Ansi Agma6001 d97

AhW/AGMA 6001-097
(Revision of ANWAGMA 6001 -C88)

AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
Design and Selection of Component.
for Enclosed Gear Drives
AGMA STANDARD
-t =s= Reproduced By GLOBAL
-
= - ENGINEERING DOCUMENTS
--
w Z With The Permission Of AGMA
-- g
- Under Royalty Agreement
American Design and Selection of Components for Enclosed Gear Drives
Nationa, A$!/fGMA 6001-D97
evrsron of ANWAGMA 6001 -C88]
Standard Approval of an American National Standard requires verification by ANSI that the require-
ments for due process, consensus, and other criteria for approval have been met by the
standards developer.
Consensus is established when, in the judgment of the ANSI Board of Standards Review,
substantial agreement has been reached by directly and materially affected interests.
Substantial agreement means much more than a simple majority, but not necessarily una-
nimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that a
concerted effort be made toward their resolution.
The use of American National Standards is completely voluntary; their existence does not
in any respect preclude anyone, whether he has approved the standards or not, from
manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not
conforming to the standards.
The American National Standards Institute does not develop standards and will in no
circumstances give an interpretation of any American National Standard. Moreover, no
person shall have the right or authorii to issue an interpretation of an American National
Standard in the name of the American National Standards Institute. Requests for interpre-
tation of this standard should be addressed to the American Gear Manufacturers
Association.
CAUTION NOTICE: AGMA technical publications are subject to constant improvement,
revision, or withdrawal as dictated by experience. Any person who refers to any AGMA
Technical Publication should be sure that the publication is the latest available from the
Association on the subject matter.
jTables and other self-supporting sections may be quoted or extracted in their entirety.
Credit lines should read: Extracted from AGMA 6001 -D97, Design and Se/e&ion of Com-
ponents forEnclosed Gear Drives, with permission of the publisher, American Gear Manu-
facturers Association, 1500 King Street, Suite 201, Alexandria, Virginia, 22314.1
Approved August 7,1997
ABSTRACT
This standard outlines the basic practices for the design and selection of components, other than gearing, for
use in commercial and industrial enclosed gear drives.
Published by
American Gear Manufacturers Association
1500 King Street, Suite 201, Alexandria, Virginia 22314
Copyright 0 1997 by American Gear Manufacturers Association
All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic
retrieval system or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publisher.
Printed in the United States of America
ISBN: l-55589-883-9
ii
ANSIIAGMA 6001-D97
Contents
Page
Foreword ............................................................... iv
1 scope ..............................................................
1
2 Definitionsandsymbols ............................................... 1
3 Designconditions .................................................... 1
4 Shafts .............................................................. 4
5 Keys .............................................................. 19
6 Bearings ........................................................... 20
7 Housings .......................................................... 21
8 Threaded fasteners. ................................................. 22
9 Miscellaneous components ........................................... 22
Tables
1 Symbolsusedinequations ............................................ 2
2 Modifying factor for stress concentration, 4 - typical values for keyways in
solid round steel shafts .............................................. 14
Figures
1 Design criteria ....................................................... 5
2 Cyclicloading ....................................................... 7
3 Stress convention showing orbiting element. ............................. 7
4 Surface finish factor, & ............................................... IO
5 Sizefactor,kb ....................................................... 11
6 Reliability factor, k, .................................................. 11
7 Notch sensitivity-steel, 4 ............................................ 12
8 Theoretical stress concentration factor in bending for a circular shaft with a
square shoulder, & (nominal stress is calculated at diameter 4) ........... 13
9 Theoretical stress concentration factor in bending for a circular shaft with
a u-notch, & (nominal stress is calculated at diameter 4) ................ 13
10 Theoretical stress concentration factor in bending for a circular shaft with a
radial hole, & (based on full section without considering hole) ............. 14
11 Torsional deformation ................................................ 15
12 Bending deflection intermediate concentrated load ....................... 16
13 Bending deflection overhung concentrated load ......................... 17
14 Bending deflection intermediate concentrated moment ................... 17
15 Bending deflection overhung concentrated moment ...................... 18
16 Axial deformation ................................................... 18
17 Average shaft and hub radius ......................................... 19
18 Variation of coefficient of friction versus the bearing parameter ............. 21
Annexes
A Allowable stresses for typical key and keyway materials .................. 25
B Allowable stresses for typical threaded fasteners ........................ 27
C Interference fit torque capacity ........................................ 29
D Previous method - shaft design ....................................... 31
E Sample problems - transmission shaft design ........................... 33
F Sample problems - deflection ......................................... 37
G References. ........................................................ 41
. . .
III
ANSVAGMA 6091 -D97 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
Foreword
jThe foreword, footnotes, and annexes, if any, in this document are provided for
informational purposes only and are not to be construed as a part of ANSVAGMA Standard
6001-097, Design and Selection of Components for Enclosed Gear Drives.]
AGMA 260.02 was approved by the AGMA membership on February 1,1973, and issued in
January of 1974. It consolidated with minor revision, information contained in the following
superseded AGMA Standards:
AGMA 255.02 (November 1964), Bolting (Allowable Tensile Stress) for Gear Drives;
AGMA 260.01 (March 1953), Shafting -Allowable Torsional and Sending Stresses; ,
AGMA 260.02 also incorporated allowable stresses for keys;
AGMA 265.01 Bearings -Allowable Loads and Speeds.
The purpose of AGMA 6001 -C88, as a replacement for AGMA 260.02, was to establish a
common base for the design and selection of components for the different types of
commercial and industrial gear drives.
AGMA 6001 -C88 was expanded to include a generalized shaft stress equation which
included hollow shafting, miscellaneous components, housings, and keyway stress
calculations. All design considerations were revised to allow for 200 percent peak load for
helical, spiral bevel, spur and herringbone gearing, and 300 percent peak load for
wormgearing. The bearing section was updated to include consideration of life adjustment
factors, bearing lives other than 5000 hours and reliability levels other than Ll 0.
During the preparation of AGMA 6001 -C88, a considerable amount of time was spent on
the shaft design section in an effort to include the most recent theories on shaft stresses and
material characteristics. The standard included the existing practice for shaft design, and
for reference purposes, appendix C included a description of, and excerpts from,
ANSI/ASME B106.1 M, Design of liansmssjon Shafting, published in 1985.
AGMA 6001 -C88 was approved by the membership in May 1988 and approved as an
American National Standard on June 24, 1988.
This revision, AGMA 6001 -D97, has been expanded to include more recent theories on
shaft design and analysis. Also, equations for shaft deformation were added.
AGMA 6001 -D97 was approved by the membership in October 1996 and approved as an
American National Standard on August 7,1997.
Suggestions for improvement of this standard will be welcome. They should be sent to the
American Gear Manufacturers Association, 1500 King Street, Suite 201, Alexandria,
Virginia 22314. -
iv
AMERICAN NATlONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA 6001 -D97
PERSONNEL of the AGMA Component Design Committee
Chairman: D. McCarthy ......................... Dorris Company
Vice Chairman: D. Cressman .................... Philadelphia Mixers Corporation
ACTIVE MEMBERS
R. Errichello ................................... GEARTECH
J.B. Hagaman ..................................
Cone Drive Operations, Inc.
R. Holzman .................................... Milwaukee Gear Company, Inc.
J. Lisiecki ...................................... The Falk Corporation
D.R. McVie ................................... Gear Engineers, Inc.
K. Newton ..................................... Rockwell Automation/Dodge
W.F. Schierenbeck .............................. Xtek, Inc.
R.G.Smith ..................................... Philadelphia Gear Corporation
R. Tameja
.....................................
Peerless-Winsmith, Inc.
F.C. Uherek .................................... Flender Corporation
J.J. Vielhauer ..................................
The Cincinnati Gear Company
D.Behlke......................................TwinDisc,Inc.
R.E. Brown .................................... Caterpillar, Inc.
R.Z. Johnston
..................................
University of Maine
S. Miller ....................................... The Cincinnati Gear Company
C. Mischke .................................... Iowa State University
A.E. Phillips .................................... Rockwell Automation/Dodge
A. Williston ..................................... Dorris Company
V
(This page is intentionally blank)
ANSIIAGMA 6901 -D97
American National Standard -
Design and Selection of
Components for
Enclosed Gear Drives
1 Scope
This standard provides an acceptable practice for
the design and selection of components for enclosed
gear drives. Fundamental equations provide for the
proper sizing of shafts, keys, and fasteners based on
stated allowable stresses. Other components are
discussed in a manner to provide an awareness of
their function or specific requirements. This stan-
dard applies to the following types of commercial and
industrial enclosed gear drives, individually or in
combination: spur, helical, herringbone, bevel and
worm.
1 .l Exceptions
The equations in this standard are not applicable
when gear drives are subjected to vibratory condi-
tions where there ,may be unpredictable fatigue
failure.
The procedure for design or selection of the specific
gear components is varied and complex and is
beyond the scope of this standard. Designers must
refer to the specific. rating or enclosed drive
standards for this aspect of drive design.
1.2 Intended use
The equations and values presented provide a
general approach to design. Deviations from the
methods and values stated in this standard may be
made when justified by experience, testing, or more
specific analysis. It is intended for use by
experienced gear designers capable of selecting
reasonable values based on their knowledge of the
performance of similar designs and the effect of such
items as lubrication, deflection, manufacturing toler-
ances, metallurgy, residual stresses, and system
dynamics. It is not intended for use by the
engineering public at large.
2 Definitions and symbols
The symbols and definitions used in this standard
may differ from those in other AGMA standards. The
user should not assume that familiar symbols can be
used without a careful study of the applicable
section(s) and equation(s).
2.1 Definitions
The terms used, wherever applicable, conform to the
following standards:
AGMA 904-C96, Metrk Usage
ANSI Y10.3-1968, Letter Symbols for Quantities
Used in Mechanics of Solids
ANSIIAGMA 1012-F90, Gear Nomenclature,
Definitions of Terms with Symbols
2.2 Symbols
The symbols used in this standard are shown in table
1.
SI units of measure are shown in parentheses in
table 1 and in the text. Where equations require a
different format or constant for use with SI units, a
second expression is shown after the first, indented,
in smallertype, and with M included in the equation
number.
Example:
%e =
Wf FP
0.785
%e =
WfFP
0.785(0 - 0.9382P)2
. ..(70)
. ..(70M)
The second expression uses SI units.
3 Design conditions
This standard should be used in conjunction with
appropriate current AGMA standards. When the
1
ANSI/AGMA 6001 -D97
operating conditions are known, each component of
the drive shall be designed to meet those conditions.
When operating conditions are not known, all load
carrying components of the drive shall be designed
to support the stated mechanical rating of the drive
for continuous duty based on a unity service factor
(1 .O). External loads must be considered as acting in
Symbol
A
A,
4
4s
a
B
C
D
de
4
4
E
F
FP
fif
fiP
F
ya
G
HB
h
Z
J
JIZ
K
Kt
4,
k
:
k
2
9
tr
L,
M
m
N
directions and rotations producing the most unfavor-
able stresses unless more specific information is
available. Due allowances must be made for peak
loads.
For enclosed drives designed to operate under
specific conditions such as load, speed, duty cycle
and life, components may be selected accordingly.
