Elements and Notes in Criminal Law Book II by RENE CALLANTA: Title One

Elements and Notes in Criminal Law Book II by RENE CALLANTA
TITLE ONE
CRIMES AGAINST NATIONAL SECURITY
Crimes against national security
1. Treason (Art. 114);
2. Conspiracy and proposal to commit treason (Art. 115);
3. Misprision of treason (Art. 116); and
4. Espionae (Art. 11!).
Crimes against the law o nations
1. "ncitin to #ar or i$in moti$es for reprisals (Art. 11%);
2. &iolation of ne'trality (Art. 11();
3. Correspondin #it) )ostile co'ntry (Art. 12*);
4. +li)t to enemy,s co'ntry (Art. 121); and
5. -iracy in eneral and m'tiny on t)e )i) seas (Art. 122).
T)e crimes 'nder t)is title can .e prosec'ted e$en if t)e criminal act or acts #ere committed
o'tside t)e -)ilippine territorial /'risdiction. 0o#e$er1 prosec'tion can proceed only if t)e offender
is #it)in -)ilippine territory or .ro')t to t)e -)ilippines p'rs'ant to an e2tradition treaty. T)is is
one of t)e instances #)ere t)e 3e$ised -enal Code may .e i$en e2tra4territorial application
'nder Article 2 (5) t)ereof. "n t)e case of crimes against the law of nations1 t)e offender can .e
prosec'ted #)ene$er )e may .e fo'nd .eca'se t)e crimes are rearded as committed aainst
)'manity in eneral.
Article !!"
TREASON
ELEMENTS#
a. That the offender owes allegiance to the Government of the Philippines
b. That there is a war in which the Philippines is involved
c. That the offender either
1) Levies war against the government,
1. .reec) of alleiance
2. act'al assem.lin of men
3. for t)e p'rpose of e2ec'tin a treasona.le desin
2) Adheres to the enemies, giving them aid and comfort
1. .reec) of alleiance
2. ad)erence
3. i$in aid or comfort to t)e enemy
Re$uirements o le%ying war
1) Act'al assem.lin of men;
2) To e2ec'te a treasona.le desin .y force;
3) "ntent is to deli$er t)e co'ntry in #)ole or in part to t)e enemy; and
4) Colla.oration #it) forein enemy or some forein so$erein
1
Success is not important. What matters is the actual assembly of men and
the execution of treasonable design by force.
Ways of proving treason:
a. 2 witnesses testifying to same overt act
The testimonies must refer to the same act, place and moment of time.
Treason cannot be proved by circumstantial evidence or by extrajudicial
confession.
Example5 6 sa# arms landed in 7a 8nion and loaded into a motor $e)icle. At t)is
stae1 not s'fficient to con$ict yet. 9 later sa# t)e arms 'nloaded in a
#are)o'se. :ill 6 ; 9 .e s'fficient #itnesses to con$ict< Ans#er5 =>. ?eca'se
t)e la# re@'ires t)at 2 #itnesses see t)e AAME >&E3T ACT.
b. Confession of the accused in open court&
Arrainment1 pre4trial1 trial B >C.
1. "f )e )as pleaded =>T 'ilty already d'rin arrainment1 )e can still confess
in open co'rt .y statin t)e partic'lar acts constit'tin treason.
2. D'rin trial1 simply sayin E"Fm 'iltyG is not eno').
3. :it)dra#in plea of Enot 'iltyG d'rin arrainment not necessary
4. "f d'rin arrainment )e pleads 'ilty1 co'rt #ill asH if t)e acc'sed
'nderstands is plea. A'.mission of affida$it d'rin trial1 e$en if assisted .y
co'nsel is not eno').
Treason: .reac) of alleiance to t)e o$ernment1 committed .y a person #)o o#es
alleiance to it. Alleiance5 o.liation of fidelity and o.edience. "t is permanent or
temporary dependin on #)et)er t)e person is a citiIen or an alien.
E$ident premeditation1 s'perior strent) and treac)ery are circ'mstances inherent in
treason1 and are1 t)erefore1 not ara$atin.
Treason cannot .e committed in times of peace1 only in times of war B act'al
)ostilities. ?'t no need for declaration of #ar
Not Treasonous:
a. Acceptance of p'.lic office and disc)are of official d'ties 'nder t)e enemy
does not constit'te per se t)e felony of treason (exception: #)en it is policy
determinin)
b. Aer$in in a p'ppet o$ernment (ministerial f'nctions) and in order to ser$e
t)e pop'lace is =>T treasono's. But it is treason if5 a) t)ere is discretion
in$ol$ed; .) inflicts )arm on +ilipinos; c) it is disad$antaeo's to t)em.
c. -'rpose of offender5 to deli$er t)e -)ilippines to enemy co'ntry; if merely to
c)ane officials B not treason
On Citizenship
a. +ilipino citiIens can commit treason o'tside t)e -)ilippines. ?'t t)at of an
alien m'st .e committed in t)e -)ilippines.
.. >nly +ilipino citiIens or permanent resident aliens can .e )eld lia.le
c. Alien: #it) permanent resident stat's from t)e ?"D B it is neit)er t)e lent) of
stay in t)e -)ilippines nor t)e marriae #it) a +ilipino t)at matters.
2
Act'al )ostilities may determine t)e date of t)e commencement of #ar
=o s'c) t)in as attempted treason; mere attempt cons'mmates t)e crime
iving aid or comfort B material element1 en)ances forces of t)e enemy co'ntry.
Acts #)ic) strent)en or tend to strent)en t)e enemy in t)e cond'ct of #ar aainst t)e
traitorFs co'ntry or t)at #)ic) #eaHen and tend to #eaHen t)e po#er of t)e same.
Example5 +inancin arms proc'rement of enemy co'ntry. ?'t i$in of s)elter is not
necessarily Ei$in aid and comfort.G
Adherence and giving aid or comfort must concur together.
Adherence: #)en a citiIen intellect'ally or emotionally fa$ors t)e enemy and
)ar.ors con$ictions disloyal to )is co'ntryFs policy. ?'t mem.ers)ip in t)e police
force d'rin t)e occ'pation is =>T treason.
Example5 Ji$in information to1 or commandeerin foodst'ffs for t)e enemy.
Adherence may !e proved !y5 (1) one #itness; (2) from t)e nat're of t)e act itself;
(3) from t)e circ'mstances s'rro'ndin t)e act.
When this adherence or sympathies are converted into aid and comfort, only
then they take material forM. This material form is now what is made
punishable. It is usually manifested by the offender in giving information,
commandeering foodstuffs, serving as spy and supplying the enemy with war
materials.
Treason is a CONTININ! C"I#E$ E$en after t)e #ar1 offender can .e prosec'ted.
Treason is a continuing offense. It can be committed by a single act or by a
series of acts. It can be committed in one single time or at different times and
only one criminal intent. In construing the provisions relating to the
commission of several acts, the same must be done in pursuance or
furtherance of the act of treason.
o matter how many acts of treason are committed by the offender, he will
be liable for only one crime of treason.
"f yo' con$ict a person for treason .y reason of irresisti.le force or 'ncontrolla.le
fear1 yo' may 'se Art.12. No treason through negligence
In the imposition of the penalty for the crime of treason, the court may
disregard the presence of mitigating and aggravating circumstances. It may
consider only the number, nature and gravity of the acts established during
the trial. The imposition of the penalty rests largely on the exercise of judicial
discretion.
Defenses that may be availed of by the accused.
!. "uress or uncontrollable fear of immediate death# and
$. %awful obedience to a de facto government.
:)en Hillins and ot)er common crimes are c)ared as o$ert act of treason1 t)ey
cannot .e rearded as (1) separate crimes or (2) as complex with treason$
3
In the act of levying war or giving aid or comfort to the enemy, murder,
robbery, arson or falsification may be committed by the offender. &'T the
offender does not commit the crime of treason complexed with common
crimes because such crimes are inherent to treason, being an indispensable
element of the same.
Treason distinguished from Rebellion.
The manner in which both crimes are committed in the same. In treason
however, the purpose of the offender is to deliver the government to the
enemy country or to a foreign power. In rebellion, the purpose of the rebels
is to substitute the government with their own form of government. o
foreign power is involved.
Treason distinguished from Sedition.
In treason, the offender repudiates his allegiance to the government by
means of force or intimidation. (e does not recogni)e the supreme authority
of the *tate. (e violates his allegiance by fighting the forces of the duly
constituted authorities.
In sedition, the offender disagrees with certain policies of the *tate and
seeks to disturb public peace by raising a commotion or public uprising.
Article !!'
CONS(IRACY TO COMMIT TREASON
ELEMENTS#
a. n time of war
b. 2 or more persons come to an agreement to
1. lev! war against the government, or
2. adhere to the enemies and to give them aid or comfort,
c. The! decide to commit it
"#"$"NT% O& '(O'O%A# TO CO$$)T T("A%ON
a. n time of war
b. A person who has decided to lev! war against the government, or to adhere to the
enemies and to give them aid or comfort, proposes its e"ec#tion to some other
person$s.
Mere areement and decisions to commit treason is p'nis)a.le
Mere proposal e$en #it)o't acceptance is p'nis)a.le too. "f t)e ot)er accepts1 it is
already conspiracy.
While Treason as a crime should be established by the two+witness rule, the
same is not observed when the crime committed conspiracy to commit
treason or when it is only a proposal to commit treason.
4
Article !!)
MIS(RISION O* TREASON
ELEMENTS#
a. That the offender m#st be owing allegiance to the government, and not a foreigner
b. That he has %nowledge of an! conspirac! &to commit treason) against the
government
c. That he conceals or does not disclose and ma%e %nown the same as soon as
possible to the governor or fiscal of the province or the ma!or or fiscal of the cit! in
which he resides
%hile in treason& even aliens can commit said crime 'ecause of the amendment to the article& no
such amendment was made in misprision of treason$ #isprision of treason is a crime that may
'e committed only 'y citi(ens of the )hilippines$
>ffender is p'nis)ed as an accessory to t)e crime of treason
Take note that the offender is a principal to the crime of misprision of treason,
yet he is penali)ed only as an accessory. In the imposition of the penalty, the
court is not bound by the provisions of ,rticle -. and -/, referring to
indivisible penalties. In the presence of mitigating and aggravating
circumstances, the offender is punished two degrees lower than the penalty
for the crime of treason.
The criminal lia'ility arises if the treasonous activity was still at the conspiratorial stage
T)is crime does not apply if t)e crime of treason is already committed
Crime of omission
This is a felony 'y omission although committed with dolo& not with culpa$
ETo report within a reasona'le timeG B depends on time1 place and circ'mstance B
t)e 3-C did not fi2 time.
