Next Generation Wireless Networks .

University of Maryland

GSM
GSMServices
Services

Services are defined as anything the end user
explicitly sees as worth paying for.

Services are classified into three groups:
 Tele-services,
 Bearer Services
GPRS/EDGE OVERVIEW  Supplementary Services.

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Tele-Services
Tele-Services Additional
AdditionalData
DataServices
Services

Speech Services
14.4 Circuit Switched
 Telephony (+Voice Mail)  requires new channel coding
 Emergency Calls  standardization

Data Services  New Abis data framing
 FAX group 3, alternate speech then fax
High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD)
 FAX group 3 automatic
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)

Short Message Service (SMS)
 SMS is similar to the paging service, but much more
comprehensive, allowing bi-directional messages, store-
and-forward delivery, and acknowledgment of a
successful delivery.

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SMS
SMS FDMA-TDMA
FDMA-TDMA

The frame duration is 4.645 ms divided among eight time slots.

Part of Tele-services described by GSM provides
Each of these timeslots is a physical channel occupied by an individual
user. Each timeslot, or physical channel, carries control and traffic data
a mean for the Mobile Subscriber to send and in a burst form.
receive short messages (<160 characters) via the
The time duration of an individual channel is 3/5200 sec(=0.577 ms).
Mobile unit.

These services are
 SMS point to point services RF Channels 200KHz Frequency
SMS Mobile Originating SMS-MO/PP
888888
SMS Mobile Terminating SMS-MT/PP 4.615msec Frame Time
 SMS Cell Broadcast SMS-CB
T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7

These services are provided by the Short
Message Service Center (SM-SC). Time Slot:
156.25bits
576.92µs
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GSM
GSMControl
ControlChannels
Channels Slow
SlowFrequency
FrequencyHopping
Hopping

Broadcast CHannel (BCH)
Under normal conditions, each data burst is sent over the
Broadcast Control CHannel (BCCH) same time slot of a specific RF carrier.
Frequency Correction CHannel(FCCH)
But
Synchronization CHannel(SCH)  under sever fading conditions in a cell a low frequency hopping may
be implemented to combat the multipath or interference effects.

Common Control CHannel (CCCH)
 Frequency hopping is carried out on a frame-by-frame basis.
Paging CHannel(PCH)
 Frequency hopping is completely specified by the service provider.
Random Access CHannel(RACH)
Access Grant CHannel(AGCH)

Dedicated Control CHannel (DCCH)
Stand-alone Dedicated Control Channel(SDCCH)
Slow Associated Control CHannel(SACCH)
Fast Associated Control CHannel(FACCH) F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8
T=1 T=2 T=3

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Network
NetworkSubsystem
Subsystem GSM Architecture

The network subsystem includes the equipment and functions

related to end-to-end calls, management of subscribers, mobility,
and interface with the fixed PSTN.

The network and the switching subsystem together include the
main switching functions of GSM as well as the databases needed
for subscriber data and mobility management Network Switching

In particular, the switching subsystem consists of Subsystem
 Mobile Switch Center (MSC),
 Visitor Location Register (VLR),
 Home Location Register (HLR),
EIR EC IWF
 Authentication Center (AUC), and
 Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
 Echo Canceller (EC) MSC
 InterWorking Function (IWF)
 ......
HLR VLR AUC
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GPRS Services GPRS/EDGE Network Architecture

GPRS:
 Provides an access to packet data networks
Internet
X.25
 Provides services to different mobile classes ranging
from 1-slot to 8-slot capable

Two types of services are provided
 Point to point (PTP)
 Point to multi-point (PTM)

Radio resources shared dynamically between
speech and data services
Source: IEEE PCS Mag.