Table 1 - Symbols used in equations
Coefficient
Term
Compressive area of key in keyway
Shear area
Cross sectional area
Distance from support to concentrated load
Coefficient
Coefficient
Fastener nominal diameter
Shaft diameter adjacent to section being analyzed
Shaft inside diameter
Shaft outside diameter
Modulus of elasticity
Concentrated load
Peak load factor
Fatigue safety factor
Peak load safety factor
Allowable stress to yield strength factor
Modulus of rigidity
Brine11 hardness number
Radial step
Second area moment of cross section
Second polar moment of area
Second polar moment of area of nth section of shaft
Constant
Theoretical stress concentration factor in bending
Fastener torque coefficient
Fatigue strength modification factor
Surface finish factor
Size factor
Reliability factor
Temperature factor
Lie factor
Modifying factor for stress concentration
Miscellaneous effects factor
Length of shaft
Length of the nth section of shaft
Bending moment
Coefficient
Number of stress cycles
Units
in2 (mm2)
in2 (mm?
in2 (mm?
in (mm)
in (mm)
in (mm)
in (mm)
in (mm)
lb/in2 (N/mm?
lb (NJ
b/is (N/mm2)
HB
in (mm)
in4 (mm4)
in4 (mm4)
in4 (mm4)
in (mm)
in (mm)
lb in (Nm)
First
referenced
Fig 4
Eq 66
Eq 69
Eq 63
Eq 46
Fig 4
Eq 37
Eq 70
Fig a
Eq6
Eq6
Eq 46
Eq 46
Eq5
Eq 1
Eq2
Eq5
Eq 41
Eq 30
Fig 8
Eq 46
Eq 41
EqM
ma
Eq 38
Eq 71
Eqa
Eq 35
Eq=
Eq 35
Eq 35
Eq 35
Eq 35
Eq 35
Eq 41
Eq 44
Eq 7
Eq 37
Eq 37
(continued
2
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA 6001 -D97
Table 1 (continued)
First
Symbol Term Units referenced
Nfo
Permissible number of momentary peak load cycles Eq 39
It Fastener threads per inch in-f Eq 70
P Fastener thread pitch
(mm)
Eq 70M
px
Axial force
lb N
Eq 10
4
Notch sensitivity Eq 38
R Reliability (survival rate) Eq 36
%
Surface finish
lrin (w)
Fig 4
r Notch radius, fillet radius, hole radius in (mm) Fig 7
*a
Average radius along the key length in (mm) Eq 69
kc
Average radius at compressive load area in (mm) Eq 68
&a
Allowable compressive stress lb/k? (N/mm? Eq 66
;
Sf at 1 O6 stress cycles lb/is (N/mm? Eq 37
Modified fatigue strength (endurance limit) lb/is (N/mm? Eq 3
%
Basic fatigue strength (endurance limit) of polished, unnotched lb/in2 (N/mm2)
Eq 32
test specimen in reverse bending
SP
Fastener proof load stress lb/is (N/mm? Eq 72
s
sa
Allowable shear stress lb/is (N/mm9 Eq 67
z
Ultimate tensile strength lb/k? (N/mm? Eq 30
Tensile yield strength lb/in2 (N/mm2) Eq 3
s,
Calculated compressive stress lb/in2 (N/mm? Eq 68
%k
Calculated key shear stress lb/in2 (N/mm2) Eq 69
St,
Calculated tensile stress in fastener lb/in2 (N/mm2) Eq 70
T Torque lb in (Nm)
Eq 6
7
Fastener torque lb in (Nm) Eq 71
V Transverse shear force
lb 00 Eq 8
Wf
Applied tensile load on fastener
lb 04
Eq 70
Y@
Fastener tensile preload
lb VJ)
Eq 71
x Distance from support to cross section in (mm) Eq 46
Y
Deflection of shaft in (mm) Eq 46
6 Elongation in (mm) Eq 63
8 Angular position of shaft element radians Fig 3
06
Shaft slope radians Eq 47
ec
Critical stress angle radians Eq 28
e,
Angle of twist radians Eq 41
v Poissons ratio
4 9
oa
Alternating component of stress lb/in2 (N/mm2) Eq 12
0,
Alternating axial normal stress lb/k? (N/mm2) Eq 13
%
Alternating radial normal stress lb/in2 (N/mm? Eq 13
0a.z
Alternating tangential normal stress lb/in2 (N/mm3 Eq 13
=b
Axial normal stress due to bending lb/$ (N/mm2) Eq 7
0,
Mean component of stress lb/in2 (N/mm2) Eq 11
omax
Maximum stress Ib/ir? (N/mm2) Fig 2
0
min
Minimum stress lb/r? (N/mm? Fig 2
%x
Mean axial normal stress lb/is (N/mm9 Eq 14
GY
Mean radial normal stress lb/k? (N/mm? Eq 14
%a
Mean tangential normal stress lb/is (N/mm9 Eq 14
OP
Axial normal stress due to tension or compression lb/r? (N/mm? Eq 10
(continued)
3
ANSIIAGMA 9001 -D97 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
Table 1 hmcluded~
Symbol Term
0,
Total axial normal stress
%
Total radial normal stress
0,
Total tangential normal stress
6
Von Mises alternating stress
4,
Von Mises mean stress
Q
Equivalent uniaxial stress under peak loading
Got al
Von Mises total stress
ht
Alternating torsional shear stress
b
Alternating radial shear stress
bYZ
Alternating axial shear stress
ha
Alternating tangential shear stress
kuy
Mean radial shear stress
hYZ
Mean axial shear stress
hrp
Mean tangential shear stress
4 max
Maximum torsional shear stress
4 min
Minimum torsional shear stress
h
Mean torsional shear stress
kY
Total radial shear stress
Cryz
Total axial shear stress
Gta
Total tangential shear stress
b
Torsional shear stress
r,
Shear stress due to shear force
[test
1 Test shear stress to find 9,
Units
lb/in (NlmmL)
lb/it? (N/mm?
lb/in* (N/mm9
lb/in* (N/mm*)
lb/is (N/mm?
lb/k? (N/mm?
lb/in* (N/mm*)
lb/k? (N/mm)*
Ib/i$ (N/mm?
lb/in* (N/mm2)
lb/k? (N/mm?
lb/in* (N/mm?
lb/in* (N/mm7
lb/k? (N/mm?
lb/in* (N/mm*)
lb/in* (N/mm*)
lb/r? (N/mm?
lb/in* (N/mm*)
lb/is (N/mm*)
lb/in* (N/mm?
lb/in* (N/mm?
lb/ins (N/mm?
lb/in* (N/mm*)
First
referenced
Eq 15
Eq 15
Eq 15
Eq3
Eq3
Eq 39
Eq5
Eq 20
Eq 13
Eq 13
Eq 13
Eq 14
Eq 14
Eq 14
Eq 19
Eq 19
Eq 19
Eq 15
Eq 15
Eq 15
Eq6
Eq8
Eq 27
It is recommended that the cumulative fatigue
damage criteria proposed by Miner (Miners Rule) be
employed to evaluate the effects of variable loading
on the life of components.
3.1 Load spectrum analysis 3.3 System analysis
This standard assumes that within the operating
speed range, the system of connected rotating parts
is compatible and free from critical speeds and
torsional or other types of vibrations, no matter how
induced.
3.2 Momentary peak loads
This standard is based on an allowable momentary
mechanical peak load rating of 200 percent (2.0 x
mechanical rating) for spur, helical, herringbone,
and bevel gear drives and an allowable momentary
mechanical peak load rating of 300 percent (3.0 x
mechanical rating) for worm gear drives. Frequency
and duration of peak loads must be considered when
designing and selecting components. If the fre-
quency or duration of peak loading becomes signifi-
cant (greater than 100 cycles during the design life),
the designer should consider a cumulative fatigue
analysis such as Miners Rule.
The gear drive designer or manufacturer is not
responsible for the system analysis unless this
provision is clearly identified by contractual
agreement.
4 Shafts
This section covers a stress analysis procedure
applicable to cylindrical steel shafts used in conjunc-
tion with and as a part of enclosed gear drives. This
analysis may or may not be applicable to other
materials.
Shaft stress is but one consideration in the design of
shafting. A shaft must have proper radial, axial, and
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSl/AGMA 6001 -D97
torsional stiffness to limit deflections to acceptable
levels and to avoid unwanted vibratory motion.
4.1 Design criteria
Shafts must pass two stress analysis tests to be
considered adequately designed. First, they must
be designed to resist fatigue failure due to cyclic
loading over their intended life. All operating loads,
including momentary peak loads, must be consid-
ered, and a Miners Rule analysis (see IS0 TR
10495) may be required to properly account for the
different stress states. See 4.6.8.
considerably greater than unity shall be used. If the
consequence of failure is minimal, a safety factor
closer to unity may be used.
4.2 Fatigue safety factor
The elliptic equation has been selected for analysis
of the fatigue failure mode. It is found in references
[3], [lo] and [15].* This equation is:
. ..(3)
Fsp 1.0
where
. ..(l)
Fsf is fatigue safety factor.
Second, they must be designed to withstand mo-
mentary peak loads without distress or permanent
deformation.
Fsp a 1.0
where
. ..(2)
where
on
is Von Mises alternating stress, lb/in2
(N/mm2);
!f
is modified fatigue strength, lb/in2 (N/mm?;
& is Von Mises mean stress, lb/in2 (N/mm?;
J; is tensile yield strength, lb/in2 (N/mm2);
Fsf is fatigue safety factor.
This equation can be rewritten to solve for the fatigue
safety factor.
FSI, is peak load safety factor.
The requirement for both of these criieria is to
compare the stress condition for the given shaft
geometry and loading to properties of the shaft
material. Each stress condition applied to the shaft
must be checked with equation 1 and equation 2
such thatFsfz 1 .O andFs, z 1 .O. See figure 1. Where
nominal or estimated material properties are used, a
factor of safety, Fsf, greater than 1.0 is recom-
mended.
Fsf = [is)+l(
2
)]
0.5
&l
. . .
SY
(4)
In selecting a value for safety factor, the conse-
quence of failure shall be considered. If the
consequence of failure is high, a safety factor
For the design to be considered acceptable for
fatigue condition, the resulting fatigue safety factor,
Fsf, must be equal to or greater than 1 .O.
4.3 Peak load safety factor
The following peak load analysis equation is used to
solve for the peak load safety factor:
Stress curve associated
Mean stress
Figure 1 - Design criteria
* Numbers in brackets throughout the text, [I, refer to publications listed in annex G.
5
ANSl/AGMA 6001497 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
where
Fsp is peak load safety factor;
Fya is allowable stress to yield strength factor;
J;
is tensile yield strength, lb/in2 (Nhm2);
FP
is peak load factor;
?&d is Von Mises total stress, lb/in2 (N/mm2).
CAUTION: Equation 5 is based on a ductile material.
For purposes of this standard, a material is considered
ductile if the tensile elongation of the core material is at
least 10%. For nonductile materials, the effects of
stress concentration should be considered. See 4.5.1.
If i&d includes stresses which are not a function of
load, such as stress resulting from the weight of
components or stress resulting from shrink fit of
components, Fsp may be conservative. Consider-
ations may be given to only applying I$ to those
stresses of Got& that are load related.
For the design to be considered acceptable for peak
load condition, the resulting peak load safety factor,
Fsp, must be equal to or greater than 1 .O.
The safety factors are to be chosen based on
experience and engineering judgement.
4.3.1 Allowable stress to yield strength factor,
Fya
The allowable stress to yield strength factor is to
provide conservatism over the stress resulting from
expected peak load conditions and variations in the
tensile yield strength. Values between 0.66 and 0.80
have traditionally been employed for this variable.
Unless otherwise agreed upon, a value of 0.75 is
recommended.
4.3.2 Peak load factor, Fp
The peak load factor accounts for momentary peak
loads over the unity service factor load. In the
absence of other known conditions, the following
values for the peak load factor are to be used:
For spur, helical, herringbone, and bevel gear drives,
Fp= 2.0.
For wormgear drives, Fp= 3.0.
4.4 Calculated stresses
There are four major types of loading applied to
shafting that constitute the simplified case. These
result in torque (7), bending moments (M), shear
forces (V), and axial tension or compression (f).
The equations converting these forces to stresses
are given in equations 6 to 10. Positive forces and
stresses are in tension and negative forces and
stresses are in compression. All forces and stresses
must be those which would be present when the
drive is loaded to its unity (1 .O) service factor rating.
For torque:
z* =
16 Td,
II d:
(
- d;)
t = 16OOOTd,
t
+? - 4)
. ..(6)
. ..(6M)
is
is torsional shear stress, lb/in2 (N/mm2);
T is torque, lb in (Nm);
4 is shaft outside diameter, in (mm);
4 is shaft inside diameter, in (mm).
For bending moment:
(3b =
32Md,
JC (di - d;)
Ob =
32OOOMd,
. ..(7)
,..(7M)
where
ab
is axial normal stress due to bending, lb/in2
(N/mm2);
M is bending moment, lb in (Nm).
For shear force:
t
is shear stress due to shear force, lb/in2
(N/mm2);
V is transverse shear force, lb (N).
and
K=
(1 + 244 + 2.24
(1 + v)(d$ + d;)
. ..(9)
where
V is the materials Poissons ratio.
For a solid steel shaft, wherev = 0.3, K= 1.23 and for
a thin walled hollow steel shaft, K approaches 2.0.
For axial tension or compression:
ap =
nj;: d?)
. .
where
4
is axial normal stress due to tension or
compression, lb/in2 (N/mm?;
6
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSIIAGMA 6001 -D97
PX
is axial force, lb (N).
All of these stresses can have alternating and mean
components. See figure 2.
Therefore:
0, = 0.5 (amax + omin) = mean component of
stress . ..(n)
0~ = 0.5 (Qma - Qmin) = alternating component of
stress . ..(12)
(Equations 11 and 12 are generalized for a normal
stress, but also apply to shear stresses.)