3-C states 4 indi$id'als1 #)at if yo' report to some ot)er )i)4ranHin o$ernment
official< E2. -=- Director< K'de -imentel says any o$Ft official of t)e D"7J is >C.
%hether the conspirators are parents or children& and the ones who learn the conspiracy is a
parent or child& they are re*uired to report the same$ T)e reason is t)at alt)o') .lood is t)icHer
t)an #ater so to speaH1 #)en it comes to sec'rity of t)e state1 .lood relations)ip is al#ays
s'.ser$ient to national sec'rity$ Article +, does not apply here 'ecause the persons found lia'le
for this crime are not considered accessories- they are treated as principals$
Article !!+
Es,ionage -y entering. without authority thereor. warshi,. ort. or na%al or
military esta-lishments or reser%ation to o-tain any inormation. ,lans.
,hotogra,hs or other /ata o a coni/ential nature relati%e to the /eense o
the (hili,,ines&
ELEMENTS#
a. 1. That the offender enters an! of the places mentioned therein
2
' 2. That he has no a#thorit! therefore(
b. That his p#rpose is to obtain information, plans, photographs or other data of a
confidential nat#re relative to the defense of the Philippines
5
'nder the first mode of committing espionage, the offender must have the
intention to obtain information relative to the defense of the 0(I%. It is
sufficient that he entered the prohibited premises. (ere, the offender is any
private individual, whether an alien or a citi)en of the 0hilippines, or a public
officer.
Es,ionage -y /isclosing to the re,resentati%e o a oreign nation the
contents o the articles. /ata. or inormation reerre/ to in ,aragra,h ! o
Article !!+. which he ha/ in his ,ossession -y reason o the ,u-lic oice
hol/s
ELEMENTS#
a. That the offender is a p#blic officer
b. That he has in his possession the articles, data or information referred to in par 1 of
art 11), b! reason of the p#blic office he holds
c. That he discloses their contents to a representative of a foreign nation
'urpose: to at)er data
'nder the second mode, the offender must be a public officer who has in
possession the articles, data or information by reason of the office he holds.
Taking advantage of his official position, he reveals or discloses the
information which are confidential and are relevant to the defense of the
0hilippines.
"spionage: t)e offense of at)erin1 transmittin1 or losin information respectin
t)e national defense #it) t)e intent or reason to .elie$e t)at t)e information is to .e
'sed to t)e in/'ry of t)e -)ilippines or t)e ad$antae of any forein nation. "t is not
conditioned on citiIens)ip.
=ot necessary t)at -)ilippines is at #ar #it) t)e co'ntry to #)ic) t)e information #as
re$ealed. :)at is important is t)at t)e information related is connected #it) t)e
defense system of t)e -)ilippines.
%iretapping is NOT espionage if t)e p'rpose is not somet)in connected #it) t)e
defense
Commonwealth Act No& )!) 0 An Act to (unish Es,ionage an/ Other Oenses against
National Security
Acts punished
1. 8nla#f'lly o.tainin or permittin to .e o.tained information affectin national defense;
2. 8nla#f'l disclosin of information affectin national defense;
3. Disloyal acts or #ords in times of peace;
4. Disloyal acts or #ords in times of #ar;
5. Conspiracy to $iolate precedin sections;
6. 0ar.orin or concealin $iolators of la#. and
!. -)otorap)in $ital military information
6
CRIMES AGAINST LA1S O* NATIONS
In crimes against the law of nations1 t)e offenders can .e prosec'ted any#)ere in t)e #orld
.eca'se t)ese crimes are considered as aainst )'manity in eneral1 liHe piracy and m'tiny$
Crimes against national security can 'e tried only in the )hilippines& as t)ere is a need to .rin
t)e offender )ere .efore )e can .e made to s'ffer t)e conse@'ences of t)e la#$ The acts
against national security may 'e committed a'road and still 'e punisha'le under our law& 'ut it
can not 'e tried under foreign law$
Article !!2
INCITING TO 1AR OR GI3ING MOTI3ES *OR RE(RISALS
ELEMENTS#
a. That the offender performs #nlawf#l or #na#thori*ed acts
b. That s#ch acts provo%e or give occasion for a war involving or liable to involve the
Philippines or e"pose +ilipino citi*ens to reprisals on their persons or propert!
Crime is committed in time of peace1 intent is immaterial
Inciting to war B offender is any person
"eprisals is not limited to military action1 it co'ld .e economic reprisals1 or denial of
entry into t)eir co'ntry.
Example. 6 .'rns C)inese fla. "f C)ina .ans t)e entry of +ilipinos into C)ina1 t)at is
already reprisal.
Article !!4
3IOLATION O* NEUTRALITY
ELEMENTS#
a. That there is war in which the Philippines is not involved
b. That there is a reg#lation iss#ed b! competent a#thorit! for the p#rpose of enforcing
ne#tralit!
c. That the offender violates s#ch reg#lation
Jo$Ft m'st )a$e declared t)e ne'trality of t)e -)il in a #ar .et#een 2 ot)er co'ntries
The regulation must be issued by a competent authority like the President of the Philippines or
the Chief of taff of the !rmed "orces of the Philippines# during a $ar bet$een different
countries in $hich the Philippines is not taking sides.
"t is ne'trality of t)e -)il t)at is $iolated
Conress )as t)e ri)t to declare ne'trality
The violations can be done either by means of dolo or by means of culpa. *o
violation of neutrality can be committed through reckless imprudence.
Article !56
CORRES(ON7ENCE 1IT8 8OSTILE COUNTRY
ELEMENTS#
a. That it is in time of war in which the Philippines is involved
%
b. That the offender ma%es correspondence with an enem! co#ntr! or territor! occ#pied
b! enem! troops
c. That the correspondence is either
1. prohibited b! the government, or
2. carried on in ciphers or conventional signs, or
'. containing notice or information which might be #sef#l to the enem!
Circumstances *ualifying the offense:
1 a. notice or information mi)t .e 'sef'l to t)e enemy
2
3 .. offender intended to aid t)e enemy
0ostile co'ntry e2ist only d'rin )ostilities or after t)e declaration of #ar
Correspondence to enemy country B correspondence to officials of enemy co'ntry
B e$en if related to yo'.
"t is not correspondence #it) pri$ate indi$id'al in enemy co'ntry
"f cip)ers #ere 'sed1 no need for pro)i.ition
"f cip)ers #ere not 'sed1 t)ere is a need for pro)i.ition
"n any case1 it m'st .e correspondence #it) t)e enemy co'ntry
DoesnFt matter if correspondence contains innocent matters B if pro)i.ited1
p'nis)a.le
Article !5!
*LIG8T TO ENEMY9S COUNTRY
ELEMENTS
a. That there is a war in which the Philippines is involved
b. That the offender &+ilipino or resident alien) m#st be owing allegiance to the
government
c. That the offender attempts to flee or go to enem! co#ntr!
d. That going to enem! co#ntr! is prohibited b! competent a#thorit!
Mere attempt cons'mmates t)e crime
T)ere m'st .e a pro)i.ition. "f none1 e$en if #ent to enemy co'ntry B no $iolation
Alien resident may .e 'ilty )ere.
Article !55
(IRACY
2 Ways of Committing 'iracy
a. ?y attacHin or seiIin a $essel on t)e )i) seas or in t)e -)ilippine #aters (-D
532)
&
.. ?y seiIin t)e #)ole or part of t)e caro of said $e)icles1 its e@'ipment or
personal .elonins of its complement or passeners
Elements#
a. That a vessel is on the high seas$Philippine waters
b. That the offenders are not members of its complement or passengers of the vessel
c. That the offenders
1. attac% or sei*e that vessel or &hence, if committed by crew or passengers, the crime is
not piracy but robbery in the high seas)
2. sei*e the whole or part of the cargo of said vessel, its e,#ipment or personal
belongings of its complement or passengers
+igh seas: any #aters on t)e sea coast #)ic) are #it)o't t)e .o'ndaries of t)e lo#
#ater marH alt)o') s'c) #aters may .e in t)e /'risdictional limits of a forein o$Ft
'iracy in high seas B /'risdiction is #it) any co'rt #)ere offenders are fo'nd or
arrested
'iracy in internal waters B /'risdiction is only #it) -)ilippine co'rts
+or p'rpose of Anti4+encin 7a#1 piracy is part of ro..ery and t)eft
(iracy Mutiny
3o..ery or forci.le deradation on t)e
)i) seas1 #it)o't la#f'l a't)ority and
done #it) animo l'crandi and in t)e
spirit and intention of 'ni$ersal )ostility.
8nla#f'l resistance to a s'perior officer1 or
t)e raisin of commotion and dist'r.ances
on .oard a s)ip aainst t)e a't)ority of its
commander
"ntent to ain is an element. =o criminal intent
AttacH from o'tside. >ffenders are
straners to t)e $essel.
AttacH from t)e inside.
'nder t)e amended article& piracy can only 'e committed 'y a person who is not a passenger
nor mem'er of the complement of the vessel irrespective of venue. %o if a passenger or
complement of the vessel commits acts of ro!!ery in the high seas1 the crime is
ro''ery& not piracy$
"f in t)e -)il. #aters still piracy
(owever, despite the amendment, 0.". o. 1.$ may still apply where the
offender is not stranger to the vessel since it provides2 Any attack upon or
seize of any vessel, or the taking away of the whole of part thereof or its
cargo, equipment or the personal belongings of its complement or
passengers, irrespective of the value hereof, by means of violence against or
intimidation of persons or force upon things, committed by any person,
including a passenger or member of the complement of said vessel, in
Philippine waters , shall be considered as piracy. The offenders shall be
considered as pirates and punished as hereinafter provided. ,fter all, under
the 3evised 0enal 4ode, for one to be called a pirate, the offender must be a
stranger to the vessel.
'hile the !rticle 122 limits the offenders to non(passengers or non(members of the cre$#
P.). 532 states that the attack upon or sei*ure of any +essel# or taking a$ay the $hole or part
thereof or its cargo# e,uipment or personal belongings of its complement or passengers
committed by any person including a passenger or member of the complement of said +essel
shall be considered Piracy.
-
=ote1 )o#e$er1 t)at in Aection 4 of -residential Decree =o. 532& the act of aiding pirates or
a'etting piracy is penali(ed as a crime distinct from piracy$ .aid section penali(es any person
who /nowingly and in any manner aids or protects pirates& such as giving them information a'out
the movement of the police or other peace officers of the government& or ac*uires or receives
property ta/en 'y such pirates& or in any manner derives any 'enefit therefrom- or who directly or
indirectly a'ets the commission of piracy$ Also& it is expressly provided in the same section that
the offender shall 'e considered as an accomplice of the principal offenders and punished in
accordance with the "evised )enal Code$ T)is pro$ision of -residential Decree =o. 532 #it)
respect to piracy in -)ilippine #ater )as not .een incorporated in t)e 3e$ised -enal Code.