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Network Migration to WCDMA Types of Mobile Station in GPRS

HLR PSTN

GPRS Provides services to different mobile classes
MAP
ISUP ISUP ranging from 1-slot to 8-slot capable
MSC GMSC ISDN
GSM
A GPRS MS can operate in one of three modes of
BSS IP
SGSN GGSN Internet
operation. The mode of operation depends on the
services that the MS is attached to,
X.25 X.25  class A: operates GPRS and other GSM services
PSPDN
simultaneously;
3G.IP  class B: monitors control channels for GPRS and other
RNS RNS Core Network GSM services simultaneously, but can only operate one
RNC RNC set of services at one time;
RNS: Radio Network Subsystem (BSS)
 class C: exclusively operates GPRS services;
RNC: Radio Network Controller (BSC)
Node B Node B Node B Node B
Node B: “Logical node for radio Tx/Rx (BTS)

UE UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN)

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SGSN & GGSN GGSN Functions

The Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN)
Routing.

 is at the same hierarchical level as the MSC and is  GGSN contains routing information for attached GPRS
responsible for the delivery of packets to the MSs within users.
its service area.
Mobility Management

The Gateway GPRS support node (GGSN)  GGSN also performs mobility management functions
 acts as a logical interface to the GPRS network and to requesting location information from the HLR.
external public data networks such as IP and X.25
Encapsulation.
 is connected to with SGSNs via an IP GPRS backbone  GGSN performs routing functions to “tunnel” Protocol
network Data Units (PDUs)

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SGSN Functions GPRS Physical Channels

Mobility Management.
Same GMSK modulation as GSM

 SGSN Keeps track of the individual MS’s location.
4 channel coding modes

Authentication.
Packet-mode supporting up to about 144 kbps
 SGSN does access control
Flexible time slot allocation (1-8)

Ciphering.
Radio resources shared dynamically between
 Performs security functions speech and data services

Routing.
Independent uplink and downlink resource
 Provides packet routing to and from the SGSN service allocation
area for all users in that service area.

All packet data traffic and control channels will be
on 200 kHz carriers.

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GPRS Logical Channels Evolutionary Solution

Enhances GPRS packet data with:
 Enhanced/adaptive modulation/coding and Incremental Redundancy
Group Name Direction Function (Generalized Hybrid Type II ARQ
PBCCH PBCCH Down-link Broadcast  Supports peak rates over 384 kbps and has 2x spectral efficiency of GPRS for
PRACH Up-link Random Access best effort data
PPCH Down-link Paging
EDGE provides an evolutionary path from existing standards for
PCCCH delivering third-generation services in existing spectrum bands.
PAGCH Down-link Access Grant
PNCH Down-link Multicast
The advantages of EDGE include fast availability, reuse of existing GSM
and TDMA136 infrastructure, as well as support for gradual
PDTCH Down & up-link Data introduction
PTCH
PACCH Down & up-link Associated ctrl  For example, as a 1/3 frequency reuse overlay to TDMAIS136. EDGE can be
deployed using as little as 600 kHz of total bandwidth.

Packet Broadcast Control Channels (PBCCH)  In GSM, EDGE can be introduced using a minimum of only one time slot
 The PBCCH Transmits system information to all GPRS terminals per base station
in a cell.

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EDGE Radio Attributes Packet and Circuit Mode

Many EDGE physical layer parameters are
identical to those of GSM.
 The carrier spacing is 200KHz and GSM's TDMA frame
structure is unchanged.
 EDGE uses the same 8 Time Slot / 200KHz
channelization in GSM

Edge uses a higher order modulation (8-PSK)
which provides higher spectral efficiency than
GMSK.
 Using 8PSK and time slot aggregation, EDGE claims to
support high speed data up to 384kbps over 200khz
channel.

The EDGE concept includes one packet-switched
mode and one circuit-switched mode.
 EGPRS
 ECSD

Due to the higher bit rate and the need to adapt the
data protection to the channel quality, the EDGE
radio link control (RLC) protocol is somewhat
different from the corresponding GPRS protocol.