The case of completely reversed stress, where
4
= omax and G = 0, occurs for the axial normal
bending stress, ob, and the shear stress, q, (due to
transverse shear force) when the shaft is rotating
and is subjected to a constant direction load. This is
a common loading condition.
The location of the maximum and minimum stress
intensities due to these loads varies as the stress
element being analyzed orbits with the rotating shaft.
See figure 3. In this figure, the loads are fixed and
only the shaft element under analysis is rotating with
the shaft. If all loads are treated as positive values
and are therefore additive, the critical locations to be
examined are at positions A (3 = 0) and B (3 = JC/~)
and at positions 8 between them. Depending on the
relationships between the four stresses, any position
of 8 between 0 and Ic/2 may be the location of
maximum stress.
Tension
(+I
Compression
Figure 2 - Cyclic loading
Element at
position A
Figure 3 - Stress convention shoying orbiting element
7
ANSI/AGMA 6991 -D97 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
Where stress is not uniformly distributed around the
periphery of the shaft, the stress intensity of an
element orbiting between A and B will vary
approximately in a sine or cosine pattern as
appropriate.
Most shaft stress analyses are concerned only with
position A, as the bending stress, 4, is typically
much larger than the transverse shear stress, T+,
which produces the bending.
stress at position B or 6, between A and 6, can
become important in a short shaft section with a high
shear force as may be found adjacent to a bearing.
4.4.1 The aeneral case
k is mean tangential normal stress, lb/in2
(N/mm9 ;
* is mean radial shear stress, lb/in2 (N/mm?;
% is mean axial shear stress, lb/in2 (N/mm?;
b is mean tangential shear stress, lb/l$
(N/mm2).
Von Mises total stress:
Gal = wwfx - QyY + (sy - %I2 + @&! - &>21
+ 3[T&? + T& + l&2]}o-5 . ..(15)
where
&,d is Von Mises total stress, lb/in2 (N/mm?;
arx is total axial normal stress, lb/in2 (N/mm?;
For a complete 3-dimensional fatigue analysis, the
Von Mises stresses will be used. Refer again to
figure 3. These are given in equations 13 through 15,
where the total or maximum stress is the sum of the
alternating and mean stresses (9jc = a, + & + . ..).
% is total radial normal stress, lb/k? (N/mm?;
o, is total tangential normal stress, lb/in2
@J/mm%
hr is total radial shear stress, lb/in2 (N/mm?;
-I+ is total axial shear stress, lb/in2 (N/mm2);
Von Mises alternating stress:
0, = {OS[(cs~ - c&y)2 + (oq - c&)2
+ (oa - oax)2] + 3[&$ + hyz2 + l&2]}oe5
. ..(13)
where
Gl
is Von Mises alternating stress, lb/r?
(N/mm2);
o, is alternating axial normal stress, lb/in2
(N/mm2);
o+ is alternating radial normal stress, lb/in2
(N/mm2);
o,, is alternating tangential normal stress, lb/k?
(N/mm2);
hxy is alternating radial shear stress, lb/in2
(N/mm2) ;
hYz is alternating axial shear stress, lb/is
(N/mm2);
k= is alternating tangential shear stress, Ib/ir?
(N/mm?.
Von Mises mean stress:
4, = ww%x - %zyj2 + @tIy - %Kj2
+ @m - %x)2] + 3[kxy2 + Tmyz2 + k2])o-5
. ..(14)
where
4, is Von Mises mean stress, Iblin2 (N/mm2);
h is mean axial normal stress, lb/in2 (N/mm?;
% is mean radial normal stress, lb/in2 (N/mm?;
b is total tangential shear stress, lb/k?
@J/mm?.
All unused terms in the above equations are set
equal to zero. The results of equations 13 through 15
are used in equations 3 through 5.
4.4.2 The simplified case
There are stresses which are not included in these
simplified case formulas but to which, nonetheless,
the designer must be alert and appropriately ad-
dress if they are encountered. These include, but
are not limited to, hoop stresses due to press fitted
parts, pressure on hollow shafts, thermal stresses,
stresses due to unbalance and centrifugal forces,
and residual stresses, any of which can become
significant.
For the simplified case, all stresses on the free
(outer) surface of the element are zero (i.e., no
interference fitted elements), as are shear stress in
the radial direction and the tangential stress.
However, experience has shown that the effect of the
interference fit can be modeled using the simplified
case and the modifying factor for stress concentra-
tion, 4, as discussed in 4.6.6. Keeping in mind sign
convention:
At position 6:
&=($,cd+t+ . ..(16)
&=7ysine+~ . ..(17)
q=I&q.p+=O
. ..(18)
After determining the forces and stresses on the
shaft at the critical sections, determine the amount of
each stress that is alternating and the amount that is
mean, per equations 11 and 12. For many cases a
AhtERICAN NAIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA 6001 -D97
and q are completely alternating, whereas 4 is
entirely mean. The torsional shear stress, 4, often
has both a mean (T,,J and an alternating component
hzt) -
I;nr = O-5 (% max + ir min)
hr = 0.5 (3 max - 4 min)
If such is the case, at position 6,
. ..(19)
. ..(20)
Mean stresses:
%Lx=qo
Gzr=T?u
Alternating stresses:
. ..(21)
. ..(22)
o,=ob~s6 (maxat0=0) . ..(23)
h=qsin8+Gr (maxatt3=$) . ..(24)
The mean components of stress have m as the
first subscript (h, b) while the alternating
components have a as the first subscript (oar, b).
For standard catalogued gear drives that are not
subjected to torque reversals, alternating torques in
the range of 25% to 50% are suggested. If no data
exists, a worst case 50% alternating torque (that is
between zero and the maximum torque, where
mt = st) should be used. A value lower than 25%
may be used if experience shows that reduced
torque fluctuations exist.
If frequent torque reversals are present, consider
setting ht = T,,, and k = 0 (100% alternating
torque).
Von Mises alternating stress for the simplified case:
0, = pa,2 + 3&]0*5 . ..(25)
Von Mises mean stress for the simplified case:
4, = 1~2 + 3b2p5
. ..(26)
Calculate equations 23 through 25 for 8, depending
on Ttst and ht:
02
b
- 3t$
&St =
3%
If %r c Gstt
8, = sin- 2
( 1
.,
,..(27)
If Tzr 2 %?st,
8, = zradians
where
ec
is the critical stress angle, deg.
and use the components o, and & for the
maximum value of 5, to calculate Von Mises total
stress for the simplified case:
iota1 =
[(c& + oar)2 + 3(& + T&J2]*5 . ..(29)
This represents the maximum value of stress at any
point of the shaft surface at that location for the
general case. The results of equations 25,26 and 29
are used in equations 3 through 5.
4.5 Mechanical properties of steel
Mechanical property values, determined from test,
of the specified grade of steel in its processed and
heat treated condition should be used whenever
available.
4.51 Estimated properties of steel
It is important to note that the estimated material
properties may deviate significantly from actual test
values. Thus, an appropriate factor of safety should
be used.
In the absence of test data, the following properties
of forged or rolled steel shafting material may be
used. For through hardened steel shafts, the
ultimate tensile strength can be based on the Brine11
hardness of the shaft, near the outer surface, at the
diameter under consideration. For steel shafts that
are case hardened by processes such as carburizing
and nitriding, the ultimate tensile strength is based
on the Brinell hardness of the shaft underneath the
hardened case unless a detailed analysis or experi-
ence indicates that a different tensile strength should
be used. See sample problem 3 in annex E. The
yield strength and modified fatigue strength can be
calculated based on the ultimate tensile strength.
The following equations have been developed by
curve fitting representative test results from
references [3], 1181 and [19].
Ultimate tensile strength:
S, = 500 HB . ..(30)
St4 = 3.45 HB . ..(30M)
where
S, is ultimate tensile strength, lb/in2 (N/mm2);
HB is Brinell hardness number, HB.
NOTE: The value of 500 in equation 30 is a typical
value. In reference [Xl, 450 is mentioned as a
minimum value.
Tensile yield strength:
J; = 0.94 s, - 12 500
4 = 0.94 S,, - 86.2
where
. ..(31)
. ..(31 M)
J; is tensile yield strength, lb/k? (N/mm?.
Basic fatigue strength:
sf, = 0.5 s, if S, S- 200 000 lb/in2 . ..(32)
qe = 0.5 Lc& if& s 1380 N/mm2 . ..(32M)
NOTE: The value of 0.5 in equation 32 is an average
value. The values can range from 0.4 to 0.6 depending
upon heat treatment. See [15] for detailed information.
9
ANSYAGMA 6001 -D97 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
sf, = 100 000 lb/in2 if S, > 200 000 lb/ins . ..(33)
sf, = 690 N/mm2 ifs, 5 1380 N/mm2 . ..(33M)
where
4.6.1 Surface finish factor, k
%
is basic fatigue strength of polished, un-
notched test specimen in reverse bending,
lb/in2 (N/mm?.
The surface finish factor accounts for the difference
between the actual shaft and a highly polished test
specimen. Values for & are given in figure 4.
4.6.2 Sii factor, &
4.6 Modified fatigue strength
Since the fatigue strength is largely influenced by
physical conditions, environmental conditions, and
application conditions as well as material conditions,
the basic fatigue strength must be modified.
Sf=k+e
. ..(34)
where
The size factor accounts for the increased likelihood
of encountering a fatigue initiating defect as the shaft
diameter increases. Values for b are given in figure
5.
4.6.3 Reliability factor, k
?f
is modified fatigue strength, lb/r? (N/mm2);
k is fatigue strength modification factor.
The fatigue strength modification factor, k, is the
product of the fatigue factors (k through 4). The
fatigue safety factor, Fsf, is greatly affected by the
fatigue strength modification factor. Therefore, care
should be exercised in determining the values of the
fatigue factors [3].
k=kJdclrdk$~
. ..(35)
The reliability factor accounts for variation or scatter
in fatigue test data for samples of a given material.
The reliability factor is determined by the desired
level of reliability and the dispersion of the test data.
Unless otherwise agreed upon, a value of k = 0.817
(for 99% reliability) should be used.
The formulas and data in figure 6 are for a normal
distribution where the standard deviation is 8% of the
mean.
NOTE: For high levels of reliability (greater than 0.99)
the reliability factor is very sensitive to the failure
distribution assumed. The equation shown in figure 6
may only provide an approximation of the actual
reliability factor for these levels.
0.8
lu 0.6
finish; &
4
Surface
60 80 160 180 240 1000 lb/k?
4bO 5bCl 690 760 860 9bO 1600 11100 1200 l;OO 1400 1 ;OO 1600 1700 N/mm2
Ultimate tensile strenoth. S
Figure 4 - Surface finish factor, & [lo]
10
AMERICAtj NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA 6001 -D97
&
0.8
&.r
0
8
s
8
cn
0.7
0.6 i ' ' _
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 in
I I I,, I I I I I I I, I I I I, I I I
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500mm
Shaft diameter, (I;,
Figure 5 - Size factor, k6 [lo]
Reliability, R, is the fraction of a group of apparently limits of steels. However, between normal operating
identical parts that exceed a given life. temperatures ranging from about -20F (-29C) to
R
number of pieces exceeding a given life
250F (121 C), the fatigue strength characteristics
= total number of pieces subjected to loading
of most steels are essentially unchanged. For this
. ..(36)
temperature range, a temperature factor b = 1.0
may be used.
4.6.4 Temperature factor, & CAUTION: Consideration must be given to the loss of
hardness and strength of some materials due to the
Extreme operating temperatures affect the fatigue tempering effect at high temperatures.
1 .oo
0.98
0.96
0.94
0.92
42 0.90
6 0.88
g 0.86
2 0.84
9 0.82
8 0.80
I I i
0.9
Reliability, R
0.99 0.999
For normal distribution where the standard deviation is 8% of the distribution mean.
Figure 6 - Reliability factor, k [3] [lo]
11
ANSYAGMA 6001 -D97
For applications outside this temperature range, the
fatigue properties should be determined by actual
tests [3]..
4.6.5 Life factor, k
shoulder, or other discontinuity where the effective
stresses have been ampllfied. The effect of stress
concentration on the fatigue strength of the shaft is
represented by the modifying factor for stress
concentration, kf.