=eit)er may it .e considered repealed .y 3ep'.lic Act =o. !65( since t)ere is not)in in t)e
amendatory la# is inconsistent #it) said section. Apparently& there is still the crime of a'etting
piracy in )hilippine waters under )residential 0ecree No$ 12+$
Considering that the essence of piracy is one of ro''ery1 any taHin in a $essel #it) force 'pon
t)ins or #it) $iolence or intimidation aainst person is employed #ill al#ays .e piracy$ It cannot
co3exist with the crime of ro''ery. 3o..ery1 t)erefore1 cannot .e committed on .oard a $essel$
But if the ta/ing is without violence or intimidation on persons or force upon things& the crime of
piracy cannot 'e committed& 'ut only theft$
Elements o mutiny
1) The vessel is on the high seas or Philippine waters(
2) -ffenders are either members of its complement, or passengers of the vessel(
') -ffenders either
a. attac% or sei*e the vessel( or
b. sei*e the whole or part of the cargo, its e,#ipment, or personal belongings of the crew
or passengers.
$utiny is t)e 'nla#f'l resistance to a s'perior officer1 or t)e raisin of commotions and
dist'r.ances a.oard a s)ip aainst t)e a't)ority of its commander.
Article !5:
;UALI*IE7 (IRACY

;UALI*YING CIRCUMSTANCES#
a. .henever the! have sei*ed a vessel b! boarding or firing #pon the same
b. .henever the pirates have abandoned their victims witho#t means of saving
themselves
c. .henever the crime is accompanied b! m#rder, homicide, ph!sical in/#ries, or rape.
&the above ma! res#lt to ,#alified m#tin!)

#urder& rape& homicide& physical in4uries are mere circumstances *ualifying piracy and cannot
'e punished as separate crimes& nor can they 'e complexed with piracy$
-arricideLinfanticide s)o'ld .e incl'ded (K'de -imentel)
M'rderLrapeL)omicideLp)ysical in/'ries m'st )a$e .een committed on t)e
passeners or complement
1.
In piracy, where rape, murder or homicide is committed, the mandatory
penalty of death is imposable. This means that even if the accused enters a
plea of guilty, the penalty of death will still be imposed because death is a
single and indispensable penalty. (People vs. 0odrig#e*, 1'1 230A 451)
The penalty for 5ualified piracy is reclusion perpetua to death. If any of the
circumstances enumerated under the law is proven or established, the
mandatory penalty of death should be imposed. The presence of mitigating
or aggravating circumstances will be ignored by the court.
Although in Article 5+2 merely refers to *ualified piracy& there is also the crime of *ualified mutiny$
#utiny is *ualified under the following circumstances:
657 %hen the offenders a'andoned the victims without means of saving themselves- or
6+7 %hen the mutiny is accompanied 'y rape& murder& homicide& or physical in4uries$
Note that the first circumstance which *ualifies piracy does not apply to mutiny$
Re,u-lic Act No& )5:' <The Anti 8i=>ac?ing Law@
Anti )i4/acHin is anot)er Hind of piracy #)ic) is committed in an aircraft. "n ot)er co'ntries1 t)is
crime is Hno#n as aircraft piracy$
&our situations governed !y anti hi,-ac.ing law:
657 usurping or sei(ing control of an aircraft of )hilippine registry while it is in flight&
compelling the pilots thereof to change the course or destination of the aircraft-
6+7 usurping or sei(ing control of an aircraft of foreign registry while within )hilippine territory&
compelling the pilots thereof to land in any part of )hilippine territory-
627 carrying or loading on 'oard an aircraft operating as a pu'lic utility passenger aircraft in
the )hilippines& any flamma'le& corrosive& explosive& or poisonous su'stance- and
687 loading& shipping& or transporting on 'oard a cargo aircraft operating as a pu'lic utility in
the )hilippines& any flamma'le& corrosive& explosive& or poisonous su'stance if this was
done not in accordance with the rules and regulations set and promulgated 'y the Air
Transportation Office on this matter$
?et#een n'm.ers 1 and 21 t)e point of distinction is #)et)er t)e aircraft is of -)ilippine reistry or
forein reistry. T)e common .ar @'estion on t)is la# 's'ally in$ol$es n'm.er 1. The important
thing is that 'efore the anti hi34ac/ing law can apply& the aircraft must 'e in flight$ If not in flight&
whatever crimes committed shall 'e governed 'y the "evised )enal Code. T)e la# maHes a
distinction .et#een aircraft of a forein reistry and of -)ilippine reistry& )f the aircraft su!-ect
of the hi,-ac. is of 'hilippine registry& it should 'e in flight at the time of the hi34ac/ing$
Otherwise& the anti hi34ac/ing law will not apply and the crime is still punished under the "evised
)enal Code$ T)e correlati$e crime may .e one of ra$e coercion or ra$e t)reat. "f some.ody is
Hilled1 t)e crime is )omicide or m'rder1 as t)e case may .e. "f t)ere are some e2plosi$es carried
t)ere1 t)e crime is destr'cti$e arson. E2plosi$es are .y nat're pyro4tec)ni@'es. Destr'ction of
property #it) t)e 'se of pyro4tec)ni@'e is destr'cti$e arson. "f t)ere is illeally possessed or
carried firearm1 ot)er special la#s #ill apply.
>n t)e ot)er )and/ if the aircraft is of foreign registry& the law does not re*uire that it 'e in
flight 'efore the anti hi34ac/ing law can apply$ This is 'ecause aircrafts of foreign registry are
considered in transit while they are in foreign countries. Alt)o') t)ey may )a$e .een in a
forein co'ntry1 tec)nically t)ey are still in fli)t1 .eca'se t)ey )a$e to mo$e o't of t)at forein
co'ntry. Ao e$en if any of t)e acts mentioned #ere committed #)ile t)e e2terior doors of t)e
forein aircraft #ere still open1 t)e anti )i4/acHin la# #ill already o$ern.
=ote t)at 'nder t)is la#& an aircraft is considered in flight from the moment all exterior doors
are closed following em'ar/ation until such time when the same doors are again opened for
disem'ar/ation$ This means that there are passengers that 'oarded$ Ao if t)e doors are closed
to .rin t)e aircraft to t)e )anar1 t)e aircraft is not considered as in fli)t. T)e aircraft s)all .e
deemed to .e already in fli)t e$en if its enine )as not yet .een started.
11
;uestions A Answers
1. T)e pilots of t)e -an Am aircraft #ere accosted .y some armed men and #ere
told to proceed to t)e aircraft to fly it to a forein destination. T)e armed men #alHed #it) t)e
pilots and #ent on .oard t)e aircraft. ?'t .efore t)ey co'ld do anyt)in on t)e aircraft1 alert
mars)als arrested t)em. :)at crime #as committed<
The criminal intent definitely is to ta/e control of the aircraft& which is hi34ac/ing$ It is a
*uestion now of whether the anti3hi34ac/ing law shall govern$
The anti hi34ac/ing law is applica'le in this case$ Even if the aircraft is not yet a'out to fly&
the re*uirement that it 'e in flight does not hold true when in comes to aircraft of foreign registry$
Even if the pro'lem does not say that all exterior doors are closed& the crime is hi34ac/ing$ .ince
the aircraft is of foreign registry& under the law& simply usurping or sei(ing control is enough as
long as the aircraft is within )hilippine territory& without the re*uirement that it 'e in flight$
Note& however& that there is no hi34ac/ing in the attempted stage$ This is a special law
where the attempted stage is not punisha'le$
2. A -)ilippine Air 7ines aircraft is .o'nd for Da$ao. :)ile t)e pilot and co4pilot are
taHin t)eir snacHs at t)e airport lo'ne1 some of t)e armed men #ere also t)ere. T)e pilots
#ere follo#ed .y t)ese men on t)eir #ay to t)e aircraft. As soon as t)e pilots entered t)e cocHpit1
t)ey p'lled o't t)eir firearms and a$e instr'ctions #)ere to fly t)e aircraft. Does t)e anti )i4
/acHin la# apply<
No$ The passengers have yet to 'oard the aircraft$ If at that time& the offenders are
apprehended& the law will not apply 'ecause the aircraft is not yet in flight$ Note that the aircraft
is of )hilippine registry$
3. :)ile t)e ste#ardess of a -)ilippine Air 7ines plane .o'nd for Ce.' #as #aitin
for t)e passener manifest1 t#o of its passeners seated near t)e pilot s'rreptitio'sly entered t)e
pilot cocHpit. At 'npoint1 t)ey directed t)e pilot to fly t)e aircraft to t)e Middle East. 0o#e$er1
.efore t)e pilot co'ld fly t)e aircraft to#ards t)e Middle East1 t)e offenders #ere s'.d'ed and t)e
aircraft landed. :)at crime #as committed<
The aircraft was not yet in flight$ Considering that the stewardess was still waiting for the
passenger manifest& the doors were still open$ 9ence& the anti hi34ac/ing law is not applica'le$
Instead& the "evised )enal Code shall govern$ The crime committed was grave coercion or
grave threat& depending upon whether or not any serious offense violence was inflicted upon the
pilot$

9owever& if the aircraft were of foreign registry& the act would already 'e su'4ect to the
anti hi34ac/ing law 'ecause there is no re*uirement for foreign aircraft to 'e in flight 'efore such
law would apply$ The reason for the distinction is that as long as such aircraft has not returned to
its home 'ase& technically& it is still considered in transit or in flight$
As to n'm.ers 3 and 4 of 3ep'.lic Act =o. 62351 t)e distinction is #)et)er t)e aircraft is a
passener aircraft or a caro aircraft. In 'oth cases& however& the law applies only to pu!lic
utility aircraft in the 'hilippines$ )rivate aircrafts are not su'4ect to the anti hi34ac/ing law& in so
far as transporting prohi'ited su'stances are concerned$
If the aircraft is a passenger aircraft& the prohi'ition is a'solute. Carryin of any pro)i.ited1
flamma.le1 corrosi$e1 or e2plosi$e s'.stance is a crime 'nder 3ep'.lic Act =o. 6235$ But if the
aircraft is only a cargo aircraft& t)e la# is $iolated only #)en t)e transportin of t)e pro)i.ited
s'.stance #as not done in accordance #it) t)e r'les and re'lations prescri.ed .y t)e Air
Transportation >ffice in t)e matter of s)ipment of s'c) t)ins. T)e ?oard of Transportation
pro$ides t)e manner of pacHin of s'c) Hind of articles1 t)e @'antity in #)ic) t)ey may .e loaded
at any time1 etc. >t)er#ise1 t)e anti )i4/acHin la# does not apply.