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PS Bearer Services 8-PSK Modulation

For each bearer that serves a connection, a quality of service
In order to increase the gross bit rate
QoS profile is defined. The parameters included are of EDGE over existing GSM I
priority, reliability, delay, and maximum and mean bit rate. systems, 8-PSK, a linear high-level

A specified combination of these parameters defines a modulation, is introduced.
bearer, and different such bearers can be selected to suit the
8-PSK is selected since it provides
needs of different applications. high spectral efficiencies with

EDGE introduction calls for an updated parameter space for moderate implementation Q
QoS parameters. complexity.
 the maximum bit rate possible for an EGPRS bearer will be at least  GMSK modulation as defined in GSM is
384 kb/s for terminal speeds up to 100 km/h and 144 kb/s for also part of the EDGE system concept.
terminal speeds up to 250 km/hr.  The symbol rate is 271 kbps for both
 mean bit rate and delay classes may be affected. modulations leading to gross bit rates
per time slot of 22.8kbps and 69.2 kbps
for GMSK and 8-PSK respectively

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EDGE Link Throughput Packet Data Rates in GPRS/EDGE

4
x 10
6 Channel Code Rate Modulation Radio Interface
MCS−1 (R=1/2) Name Rate/ time slot
MCS−2 (R=2/3)
MCS−3 (R=6/7) GMSK CS-1 0.49 GMSK 11.2kb/s
5
MCS−4 (R=1) MCS-9
MCS−5 (R=3/8)
CS-2 0.64 GMSK 14.5kb/s

GPRS
MCS−6 (R=1/2) CS-3 0.73 GMSK 16.7kb/s
4 MCS−7 (R=3/4) 8-PSK
MCS−8 (R=1) CS-4 1 GMSK 22.8kb/s
9 PCS-1 0.33 8PSK 22.8kb/s
8-PSK

EDGE
3 PCS-2 0.5 8PSK 34.3kb/s
PCS-3 0.6 8PSK 41.25kb/s

Troughput S [kbps]
2 PCS-4 0.75 8PSK 51.6kb/s
PCS-5 0.83 8PSK 57.35kb/s
GMSK PCS-6 1 8PSK 69.2kb/s
1

MCS-1
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
C/I [dB]
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CS Bearer Services in EDGE Data Rates for ECSD

The introduction of EDGE implies no change of

bearer definitions or bit rates.
Channel Name Code Rate Modulation Radio Interface

What is new is the way the bearers are realized in Rate/time slot
terms of the channel coding schemes. EDGE TCH/F2.4 0.16 GMSK 3.6kb/s
circuit-switched transmission makes the high bit TCH/F4.8 0.26 GMSK 6kb/s
rate bearers available with fewer time slots. TCH/F9.6 0.53 GMSK 12kb/s
TCH/F14.4 0.64 GMSK 14.5kb/s

For example, a 57.6 kb/s nontransparent bearer can
ECSD TCS-1 0.42 8PSK 29kb/s
be realized with coding scheme ECSD TCS-1 and ECSD TCS-2 0.46 8PSK 32kb/s
two time slots, while the same bearer requires four ECSD TCS-3 0.56 8PSK 38.8kb/s
time slots with standard GSM (using coding
scheme TCH/F14.4).

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UMTS General Architecture

CN

Iu

UTRAN
WCDMA OVERVIEW
Uu

UE

UTRAN: UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network

CN: Core Network
UE: User Equipment
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UTRAN Architecture GPRS in Network Migration to WCDMA

Core Network HLR PSTN

MAP
ISUP ISUP
Iu Iu MSC GMSC ISDN

RNS RNS GSM

BSS IP
Iur SGSN GGSN Internet
RNC RNC

Iub Iub Iub X.25 X.25

Iub
PSPDN
Node B Node B Node B Node B

3G.IP
RNS RNS Core Network
UE UE
RNC RNC

RNS: Radio Network Subsystem (BSS) RNS: Radio Network Subsystem (BSS)
RNC: Radio Network Controller (BSC)
RNC: Radio Network Controller (BSC) Node B Node B Node B Node B
Node B: “Logical node for radio Tx/Rx (BTS)
Node B: “Logical node for radio Tx/Rx in one or more UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN)
UE
cells to/from UE” (BTS)
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WCDMA/UTRA Protocol Architecture Main MAC Functions

C-plane signalling

Mapping between logical channels and transport channels.
U-plane information GC General Control
GC Nt DC NT Notification

Selection of appropriate transport format for each transport
DC Dedicated Control channel depending on instantaneous source rate.
RRC RRC Radio Resource Control
L3 RLC Radio Link Control
MAC Medium Access Control

Priority handling between data flows of one UE and, by
means of dynamic scheduling, between UEs.