Lie factor, &, is taken as unity (1.0) at lo6 stress
cycles. At greater than 1 O6 stress cycles, k should
be taken as unity, but in fact may be continually
decreasing with increasing number of stress cycles
at an unknown (lesser) rate.
k, is greater than unity between 1 Os and 1 O6 stress
cycles and in this range may be calculated as
follows:
kf=l+q;K,-lj
. ..(38)
where
4
is notch sensitjvity;
& is theoretical stress concentration factor in
bending.
A single fatigue stress concentration factor, that in
bending (I&), is utilized as representative of any
stress condition. For many applications, only a small
error will result from this assumption because the
other stress concentration factors are very close to
that in bending. However, if a different stress
concentration factor (other #an bending) is required
and it is significantly different than I$, a modification
to this analysis may be necessary.
lOCN-m
ke= s
e
. . .
8 (37)
where
m is /a loglc IO.8 SJSe];
C is log10 ((0.8 &J2/Se];
Se
is sf at lo6 stress cycles (where 4 = 1 .O);
N is number of stress cycles (between 1 Os and
10s).
Below 1 Os stress cycles, the value of & obtained at
1 O3 cycles should be used.
4.6.6 Modifying factor for stress concentration,
k/
Experience has shown that a shaft fatigue failure
almost always occurs at a notch, hole, keyway,
0.8
Q-
$ 0.7
Z
B
5
z 0.6
v
2
0.5
0.4
Notch sensitivity, q, accounts for the phenomenon
that low strength steels are less sensitive to fatigue
at notches than are high strength steels. Values for q
are shown in figure 7 for ductile (i.e., elongation 2
10%) through hardened steel shafts.
The theoretical stress concentration factor in bend-
ing, Ir;, as shown in figures 8 through 10 are taken
from reference 13. These values for & represent
some of the more common cases.
tl-l-
su .
4-
= 260030
[ 1
(O086r-0'3861
for S, in lb/in2
(0300r4-386)
& .
4-
= 1791.4
[ 1
for S, in N/mm2
(r = shaft radius
= 0.16 in (4.1 mm) maximum)
r = n inches (n mm)
I I I I I I I I I
I I I
60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 1000 lb/in2
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
.
400 500 600 700 800 800 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1800 1700 1800 N/mm2
Ultimate tensile strength, S,
Figure 7 - Notch sensitivity - steel, q [lo]
12
ANSVAGMA 6001 -D97
5.0-yiwere ^ = Kl+Ke ,) +K# +K,(@ ~
I lot 0.25 s h/r 5 2.0
I
for 2.0 s h/r I 20.0
Kl
-
-3.790 + 0.958
0.847 + l-716,@- 0.506h/r
i& j-O.790 + 0.417,/h/r-0.2
:46h/r 1 -
1.0 I
I
I I
I
0.0 0.1 012 0.3 0.4
015 O!S
w4
Figure 8 - Theoretical stress concentration factor in bending for a circular shaft with a square
shoulder, 4 (nominal stress is calculated at diameter 4,)[13]
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0 1 I I
0.0
0.1
I
0.2 0.3
I
0.4
I
0.5
-_
d.6
Figure 9 - Theoretical stress concentration factor in bending for a circular shaft with a u-notch, 4
(nominal stress is calculated at diameter 4) [13]
13
ANSl/AGMA 6991 -D97 AMERICAN NATlONAL STANDARD
3.8
3.8
3.2
2.8
2.8
2.4
4.0 II
- where
For di/do I 0.9 and 2/d, I 0.3
KI 3.ooo
- K2 -6.69~1.620di/do + 4.432(di/doj2
- 0.7
- 0.6
- 0.5
; 0.4
solid
Figure 10 - Theoretical stress concentration factor in bending for a circular shaft with a radial hole,.
& (based on full section without considering hole) [13]
Table 2 gives typical values for 4 for standard
keyways in solid round steel shafts. Changes in
keyway proportions, corner radii, size of shaft, and fit
with mating members can greatly alter the values of
+. Often press-fit assembly of hub and shaft is used
with or without provisions of a key. Fatigue stress
modifying factors for interference fits vary widely but
are often quoted as being in the general range of
0.50. Combinations of interference fit and keyway
give values of 4 typically in the range of 0.4 to 0.33.
Table 2 - Modifying factor for stress
concentration, 9 -Iypicai values for keyways
in solid round steel shafts) m
Profiled Sled-runner
keyway keyway
bending bending
steel StreSS stress
Annealed (less than
200 HB) 0.63 0.77
Quenched and
drawn (over 200 HB) 0.50 0.63
NOlE
l) Nominal stresses should be based on the section
modulus for the shaft section with the keyway effect
ignored.
Experimental verification is preferred for super-
position of stress concentration factors. Without
verification, the smaller values should be used. One
reason is that the possibility of a fatigue failure
originating in the region of an interference fit is often
aggravated by fretting corrosion.
4.6.7 Miscellaneous effects factor, kg
Since fatigue failures nearly always occur at or near
the surface of the shaft where the stresses are
greatest, surface condition strongly influences
fatigue life. A number of factors affecting the fatigue
limit have values not readily found in design texts.
Some of these factors are:
- heat treatment (such as case hardening and
decarbonization);
- residual stresses (such as cold rolling,
peening, and welding);
- corrosion (such as stress corrosion cracking,
fretting corrosion);
- plating or surface coating.
Although only limited quantitative data have been
published for these factors, they should be consid-
ered and accounted for if applicable. Some of these
factors can have a considerable effect on the shaft
endurance characteristics. In the absence of
14
published data, it is advisable to conduct fatigue
tests that closely simulate the shaft condition and its
operating environment. Use published data or test
data when available. If none of the above conditions
or other miscellaneous effects contribute to the
endurance of the shaft being analyzed, kg may be set
to 1.0. If any of these conditions reduce the
endurance strength, consider setting kg to less than
1.0; if any of these conditions increase the
endurance strength, kg may be greater than 1 .O.
4.6.8 Permissible number of peak load cycles
If the number of momentary peak load (I$ x the
unity service factor load) cycles are significant, they
can become the dominant factor in the stress
analysis. If a Miners Rule analysis has not been
performed including these loads, the permissible
number of momentary peak load cycles, NfO, to avoid
excessive fatigue is determined as follows:
If 1.0 s Fg c Fp, then
loc
( 1
I/m
$3 = F
2 l/2
Em
[ 01
--
i; sy
. ..(39)
. ..(40)
where
Nfo
00
cm
is permissible number of momentary peak
load cycles;
is equivalent uniaxial stress under peak
loading, lb/in2 (N/mm2);
are as defined in 4.6.5.
If Fg z Fp, the permissible number of peak load
cycles analysis is not necessary.
If Nfo is less than or equal to the number of
momentary peak load cycles of the application,
redesign with lower calculated stresses
necessary.
a
is
If Fs~ < 1.0, the design is unacceptable. See 4.2.
4.7 Deformation
This section is intended to give an overview of
deformation of steel shafts within enclosed gear
drives. Deformation of bearings, housings, and
other components is beyond the scope of this
standard. For a more general treatment of deforma-
ANSI/AGYA 6001 -D97
tion, a mechanical design text or similar reference
should be consulted.
Deformation is the deviation of a shaft from its
original or ideal shape. All shafts deform when they
are subjected to stress. For a particular application,
the deformation may be so small that it cannot be
measured with usual techniques, or it may be large
enough to be observed with the unaided eye.
Deformation can cause misalignment of compo-
nents mounted on the shaft, reduce seal perfor-
mance, and alter bearing and gear tooth load contact
patterns. All shafts should be designed so that shaft
deformation is within suitable limits for reliable
operation of gears and other components that are
affected by shaft deformation.
Only homogeneous isotropic cylindrical shafts sub-
jected to elastic strains will be considered here.
Design conditions such as varying material proper-
ties, inelastic strains, complex loading conditions, or
non-cylindrical shapes may require a more detailed
analysis. Finite element analysis and physical
testing may be appropriate alternative methods of
obtaining deformation information.
While the equations presented in this section cannot
predict exact deformations, calculated deformations
can often indicate the suitability of a shaft for its
application.
4.7.1 Torsion
Torsional deformation is measured as the angle of
shaft twist.
Figure 11 is a sketch of a cylindrical shaft subjected
to pure torsion. The angle of twist for this ideal shaft
can be calculated from equation 41.
Figure 11 - Torsional deformation
15
ANSI/AGMA 6001 -D97 ANlERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
et = $$ . ..(41)
1000 TL
0, = GJ
. ..(41 M)
where
e,
is angle of twist, rad;
T is torque, lb in (Nm);
L is length, in (mm);
G is modulus of rigidity, lb/in* (N/mm?;
J is second polar moment of area, in4 (mm4).
For steel:
GE 11.5 x 1 O6 lb/in* (79 300 N/mm*)
, ,..(42)
where
4
is shaft outside diameter, in (mm);
4
is shaft inside diameter, in (mm).
For solid steel shafts equation 41 can be simplified
to:
0, =
8.86 x 10-7TL
d4
0
e
t
=0X284 TL
4
. ..(43M)
The angle of twist between shaft ends or specific
cross sections can be calculated by adding the twist
angles of the intervening shaft lengths that have
constant properties.
8,
-TILI ; T2L2 ; . . . +Wn
Gl Jl G2J2
Gn Jn
. ..(44)
t = O
TILl T2L2 TnLn
-+-+...++
G,J,
G2J2
Gn Jn
I
. ..(44M)
For a homogeneous shaft which consists of n
different diameters and is subjected to a constant
torque:
(45)
. . .
where
& is the length of the cth section, in (mm);
J..
is the second polar moment of area of the
nth section, in4 (mm4).
4.7.2 Bending
Bending deflection is deformation which is mea-
sured perpendicular to the axis of the shaft. Slope,
which is the rate of change of deflection, can also be
an important design criterion.
Several common simply supported shaft loading
cases are shown. These loading cases assume a
uniform cylindrical shaft reacting to concentrated
forces and moments. Many shafts can be evaluated
as some combination of these loading cases. Shaft
loads and reactions can often be separated in order
to simplify calculation of the deformations which can
then be added vectorially to give the total
deformation.
Additional loading cases with distributed loads or
different supporting arrangements can be found in
several mechanical design texts or similar
references.
Cases involving shafts with several diameters or
indeterminate bearing arrangements should not be
analyzed with the methods shown here. Finite
element analysis and numerical integration are other
methods for estimating deflection and slope and can
be applied to a wide variety of cases.
4.7.2.1 Intermediate concentrated load
Figure 12 is a diagram of a simply supported shaft
with a concentrated load applied between the
supports. Forces and reactions are assumed to act
at right angles to the shaft. Zero deflection at the
reactions (bearings) is assumed.
Y
*
L
.
I x *
-a F
d---T
X
eb
Figure 12 - Bending deflection intermediate
concentrated load
The equations for deflection and slope for a simply
supported shaft subjected to an intermediate con-
centrated load are different depending upon the
relative position of the load to the shaft section of
interest.
16
Forxcaand(L-a)>a:
Y=
F(x)(L - a)(x2 - 2uL + P2)
. ..(46)
0, =
F(L - a)(3x2 - 2QL + 02)
6EL5
. ..(47)
supported shaft subjected to an concentrated over-
hung load are different depending upon the relative
position of the section of interest to the supports.
Ifx<L
Forx>aand(L-a)>a:
y _ F(a)(L - x)(x2 - 2Lx + 02)
6EIL
8, =
F(a)@
- 3x2 - zL2 - a2)
6ELL
. ..(46)
. ..(49)
where
Y
F
L
u
x
E
66
I
is deflection of shaft at x, in (mm), (positive
upward as shown in figures 12 - 15);
is concentrated load, lb (N), (positive down-
ward as shown in figures 12 - 15);
is length of shaft between supports, in (mm);
is distance from support to concentrated
load, in (mm);
is distance from support to cross section of
interest, in (mm);
is shaft material modulus of elasticity, lb/in2
(N/mm2);
is shaft slope atx,
is second area moment of cross section, in4
(mm4).
I=%(& - d;) . .
4.7.2.2 Overhung concentrated load
subjected to a concentrated overhung load. Forces
and reactions are assumed to act at right angles to
the shaft. Zero deflection at the reactions (bearings)
is assumed.
a a
X
F
Figure 13 - Bending deflection overhung
concentrated load
y = F@>(x) (L2 - x2)
6ELc
. ..(51)
. . ..(52)
Ifx>L
F(x - L) (x - L)2 - u(3x - L)
Y
I
= . ..(53)
F
C
3(x - L)2 - a(6x - 4L)
8, =
1
. ..(54)
6EI
4.7.2.3 Intermediate concentrated moment
wlth a concentrated moment applied between the
supports. The reactions are assumed to act at right
angles to the shaft. Zero deflection at the reactions
(bearings) is assumed.