0o#e$er1 'nder Aection !1 any physical in4ury or damage to property which would result from the
carrying or loading of the flamma'le& corrosive& explosive& or poisonous su'stance in an aircraft&
the offender shall 'e prosecuted not only for violation of "epu'lic Act No$ :+21& 'ut also for the
crime of physical in4uries or damage to property& as the case may 'e& under the "evised )enal
Code$ There will 'e two prosecutions here$ >t)er t)an t)is sit'ation1 t)e crime of p)ysical
12
in/'ries #ill .e a.sor.ed. "f t)e e2plosi$es #ere planted in t)e aircraft to .lo# 'p t)e aircraft1 t)e
circ'mstance #ill @'alify t)e penalty and t)at is not p'nis)a.le as a separate crime for m'rder.
T)e penalty is increased 'nder t)e anti )i4/acHin la#.
All other acts outside of the four are merely *ualifying circumstances and would 'ring a'out
higher penalty$ .uch acts would not constitute another crime. Ao t)e Hillin or e2plosion #ill only
@'alify t)e penalty to a )i)er one.
;uestions A Answers
1. "n t)e co'rse of t)e )i4/acH1 a passener or complement #as s)ot and Hilled.
:)at crime or crimes #ere committed<
The crime remains to 'e a violation of the anti hi34ac/ing law& 'ut the penalty thereof shall
'e higher 'ecause a passenger or complement of the aircraft had 'een /illed$ The crime of
homicide or murder is not committed$
2. T)e )i4/acHers t)reatened to detonate a .om. in t)e co'rse of t)e )i4/acH. :)at
crime or crimes #ere committed<
Again& the crime is violation of the anti hi34ac/ing law$ The separate crime of grave threat
is not committed$ This is considered as a *ualifying circumstance that shall serve to increase the
penalty$
TITLE T1O
CRIMES AGAINST T8E *UN7AMENTAL LA1S O* T8E STATE
Crimes against the un/amental laws o the State
1. Ar.itrary detention (Art. 124);
2. Delay in t)e deli$ery of detained persons to t)e proper /'dicial a't)orities (Art.
125);
3. Delayin release (Art. 126);
4. E2p'lsion (Art. 12!);
5. &iolation of domicile (Art. 12%);
6. Aearc) #arrants malicio'sly o.tained and a.'se in t)e ser$ice of t)ose leally
o.tained (Art. 12();
!. Aearc)in domicile #it)o't #itnesses (Art. 13*);
%. -ro)i.ition1 interr'ption1 and dissol'tion of peacef'l meetins (Art. 131);
(. "nterr'ption of reliio's #ors)ip (Art. 132); and
1*. >ffendin t)e reliio's feelins (Art. 133);
nder this title& the offenders are pu'lic officers& except as to the last crime ; offending the
religious feelings under Article 522& which refers to any person$ The pu'lic officers who may 'e
held lia'le are only those acting under supposed exercise of official functions& al'eit illegally$ But
private persons may also 'e lia'le under this title as when a private person conspires with a
pu'lic officer$ %hat is re*uired is that the principal offender must 'e a pu'lic officer$ Thus& if a
private person conspires with a pu'lic officer& or 'ecomes an accessory or accomplice& the
private person also 'ecomes lia'le for the same crime$ But a private person acting alone cannot
commit the crimes under Article 5+8 to 52+ of this title$
Classes o Ar-itrary 7etention#
a. ?y detainin a person #it)o't leal ro'nd
13
.. Delay in t)e deli$ery of detained persons to t)e proper /'dicial a't)orities
c. Delayin release

Article !5"
ARBITRARY 7ETENTION
ELEMENTS#
a. That the offender is a p#blic officer or emplo!ee 6whose official duties include the
authority to ma/e an arrest and detain persons- 4urisdiction to maintain peace
and order7$
b. That he detains a person 6actual restraint7$
c. That the detention was witho#t legal gro#nds 6cannot 'e committed if with warrant7$
7etention# #)en a person is placed in confinement or t)ere is a restraint on )is
person.
>nly t)ose p'.lic officers #)ose official d'ties carry #it) it t)e a't)ority to maHe an arrest and
detain persons can .e 'ilty of t)is crime$ .o& if the offender does not possess such authority&
the crime committed 'y him is illegal detention$
T)o') t)e elements specify t)at t)e offender .e a p'.lic officer or employee1
pri$ate indi$id'als #)o conspire #it) p'.lic officers can also .e lia.le.
"n a case decided .y t)e A'preme Co'rt a Barangay Chairman #)o 'nla#f'lly detains anot)er
#as )eld to .e 'ilty of t)e crime of ar.itrary detention. T)is is .eca'se )e is a person in
a't)ority $ested #it) t)e /'risdiction to maintain peace and order #it)in )is .aranay. "n t)e
maintenance of s'c) peace and order1 )e may ca'se t)e arrest and detention of tro'.lemaHers
or t)ose #)o dist'r. t)e peace and order #it)in )is .aranay. ?'t if t)e leal .asis for t)e
appre)ension and detention does not e2ist1 t)en t)e detention .ecomes ar.itrary.
#egal grounds for the detention of any person:
a. commission of a crime
.. $iolent insanity or ot)er ailment re@'irin comp'lsory confinement of t)e patient
in a )ospital
c. escaped prisoner
'hen the peace officers acted in good faith e+en if the three /30 grounds mentioned
abo+e are not obtaining# there is no !rbitrary )etention.
Without legal grounds:
a. )e )as not committed any crime or no reasona.le ro'nd of s'spicion t)at )e
)as committed a crime
.. not s'fferin from $iolent insanity or any ot)er ailment re@'irin comp'lsory
confinement in a )ospital
rounds for warrantless arrest:
a. Crime is a.o't to .e1 is .ein1 )as .een committed in )is presence
.. >fficer m'st )a$e pro.a.le ca'se to .elie$e .ased on personal Hno#lede of
facts and circ'mstances t)at t)e person pro.a.ly committed t)e crime
<or escaped prisoner B no need for #arrant
Example: 9 #as Hilled .y 'nHno#n assailant. >fficers ot a tip and arrested 6. 6
$ol'ntarily admitted to t)e officers t)at )e did it alt)o') )e #as not asHed. 6 #as
14
detained immediately. Accordin to t)e AC1 t)ere #as => ar.itrary detention. :)y<
?eca'se once 6 made a confession1 t)e officers )ad a ri)t to arrest )im.
,rbitrary detention can be committed thru simple imprudence or negligence.
&People vs. 6isa)
Periods of Detention penalized:
!. "etention not exceeding three days#
$. "etention for more than three days but not more than !1 days#
.. "etention for more than !1 days but not more than - months# and
/. "etention for more than - months.
Continuing crime is different from a continuous crime
(amos v. "nrile# 3e.els later on retire. Accordin to t)e AC1 once yo' )a$e
committed re.ellion and )a$e not .een p'nis)ed or amnestied1 t)en t)e re.els
contin'e to enae in re.ellion1 'nless t)e re.els reno'nce )is affiliation. Arrest can
.e made #it)o't a #arrant .eca'se t)is is a contin'in crime.
7istinction -etween ar-itrary /etention an/ illegal /etention
!& In ar-itrary /etention ==
The principal offender must 'e a pu'lic officer$ Civilians cannot commit the crime of
ar'itrary detention except when they conspire with a pu'lic officer committing this crime&
or 'ecome an accomplice or accessory to the crime committed 'y the pu'lic officer- and
The offender who is a pu'lic officer has a duty which carries with it the authority to detain
a person$
5& In illegal /etention ==
The principal offender is a private person$ But a pu'lic officer can commit the crime of
illegal detention when he is acting in a private capacity or 'eyond the scope of his official
duty& or when he 'ecomes an accomplice or accessory to the crime committed 'y a
private person$
The offender& even if he is a pu'lic officer& does not include as his function the power to
arrest and detain a person& unless he conspires with a pu'lic officer committing ar'itrary
detention$
%hether the crime is ar'itrary detention or illegal detention& it is necessary that there must 'e an
actual restraint of li'erty of the offended party$ If there is no actual restraint& as the offended party
may still go to the place where he wants to go& even though there have 'een warnings& the crime
of ar'itrary detention or illegal detention is not committed$ There is either grave or light threat$
9owever& if the victim is under guard in his movement such that there is still restraint of li'erty&
then the crime of either ar'itrary or illegal detention is still committed$
7istinction -etween ar-itrary /etention an/ unlawul arrest
657 As to offender
In ar'itrary detention& t)e offender is a p'.lic officer possessed #it) a't)ority to maHe
arrests.
In unlawful arrest1 t)e offender may .e any person$
6+7 As to criminal intent
In ar'itrary detention1 t)e main reason for detainin t)e offended party is to deny )im of
)is li.erty.
15
In unlawful arrest1 t)e p'rpose is 1) to acc'se t)e offended party of a crime )e did not
commit; 2) to deli$er t)e person to t)e proper a't)ority; and 3) to file t)e necessary
c)ares in a #ay tryin to incriminate )im.
%hen a person is unlawfully arrested& his su'se*uent detention is without legal grounds$
Article !5'
7ELAY IN T8E 7ELI3ERY O* 7ETAINE7 (ERSONS
ELEMENTS#
a. That the offender is a p#blic officer or emplo!ee
b. That he has detained a person for some legal gro#nds
c. That he fails to deliver s#ch person to the proper /#dicial a#thorit! within7
1. 12 ho#rs1 if detained for crimesLoffenses p'nis)a.le .y light penalties1 or t)eir
e@'i$alent
2. 15 ho#rs1 for crimesLoffenses p'nis)a.le .y correctional penalties1 or t)eir
e@'i$alent or
3. '8 ho#rs1 for crimesLoffenses p'nis)a.le .y capital p#nishment or afflictive
penalties1 or t)eir e@'i$alent
,rticle !$1 covers situations wherein the person detained has been arrested
without a warrant but his arrest is nonetheless lawful. It is a felony committed
by omission because of the failure of the offender to deliver the detained
person to the proper judicial authority within !$ hours, !6 hours and .- hours
as the case may be.
At t)e .einnin1 t)e detention is leal since it is in t)e p'rs'ance of a la#f'l arrest. 0o#e$er1
t)e detention .ecomes ar.itrary #)en t)e period t)ereof e2ceeds 121 1% or 36 )o'rs1 as t)e case
may .e1 dependin on #)et)er t)e crime is p'nis)ed .y li)t1 correctional or afflicti$e penalty or
t)eir e@'i$alent.
3eally means delay in filin necessary information or c)arin of person detained in
co'rt.