Scheduling of broadcast, paging and notification messages.

Identification of UEs in common transport channels.
RLC
RLC RLC L2/RLC
RLC Logical

Multiplexing/demultiplexing of higher layer PDUs
Channels into/from transport blocks delivered to/from the physical
MAC L2/MAC layers on common transport channels.
Transport
Channels
PHY L1

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Main RLC functions Main RRC functions

Performing establishment, release, and
Broadcast of information provided by the non-

maintenance of a RLC connection. access stratum (core network).

Segmentation and reassembly of variable-length
Broadcast of information related to the access
higher layer PDUs into/from smaller RLC PDUs. stratum.

ARQ
Establishment, release and maintenance of an RRC

In-Sequence delivery of higher layer PDUs. connection between the MS and UTRAN.

Flow control.
Establishment, reconfiguration and release of radio

Ciphering. access bearers in the user plane.

Assignment, reconfiguration and release of radio
resources for the RRC connection.

Control of requested QoS.

Outer loop power control.
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Channels in Radio Interface Protocol Architecture Channel Definitions

C-plane signalling U-plane information
Logical Channel:
GC Nt DC

Duplication avoidance
 MAC layer provides data transfer services on Logical
GC Nt DC
channels
UuS boundary
L3
control
Transport Channel:
RRC
 “…the services offered by Layer 1 to higher layers”
Radio PDCP
PDCP L2/PDCP
Interface  Transport channel defines the method and the

control
control
control
control
Protocol BMC L2/BMC characteristics by which data are transferred over the air-
Architecture
interface
RLC RLC L2/RLC
RLC RLC
RLC RLC

Physical Channel:
RLC RLC

Logical  Physical channel, usually consisting of radio Frames and

Channels

Logical Channel MAC L2/MAC

timeslots, is the mechanism with which the data are
Transport transferred over the physical resources such as code,
Transport Channel (SAP) Channels

Physical Channels PHY L1 frequency, phase and time.

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Physical Channels (Downlink) Physical Channels (Uplink)

Downlink Physical Channels

Uplink Physical Channels

Dedicated Physical Channels Common Physical

Channels Dedicated Physical Channels Common Physical Channels
TMUX

Dedicated Physical Control Channel Dedicated Physical Data Channel

(DPCCH) (DPDCH)

Physical Common
Synchronisation Packet Channel
Common Pilot Channel Channel Page Indication
Primary Common Control (PCPCH)
(CPICH) (SCH) Channel Dedicated Physical Physical Random
Physical Channel
(P-CCPCH) (PICH) Control Channel Access Channel
Physical Downlink (Uplink DPCCH) (PRACH)
Shared Channel
(PDSCH) Dedicated Physical
Secondary CPICH Secondary Common Control Data Channels
Physical Channel (Uplink DPDCH)
Acquisition Indication
(S-CCPCH)
Primary CPICH Channel
(AICH)

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Physical Channels (Uplink) Physical onto Transport Channel Mapping

Dedicated Physical Channels (DPCH) Transport Channels Physical Channels

DCH Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH)

Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH)
RACH Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
DPDCH - Carries dedicated transport channels
CPCH Physical Common Packet Channel (PCPCH)
DPCH Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)
DPCCH - Carries control information at layer 1 ( known pilot, BCH Primary Common Control Physical Channel (P-CCPCH)
transport format combination indicator (TFCI) feedback
FACH Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (S-CCPCH)
information (FBI) and transmit power control (TPC)
command PCH
Synchronisation Channel (SCH)
DSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)

DPDCH: Dedicated Physical Data Channel

Acquisition Indication Channel (AICH)
DPCCH: Dedicated Physical Control Channel Page Indication Channel (PICH)

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WCDMA Air Interface Radio Channelization

Multiple access DS-CDMA
The physical channels of W-CDMA are based on

Duplex technique FDD
 Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD)

Chip rate 3.84 Mchips/s
 W-CDMA

Carrier spacing 5 MHz
 with a basic chip rate of 3.84 Mchips/s.