:rl
Figure 14 - Bending deflection intermediate
concentrated moment
supported shaft subjected to an intermediate con-
centrated moment are diierent depending upon the
relative position of the load to the shaft section of
interest.
Ifxsa
Y
= M(x)(6d - 2L2 - 3a2 - x2)
. ..(55)
Y=
lOOOM(x)(6uL - 2L2 - 39 - x") ...t55MI
e _ M(6uL - 2L2 - 3a2 - 3x2)
b-
6EIL
. ..(56)
8 -loooM(6aL-
b-
- 3a2 - %x2)
. . .
(56M)
17
ANSIIAGMA 6001~D97 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
lfx>L
Y
= - M(L - x)(L - 3x)
. ..(61)
6El
-lOOOM(L -x)(L -3x)
Y=
. ..(61 M)
8, =
-M(6x-
:
6El
. ..(62)
8, =
-1OOOAq~ - 4L)
6El
4.7.3 Axial
. ..(62M)
Elongation is axial deformation and is measured
parallel to the axis of the shaft. A positive elongation
is the result of a tensile shaft stress and a negative
elongation is the result of a compressive shaft stress.
Figure 16 is a sketch of a shaft subjected to an axial
force. Elongation of this ideal shaft can be calculated
from the following equation.
Ifx>a
Y
=
M(3a2L - 3a2x - 2L% + 3Lx2 - x3)
. ..(57)
1000M(3& - 3a2, - 2L2x + 3Lx2 - x3)
Y
=
. ..(57M)
8, =
M(ti - 3a2 - 2L2 - 3x2)
. ..(56)
8, =
1oooM(6Lx - 3a2 -
6EIL.
2L2 - 3x2) . ..(56M)
where
M is concentrated moment, lb in (Nm).
4.7.2.4 Overhung concentrated moment
subjected to an overhung concentrated moment.
Reactions are assumed to act at right angles to the
shaft. Zero deflection at the reactions (bearings) is
assumed.
Y
a
*
I
MTJ
Figure 15 - Bending deflection overhung
concentrated moment
supported shaft subjected to an overhung concen-
trated moment are different depending upon the
relative position of the section of interest to the shaft
supports.
IfxeL
Y=
M(x)(L2 - x2)
. ..(59)
Y=
lOOOM(x)(L2 - 9)
. ..(59M)
M(L2 - 3x2)
b= (jjg~
. ..(60)
8, =
lOOm4(L2 - 52)
. ..(60M)
6
p,L
=-
AC&
. . .
where
6 is elongation, in (mm);
px
is axial force, lb (N);
L is length, in (mm);
& is cross sectional area, in* (mm*).
w
Figure 16 - Axial deformation
For cylindrical shafts:
,..(64)
For steel E & 30 x 1 O6 lb/in* (207 666 N/mm*).
For solid cylindrical steel shafts equation 63 can be
simplified to:
a
424 x lo-8P,L
=
4
. ..(65)
6
6.15 x lo-@&
=
4
. . w(65M)
16
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGYA 6001-097
4.7.4 Permissible deflection
The amount of deflection permissible in a shaft is
dependent, to a great extent, upon the particular
condition of operation encountered; hence, no
general rules can be given. However, the shaft must
be stiff enough to limit the deflection of key power
elements such as gears and pulleys. The allowable
slope of the shaft through the bearings should not
exceed the allowable misalignment limits of the
bearings. Moreover, the judgment and the experi-
ence of the designer must be relied upon to
determine the extent to which either lateral or
torsional deflection may be permitted.
s, = 0.5 s,,
where
. ..(67)
S
so
is allowable shear stress, lb/in* (N/mm*).
See annex A, table A.1 for typical values of S,, and
S
co
5.4 Compressive stress calculation
The compressive stress in a key or keyway resulting
from the transmitted torque may be calculated using
equation 68. The calculated compressive stress, Q,,
should not exceed the allowable compressive
stress, S,, .
TIip
s, = -
r&b
..(68)
5 Keys
SC =
1000 TFP
rac&
.I
where
s,
T
Gc
4
FP
..(68M)
Keys are detachable components which, when
assembled into keyways, provide a positive means
for transmitting torque between the shaft and hub.
Four common types of keys are square, rectangular,
tapered, and Woodruff.
is calculated compressive stress, lb/in*
(N/mm*);
5.1 Sizes and tolerances
Standard key and keyway sizes, tolerances and fits
may be obtained from ANSI 817.1, Keys and
Keyseats, ANSI 817.2, WoodrM Keys and Key-
seats, or AGMA 9002-A86, Bores and Keyways for
Flexible Couplings (inch Series).
is shaft torque, lb in (Nm);
is average radius at compressive load area,
in (mm) (see figure 17);
is compressive area of key in contact with
shaft or hub, in* (mm*);
is peak load factor
= 2.0for spur, helical, herringbone and bevel
gear drives
= 3.0 for worm gear drives.
5.2 Allowable compressive stress
The allowable key, shaft and hub compressive
stresses are commonly based on 70 percent of the
component material yield strength.
s, = 0.7 J; . ..(66)
where
NOTE: Each component shall be evaluated based on
the allowable stress for its material and hardness.
s is allowable -compressive stress, lb/in*
Co (N/mm*);
s;
is tensile yield strength of key, shaft or hub
at the keyway section, lb/in* (N/mm*).
See annex A, table A. 1 for typical values of S,, and J;.
NOTE: The allowable stress for surface hardened
components shall be based on the core hardness ofthe
material except when a detailed analysis justifies a
higher allowable stress.
Figure 17 - Average shaft and hub radius
5.5 Shear stress calculation
5.3 Allowable shear stress
The allowable key shear stress shall be based on 50
percent of the allowable key compressive stress.
The shear stress in a key resulting from the
transmitted torque may be calculated using equation
69. The calculated key shear stress, %k, should not
exoeed the allowable shear stress, S,, .
19
TFP
sk = z
where
. ..(69)
of the bearing system and bearing lubrication system
is critical to proper functioning of gear drives.
6.1 Roller and ball bearing selection criteria
%k
is calculated key shear stress lb/in2
(N/mm21 ;
AS
is shear area, in2 (mm2);
ra
is average shaft radius along the key length,
in (mm).
5.6 Keyed interference fit
When an interference fit is used in conjunction with a
key, the torque to be transmitted by the key may be
reduced by the minimum torque capacity of the
interference fit. The minimum torque capacity of the
interference fit is the minimum capacity at the most
unfavorable conditions of speed, temperature, di-
mensional tolerances and sliding coefficient of
friction. For reversing loads, either a tight fit key is to
be used or the restraining torque of the interference
fit must exceed the peak torque applied to the joint.
Due to the irregular shape created by the keyway,
the calculation of this torque capacity is beyond the
scope of this standard and must be established by
experiment.
5.7 Keyless interference fit
Roller and ball bearings generally are selected
according to LlO life calculated by the methods of the
bearing manufacturer and adjusted for the factors
given below. A minimum calculated life of 5000
hours LlO, without consideration of adjustment
factors, has historically been the standard for gear
drives. The LlO life is the length of time that 90
percent of a group of apparently identical bearings
will equal or exceed before a subsurface originated
fatigue spall reaches a predetermined size at the
surface. The L10 lie is associated with a 90 percent
reliability level.
A bearings dynamic load rating is the load that the
bearing will carry for a specified number of revolu-
tions at a specified reliability level. Bearing life shall
be calculated according to the load supported by the
bearing resulting from both internal and external
loads. Life in hours shall be calculated using the
rotational speed of the bearing.
In addition to dynamic load rating, other selection
criteria such as static load rating, minimum load
requirements, and speed limitations should be
considered.
When an interference fit is used without a key, the
restraining torque resulting from the interference fit
shall exceed the peak torque at the joint.
Annex C presents one method for calculation of
torque due to interference fit.
CAUTION: When calculating the torque capacity of an
interference fit, consideration should be given to:
6.1 .l Reliability
Reliabilii levels other than 90 percent may be
calculated. For more specific analysis, consult the
bearing manufacturer.
6.1.2 Life adjustment factors
A bearings rating is given for operation under a
- thermal effects of dissimilar materials;
specified set of operating conditions. The lie should
be adjusted for the following factors:
- centrifugal effects;
- hoop stresses:
- residual stresses;
- dimensional tolerances;
- coefficient of friction as determined by
surface finish, material, and lubrication.
6 Bearings
Bearings are required to support shafting in accurate
alignment while supporting shaft loads and allowing
shafts to rotate or translate, or both. Proper selection
Lubrication. A bearings dynamic rating is estab-
lished for specific conditions of lubricant viscosity,
speed and temperature which affect lubrication.
Adjustment should be made for actual lubricant
viscosity, speed and temperature as specified by the
gear drive designer.
Load zone. A bearings dynamic rating is generally
based on a nominal amount of internal clearance
which generates a load zone (loaded arc) within the
bearing of between 150 and 180. Adjustment
should be made for the actual load zone under the
loads imposed on the bearing.
Alignment. Adjustment should be made for
misalignment magnitudes which may reduce bear-
20
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSIJAGMA 6001 -D97
ing life. The misalignment may be due to size, form
or position tolerances; shaft or housing deflection
under load; or a combination of the above.
Hydrodynamic
A
*
Bearing material. A bearings dynamic rating is
based upon hardened, good quality bearing steel. If
premium steels are used, the life may be adjusted
due to the reduction of impurities in the steel.
Usable life. A bearings dynamic rating is based
upon a laboratory spall size which normally will not
hinder the performance of a gear drive. A spall size
which is considered detrimental to the performance
of the gear drive may be a usable life criterion.
5
-5;
0
E
ii
E
Ei
E
8
0
NOTE: The life calculation methods used by beating
manufacturers are based upon subsurface originated
fatigue damage which leads to spalls. Other types of
bearing damage which may reduce bearing lie include,
but are not limited to, surface originated spalling due to
bruises from contaminants in the lubricant, plastic
yielding or brinelling due to overload, retainer damage
and scoring or scuffing due to lack of lubrication.
Consult the bearing manufacturer for specific life
adjustment factors.
1
I I
Lubricant
Beering
viscositv
x Rubbing
SPeed
parameter
Projected area pressure
Figure 18 - Variation of coefficient of friction
versus the bearing parameter
6.2 Sleeve bearing selection criteria
Operating temperature. In general, for tin based
babbii, metal temperature does not exceed 260F
(127C).
Sleeve bearings operate in three basic regimes:
- boundary lubrication;
- mixed film lubrication;
- full film hydrodynamic lubrication.
Figure 18 illustrates the typical variation of the
coefficient of friction as a function of the bearing
parameter for the three lubrication regimes.
NOTE: The criteria above may be exceeded when
sophisticated analyses are performed on bearing
materials, construction, clearance, eccentricity ratio,
shaft slope, length to diameter ratio, lubricant viscosity,
and operating temperature.
Hydrodynamic bearings subjected to infrequent
momentary peak loads shall be designed such that
the yield point of the bearing materials is not
exceeded.
6.2.1 Boundary and mixed film regimes
For specific information refer to the bearing
manufacturer, or [4].
In the boundary and mixed film lubrication regimes, a
pressure-velocity criterion for the specific material
of the bearing should be checked.
7 Housings
6.2.2 Hydrodynamic regime
In the hydrodynamic regime, the main design criteria
are:
Unit loading. In general, bearings are operated at
less than 750 lb/in* (5.2 N/mm? unit loading.
The housing provides accurate alignment of the
gears and bearings with sufficient strength and
stiffness to maintain alignment under maximum
internal and external loading. The housing also
provides some, but not necessarily all, of the
following:
Oil film thickness. In general, oil film thickness is
greater than 0.0008 in (0.02 mm).
- reservoir for retention of lubricant;
- exclusion of contaminants;
- drain and fill locations;
21
ANSI/AGMA 6001 -D97
- inspection covers;
- oil level indicators;
- surface area for heat dissipation;
- feet or mounting pads;
- motor mounting surface;
- Wing lugs.
8 Threaded fasteners
The purpose of threaded fasteners is to clamp two or
more joint members together. The fasteners shall be
of sufficient tensile strength and quantity to with-
stand the maximum internal and external design
loads and prevent movement between the joint
members. Fasteners may also be subjected to
shear loading. This condition requires additional
analysis and is beyond the scope of this standard.