#ay 'e waived if a preliminary investigation is as/ed for$
8nder t)e 3e$ised 3'les of Co'rt1 #)en t)e person arrested is arrested for a crime #)ic) i$es
)im t)e ri)t to preliminary in$estiation and )e #ants to a$ail )is ri)t to a preliminary
in$estiation1 )e #o'ld )a$e to #ai$e in #ritin )is ri)ts 'nder Article 125 so t)at t)e arrestin
officer #ill not immediately file t)e case #it) t)e co'rt t)at #ill e2ercise /'risdiction o$er t)e case.
"f )e does not #ant to #ai$e t)is in #ritin1 t)e arrestin officer #ill )a$e to comply #it) Article
125 and file t)e case immediately in co'rt #it)o't preliminary in$estiation. "n s'c) case1 t)e
arrested person1 #it)in fi$e days after learnin t)at t)e case )as .een filed in co'rt #it)o't
preliminary in$estiation1 may asH for preliminary in$estiation. "n t)is case1 t)e p'.lic officer
#)o made t)e arrest #ill no loner .e lia.le for $iolation of Article 125.
Does not contemplate act'al p)ysical deli$ery .'t at least t)ere m'st .e a complaint
filed. D'ty complied #it) 'pon t)e filin of t)e complaint #it) t)e /'dicial a't)ority
(co'rts1 prosec'tors B t)o') tec)nically not a /'dicial a't)ority1 for p'rposes of t)is
article1 )eFs considered as one.)
"elivery of detained person consists in making charge of filing a compliant
against the prisoner with the proper judicial authority. It does not involve the
physical delivery of the prisoner before the judge &2a!o vs. 3hief of Police).
T)e filin of t)e information in co'rt does not c're illeality of detention. =eit)er does
it affect t)e leality of t)e confinement 'nder process iss'ed .y t)e co'rt.
16
To escape from t)is1 officers 's'ally asH acc'sed to e2ec'te a #ai$er #)ic) s)o'ld
.e 'nder oat) and #it) assistance of co'nsel. A'c) #ai$er is not $iolati$e of t)e
acc'sed constit'tional ri)t.
What is length of waiver< =ight offense B 5 days. .erious and less serious
offenses B ! to 1* days. (K'de -imentel)
Article does not apply #)en arrest is $ia a #arrant of arrest
;& :it)in #)at period s)o'ld a police officer #)o )as arrested a person 'nder a #arrant
of arrest t'rn o$er t)e arrested person to t)e /'dicial a't)ority<
A. There is no time limit specified except that the return must 'e made within a
reasona'le time$ The period fixed 'y law under Article 5+1 does not apply 'ecause the arrest
was made 'y virtue of a warrant of arrest$
"f offender is a private person1 crime is illeal detention
?efore Article 125 may .e applied1 it is necessary t)at initially1 t)e detention of t)e arrested
person m'st .e la#f'l .eca'se t)e arrest is .ased on leal ro'nds. "f t)e arrest is made
#it)o't a #arrant1 t)is constit'tes an 'nla#f'l arrest. Article 26(('nla#f'l arrest)1 not Article
1251 #ill apply. "f t)e arrest is not .ased on leal ro'nds1 t)e arrest is p're and simple
ar.itrary detention. Article 125 contemplates a sit'ation #)ere t)e arrest #as made #it)o't
#arrant .'t .ased on leal ro'nds. T)is is Hno#n as citiIenFs arrest.
, police officer has no authority to arrest and detain a person on the basis merely
of the complaint of the offended party, even if after investigation he becomes
convinced that the accused is guilty of the offense charged. What the
complainant may do is to file a complaint with the court and ask for the issuance
of a warrant of arrest.
Ar-itrary 7etention <!5"@ 7elay in 7eli%ery o 7etaine/ <!5'@
Detention is illeal from t)e .einnin. Detention is leal in t)e .einnin1 .'t illeality
starts from t)e e2piration of t)e specified
periods #it)o't t)e persons detained )a$in
.een deli$ered to t)e proper /'dicial a't)ority.
Article !5)
7ELAYING RELEASE
ELEMENTS#
b. That there is a /#dicial or e"ec#tive order for the release of a prisoner or detention
prisoner, or that there is a proceeding #pon a petition for the liberation of s#ch person
c. That the offender witho#t good reason dela!s7
1. the service of the notice of s#ch order to the prisoner, or
2. the performance of s#ch /#dicial or e"ec#tive order for the release of the prisoner,
or
'. the proceedings #pon a petition for the release of s#ch person
Three acts are ,unisha-le#
a. delayin t)e performance of a /'dicial or e2ec'ti$e order for t)e release of a
prisoner
.. delayin t)e ser$ice of notice of s'c) order to said prisoner
1%
c. delayin t)e proceedins 'pon any petition for t)e li.eration of s'c) person
%ardens and 4ailers are t)e persons most liHely to $iolate t)is pro$ision
-ro$ision does not incl'de leislation
Article !5+
EC(ULSION
ELEMENTS#
b. That he e"pels an! person from the Philippines, or compels a person to change his
residence
c. That the offender is not a#thori*ed to do so b! law
5 acts ,unisha-le#
a. .y e2pellin a person from t)e -)ilippines
.. .y compellin a person to c)ane )is residence
T)e essence of t)is crime is coercion .'t t)e specific crime is Ee2p'lsionG #)en committed .y a
p'.lic officer. If committed 'y a private person& the crime is grave coercion$
In the 0hilippines, only the 0resident of the 3epublic has the power to deport
aliens whose continued stay in the country constitutes a menace to the
peace and safety of the community.
In the case of 7ilipino citi)ens, only the court, by final judgment, can order a
person to change his residence.
"n 3illa%icencio %& Lu?-an. :4 (hil ++21 t)e mayor of t)e City of Manila #anted to maHe t)e city
free from prostit'tion. 0e ordered certain prostit'tes to .e transferred to Da$ao1 #it)o't
o.ser$in d'e processes since t)ey )a$e not .een c)ared #it) any crime at all. "t #as )eld t)at
t)e crime committed #as e2p'lsion.
Does not incl'de 'ndesira.le aliens; destierro; or #)en sent to prison
;uestions A Answers
1. Certain aliens #ere arrested and t)ey #ere /'st p't on t)e first aircraft #)ic)
.ro')t t)em to t)e co'ntry so t)at t)ey may .e o't without due process of law. :as t)ere a
crime committed<
>es$ Expulsion$
2. "f a +ilipino citiIen is sent o't of t)e co'ntry1 #)at crime is committed<
!rave coercion& not expulsion& 'ecause a <ilipino cannot 'e deported$ This crime refers
only to aliens$
"f 6 (+ilipino) after )e $ol'ntarily left1 is ref'sed re4entry B is considered forcin )im to
c)ane )is address )ere
T)reat to national sec'rity is not a ro'nd to e2pel or c)ane )is address.
Article !52
3IOLATION O* 7OMICILE
1&
ELEMENTS#
b. That he is not a#thori*ed b! /#dicial order to enter the dwelling and$or to ma%e a
search therein for papers or other effects
c. That he commits an! of the following acts7
1. entering an! dwelling against the will of the owner thereof
2. searching papers or other effects fo#nd therein witho#t the previo#s consent of
s#ch owner
'. ref#sing to leave the premises, after having s#rreptitio#sl! entered said dwelling
and after having been re,#ired to leave the same
Aggravating Circumstance 6medium and maximum of penalty imposed7:
a. >ffense committed at ni)ttime
.. -apers or effects not constit'tin e$idence of a crime .e not ret'rned
immediately
In order to commit this crime, the entry must be against the will of the owner.
If the entry is only without the consent of the owner, the crime of violation of
domicile is not committed.
The prohibition may be expressed or implied. If the signs 8!o not enter9 and
8Strangers keep out9 are posted in front of the house or dwelling, then the
prohibition is express. If the door is locked, or even if it is open but these are
barriers to indicate the manifest intention of the owner to bar strangers from
entering, there is implied prohibition.
The primary object of the law is to preserve the privacy of abode of the
offended party. (ence, if the privacy is already lost, as when the offender has
been allowed by the owner to enter the dwelling together with other persons,
any subse5uent change of attitude will not restore the privacy which was
already lost. When privacy is waived, trespass to dwelling or violation of
domicile cannot be committed.
"f t)e offender #)o enters t)e d#ellin aainst t)e #ill of t)e o#ner t)ereof is a
private individual1 t)e crime committed is trespass to d#ellin (Art 2%*)
:)en a p'.lic officer searc)ed a person Eo'tside )is d#ellinG #it)o't a searc)
#arrant and s'c) person is not leally arrested for an offense1 t)e crime committed
.y t)e p'.lic officer is grave coercion1 if $iolence or intimidation is 'sed (Art 2%6)1 or
un4ust vexation1 if t)ere is no $iolence or intimidation (Art 2%!)
A p'.lic officer #it)o't a searc) #arrant cannot la#f'lly enter t)e d#ellin aainst
t)e #ill of t)e o#ner1 e$en if )e Hne# t)at someone in t)at d#ellin is )a$in
'nla#f'l possession of opi'm
8nder 3'le 113(sec. 11) of t)e 3e$ised 3'les of Co'rt1 when a person to 'e arrested enters
a premise and closes it thereafter& the pu'lic officer& after giving notice of an arrest& can 'rea/
into the premise$ 0e s)all not .e lia.le for $iolation of domicile.
: acts ,unisha-le#
a. person enters dwelling w$o consent or against the will
In the plain view doctrine1 p'.lic officer s)o'ld .e leally entitled to .e in t)e place #)ere
t)e effects #ere fo'nd. "f )e entered t)e place illeally and )e sa# t)e effects1 doctrine
inapplica.le; t)'s1 )e is lia.le for $iolation of domicile.
1-
b. person enters and searches for papers and effects
-'.lic officer #)o enters #it) consent searc)es for paper and effects #it)o't t)e consent
of t)e o#ner. E$en if )e is #elcome in t)e d#ellin1 it does not mean )e )as permission
to searc).
c. person entered secretl! and ref#ses to leave after being as%ed to
T)e act p'nis)ed is not t)e entry .'t t)e refusal to leave. "f t)e offender 'pon .ein
directed to lea$e1 follo#ed and left1 t)ere is no crime of $iolation of domicile. Entry must
'e done surreptitiously; #it)o't t)is1 crime may .e 'n/'st $e2ation. But if entering was
done against the will of the occupant of the house1 meanin t)ere #as e2press or implied
pro)i.ition from enterin t)e same1 e$en if t)e occ'pant does not direct )im to lea$e1 t)e
crime of $iolation of domicile is already committed .eca'se it #o'ld fall in n'm.er 1.
01eing authorized !y law2 B means #it) searc) #arrant1 to sa$e )imself or do
some t)ins ood for )'manity
There are only three recogni(ed instances when search without a warrant is considered valid&
and& therefore& the sei(ure of any evidence done is also valid. >'tside of t)ese1 searc) #o'ld .e
in$alid and t)e o./ects seiIed #o'ld not .e admissi.le in e$idence.
