Defining Interjections in Turkic Languages

Alan Reed Libert

University of Newcastle
Alan.Libert@newcastle.edu.au
the interjection - probably the most controversial linuistic unit in the history of rammatical
tradition ! modern linuistics" #$auciuc %&&'(
I. Neglect of Interjections
Althouh linuistic studies carried out on other lanuaes have attributed considerable
importance to interjections) detailed analyses of these forms have remained rather
peripheral to the other concerns of *ur+ish linuistics. ,n most boo+s written on *ur+ish
rammar) interjections are e-plained rather briefly and defined as emotive words or words
of sudden remar+. *hey are enerally e-plained on the basis of their morpholoical and
semantic properties ." /0y0++antarc1o2lu #%&&34%&(
II. Definitions and Descriptions of Interjections
#5( 6ardar #%&&%4%&3() a *ur+ish linuistics dictionary4
7onu8ucunun duyusal bir tep+isini etiren) +or+u) sevin9) 8a8+1nl1+) ac1ma anlatan)
9a2r1) buyru+) yasa+lama) vb. belirten ve te+ ba81na t0mce olu8turabilen s:;c0+. <rne2in
A!) ey!) ya!) hadi!) vay! s:;c0+leri *0r+9ed=de+i 0nlemler aras1nda yer al1r. >ans1malar)
adlar) eylemler) vb. de 0nlem olara+ +ullan1labilir. ?nlem i9eren t0mcelere nlem tmcesi
ad1 verilir."
#@Aord conveyin an emotional reaction of the spea+er) e-pressin fear) joy)
bewilderment) pity) indicatin a call) command) forbiddin) etc. and able to form a
sentence by itself. Bor e-ample) the words A!) ey!) ya!) hadi!) vay! are amon the
interjections of *ur+ish. Cnomatopoeias) nouns) verbs) etc. also can be used as
interjections. *he name interjection sentence is iven to sentences containin an
interjection.=(
#%( Denirmen #5EEE4FGH() a *ur+ish rammar and linuistics dictionary4
$evinme) 0;0lme) +1;ma) +or+u) 8a8+1nl1+ ibi duyular1 belirten) do2a seslerini yans1tan
ve bir +imseyi 9a1rma+ i9in +ullan1lan s:;c0+. ?nlemler enelli+le 8u b:l0mlere ayr1l1r4
A) nlem Olan Sc!kler "nlem So#lu Sc!kler)
/u 0nlemler anlamlar1na :re i+iye ayr1l1r.
a( /ir +imseye seslenmeye) onu 9a21rmaya yarayan 0nlemler4
Oradan ekilsene be! I.J
b( $evin9) 0;0nt0) +1;1nl1+) +or+u) 8a8+1nl1+ ibi duyular1 belirten 0nlemler4
A, ne kadar gzel bir manzara! I.J
Ay, bam ok aryor!
$) nlem Olarak %ullan&lan Sc!kler
5
#@Aord e-pressin feelins such as joy) worry) aner) fear) bewilderment) echoin natural
sounds and bein used to call someone. ,nterjections are enerally divided into the
followin types4
A) 'ords '(ic( Are )originall#* Interjections
*hese interjections are divided into two types accordin to their meanins.
a( ,nterjections servin to call out to someone) to call him4
Hey, get ot o! there!
I.J
b( ,nterjections e-pressin feelins such as joy) distress) aner) fear) bewilderment4
Ah, "hat a beati!l vie"! I.J
Och, my head is hrting a lot!
$) 'ords +sed as Interjections=(
#F( KLMNOP E%&&%455Q() an U;be+ linuistics dictionary 4
KNR-STUMLV) WXYZL[-\N]LW) \TY^T_) `T[NZN_ aTWN bTcVLdTZVN WNd^NZXP`N) eTf
WgdTadTZN WNdTV eZTbbT]Na WLhdTVbTY^NeTV RgidTZ ]XZaXbN PT _X ]XZaXbeT LN^
bTYUV Rgi.