8.1 Tensile stress
The forces to be considered are those developed by
the mechanical rating of the gear drive in addition to
the external loads. The equation for calculating
tensile stress is as follows:
%e =
WfFP
0.785(0 - qr
..(70)
%e =
WfFP
0.785(0 - 0.9382P)2
. ..( 70M)
where
St,
Wf
5
D
n
P
is calculated tensile stress, lb/in2 (N/mm2);
is applied tensile load on fastener, lb (N);
is peak load factor
= 2.0for spur; helical, herringbone and bevel
gear drives
= 3.0 for worm gear drives;
is fastener nominal diameter, in (mm);
is fastener threads per inch, in-;
is fastener thread pitch, mm.
The calculated tensile stress should not exceed the
allowable stress. The allowable stress is 80% of the
fastener tensile preload stress in order to ensure
joint integrity. The fastener tensile preload stress is
75% of the proof load stress in order to avoid
fastener breakage. Allowable stress values for
typical threaded fasteners for tensile preloads of
75% of proof load are shown in annex 6. Other
values may be used based on testing or experience.
8.2 Torque
The following equation may be used to estimate
torque for inducing a given tensile preload 151:
Tf=&cD Wfi
. ..(71)
Ktc 5 w*
Tf= looo
. ..(71 M)
where
?T
Ktc
D
43
is fastener torque, lb in (Nm);
is fastener torque coefficient;
= 0.2 for nonplated steel fasteners. In
applications where lubricants such as
thread locking compounds, greases, oils
and waxes are applied to the fasteners, Kt,
may be assumed to be as low as 0.12 [5];
is nominal diameter of threaded fastener, in
(mm) ;
is fastener tensile preload, lb (N). Common
practice is to torque the fastener to provide
a tensile preload of 75 percent of the proof
load.
Wb = 0.75Sp[0.,85(D - @I
. ..(72)
Wfi = 0.75 4,L[0.785 (D - 0.9382 PI;1
where
. ..(72M)
S, is proof load stress, lb/n2 (N/mrr?).
CAUTION: The preload shall be adequate to prevent
movement between the joint members with due
consideration given to deformation of the members.
8.3 Engagement length
The thread engagement in tapped holes shall be of
sufficient length that the shear strength in the internal
and external threads is greater than the tensile
preload in the fastener.
9 Miscellaneous components
The following sections discuss frequently used
components of industrial enclosed gear drives. A
specific gear drive may not require all of the
components listed and may utilize other
components which are not included.
9.1 Shims
Shims are generally used to position gears, bear-
ings, or other components. When also used as
22
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSIIAGYA 6001 -D97
gaskets, shims shall provide proper sealing. The
shim material must withstand the minimum ambient
and maximum operating temperatures at the shim.
The material shall remain dimensionally stable at
initial assembly and when exposed to temperature
extremes for the life of the drive. The shim material
shall be compatible with the gear drive lubricant and
outside atmosphere, including contaminants.
CAUTION: The total shim pack thickness should not
exceed the shim manufacturers recommendation.
9.2 Gaskets
Gaskets are used to retain lubricant and to exclude
contaminants. They should not be used to position
components. The gasket material shall be compat-
ible with the minimum ambient and maximum
operating temperatures at the gasket.
Gasket material is generally intended to compress at
assembly but shall remain dimensionally stable
when subjected to temperature extremes. The
gasket material shall be compatible with gear drive
lubricant and outside atmosphere, including
contaminants.
9.3 Oil seals
Oil seals are used with rotating shafts to retain the
lubricant and to exclude contaminants. Considera-
tions concerning oil seal selection include but are not
limited to hardness, material, pressure at the seal,
shaft finish, roundness, concentricity, bearing
endplay, speed, minimum ambient and maximum
operating temperatures at the oil seal, lubricant,
outside environment and expected life.
CAUTION: Oil seals should be selected in accordance
with the seal manufacturers recommendations. Con-
tact type seals should be considered wearable and
replaceable items over the life of the gear drive.
9.4 Breathers
Breathers maintain pressure balance between the
inside of the drive and the external atmosphere,
while excluding environmental contaminants. The
location should be such that oil leakage through the
breather is prevented. When the pressure differen-
tial is less than the acceptable component sealing
limits, a breather may not be required.
9.5 Expansion chambers
Expansion chambers are devices that maintain
pressure balance between the inside of a gear drive
and the external atmosphere while isolating the two
Environmental conditions and some applications
may preclude the use of breathers, in which case
expansion chambers may be used.
9.6 Oil level indicators
Oil level indicators are used to identify the proper oil
level with the gear drive mounted in a specified
position. The manufacturer shall specify under
which condition the oil level is to be checked, static or
operating.
Typical oil level indicators include pipe plugs, sight
gauges, standpipes and dipsticks.
CAUTION: A pressure buildup inside a gear drive will
cause a false reading on a vented oil gauge.
9.7 Bearing retainers
Bearing retainers are devices other than the housing
that maintain the axial or radial positions of the
bearings. All retainers shall be designed to locate
and maintain dimensional stability for the bearings
and gears in accordance with the bearing and gear
manufacturers specifications. Bearing retainers in-
clude but are not limited to locknuts, keeper plates,
end caps, cartridges or carriers and snap rings.
9.8 Grease retainers
Grease retainers are generally located between the
bearing cavity and oil sump to retain grease in the
bearings.
9.9 Dowels and pins
Many different types of dowels and pins are used to
provide positive location or to prevent movement
between two or more parts under load.
9.9.1 Dowels and pins used for positive location
These devices are generally used to return parts to
the exact position required if disassembly is neces-
sary. Care should be taken to assure that the
required holes are the proper size.
9.9.2 Dowels and pins used to prevent
movement
These devices shall be selected based on the
maximum design loads. Generally two or more of
these devices are used. Care should be taken to
assure that the required holes are the proper size.
CAUTION: In the above cases, the dowel and pin
manufacturers recommendations for fit and strength
should be followed.
23
ANSl/AGMA6901-D97
9.10 Spacers
Spacers are generally used to position bearings,
gears, and other components. The spacer construc-
tion and material shall be of sufficient strength,
stiffness and size to provide proper support for
adjacent components under maximum internal and
external design loads. Spacers shall withstand
required assembly forces.
9.11 Seal retainers
Seal retainers are generally used to position the seal
in proper relationship to a shaft, or to lock a split type
seal in place.
9.12 Fastener locking devices
Locking devices may be provided to lock fasteners in
place. Typical locking devices include lo&washers,
self-locking fasteners, locking compounds, locking
tabs, and lock wiring.
24
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA 6001-097
Annex A
(informative)
Allowable stresses for typical key and keyway materials
rhe foreword, footnotes, and annexes, if any, are provided for informational purposes only and should not be construed as
a part of ANSllAGMA 6001 -D97, Design and Selection of Components for Enclosed Gear Drives.]
A.1 Purpose
The purpose of this annex is to provide reference
information required for key and keyway calculations
for typical materials used in enclosed gear drives.
Refer to 5.2 and 5.3 of ANWAGMA 6001-D97 to
determine allowable stresses for materials and
hardnesses not listed in this annex.
A2 Allowable stress
The allowable stress values in the following table are
based on 70 percent of the material yield point.
Other values may be used based on testing or
experience.
Table A.1 - Allowable stresses for typical key and keyway materials
Hardness Yield strength, S,
Allowable stress, lb/in* (N/mm9
Key or hub material HB lb/in* (Nlmn?)
Shear, S, Compressive, S, Source
AISI 1018 126 54 000 18900 37 800 1)
Cold drawn
(370) (130) (260)
AISI 1045 179 77 000 26 950 53 900 1)
Cold drawn
(530) (185) (370)
AISI 4140 320 110 000 38 500 77 000 1)
Heat treated
W) (265) WO)
Cast iron 160 - 190 85 0002) -- 59 500 3)
Class 30
(590) (415)
Ductile iron 187 -255 80 0002) -- 56 000 3)
80-55-06 (550) (385)
Heat treated forged bronze 162 48 000 -- 33 600 4)
(copper alloy no. 90673)
(330) (230)
Nickel-tin bronze (WE 65) 102 30 000 -- 21 000 4)
(copper alloy no. C90700
(205) (145)
centrifugal cast) .
Aluminum bronze (copper 195
alloy no. C95499 heat
treated)
NOTES:
54 000 -- 37 800 4)
(370) (260)
l) SAE - Society of Automotive Engineers
*) Compressive yield strength
3, MH - Machinerys Handbook
4, CDA - Copper Development Association
25
(This page is intentionally left blank.)
26
Annex B
(informative)
Allowable stresses for typical threaded fasteners
[The foreword, footnotes, and annexes, if any, are provided for informational purposes only and should not be construed as
a part of ANSVAGMA 6001 -D97, Design end Selection of Components for Enclosed Gear Drives.]
B.l Purpose
The purpose of this annex is to provide reference information required for fastener calculations.
Table B.l - Allowable tensile stress for typical inch threaded fasteners
Grade Proof load Allowable
designation Products Nominal diameter, in stress, lb/h?
Tensile preioadl)
stress, IbfiG stress) lb/in2
SAEl Bolts,
Screws, l/4 through l-1/2 33 0003) 24 750 19 800
Studs
___-
sAE2 Bolts, l/4 through 3/44) 55 0003) 41 250 33 000
Screws,
Studs Over 3/4 to 1 -l/2 33 000 24 750 19800
ASTM A-449 Bolts Over 1 -l/2 to 3 55 000 41 250 33 000
sAE4 Studs l/4 through 1 -l/2 65 000 48 750 39 000
- sAE5 Bolts, l/4 through 1 85 000 63 750 51000
Screws,
Studs Over 1 to 1 -l/2 74 000 55 500 44 400
WE 75) Bolts, l/4 through 1 -l/2 105 000 78 750 63 000
Screws
ASTM A-354
Grade BC
Bolts Over l/4 to 2-l/2 105 000 78 750 63 000
SAE8
Bolts
Bolts,
Screws,
Studs
Over 2-l /2 to 4 95 000 71 250 57 000
l/4 through l-1/2 120 000 90 000 72 000
SAE 8.1
SAE 8.2
Studs
Bolts,
Screws
l/4 through l-1/2 120 000 90 000 72 000
l/4 through 1 120 000 90 000 72 000
NOTES:
l) The fastener tensile preload stress values in the table are based on torquing the fastener to produce atensile preload of
75% of its proof load to avoid fastener breakage. Other values of percentage of proof load may be used, based on testing
or experience.
2, The allowable stress values in the table are based on 60% of the fastener tensile preload stress in order to ensure joint
integrity.
3, Proof load test: Requirements in these grades apply only to stress relieved products.
4) Grade SAE 2 requirements for sizes l/4 through 3/4 inch apply only to bolts and screws 6 inches and shorter in length,
and to studs of all lengths. For bolts and screws longer than 6 inches, Grade SAE 1 requirements shall apply.
5) Grade SAE 7 bolts and screws are roll threaded after heat treatment. Reference: Fastener Standards, Cleveland, Ohio:
Industrial Fasteners Institute, 1966, Sixth Edition.
27
ANSIIAGMA 6001~097 AMERICAN NATlONAL STANDARD
Table B.2 - Allowable tensile stress for typical metric threaded fasteners
Proof load Tensile pre-
IS0 property Nominal diameter, stress, load) stress,
A;;;F;e
class mm N/mm* N/m& N/mm*
4.6 5.0 through 36 225 169 135
4.8 1.6 through 16 310 232 186
5.8 5.0 through 24 380 285 228
8.8 16.0 through 36 600 450 360
9.8 1.6 through 16 650 488 390
10.9 5.0 through 36 830 622 498
12.9 1.6 through 36 970 728 582
NOTES:
1) The fastener tensile preload stress values in the table are based on torquing the fastener to produce a
tensile preload of 75% of its proof load to avoid fastener breakage. Other values of percentage of proof load
may be used, based on testing or experience.
2) The allowable stress values in the table are based on 80% of the fastener tensile preload stress in orderto
ensure joint integrity.
Reference: SAE Handbook, Warrendale, Pennsylvania: Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., 1986.
28
AMERICAN NATlONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA 6901 -D97
Annex C
(informative)
Interference fit torque capacity
[The foreword, footnotes, and annexes, if any, are provided for informational purposes only and should not be construed as
a part of ANSIIAGMA 6001 -D97, Design and Selection of Components fix Enclosed Gear Drives.]
C.l Purpose
The purpose of this annex is to provide a typical
calculation method for determining the amount of
torque that can be transmitted by an interference fit
between cylindrical surfaces without discontinuities.