Frame size 10 ms

Spreading technique Variable-spreading factor+multi-code  corresponding to a bandwidth of approximately 5 MHz.

Channel Coding 1/2-1/3 rate convolutional & Turbo Coding Higher chip rates (3x3.84 and 4x3.84 Mchips/s) are also specified.
These chip rates are intended for the future evolution of the W-CDMA

Modulation QPSK with roll-off factor a= 0.22
air interface toward even higher data rates (>2 Mbps).

Asynchronous Network

W-CDMA carriers are located on a 200 KHz carrier grid
with typical carrier spacing in the range 4.2-5.0 MHz.
 This flexible carrier spacing allows for the optimization of carrier
spacing in different deployment scenarios.
As an example, a larger carrier spacing is typically needed between
carriers in different cell layers, compared to the carrier spacing needed
between carriers in the same cell layer.

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Channel Coding Frame Structure

Superframe: A Superframe has a duration of 720ms and
consists of 72 radio frames.

Radio frame: A Radio frame is a processing unit which
Transport Channel Type Coding scheme Coding rate consists of 15 time slots. The basic radio frame length is 10
BCH ms, allowing for low-delay speech and fast control
PCH messages.
Convolutional code 1/2
RACH
Time slot: A Time slot is a unit which consists of the set of
information symbols. The number of symbols per time slot
1/3 , 1/2
CPCH, DCH, DSCH, FACH depends on the physical channel.
Turbo Code 1/3

Symbol: One symbol consists of a number of chips. The
No coding
number of chips per symbol is equivalent to the spreading
factor of the physical channel.

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Physical Frame Structure Dedicated Physical Channel (Down Link)

Physical channels typically consist of a three-layer

1 Radio Frame = 10msec
structure of superframes, radio frames, and time Slot #0 Slot #m Slot #14
slots.
1 Time Slot = 0.625msec
Tsuper = 720 ms = 20x2k bits
TFCI Data 1 TPC Data 2 Pilot
Frame # 1 Frame # m Frame # 72
1 Radio Frame
10msec DPDCH
DPCCH

On the downlink, layer 2 dedicated data is time-multiplexed with layer 1
control information within each slot.

The layer 1 control information consists of
Slot #0 Slot #m Slot #14
 known pilot bits for downlink channel estimation,
 power control commands for uplink closed-loop power control, and
Layer 1 Control Layer 2 User Data  a transport format indicator (TFCI).

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Downlink DPCH (Cont.) DPCH Data Rates

The downlink DPCH is time multiplex of downlink DPDCH and a
DPCCH. Slot Channel Channel SF Bits/ DPDCH DPCCH Transm itted
Form at Bit Rate Sym bol Slot Bits/Slot Bits/Slot slots per

The overhead due to the DPCCH transmission has to be negotiated at #i (kbps) Rate radio fram e
(ksps) N D ata1 N Data2 N T PC N T F CI N Pilo t N Tr
the connection set-up and can be re-negotiated during the
0 15 7.5 512 10 0 4 2 0 4 15
communication, in order to match particular propagation conditions. 0A 15 7.5 512 10 0 4 2 0 4 8-14
0B 30 15 256 20 0 8 4 0 8 8-14

It is the UTRAN that determines if a TFCI should be transmitted, hence 1 15 7.5 512 10 0 2 2 2 4 15
1B 30 15 256 20 0 4 4 4 8 8-14
making it mandatory for all UEs to support the use of TFCI in the 2 30 15 256 20 2 14 2 0 2 15
2A 30 15 256 20 2 14 2 0 2 8-14
downlink. 2B 60 30 128 40 4 28 4 0 4 8-14

