. do not carr) the complete +enetic code in their nuclei. $. cannot control translation. d. do not need the proteins that are specified $) certain +enes. ++++ 19. Cosider the mR(4 se>uece C?C44G?GC??C. Which of the followin+ is the template strand of DNA from which the mRNA strand was made a. @!@AA3!3@!!@ c. 3A3!!@A@3AA3 $. @=@AA3=3@==@ d. 3A3==@A@3AA3 .. 6i+ure 12-1: ++++ 1:. - )igure 12*1# the molecule la.eled @B@ is a(a) a. tRNA anticodon c. mRNA codon $. amino acid d. DNA ++++ 2#. 2hich o, the ,ollowig mutatios i the 3(4 should have the strogest e,,ect o the resultig se>uece o, amio acids5 a. e5chan+e of $ases c. missin+ three $ases $. missin+ one $ase d. all chan+es will ha"e a similar effect gene gene gene 6i+ure 12-21 ++++ 21. 2hich o, the ,ollowig statemets B&"% e=plais the relatioship .etwee the parts o, geetic materials5 a. 4ach DNA molecule contains man) +enes $. 4ach +ene contains man) DNA molecules c. 4ach DNA molecule contains man) chromosomes d. 4ach chromosome contains man) DNA molecules ++++ 22. 2hich o, the ,ollowig .est descri.es the order o, evets that leads to geetic e=pressio5 a. DNA RNA amino acid protein +enetic e5pression $. RNA amino acid DNA protein +enetic e5pression c. DNA amino acid protein RNA +enetic e5pression d. RNA protein DNA amino acid +enetic e5pression ++++ 21. Based o the 3(4 structure! what rule applies to the percetages o, the ,our ucleotides i 3(45 a. A F = and @ F 3 $. A F 3 and @ F = c. 4ach of the four ma#es up a$out 2- G of all DNAHs. d. =here is no +eneral rule re+ardin+ the appearance of the four nucleotides. ++++ 26. Gees are e=pressed through traslatio .etwee two @laguages@. 2hat are these two laguages5 a. 4n+lish and Spanish $. 4n+lish and Science c. nucleotides &nucleic acids' and amino acids &proteins' d. de5onucleotides &DNA' and ri$onucleotides &RNA' 6i+ure 12-2 ++++ 2$. 2hat would .e the amio acid se>uece made .y the ,ollowig mR(45 ???4?GC4CGG?C44?4444G a. 7he-<et-.is-3l)-3lu-Stop-I)s c. <et-.is-3l)-3lu $. <et-.is-3l)-3lu-Stop-I)s d. <et-.is-3l)-3lu-Stop ++++ 27. 5' AGAUCGAGU 3' 5' ACAUCGAGU 3' =he chain a$o"e represents three codons. Which of the followin+ chan+es would $e e5pected in the amino acid chain if the mutation shown a$o"e occurred a. =he amino acid se9uence would $e shorter than e5pected. $. =he identit) of one amino acid would chan+e. c. =he amino acid se9uence would remain unchan+ed. d. =he identities of more than one amino acid would chan+e. ++++ 28. 2hy is it possi.le ,or a amio acid to .e speci,ied .y more tha oe Aid o, codo5 ()igure 12*9) a. Some codons ha"e the same se9uence of nucleotides. $. =here are /, different #inds of codons $ut onl) 2: amino acids. c. Some codons do not specif) an amino acid. d. =he codon A!3 codes for the amino acid methionine and ser"es as the AstartC codon for protein s)nthesis. ++++ 29. - euAaryotes! 3(4 a. is located in the nucleus. c. is located in the ri$osomes. $. floats freel) in the c)toplasm. d. is circular. ++++ 2:. 2he are gees e=pressed5 a. All +enes are e5pressed all the time. c. Whene"er the correspondin+ proteins are needed. $. 3enes are rarel) e5pressed. d. Durin+ cell di"ision. ++++ 1#. 2hat are the ,uctios o, 3(45 a. pass information to newl) made cells. c. carr) instructions for protein s)nthesis. $. pass inherited traits to future +enerations. d. All of the a$o"e. 1. A 2. @ %. D ,. A -. @ /. B 0. @ 2. B 8. A 1:. @ 11. B 12. @ 1%. B 1,. D 1-. @ 1/. A 10. D 12. D 18. B 2:. B 21. A 22. A 2%. A 2,. @ 2-. @ 2/. A 20. B 22. A 28. @ %:. D