C.2 Calculations
PC =
6
B
B*+A*
Ei(B-&) + 4?;2, - $ + k
I
. ..(C.l)
For similar metals E = Ei = E, and TV = b
E6 (c* - B*)(B2 - A*)
PC = 283
(C* - A*)
. ..(C.2)
s, = p,
. .
s,= Bpc B*+A*
[ 1
B* -A*
. .
,.(C.3)
.(C.4)
T
= xB2JJf
2
. ..(C.S)
T = ~B*pcL.f
2mcl
., ..(C.5M)
where
A is inside diameter - inner member, in (mm);
B is nominal outside diameter - inner
member, in (mm);
c is outside diameter - outer member, in
(mm);
E
43
f
L
PC
&
s,
T
6
f-4
PO
is modulus of elasticity, lb/r? (N/mm*);
is modulus of elasticity - outer member,
lb/in* (N/mm?;
is modulus of elasticity - inner member,
lb/$ (N/mm?;
is coefficient of friction;
is fit length, in (mm);
is interface pressure, lb/in9 (N/mm*);
is tangential stress at the interface-inner
member, lb/n* (N/mm?;
is tangential stress at the interface-outer
member, lb/in* (N/mm?;
is torque capacity resulting from
interference fit, lb in (Nm);
is diametral interference, in (mm);
is Poissons ratio - inner member;
is Poissons ratio - outer member.
Inner member Outer member
Figure C.l - Calculation terminology
29
30
ANSVAGYA 6001 a97
125-
16
loo-
i2
I
?ij
12
a, 75
9
3
g 50-
0
a
25- 4
o- 9.
,
160 200 240 280 320 360 400 440
Brine11 hardness
I I I 1 I I , I
80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220
Tensile strength, 1000 lb/in2
J I
1 I t I
600 800 1000 1200 1400
Tensile strength, N/mr$
Annex D
(informative)
Previous method - shaft design
pheforeword, footnotes, and annexes, if any, are provided for informational purposes only end should not be construed as
a pert of ANSIIAGMA 6001 -D97, Design and Selection of Components for Encked Gear Drives.]
D.l Purpose
The purpose of this annex is to include the previous
shaft design section of ANSVAGMA 6001-C88
(formerly AGMA 260) for reference purposes.
0.2 Shafting
The general equations for torsional and bending
stress are shown in equations D.l and D.2. While the
allowable stresses shown in figure D.l do not
separately consider the effects of such things as
shaft size, surface finish, operating temperature,
corrosion, residual stresses and reliability, this
method was the accepted practice for shaft design
that has been included in AGMA standards and used
successfully for many years.
02.1 Shaft stress calculation
Nominal shaft stresses are calculated as follows.
The applicability of equations D.l and D.2 to the
design of thin wall shafts where the ratio (&a) > 0.9
has not been established.
16Td,
s, =
. ..(D.l)
R(d$ - d;)
16 OOOTd,
.% = 3+,$ - d!)
. ..(D.lM)
32Md,
Sb =
n(d;t - df)
. ..(D.2)
320OOMd,
Sb = zc(d$ - d?)
. ..(D.2M)
Figure D.l - Allowable stress for steel shafts
31
ANSl/AGMA 6001 -D97 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
where
s,
is calculated torsional shear stress, lb/i&
<N/mm?;
T is shaft torque, lb in (Nm);
do
is shaft outside diameter, in (mm);
4 is shaft inside diameter, in (mm);
.Q is calculated bending stress, lb/k? (N/mm2);
M is bending moment, lb in (Nm).
For solid shafting, equations D.l and D.2 simplify to:
16 T
ss = -
scd3,
16OOOT
s, = -
xd;
(D.3)
32M
b = 31;d3
0
32000M
Sb = -
xds
D.2.2 Allowable stress
For steel shafts the calculated stress due to bending
and the calculated stress due to torsion shall not
exceed the values shown in figure D.1. These
stresses may exist simultaneously.
The allowable stress for steel shafts that are
hardened by processes such as case carburizing or
nitriding should be based on the core hardness of the
material unless a detailed analysis or experience
indicates that a different allowable stress be used.
D.2.3 Stress concentration
Shaft stresses concentrate near a change in the
shaft or where a load is applied to the shaft. Typical
stress concentrators include but are not limited to
key joints, shoulders, grooves, splines and interfer-
ence fits. Notch sensitivity accounts for different
materials reacting differently to the same theoretical
stress concentration. The allowable stresses shown
in figure D.l provide for stress concentrations,
including notch sensitivity, up to 3.0. When the actual
stress concentration is greater than 3.0 a detailed
analysis is required.
D.2.4 Specific life
When designing a shaft for a specific number of
rotating cycles, the allowable bending stresses of
figure D.l may be multiplied by the factors in table
D.l.
Table D.l - Allowable stress multipliers for
shafting
Cycles
up to 1000 cycles
Over 1000 to 10 000 cycles
Over 10 000 to 100 000 cycles
Over 100 000 to 1 million cycles
Over 1 million cycles
D.2.5 Deflection
Factor
2.4
1.8
1.4
1.1
1.0
Deflection (lateral, torsional and axial) is a function of
the loading on the shaft, modulus of elasticity and the
size of the shaft, and is independent of the hardness.
Damage to bearings, gear teeth or other compo-
nents may occur if deflection is excessive.
D.2.6 Peak loads
Bending and torsional stresses resulting from peak
loads must be analyzed to assure that the
mechanical properties of the shaft material are not
exceeded.
32
Annex E
(informative)
Sample problems - transmission shaft design
tTheforeword, footnotes, and annexes, if any, are provided for informational purposes only and should not be construed as
a part of ANSIIAGMA 6001-097, Design end Selection of Components for Encbsed Gear Drives.]
E.l Purpose
The purpose of this annex is to provide examples of
the application of clause 4, Shafting. The equations
of this section will be applied to practical shafting
problems.
E.2 Sample problem number 1
An AlSl 4140 steel helical pinion shaft, through
hardened to 360 HB is subject to 10 000 peak load
cycles @ 200% operating load and has the following
loads imposed on it at the shafts critical section:
T
M
V
PX
= 1565 lb in (50% alternating);
= 328 in lb (100% alternating - shaft is
rotating);
= 678 lb (100% alternating - shaft is
rotating);
= 424 lb (constant).
The sectional properties of the shaft at this point are:
4
= 0.94 in;
4
= 0.0 in;
4
= 1.25 in (as shown in figure 8);
r = 0.12 in (as shown in figure 8).
The critical section is at a radius adjacent to a
shoulder.
The stresses are:
z,
= l6 (1565) = 9596 lb/in2
Jr (o.94)3
For a 50% alternating torque,
Tzr
= hnt = ; = 4798 lb/in2
ab
= = = 4022 lb/b
JE (o.94)3
z, =
4 (678) (l=) = 1201 lb/i,,2
?c (o.94)2
OP
= -%%fk = 611 lb/i& = h
x (o.94)2
=a.x
=4022cos8
ha
= 1201 sin 8 + 4798
&St =
(4022)2 - 3(1201)2
3(1201)
= 3289 < 'hr
Since%, is greater than%,, then the max stress is at
8, = 90. Therefore o, = 0 and h = 5999 lb/in.
Ga
= {(0)2 + 3(5999)2}05 = 10 391 lb/in2
4,
= {(611>2 + 3(4798)2}05 = 8333 lb/in
i& = {(611+ 0>2 + 3(4798 + 5999)2}o*5
= 18 711 lb/in2
&I
=500(360HEi)=180000 lb/in2
J;
= 0.94(180 000) - 12 500 = 156 700 lb/in2
sf,
= 05(180 000) = 90 000 lb/in2
Listed below are the fatigue limit modification factors
for this example:
kl
= 30.3(180000)-"~315 = 0.670
NOTE: Shaft is machined to a 125 & surface finish.
&I
= 0.869(0.94)"-"'=0.874
kc
= 0.512(ln 1/O.99)o-11+ 0.508 = 0.817
(99% reliability)
k;i
= 1.0
k
= 1.0 (lo6 cycles)
!f
= 1111 + 0.93 (1.6 - l)] = 0.64
where
Ir;
= 1.60 (fkom figure 8)
%
= 1.0
k = 0.670 (0.874) (0.817) (1.0) (1.0) (0.64) (1.0)
= 0.306
s/
= 0.306 (90 000) = 27 557 lb/in2
The resulting safety factors for fatigue failure
analysis and the peak load failure analysis are:
Fti
= l/{(lO 391/27 557)2 + (8333/156 700)2).5
= 2.63
Fsp =
0.75(156700)=3 14
2(18711) -
N$, is not calculated as F@ > Fp (Fp = 2 for helical
gears).
33
ANSVAGMA 6091497 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
E.3 Sample problem number 2 omal = {[O + 6487 cos (31.8)] + 3[6.577
An AlSl 4140 steel worm gear shaft throuah
hardened to 360 HB is subject to 10 000 peak load
cycles @ 300% operating load and has the following
loads imposed on it at the shafts critical section:
T = 152 751 in lb (25% alternating);
M = 56 498 in lb (100% alternating - shaft is
rotating);
V = 28 000 lb (100% alternating - shaft is
rotating);
px
= 0.
The sectional properties of the shaft at this point are:
43
= 4.46 in;
4
= 0.0 in.
This critical section has a keyway and a gear
pressed onto it with an interference fit (9 taken as
0.33).
The stresses are:
+ 2204 sin (31.8) + 2192]2}o.5 = 18 061 lb/in
The calculation of the fatigue (endurance) limit of the
shaft is as follows:
&I
= 500 (360 HB) = 180 000 lb/in2
J;
= 0.94(180 000) - 12 500 = 156 700 lb/in2
sfe
= 0.5 (180 000) = 90 000 lb/in2
Listed below are the fatigue limit modification factors
for this example:
kn
= 30.3(180 OOO)-.315 = 0.670
NOTE: Shaft is machined to a 125 & surface finish.
kl
= O.869(4.46)4-o97 = 0.752
kc
= 0.512fln 1/O.99)o-11 + 0508 = 0.817
(99% reliability)
b
= 1.0
k
= 1.0 (lo6 cycles)
67
= 0.33
kg
= 1.0
tr
= 16 = 8769 lb/in2
ax (4.46)3
k = 0.670 (0.752) (0.817) (1.0) (1.0) (0.33) (1.0)
= 0.136
For a 25% alternating torque (torque is fluctuating
between the maximum value and one-half
maximum value):
%t
= %I4 = 2192 lb/in2
tnr
= 3~J4 = 6577 lb/in2 = h
9
= 0.136 (90 000) = 12 240 lb/in
The resulting safety factors for the fatigue failure
analysis and the peak load failure analysis are as
follows:
Gf
=1/{(8008/12 240)2+(11 392/156 700)2}o.5
= 1.52
ob
= 32 = 6487 lb/in2
rc (4.46)3
F
SP
= 0.75 (156 700) = 2 17
3(18061) .
4 (a O) (lez) = 2204 lb/in2
F =
JC (4.46)2
OP
=o=c&
%
=6487cosCI
ha = 2204 sin 0 + 2192
Tlesf =
tH87>2 - 3(2204)2 = 4160, ht
3 (2204)
As 1.0 5 Fgs Fp, calculate the permissible number of
peak load cycles.
0, =
8008
w
= 24 617 lb/in
c = lqIo[ o.8)l$,w,]2] = 6.229
Therefore,
m
= l/3
0.8, \&V VU,
!\ I1 Qtl Mn\l
= o 356g
0,
= sin-1 2192
( 1
loslo[(
12240 .
4160
= 0.555 radians = 31.8
1
Gl
= {[6487 ~0s (31.S0)12 + 3[2204 sin (31.8)
Nfi =
= 140 329 cycles
+ 2192]2}o.5 = 8008 lb/in2
I
4,
= {02 + 3 (6577)2}o.5 = 11392 lb/in2
As NfO is greater than the 10 000 peak load cycles
expected in service, this is acceptable.
34
ANSI/AGMA 6001 -D97
E.4 Sample problem number 3
A carburized and hardened AISI 9310 steel helical
pinion shaft has a core hardness of 300 HB and a 63
& surface finish at the shafts critical section. Only
100 000 cycles are required during service, and no
peak loading is present. The loading is:
T = 4000 lb in (25% alternating);
M = 3000 in lb (100% alternating - shaft is
rotating);
V = 1000 lb (100% alternating - shaft is
rotating);
px
= 0.
The sectional properties are:
4
= 1.25 in;
4
= 0.0 in;
4
= 1.75 in (as shown in figure 8);
r = 0.06 in (as shown in figure 8).