#@jart of speech not rammatically connected with parts of a sentence) indicatin
meanins such as feelins) orders) drivin away) summonin) and a word belonin to
this part of speech.=(
#'( keny #5E%54G&%() on Cttoman *ur+ish4
Nous distinuerons deu- sortes de particules e-clamatives ou interjections4
5l Les interjections inter#ellatives mui servent n attirer l=attention de l=interlocuteur
pour l=appeler) l=interpeller) l=inciter n air ou lui montrer un objeto
%l Les interjections a!!ectives) de caractpre subjectif) mui e-priment les affections de
l=qme #sensations ou sentiments(.
rette distinction n=est pas absolument rioureuse 4 une interjection interpellative peut
se nuancer d=une acception affective."
#@Ae shall distinuish two types of e-clamatory particles or interjections4
5. ,nterpellative interjections) which serve to attract the attention of the interlocutor)
to call him) muestion him) incite him to act) or to show him an objecto
%. Affective interjections) of a subjective character) which e-press the feelins
#sensations or sentiments( of the soul.
*his distinction is not absolutely strict4 an interpellative interjection can be nuanced
with an affective sense=.(
#Q( <ner #5EEH4%3F() on 7ip9a+ lanuaes4
r0mlede i9inde 8e+il #morfoloji+( fon+sionlar1 olma+s1;1n) bilhassa insan duyular1n1 ifade
eden unsurlar ."
#@romponents not havin morpholoical functions in the sentence) especially e-pressin
personal feelins .=(
#3( 7rueer #5E3545G5-%() on rhuvash4
,nterjections . function chiefly in rhuvash as in snlish) to insert parenthetical
material not essential to the sentence) but conveyin a definite feelin of the spea+er
reardin the circumstances. $ome of them are4
%
ey used in salutation and reetin"
#G( Daopian #5E&G4%F3-G() on Cttoman *ur+ish4
,nterjections are words which are used to e-press a sudden or violent motion of the
mind. $ometimes they are used alone) and sometimes accompanied by the word to which
they refer) which in *ur+ish is enerally put in the dative."
#H( /erta #5EEH4%E3() on *atart/ash+ir4
Cf the numerous interjections) some e-press joy and pleasure) . others aner) . or
surprise ."
#E( srdal #5EEH45'E() on Cld *ur+ic4
,nterjections include $y%A) followin vocative noun phrases) the demonstrative m&na u
mna and ona) etc."
#5&( rlar+ #5EEH4''H() on rhuvash4
,nterjections stand in isolation or at the head of a sentence) followed by a pause. *hey
include A'! @Chv=) (y! @Deyv=) Ayt)ra'! @C) my wodv= and words of etimuette such as
*alam! @Dellov= . +ile'! @jleasev=) ,ava#-! . ,avssi! @*han+s youv=) $xv) #l$)r%! u
*&v#l/s&#l! @woodbyev=.
III. Discussion
jin+ster #5EG%t%&&34FH(4
Adverbs are distinct from interjections. *he latter do not only occur without a verb) but
also do not need a verb #of emotion( to be understood. *he e-pression of a particular
emotion seems to be the very meanin of interjections ... ,n this respect the Romans
differed from wree+ scholars) who did not reconi;e interjections as a class of their own.
I...J Ae miht say that adverbs have restricted sentence valence #that is) the ability to
occur in a one-word-sentence() whereas interjections have sentence valence obliatorily."
jin+ster #5EG%t%&&345F3(4
Adverbs are said to be capable of occurrin independently) in one-word-sentences)
whereas e.. prepositions are said not to occur in this way. Cn the other hand) it has been
observed that interjections do not occur other than independently. , will try to show that
this criterion is difficult to apply in Latin in the first place) and) secondly) intersects with
the traditional class of adverbs."
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