There are two types of downlink Dedicated Physical Channels; those

that include TFCI(e.g. for several simultaneous services) and those that
13B 480 240 16 320 56 224 8 16* 16 8-14
do not include TFCI(e.g. for fixed-rate services). 14 480 240 16 320 56 232 8 8* 16 15
14A 480 240 16 320 56 224 8 16* 16 8-14
14B 960 480 8 640 112 464 16 16* 32 8-14
15 960 480 8 640 120 488 8 8* 16 15
15A 960 480 8 640 120 480 8 16* 16 8-14
15B 1920 960 4 1280 240 976 16 16* 32 8-14
16 1920 960 4 1280 248 1000 8 8* 16 15
16A 1920 960 4 1280 248 992 8 16* 16 8-14

49 different possible slot formats for downlink the DPDCH & DPCCH
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Physical Downlink Shared Channels (PDSCH) PDSCH Frame Structure and Data Rates

PDSCH is used to carry the downlink Shared Channel (DSCH), shared Slot format #i Channel Bit Channel SF Bits/ Bits/ Slot Ndata
by users based on code multiplexing. Rate (kbps) Symbol Rate Frame
(ksps)

PDSCH is always associated with a downlink DPCH (DPCCH). 0 30 15 256 300 20 20

Two methods are used to indicate to UE that there is data to decode on 1 60 30 128 600 40 40
2 120 60 64 1200 80 80
the DSCH, 3 240 120 32 2400 160 160
 I) Using the TFCI field. 4 480 240 16 4800 320 320
5 960 480 8 9600 640 640
 II) Higher layer signalling. 6 1920 960 4 19200 1280 1280

The PDSCH transmission with associated DPCH is a special case of
multicode transmission.
Data

The PDSCH and DPCH do not have necessary the same spreading Ndata bits
factors and for PDSCH the spreading factor may vary from frame to Tslot = 2560 chips, 20*2k bits (k=0..6)
frame.

The TFCI is be used to inform the UE what are the instantaneous
parameters of PDSCH including the channelisation code from the
PDSCH OVSF code tree.
Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #i Slot #14

1 radio frame: Tf = 10 ms
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Common Pilot Channel (CPICH) Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)

The CPICH is a fixed rate (30 kbps, SF=256) downlink physical channel
that carries a pre-defined bit/symbol sequence.

There are two types of Common pilot channels, the Primary and
Secondary CPICH.
Pre-defined symbol sequence
 The Primary Common Pilot Channel has the following characteristics:
The same channelisation code is always used for this channel.
Scrambled by the primary scrambling code (one per cell). Tslot = 2560 chips , 20 bits = 10 symbols
Broadcast over the entire cell.
Is the default phase reference for all Dlink channels.
 A Secondary Common Pilot Channel the following characteristics:
Can use arbitrary channelisation code of SF=256. Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #i Slot #14
Scrambled by primary or secondary scrambling code (>=0 per cell).
May be transmitted over only part of the cell. 1 radio frame: Tf = 10 ms
May be reference for a secondary CCPCH or DPCH.
Frame structure for Common Pilot Channel

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Downlink Physical Common Control Channels Primary Common Physical Channel (P-CCPCH)

There are two types of downlink common physical channels:
256 chips
The primary common control physical channel (primary CCPCH)
– is of fixed predefined rate and Data
(Tx OFF)
18 bits
– is transmitted on a predefined channelization code common to all cells.
There are 8 and 12 bits in the pilot and the data segments respectively. Tslot = 2560 chips , 20 bits
– The primary CCPCH is used to transmit the BCCH and is the channel first
acquired by the mobile station.
The secondary common control physical channel (second CCPCH)
– is also of fixed rate.
– the rate may be different for different secondary CCPCHs within the cell Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #i Slot #14
and between cells.
– The secondary CCPCH is used to transmit the FACH and PCH. 1 radio frame: Tf = 10 ms
– Information about the channelization code of each secondary CCPCH is
broadcast on the BCCH. Frame Structure for Primary Common Control Physical Channel
– the Secondary CCPCH can support variable rate with the help of the TFCI
field included.
– Secondary CCPCH is only transmitted when there is data available and may
⇒ The Primary CCPCH is a fixed rate (30 kbps, SF=256) downlink physical
be transmitted in a narrow lobe in the same way as a dedicated physical channels used to carry the BCH.
channel

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Secondary Common Physical Channel (S-CCPCH) Synchronization Channel

The Synchronisation Channel (SCH) is a downlink signal used for cell
search.