657 .earch made incidental to a valid arrest-

6+7 %here the search was made on a moving vehicle or vessel such that the exigency of he
situation prevents the searching officer from securing a search warrant-
627 %hen the article sei(ed is within plain view of the officer ma/ing the sei(ure without
ma/ing a search therefore$
-apers and effects need not .e part of a crime.
Article !54
SEARC8 1ARRANTS MALICIOUSLY OBTAINE7
ELEMENTS#
b. That he proc#res a search warrant
c. That there is no /#st ca#se
"n order that a search warrant may be issued, it must be based on
probable cause in connection with one offense, to be determined by a
judge after examination under oath of the complainant and the witnesses
he may produce, and particularly describing the place to be searched and
the persons or things to be sei)ed.
T)is means t)ere #as no pro.a.le ca'se determined in o.tainin t)e searc) #arrant.
Although void& the search warrant is entitled to respect 'ecause of presumption of regularity.
>ne remedy is a motion to *uash the search warrant1 not ref'sal to a.ide .y it. T)e p'.lic
officer may also .e prosec'ted for per/'ry1 .eca'se for )im to s'cceed in o.tainin a searc)
#arrant #it)o't a pro.a.le ca'se1 )e m'st )a$e per/'red )imself or ind'ced someone to
commit per/'ry to con$ince t)e co'rt.
The true test of lack of #ust cause is whether the sworn statement filed in
support of the application for search warrant has been done in such a manner
that perjury could be charged and the affiant can be held liable for making
such false statement. The oath re5uired refers to the truth of the facts within
the personal knowledge of the applicant and his witnesses.
2.
ABUSE IN T8E SER3ICE O* 1ARRANT OR ECCEE7ING AUT8ORITY OR
USING UNNECESSARY SE3ERITY IN ECECUTING A SEARC8 1ARRANT
LEGALLY (ROCURE7
ELEMENTS#
b. That he has legall! proc#red a search warrant
c. That he e"ceeds his a#thorit! or #ses #nnecessar! severit! in e"ec#ting the same
Aearc) #arrant is $alid for 1* days from its date
%earch warrant is an order in #ritin iss'ed in t)e name of t)e -eople1 sined .y
t)e /'de and directed to a p'.lic officer1 commandin )im to searc) for personal
property descri.ed t)erein and .rin it .efore t)e co'rt
No 4ust cause B #arrant is 'n/'stified
%earch B limited to #)at is descri.ed in t)e #arrant1 all details m'st .e #it)
partic'larity
The officer exceeded his authority under the warrant B To ill'strate1 let 's say t)at t)ere #as a
p's)er in a condo 'nit. T)e -=- =arcotics Jro'p o.tained a searc) #arrant .'t t)e name of
person in t)e searc) #arrant did not tally #it) t)e address stated. E$ent'ally1 t)e person #it) t)e
same name #as fo'nd .'t in a different address. T)e occ'pant resisted .'t t)e p'.lic officer
insisted on t)e searc). Dr's #ere fo'nd and seiIed and occ'pant #as prosec'ted and
con$icted .y t)e trial co'rt. T)e A'preme Co'rt ac@'itted )im .eca'se t)e p'.lic officers are
re@'ired to follo# t)e searc) #arrant to t)e letter. T)ey )a$e no discretion on t)e matter. -lain
$ie# doctrine is inapplica.le since it pres'pposes t)at t)e officer #as leally entitled to .e in t)e
place #)ere t)e effects #)ere fo'nd. Aince t)e entry #as illeal1 plain $ie# doctrine does not
apply.
#alicious warrant$ E2ample. 6 #as a respondent of a searc) #arrant for illeal
possession of firearms. A ret'rn #as made. T)e 'n did not .elon to 6 and t)e
#itness )ad no personal Hno#lede t)at t)ere is a 'n in t)at place.
A'use examples:
a. 6 o#ner #as )andc'ffed #)ile searc) #as oin4on.
.. TanH #as 'sed to ram ate prior to anno'ncement t)at a searc) #ill .e made
T)e searc) #arrant is not a license to commit destr'ction.
c. -ersons #)o #ere not respondents #ere searc)ed
Article !:6
SEARC8ING 7OMICILE 1IT8OUT 1ITNESSES
ELEMENTS #
b. That he is armed with a search warrant legall! proc#red
c. That he searches the domicile, papers or other belongings of an! person
d. That the owner, or an! member of his famil!, or two witnesses residing in the same
localit! are not present
21
Order of those who must witness the search:
a. 0omeo#ner
.. Mem.ers of t)e family of s'fficient ae and discretion
c. 3esponsi.le mem.ers of t)e comm'nity (canFt .e infl'enced .y t)e searc)in
party)
?alidity of the search warrant can 'e *uestioned only in + courts5 1) #)ere iss'ed or
2) #)ere t)e case is pendin. 7atter is preferred for o./ecti$e determination.
,rticle !.: has no application to search and sei)ure made on moving vehicles
because the application of this law is limited to dwelling and personal
properties such as papers and effects found therein.
There are searches and sei)ures which are authori)ed by law and which can
be done without the attendance of witnesses. 7or instance, the Tariff and
$ustoms $ode authori)es persons with police authority under *ec. $$:., to
enter# pass through or search any land, enclosure, warehouse, store or
building, not being used as a dwelling house# and to inspect, search and
examine any vessel or aircraft, and any trunk, package, box or envelope, or
any person on board, or to stop and search and examine any vehicle, beast
or person suspected of holding or conveying any dutiable or prohibited article
introduced into the 0hilippines contrary to law.
Article !:!
(RO8IBITION. INTERRU(TION. AN7 7ISSOLUTION O* (EACE*UL
MEETINGS
ELEMENTS#
a. -ffender is a p#blic officer or emplo!ee
b. 9e performs an! of the ff. acts7
1. prohibiting or interr#pting, witho#t legal gro#nd the holding of a peacef#l
meeting, or dissolving the same 6e$g$ denial of permit in ar'itrary manner7.
2. hindering an! person from /oining an! lawf#l association or from attending an! of
its meetings.
pro)i.itin or )inderin any person from addressin1 eit)er alone or toet)er #it)
ot)ers1 any petition to t)e a't)orities for t)e correction of a.'ses or redress of
rie$ances
Two criteria to determine whether Article 343 would !e violated:
657 0angerous tendency rule ; applica.le in times of national 'nrest s'c) as to pre$ent co'p
dFetat.
6+7 Clear and present danger rule B applied in times of peace. Atricter r'le.
"f t)e offender is a private individual1 t)e crime is dist'r.ance of p'.lic order (Art 153)
Meetin m'st .e peacef'l and t)ere is no leal ro'nd for pro)i.itin1 dissol$in or
interr'ptin t)at meetin
22
"f in t)e co'rse of t)e assem.ly t)e participants commit illeal acts liHe oral defamation or
incitin to sedition1 a p'.lic officer or la# enforcer can stop or dissol$e t)e meetin$ The
permit given is not a license to commit a crime$
Meetin is s'./ect to re'lation
If the permit is denied ar'itrarily& Article 525 is violated. "f t)e officer #o'ld not i$e t)e permit
'nless t)e meetin is )eld in a partic'lar place #)ic) )e dictates defeats t)e e2ercise of t)e ri)t
to peacea.ly assem.le1 Article 131 is $iolated.
>ffender m'st .e a straner1 not a participant1 in t)e peacef'l meetin; ot)er#ise1 itFs
'n/'st $e2ation
"nterr'ptin and dissol$in a meetin of t)e m'nicipal co'ncil .y a p'.lic officer is a
crime aainst t)e leislati$e .ody1 not p'nis)a.le 'nder t)is article
T)e person talHin on a pro)i.ited s'./ect at a p'.lic meetin contrary to areement
t)at no speaHer s)o'ld to'c) on politics may .e stopped
?'t stoppin t)e speaHer #)o #as attacHin certain c)'rc)es in p'.lic meetin is a
$iolation of t)is article
-ro)i.ition m'st .e #it)o't la#f'l ca'se or #it)o't la#f'l a't)ority
T)ose )oldin peacef'l meetins m'st comply #it) local ordinances. E2ample5
>rdinance re@'ires permits for meetins in p'.lic places. But if police stops a
meeting in a private place 'ecause there@s no permit& officer is lia.le for stoppin t)e
meetin.
0istinctions 'etween prohi'ition& interruption& or dissolution of peaceful meetings under Article
525& and tumults and other distur'ances& under Article 512

657 As to the ,artici,ation o the ,u-lic oicer

In Article 5251 t)e p'.lic officer is not a participant. As far as t)e at)erin is concerned1
t)e p'.lic officer is a t)ird party.
"f t)e p'.lic officer is a participant of t)e assem.ly and )e pro)i.its1 interr'pts1 or
dissol$es t)e same1 Article 512 is violated if the same is conducted in a pu'lic place$
6+7 As to the essence o the crime
In Article 525& t)e offender m'st .e a p'.lic officer and1 #it)o't any leal ro'nd1 )e
pro)i.its1 interr'pts1 or dissol$es a peacef'l meetin or assem.ly to pre$ent t)e offended
party from e2ercisin )is freedom of speec) and t)at of t)e assem.ly to petition a
rie$ance aainst t)e o$ernment.
In Article 512& t)e offender need not .e a p'.lic officer. T)e essence of t)e crime is t)at
of creatin a serio's dist'r.ance of any sort in a p'.lic office1 p'.lic .'ildin or e$en a
pri$ate place #)ere a p'.lic f'nction is .ein )eld$
Article !:5
INTERRU(TION O* RELIGIOUS 1ORS8I(
ELEMENTS#
a. That the officer is a p#blic officer or emplo!ee
b. That religio#s ceremonies or manifestations of an! religion are abo#t to ta%e place or
are going on
c. That the offender prevents or dist#rbs the same
23
Circumstance $ualiying the oense# if committed with violence or threats
3eadin of ?i.le and t)en attacHin certain c)'rc)es in a p'.lic plaIa is not a
ceremony or manifestation of reliion1 .'t only a meetin of a reliio's sect. But if
done in a private home& it@s a religious service
(eligious Worship: people in t)e act of performin reliio's rites for a reliio's
ceremony; a manifestation of reliion. E2. Mass1 .aptism1 marriae
61 a pri$ate person1 .o2ed a priest #)ile t)e priest #as i$in )omily and #)ile t)e
latter #as malinin a relati$e of 6. "s 6 lia.le< 6 may .e lia.le 'nder Art 133
.eca'se 6 is a pri$ate person.
:)en priest is solemniIin marriae1 )e is a person in a't)ority1 alt)o') in ot)er
cases1 )eFs not.