The critical section is at a radius adjacent to a
shoulder.
The stresses are:
z,
= 16 (4000)
x (1.25Q
= 10 430 lb/in2
For a 25% alternating torque;
ht
= >/4 = 2607 lb/in2
14nt
= 3~J4 = 7823 lb/in2 = &
=b
_ 32 (3000)
x (1.2q3
= 15 646 lb/in2
%
= 4 CIOoo) (1-Z) = 1002 lb/in2
Jr, (1.25)
OP
=o=c&
ax
=15646cos8
b = 1002 sin 8 + 2607
ttest = (15 646)2 - 3(1002)2 = 80 434 > %I
3 (1002)
Therefore,
qc
Set 8, = 0.
_a. 0, = 15 646 lb/in2 and z, = 2607 lb/in2
G2
= ((15 646y + 3(26O7)2}o-5 = 16 285 lb/in
s,
= {(0>2 + 3(7823)2}o.5 = 13 550 lb/in
GOtal
= ((0 + 15 646)2 + 3(7823 + 2607)2}o.5
= 23 899 lb/in2
For a surface hardened part, it is usually conserva-
tive to analyze it at its core hardness. For this
example, 300 HB is arbitrarily chosen. This particu-
lar part has a surface hardness of greater than 600
HB and also some residual compressive stress at
the surface, whose beneficial effect is beyond the
scope of this standard.
The calculation of the fatigue (endurance) limit at the
300 HB core hardness is as follows:
44
= 500 (300) = 150 000 lb/in2
J;
= 0.94 (150 000) - 12 500 = 128 500 lb/in2
s/,
= 0.5 (150 000) = 75 000 lb/in2
k
=%kbkkdk~ckg
k
= 14.2 (150 000)4-244 = 0.775
4
= 0.869 (1.25)-.097 = 0.850
k
= 0.817 @ 99% reliability
ki
= 1.0 @ 100F
4
= 1/(1+0.87(2.14-l)} = 0.503
kg
= 1.0
To calculated,, set k = 1.0, k = 0.271; Se = k sfe = 20304
lb/in2.
For this example, the partwill only be run for 100 000
cycles. Therefore, k will be calculated at 1 O5 cycles.
m = l/3 logI 0.8 [ (gg)] = 0.257
C = log10 [(0.8 Su)2/Se] = 5.851
ke = (lo5-851)(loo -o-257) = l . 81 000
20 304
@ 1o5 cyc,es
sf = 20 304 (1.81) = 36 750 lb/in2
Thus,
Fif
= 1/{(16 285/36 750)2 + (13.550/128 500)2}.5
= 2.20
F
sp =
0.75 (128 500) = 2 o2
2(23 899) -
35
ANSIfAGrnA 6091-097 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
36
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSIIAGUA 6001 -D97
Annex F
(informative)
Sample problems - deflection
[The foreword, footnotes, and annexes, if any, are provided for informational purpases only and should not be construed as
a part of ANSIIAGMA 6001 -D97, Design and Selection of Components for Enclosed Gear Drives.]
F.1 Purpose
The purpose of this annex is to illustrate the method
of numerical integration in the determination of shaft
deflection and slope. A sample shaft will be
presented broken into various nodes. Then
deflection and slope about its neutral axis will be
determined at the various nodes. The main objective
of this example is to calculate the slope of the shaft
through the journal bearing so that the bearing can
be analyzed for sufficient clearance.
F.2 Sample problem number 1
Determine the slope and the deflection of the shaft at
a point A as shown in figure F.l.
Solution: Refer to 4.7.2.1. The various parameters
are:
L is length of the shaft = 90 in;
x is distance where deflection and slope are
required = 30 in;
a is distance from support to the concentrated
load = 70 in;
I is moment of inertia = (sc/64)& = 0.7854 in4;
E is Youngs modulus = 30 x lo6 lb/in2;
Y
is deflection of shaft at x, in;
@b
is shaft slope at x, rad;
Shaft Diameter = 2 in
30 in
R2
Figure F.l
80 lb
L
60 in l
70in_IAn
R2
Figure F.2.
F is load = 120 lb.
Since x < a, use equation 46 for determining the
deflection and equation 47 for slope.
F(x)@ - a)x2 - 2aL + a2
Y=
6EIL
. ..(46)
0, =
F(L - a) 3x2 - U + a2
6EIL
. ..(47)
Substituting in the above equations, we get:
120(30)(90 - 70) 302 - 2(90)(70) + 702
Y=
6(30) lo6 (O-7854)(90)
. ..(F.l)
= -0.0385 in (minus sign indicates deflection
is downward)
8, =
120(90 - 70)[3(302) - 2(70)(90) + 7021
6(30)( 106)(0.7854)(90)
. ..(F.2)
= -0.0009 rad (minus sign indicates slope is
pointed downward as x increases)
a point A as shown in figure F.2.
are:
L is length of the between supports = 90 in;
X is distance where deflection and slope are
required = 70 in;
129 lb
37
ANSI/AGMA 6001 -D97
I is moment of inertia = (x&4)& = 0.7854 in4;
E is Youngs modulus = 30 x 1 OS lb/in2;
Y
is deflection of shaft at 4 in;
eb
is shaft slope at x, rad;
F is load = 80 lb.
Since x > O, use equation 48 for determining the
defiection and equation 49 for slope.
Y=
F(u)(L - x)(x* + a* - 2Lx)
6EIL
. ..(48)
8, =
F(a)(6Lx - 3x2 - 2L2 - a*)
6EIL
. ..(49)
80(30)(90 -
Y
70)[70* + 302 - 2(90)(70)]
=
6 (30) ( 106) (0.7854)(90)
. ..(F.3)
= -0.0256 in (minus sign indicates deflection
is downward)
6, =
80(30)[6(90)(70) - 3(702) - 2(90*) - 30*]
W)( 10Q)@78WP0~
= 0.0011 rad
. . . (F 4)
a point A as shown in figure F.3.
a is distance from support to the concentrated
load = 30 in.
are:
L is length of shaft between supports = 90 in;
X is distance where deflection and slope are
required = 30 in;
0 is distance from support to the concentrated
load = 20 in;
I is moment of!nertia = @/84)& = 0.7854 in4;
E is Youngs modulus = 30 x 1 O6 Ib/in2;
Y
is deflection of shaft at x, in;
eb
is shaft slope at 4 rad;
F is load = 120 lb.
k-3Oin-4
Since x < L, use equation 51 for determining the
deflection and equation 52 for slope.
. ..(51)
8, =
F(a)(L* - 3x2)
. ..(52)
Y
= 120(20)(30)(90* - 302) = o 0407 in
6 (30) ( 106)(0.7854)(!JO)
. ..(E5)
8, =
120(20)[9~* - 3Po*)] = o oolo rad
6(30)(106)(0.7854)(90)
. ..(F.6)
The steel pinion shaft presented above in figure F.4
will be analyzed. The slope of the shaft about its
neutral axis at point A and F will be determined for
further bearing analysis.
The shear and moment diagrams for this problem
are illustrated in figure F.5.
The deflection and slope of the simply supported.
beam will be calculated at the points indicated in the
figure. Numerical integration will be used to
determine these values [14].
The following two successive integrals will be used:
x
9
=
ii+
. ..(F.7)
0
X
v= w
I
. ..(F.8)
0
The slope is calculated from:
X
. . . (F.9)
Second integration yields deflection:
y=l#+c]x+c* . ..(F.lO)
120 lb
c
Rl R2
Figure F.3
38
A B
C D
1.75 in
9298 lb
I
E
F
lr
AV
t
3.5 in
IL
t
_ 5.0 in 5.38 in 2.5 in
Dia
X
Dia - - - - Dia Dia
-L
,.A
- 5.0 in
I-
i.Oin+ ,Iin-4 ,+ 1.31 in
Figure F.4 - Shaft geometry and loading
6859
+
ob,
Figure F.5 - Shear and moment diagrams
Where Cl and C2 are determined by the values of x
and q at the supports where deflection is zero:
(F.ll)
. . ..(F.12)
Rewriting equation F.7 using the trapezoidal rule
yields:
+i+2 = % + 4[ @gi+, + (g)i] (xi+2 - Xi)
. ..(F.13)
r
X
2439
-X
Applying Simpsons rule, equation F.8 produces:
Wi+d=Vi + 1f6(&+4+4&+2 + (pi)&+4 -4)
. ..(F.14)
Table F.l presents the tabulated values for the
equations presented, applied to the example to
determine the deflection and slope of the shaft.
Therefore, the slope of the shaft through the center
of bearing A is -0.000 28 radians and through the
center of bearing F is 0.000 16 radians.
39
ANSIIAGMA 6001 -D97
Table F.l
Station
A
B
C
D
E
F
E =301
X
(in)
0
0.875
1.75
3.375
5.00
7.50
10.00
13.875
17.75
18.41
19.08
i
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
(steel s
0
3.50
3.50
3.50
3.50
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.38
5.38
5.38
5.38
2.50
2.50
2.50
2.50
0
SW
I
(in4)
0
7.366
7.366
7.366
7.366
31.42
31.42
31.42
31.42
31.42
31.42
31.42
31.42
41.12
41.12
41.12
41.12
1.918
1.918
1.918
1.918
0
(inyb) M/El
0 0
0 0
6002 27.16
6002 27.16
12003 54.32
12003 12.73
23149 24.56
23149 24.56
34 295 36.38
34 295 36.38
28198 29.92
28198 29.92
22100 23.45
22100 17.92
12649 10.25
12649 10.25
3195 2.59
3195 55.53
1585 27.55
1585 27.55
0 0
0 0
Values for MIEI, c$ and 3 at-e x 1 O6 c2 = 0
Y
(in)
0
&O
-0.00028
11.88
47.53 27.72 -0.00037 -0.00018
77.83
127.3 291.1 -0.00085 -0.000 10
210.2
276.9 1329 -0.000 96 0.000 05
331.5
356.4 3860 0.000 13
383.8
392.8 4359
19
-0.00020
0 0.000 16
40
,
Annex G
(informative)
Q
References
rhe foreword, footnotes, and annexes, if any, are provided for informational purposes only and should not be construed as
a part of ANSIIAGMA 6001 -D97, Design and Selection of Components for Enclosed Gear Drives.]
c -
The following documents are either referenced in the
text or included for additional information.
1. AGMA 904-C96, Metric Usage.
2. ANSIIAGMA 9002-A86, BoresAnd Keyways for
Flexible Couplings.
3. ANSI/ASME B106.1M-1985, Design Df Trans-
mission Shafting (second printing).
4. Cast Bronze Bearihg Design Manual. Evanston,
IL: Cast Bronze Bearing Institute.
5. Fastenerstandards. Cleveland, Ohio: Industrial
Fasteners Institute, 1988. Sixth Edition.
6. Hopkins, Bruce R. Design And Analysis Cf
ShaftsAnd Beams. New York: McGraw Hill Book
Company, 1970.
7. Juvinall, Robert C. Stress, Strain And Strength.
New York: McGraw Hill Book Company, 1967.
8. Metric Fastener Standards. Cleveland, Ohio: In-
dustrial Fasteners Institute, 1983, Second Edition.
9. Peterson, R. E. Stress Concentration Factors.
New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1974.
10. Shigley, Joseph E. and Mitchell, Larry D. Me-
chanical Engineering Design. New York: McGraw
Hill Book Company, 1983, Fourth Edition.
11. SAE J 429 January, 1980.
12. Wellauer, Edward J., Design of Shafting For
Gear Drives, AGMA Technical Paper P246.01, Oc-
tober 1966.
13. Roark, Raymond J. and Young, Warren C.,
Formulas for Stress and Strain New York: McGraw
Hill Book Company, 1975, Fifth Ediiion.
14. Shigley, Joseph E. and Mischke, Charles R.,
Standard Handbookof Machine Design. New York:
McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1986.
15. Shigley, Joseph E. and Mischke, Charles R.,
Mechanical Engineering Design, New York:
McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1989, Fiih Edition.
16. Sullivan, J. L., Fatigue Life Under Combined
Stress, Machine Design, January 25, 1979.
17. ANSIIAGMA 2001 -C95, Fundamental Rating
Factors and Calculation Methods for Involute Spur
and Helical Gear Teeth.
18. NASA, Reference 1123, Design of Power
Transmitting Shafts, S. Lowenthal, 1984.
19. Bethlehem Steel Corp., Modem Steels and
Their Properties, Seventh Edition, 1972.
41
c
.
-@
4
PUBLISHED BY
AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
1500 KING STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA 22314

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