The SCH consists of two sub channels, the Primary and Secondary SCH.

The structure of the SCH and the transmission timing relationship with
TFCI Data Pilot
NTFCI bits Ndata bits Npilot bits
the Primary CCPCH is shown:

Tslot = 2560 chips, 20*2k bits (k=0..6)

Slot #0 Slot #2 Slot #14
Tslot=2560 Chips
Primary CCPCH Data Pilot Data Pilot Data Pilot
Cp Cp Cp
Primary SCH
Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #i Slot #14
i,1 Csi,2 Csi,16
Secondary SCH Cs
1 radio frame: Tf = 10 ms 256
Chips
Frame Structure for Secondary Common Control Physical Channel
Cp : Primary Synchronization Code
csi,k : One of 17 possible Secondary Synchronization Codes
(csi,1, csi,2, ..., csi,16) encode cell specific long scrambling code group i

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Initial Cell Search Dedicated Channel (Uplink)

1 Radio Frame = 10msec

The initial Cell Search is carried out in three steps: Slot #0 Slot #m Slot #14
 Step 1: Slot synchronization - using the primary
synchronization channel.
 Step 2: Frame synchronization and code-group
DPDCH Layer 2 User Data
identification-using the secondary synchronization
channel DPCCH Layer 1 Control
 Step 3: Scrambling-code identification-identified
through symbol-by-symbol correlation over the primary
1 Time Slot = 0.625msec
CCPCH with all the scrambling codes within the code = 20x2k bits
group.
Unlike downlink, the uplink layer 2 data and layer 1 control messages are
code multiplexed to make two types of parallel uplink code channels:
 the uplink dedicated physical data channel (uplink DPDCH) and
 the uplink dedicated physical control channel (uplink DPCCH).

The uplink DPDCH and uplink DPCCH on the same Layer 1 connection
generally are of different rates, i.e. have different spreading factors.

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DPDCH Data Field DPCCH (Uplink)

1 Radio Frame = 10msec

Slot Format Channel Bit Rate Channel Symbol SF Bits/ Bits/ Ndata
#i (kbps) Rate (ksps) Frame Slot Slot #0 Slot #m Slot #14
0 15 15 256 150 10 10
1 30 30 128 300 20 20
2 60 60 64 600 40 40
3 120 120 32 1200 80 80
4 240 240 16 2400 160 160 DPDCH Layer 2 User Data
5 480 480 8 4800 320 320
6 960 960 4 9600 640 640 DPCCH
Pilot TFCI FBI TPC

There may be zero, one, or several uplink DPDCHs on each Layer 1

connection but only one DPCCH.

The layer 1 control information consists of
 known pilot bits to support channel estimation for coherent detection,
 transmit power-control (TPC) for downlink closed-loop power control and
 FeedBack Information (FBI)
 an optional Transport Format Combination Indicator TFCI.
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TFCI Physical Random Access Channel

The random-access transmission is based on a Slotted ALOHA approach with

There are two types of Uplink Dedicated Physical Channels;
fast acquisition indication.
those that include TFCI(e.g. for several simultaneous
The UE can start the transmission at a number of well-defined time-offsets,
services) and those that do not include TFCI(e.g. for fixed- relative to the frame boundary of the received BCH of the current cell.
rate services).
The different time offsets are denoted access slots . There are 15 access slots per
two frames and they are spaced 5120 chips apart.