Article !::
O**EN7ING RELIGIOUS *EELINGS
ELEMENTS#
a. That the acts complained of were performed
1. in a place devoted to religio#s worship, or &for this element& no need of religious
ceremony& only the place is material)
2. d#ring the celebration of an! religio#s ceremon!
b. That the acts m#st be notorio#sl! offensive to the feelings of the faithf#l &deli'erate
intent to hurt the feelings)
c. The offender is an! person
d. There is a deliberate intent to h#rt the feelings of the faithf#l, directed against
religio#s tenet
"f in a place de$oted to reliio's p'rpose1 t)ere is no need for an onoin reliio's
ceremony
"5ample of religious ceremony (acts performed o'tside t)e c)'rc)). -rocessions
and special prayers for .'ryin dead persons .'t =>T prayer rallies
Acts m'st .e directed aainst reliio's practice or doma or rit'al for t)e p'rpose of
ridic'le1 as mocHin or scoffin or attemptin to damae an o./ect of reliio's
$eneration
T)ere m'st .e deli.erate intent to )'rt t)e feelins of t)e fait)f'l1 mere arroance or
r'deness is not eno')
In determining whether an act is offensive to the feelings of the faithful, the
same must be viewed or judged from the standpoint of the offended religion
and not from the point of view of the offender &People vs. :aes, 85 Phil. 2;').
CRIME Nature o Crime 1ho are Lia-le I Element Missing
Prohibition,
nterr#ption and
<issol#tion of
Crime aainst t)e
f'ndamental la# of
t)e state
-'.lic officers1
>'tsiders
"f not .y p'.lic officer M
t'm'lts
24
Peacef#l 6eeting
&1'1)
nterr#ption of
0eligio#s .orship
&1'2)
Crime aainst t)e
f'ndamental la# of
t)e state
-'.lic officers1
>'tsiders
"f .y insider M 'n/'st
$e2ation
"f not reliio's M t'm'lt or
alarms
"f not notorio'sly offensi$e
M 'n/'st $e2ation
-ffending the
0eligio#s +eeling
&1'')
Crime aainst
p'.lic order
-'.lic officers1
pri$ate persons1
o'tsiders
"f not t'm'lts M alarms
and scandal
"f meetin illeal at onset
M incitin to sedition or
re.ellion
TITLE T8REE
CRIMES AGAINST (UBLIC OR7ER
Crimes against ,u-lic or/er
1. 3e.ellion or ins'rrection (Art. 134);
Co'p dF etat (Art. 1344A)
2. Conspiracy and proposal to commit re.ellion (Art. 136);
3. Disloyalty to p'.lic officers or employees (Art. 13!);
4. "ncitin to re.ellion (Art. 13%);
5. Aedition (Art. 13();
6. Conspiracy to commit sedition (Art. 141);
!. "ncitin to sedition (Art. 142);
%. Acts tendin to pre$ent t)e meetin of Conress and similar .odies (Art. 143);
25
(. Dist'r.ance of proceedins of Conress or similar .odies (Art. 144);
1*. &iolation of parliamentary imm'nity (Art. 145);
11. "lleal assem.lies (Art. 146);
12. "lleal associations (Art. 14!);
13. Direct assa'lts (Art. 14%);
14. "ndirect assa'lts (Art. 14();
15. Diso.edience to s'mmons iss'ed .y Conress1 its committees1 etc.1 .y t)e
constit'tional commissions1 its committees1 etc. (Art. 15*);
16. 3esistance and diso.edience to a person in a't)ority or t)e aents of s'c)
person (Art. 151);
1!. T'm'lts and ot)er dist'r.ances of p'.lic order (Art. 153);
1%. 8nla#f'l 'se of means of p'.lication and 'nla#f'l 'tterances (Art. 154);
1(. Alarms and scandals (Art. 155);
2*. Deli$erin prisoners from /ails (Art. 156);
21. E$asion of ser$ice of sentence (Art. 15!);
22. E$asion on occasion of disorders (Art. 15%);
23. &iolation of conditional pardon (Art. 15(); and
24. Commission of anot)er crime d'rin ser$ice of penalty imposed for anot)er
pre$io's offense (Art. 16*).
Article !:"
REBELLION OR INSURRECTION
ELEMENTS#
a. That there be
1. p#blic #prising and
2. ta%ing arms against the government &forceAviolence)
b. That the p#rpose of the #prising or movement is either
1. to remove from the allegiance to said government or its laws
4
1 i. the territor! of the Philippines or an! part thereof, or
8
) ii. an! bod! of land, naval or other armed forces, or
2 To deprive the chief e"ec#tive or congress, wholl! or partiall!, of an! of their
powers or prerogatives
(ersons lia-le or re-ellion
a. Any person who: 1. promotes
2. maintains1 or
3. )eads a re.ellion or ins'rrection; or
26
'$ Any person who& while holding any pu'lic office or employment& ta/es part
therein 'y:
1. enain in #ar aainst t)e forces of t)e o$ernment
2. destroyin property or committin serio's $iolence
3. e2actin contri.'tions or di$ertin p'.lic f'nds from t)e la#f'l p'rpose for
#)ic) t)ey )a$e .een appropriated (=ote5 Edi$ertin p'.lic f'ndsG is
mal$ersation a.sor.ed in re.ellion);
4. Any person merely participatin or e2ec'tin t)e command of ot)ers in
re.ellion
T)e essence of this crime is a p'.lic 'prisin #it) t)e taHin 'p of arms. "t re@'ires a m'ltit'de of
people. "t aims to o$ert)ro# t)e d'ly constit'ted o$ernment. "t does not re@'ire t)e
participation of any mem.er of t)e military or national police oraniIation or p'.lic officers and
enerally carried o't .y ci$ilians. 7astly1 t)e crime can only .e committed t)ro') force and
$iolence.
The crime of rebellion cannot be committed by a single individual. Invariably,
it is committed by several persons for the purpose of overthrowing the duly
constituted or organi)ed government. In the 0hilippines, what is known to the
ordinary citi)en as a symbol of ;overnment would be the barangay,
represented by its officials# the local government represented by the
provincial and municipal officials# and the national government represented
by the 0resident, the 4hief <ustice and the *enate 0resident and the *peaker
of the (ouse of 3epresentatives.
.uccess is immaterial1 purpose is al#ays political
The crime of rebellion is essentially a political crime. The intention of the
rebel is to substitute himself in place of those who are in power. (is method
of placing himself in authority with the use of violence, duress or intimidation,
assassination or the commission of common crimes like murder, kidnapping,
arson, robbery and other heinous crimes in what we call rebellion.
(e!ellion 'sed #)ere t)e o./ect of t)e mo$ement is completely to o$ert)ro# and
s'persede t)e e2istin o$ernment
)nsurrection refers to a mo$ement #)ic) seeHs merely to effect some c)ane of
minor importance to pre$ent t)e e2ercise of o$Ft a't)ority #L respect to partic'lar
matters or s'./ects
The phrase 8to remove allegiance from the government= is used to
emphasi)e that the object of the uprising could be limited to certain areas,
like isolating a barangay or municipality or a province in its loyalty to the
duly constituted government or the national government.
Allegiance is a generic term which includes loyalty, civil obedience and civil
service.
The law on rebellion however, does not speak only of allegiance or loss of
territory. It also includes the efforts of the rebel to deprive the 0resident of
the 0hilippines of the exercise of his power to enforce the law, to exact
obedience of laws and regulations duly enacted and promulgated by the duly
constituted authorities.
Act'al clas) of arms #L t)e forces of t)e o$Ft1 not necessary to con$ict t)e acc'sed
#)o is in conspiracy #L ot)ers act'ally taHin arms aainst t)e o$Ft
2%
-'rpose of t)e 'prisin m'st .e s)o#n .'t it is not necessary t)at it .e
accomplis)ed
A c)ane of o$ernment #Lo e2ternal participation
3"A"=J -8?7"C79 and TAC"=J A3MA AJA"=AT J>&E3=ME=T B actual
participation. "f t)ere is no pu'lic uprising1 t)e crime is of direct assault.
:)en any of t)e o./ecti$es of re.ellion is p'rs'ed .'t t)ere is no p'.lic 'prisin in t)e leal
sense& the crime is direct assault of the first form$ ?'t if t)ere is re.ellion1 #it) p'.lic 'prisin&
direct assault cannot 'e committed$
Mere i$in of aid or comfort is not criminal in t)e case of re.ellion. Merely
sympat)iIin is not participation1 t)ere m'st .e ACT8A7 participation
There must be a public apprising and taking up of arms for the specified purpose or
purposes mentioned in !rticle 134. The acts of the accused $ho is not a member of the
1ukbalahap organi*ation of sending cigarettes and food supplies to a 1uk leader2 the changing of
dollars into pesos for a top le+el communist2 and the helping of 1uks in opening accounts $ith
the bank of $hich he $as an official# do not constitute 3ebellion. &3arino vs. People, et al., )
230A =;;).
=ot necessary t)at t)ere is Hillin1 mere t)reat of remo$in -)il is s'fficient
"e'ellion may 'e committed even without a single shot 'eing fired$ No encounter needed$ #ere
pu'lic uprising with arms enough$
(e!ellion cannot !e comple5ed with any other crime.
4ommon crimes perpetrated in furtherance of a political offense are divested
of their character as 8common9 offenses and assume the political comple%ion
of the main crime which they are mere ingredients, and conse5uently, cannot
be punished separately from the principal offense, or complexed with the
same.
ORTEGA O(INION#
(e!ellion can now !e comple5ed with common crimes. =ot lon ao1 t)e A'preme Co'rt1 in
Enrile %& SalaDar. !2) SCRA 5!+1 reiterated and affirmed t)e r'le laid do#n in (eo,le %&
8ernan/eD. 44 (hil '!'1 t)at re.ellion may not .e comple2ed #it) common crimes #)ic) are
committed in f'rt)erance t)ereof .eca'se t)ey are a.sor.ed in re.ellion. "n $ie# of said
reaffirmation1 some .elie$e t)at it )as .een a settled doctrine t)at re.ellion cannot .e comple2ed
#it) common crimes1 s'c) as Hillin and destr'ction of property1 committed on t)e occasion and
in f'rt)erance t)ereof.
This thin/ing is no longer correct- there is no legal 'asis for such rule now$
T)e statement in -eople $. 0ernandeI t)at common crimes committed in f'rt)erance of re.ellion
are a.sor.ed .y t)e crime of re.ellion1 #as dictated .y t)e pro$ision of Article 135 of t)e 3e$ised
-enal Code prior to its amendment .y t)e 3ep'.lic Act =o. 6(6% (An Act -'nis)in t)e Crime of
Co'p DFetat)1 #)ic) .ecame effecti$e on >cto.er 1((*. -rior to its amendment .y 3ep'.lic Act
=o. 6(6%1 Article 135 p'nis)ed t)ose E#)o #)ile )oldin any p'.lic office or employment1 taHe
part t)ereinG .y any of t)ese acts5 enain in #ar aainst t)e forces of Jo$ernment; destroyin
property; committin serio's $iolence; e2actin contri.'tions1 di$ertin f'nds for t)e la#f'l
p'rpose for #)ic) t)ey )a$e .een appropriated.