The transport-format combination indicator (TFCI) informs

Information on what access slots are available in the current cell is broadcast on
the receiver about the instantaneous parameters of the the BCH. radio frame: 10 ms radio frame: 10 ms
different transport channels multiplexed on the uplink
5120 chips
DPDCH, and corresponds to the data transmitted in the
#0 #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 #10 #11 #12 #13 #14
same frame.
Access slot #0 Random Access Transmission

It is the UTRAN that determines if a TFCI should be
Access slot #1 Random Access Transmission
transmitted, hence making it mandatory for all UEs to
support the use of TFCI in the uplink. Access slot #7 Random Access Transmission

Access slot #8 Random Access Transmission

Access slot #14

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Random Access Bursts Structure of Random Access Bursts

Random Access Burst consists of a preamble and a message
The random-access transmission consists of one or several preambles of
part. length 4096 chips and a message of length 10 or 20 ms.
 The preamble consists of a length-16 complex symbol sequence, the
The UE indicates the length of the message part to the network by using
random access signature, spread by a cell-specific preamble code of specific signatures and/or access slots.
length 256 chips. 10 msec
1msec
 The message part is split into a data part and a control part similar to Message Part
Preamble Preamble Preamble
the uplink DPDCH and DPCCH, respectively.
The control part consists of known pilot bits for channel estimation and
a TFI which indicates the bit rate of the data part of the random access Random Access Message = 10msec
burst. Slot #0 Slot #m Slot #14
The W-CDMA random access scheme thus supports variable-rate
random access messages.

Between the preamble and message parts, there is an idle Data Layer 2 User Data

time period of length 0.25 ms (preliminary value). The idle Control Pilot TFCI
time period allows for detection of the preamble part and
1 Time Slot = 0.625msec
subsequent online processing of the message part. = 10x2k bits

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Data Rates Random Access Preparation

Before a random access request can be carried out,

Data Field the mobile station must acquire the following
Slot Format #i Channel Bit Channel Symbol SF Bits/ Bits/ Ndata information from the BCCH of the target cell:
Rate (kbps) Rate (ksps) Frame Slot
0 15 15 256 150 10 10  The cell-specific spreading codes available for the
1 30 30 128 300 20 20
2 60 60 64 600 40 40
preamble and message parts
3 120 120 32 1200 80 80
 The signatures and access slots available in the cell
 The spreading factors allowed for the message part
 The primary CCPCH transmit power level
 The uplink interference level at the base station
Control Field
Slot Channel Bit Channel SF Bits/ Bits/ N pilot N TFCI
Format #i Rate (kbps) Symbol Rate Frame Slot
(ksps)
0 15 15 256 150 10 8 2

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Random Access Request Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH)

AI part Unused part

The steps carried during a random access request are as
a0 a1 a2 a30 a31 a 32 a33 a38 a 39
follows:
 The mobile station selects the spreading codes to be used for the
preamble and message parts. The mobile station also selects the
spreading factor (i.e., the channel bit rate) for the message part.
 The mobile station randomly selects the signature and access slot to AS #14 AS #0 AS #1 AS #i AS #14 AS #0
be used for the random access burst.
20 ms
 The mobile station estimates the downlink path loss and calculates

The Acquisition Indicator channel (AICH) is a physical channel used
the required uplink transmit power to be used for the random access to carry Acquisition Indicators (AI), corresponding to signatures on
burst. the PRACH or PCPCH.
 The mobile station transmits the random access burst.  If No AICH response  try new access slot with more power with
backoff time.
 The mobile station waits for an acknowledgement is received within  If a negative AICH response  exit the physical random access
a predefined timeout period, the random access procedure of step 2 procedure.
is repeated.  If Positive AICH response  transmit the message (with the correct
delay) and inform higher layers.

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Page Indicator Channel (PICH)

288 bits for paging indication 12 bits (undefined)

b0 b1 b287 b288 b299

One radio frame (10 ms)

The Page Indicator Channel (PICH) is a fixed rate (SF=256) physical

channel used to carry the Page Indicators (PI).

If a Paging Indicator in a certain frame is set to "1" it is an indication
that UEs associated with this Page Indicator should read the
corresponding frame of the associated S-CCPCH.

One PICH frame of length 10 ms consists of 300 bits (b0, b1, …, b299).
Of these, 288 bits (b0, b1, …, b287) are used to carry Page Indicators.
The remaining 12 bits (b288, b289, …, b299) are undefined.

N Page Indicators {PI0, …, PIN-1} are transmitted in each PICH
frame, where N=18, 36, 72, or 144.

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