Aince a )i)er penalty is prescri.ed for t)e crime of re.ellion #)en any of t)e specified acts are
committed in f'rt)erance t)ereof1 said acts are p'nis)ed as components of re.ellion and1
t)erefore1 are not to .e treated as distinct crimes. T)e same acts constit'te distinct crimes #)en
committed on a different occasion and not in f'rt)erance of re.ellion. "n s)ort1 it #as .eca'se
Article 135 t)en p'nis)ed said acts as components of t)e crime of re.ellion t)at precl'des t)e
application of Article 4% of t)e 3e$ised -enal Code t)ereto. "n t)e eyes of t)e la# t)en1 said acts
constit'te only one crime and t)at is re.ellion. T)e 0ernandeI doctrine #as reaffirmed in Enrile
2&
$. AalaIar .eca'se t)e te2t of Article 135 )as remained t)e same as it #as #)en t)e A'preme
Co'rt resol$ed t)e same iss'e in t)e -eople $. 0ernandeI. Ao t)e A'preme Co'rt in$ited
attention to t)is fact and t)'s stated5
BThere is a an apparent need to restructure the law on re'ellion& either to raise the penalty
therefore or to clearly define and delimit the other offenses to 'e considered a'sor'ed there'y& so
that it cannot 'e conveniently utili(ed as the um'rella for every sort of illegal activity underta/en
in its name$ The court has no power to effect such change& for it can only interpret the law as it
stands at any given time& and what is needed lies 'eyond interpretation$ 9opefully& Congress will
perceive the need for promptly sei(ing the initiative in this matter& which is purely within its
province$C
>.$io'sly1 Conress tooH notice of t)is prono'ncement and1 t)'s1 in enactin 3ep'.lic Act =o.
6(6%1 it did not only pro$ide for t)e crime of co'p dFetat in t)e 3e$ised -enal Code .'t moreo$er1
deleted from the provision of Article 521 that portion referring to those ;
BDwho& while holding any pu'lic office or employment ta/es part therein Ere'ellion or
insurrectionF& engaging in war against the forces of government& destroying property or
committing serious violence& exacting contri'utions or diverting pu'lic funds from the lawful
purpose for which they have 'een appropriated DC
+ence/ overt acts which used to 'e punished as components of the crime of re'ellion have 'een
severed therefrom 'y "epu'lic Act No$ :G:H$ The legal impediment to the application of Article
8H to re'ellion has 'een removed$ After the amendment& common crimes involving /illings&
andAor destructions of property& even though committed 'y re'els in furtherance of re'ellion& shall
'ring a'out complex crimes of re'ellion with murderAhomicide& or re'ellion with ro''ery& or
re'ellion with arson as the case may 'e$
To reiterate1 .efore Article 135 #as amended1 a )i)er penalty is imposed #)en t)e offender
enaes in #ar aainst t)e o$ernment. N:arN connotes anyt)in #)ic) may .e carried o't in
p'rs'ance of #ar. T)is implies t)at all acts of #ar or )ostilities liHe serio's $iolence and
destr'ction of property committed on occasion and in p'rs'ance of re.ellion are component
crimes of re.ellion #)ic) is #)y Article 4% on comple2 crimes is inapplica.le. In amending
Article521& the acts which used to 'e component crimes of re'ellion& li/e serious acts of violence&
have 'een deleted$ These are now distinct crimes$ The legal o'stacle for the application of
Article 8H& therefore& has 'een removed$ >rtea says leislators #ant to p'nis) t)ese common
crimes independently of re.ellion. Ortega cites no case overturning "nrile v. %alazar.
0o#e$er1 illeal possession of firearms in f'rt)erance of re.ellion is distinct from t)e
crime of re.ellion.
T)e offense of illeal possession of firearm is a mal'm pro)i.it'm1 in #)ic) case1 ood fait) and
a.sence of criminal intent are not $alid defenses.
+'rt)ermore1 it is a contin'in crime s'c) alon #it) t)e crime of conspiracy or
proposal to commit s'c)
A private crime may 'e committed during re'ellion. E2amples5 Hillin1 possessions of
firearms1 illeal association are a.sor.ed. 3ape1 e$en if not in f'rt)erance of
re.ellion cannot .e comple2ed
"f Hillin1 ro..in #ere done for pri$ate p'rposes or for profit1 #it)o't any political
moti$ation1 t)e crime #o'ld .e separately .e p'nis)ed and #o'ld not .e em.raced
.y re.ellion 6'eople v. &ernando7
-erson deemed leader of re'ellion in case )e is 'nHno#n5
Any person #)o in fact5
a. directed t)e ot)ers
.. spoHe for t)em
c. sined receipts and ot)er doc'ments iss'ed in t)eir name
d. performed similar acts on .e)alf of t)e re.els
7istinctions -etween re-ellion an/ se/ition
657 As to nature
2-
In re'ellion& t)ere m'st .e taHin 'p or arms aainst t)e o$ernment.
In sedition1 it is s'fficient t)at t)e p'.lic 'prisin .e t'm'lt'o's.
6+7 As to purpose
In re'ellion& t)e p'rpose is al#ays political.
In sedition1 t)e p'rpose may .e political or social. E2ample5 t)e 'prisin of s@'atters
aainst +or.es parH residents. T)e p'rpose in sedition is to o aainst esta.lis)ed o$ernment1
not to o$ert)ro# it.
Article !:"=A
COU( 79 ETAT
ELEMENTS#
a. 2wift attac%
b. Accompanied b! violence, intimidation, threat, strateg! or stealth
c. <irected against7
1. d#l! constit#ted a#thorities
2. an! militar! camp or installation
'. comm#nication networ%s or p#blic #tilities
4. other facilities needed for the e"ercise and contin#ed possession of power
d. 2ingl! or sim#ltaneo#sl! carried o#t an!where in the Philippines
d. 3ommitted b! an! person or persons belonging to the militar! or police or holding
an! p#blic office or emplo!ment( with or witho#t civilian s#pport or participation
e. .ith or witho#t civilian s#pport or participation
f. P#rpose of sei*ing or diminishing state power
T)e essence of the crime is a s#ift attacH 'pon t)e facilities of t)e -)ilippine o$ernment1 military
camps and installations1 comm'nication net#orHs1 p'.lic 'tilities and facilities essential to t)e
contin'ed possession of o$ernmental po#ers$ It may 'e committed singly or collectively and
does not re*uire a multitude of people$
The o'4ective may not 'e to overthrow the government 'ut only to desta'ili(e or paraly(e the
government through the sei(ure of facilities and utilities essential to the continued possession
and exercise of governmental powers. It re*uires as principal offender a mem'er of the A<)
or of the )N) organi(ation or a pu'lic officer with or without civilian support$ +inally1 it may
'e carried out not only 'y force or violence 'ut also through stealth& threat or strategy$
How do you distinguish between coup detat and rebellion?
&ebellion is committed by any person whether a private individual or a public
officer whereas in coup d'etat, the offender is a member of the military or
police force or holding a public office or employment.
In rebellion, the object is to alienate the allegiance of a people in a territory,
whether wholly or partially, from the duly constituted government# in coup
d'etat, the object or purpose is to sei)e or diminish state power.
In both instances, the offenders intend to substitute themselves in place of
those who are in power.
3.
Treason <!!"@ Re-ellion <!:"@ Cou, /9etat
<!:"=A@
Se/ition <!:4@
Nature
of Crime
Crime aainst
=ational Aec'rity
Crime aainst
-'.lic >rder
Crime
aainst
-'.lic >rder
Crime aainst
-'.lic >rder
Overt
Acts
le$yin #ar
aainst t)e o$Ft;
>3
ad)erence and
i$in aid or
comfort to
enemies
-'.lic 'prisin
A=D
TaHin 'p arms
aainst t)e o$Ft
Aee article. 3isin p'.licly or
t'm'lt'o'sly
(ca'sed .y more
t)an 3 armed men
or pro$ided #it)
means of $iolence)
'urpose
of
o!-ectiv
e
Deli$er t)e o$Ft
to enemy d'rin
#ar
Aee article. AeiIin or
diminis)in
state po#er.
Aee en'meration in
article.
Article !:'
(ENALTIES
Who are lia!le8
a$ Any person who:
1. -romotes
2. Maintains
3. )eads a re.ellion or ins'rrection
'$ Any person who& while holding any pu'lic office or employment& ta/es part
therein
1. enain in #ar aainst t)e forces of t)e o$Ft
2. destroyin property or committin serio's $iolence
3. e2actin contri.'tions or di$ertin p'.lic f'nds from t)e la#f'l p'rpose for
#)ic) t)ey )a$e .een appropriated
c$ Any person merely participating or executing the command of other in a re'ellion
When conspiracy is present in the commission of the crime, the act of one is
the act of all. In committing rebellion and coup d=etat, even if conspiracy as a
means to commit the crime is established, the principal of criminal liability
under ,rticle !> of the 3evised 0enal 4ode is not followed.
)n overnment %ervice Not in overnment %ervice
Anyone #)o leads1 directs1 commands ot)ers
to 'ndertaHe a co'p.
Anyone #)o participates or in an manner1
s'pports1 finances1 a.ets1 aids in a co'p.
Aerio's $iolence is t)at inflicted 'pon ci$ilians1 #)ic) may res'lt in )omicide. "t is not
limited to )ostilities aainst t)e armed force.
Di$ertin p'.lic f'nds is mal$ersation a.sor.ed in re.ellion
NOTES#
a. -'.lic officer m'st taHe acti$e part .eca'se mere silence or omission not
p'nis)a.le in re.ellion
.. "t is not a defense in re.ellion t)at t)e acc'sed ne$er tooH t)e oat) of alleiance
to1 or t)at t)ey ne$er reconiIed t)e o$ernment
c. 3e.ellion cannot .e comple2ed #it) m'rder and ot)er common crimes
committed in p'rs'ance of t)e mo$ement to o$ert)ro# t)e o$ernment
31
*ubversion, just like the crimes of rebellion, conspiracy or proposal to commit
the crimes of rebellion or subversion and crimes or offenses committed in
furtherance thereof constitute direct assaults against the *tate and are in the
nature of continuing crimes & >mil vs. 0amos).
d. Cillin1 ro..in etc for pri$ate persons or for profit1 #it)o't any political
moti$ation1 #o'ld .e separately p'nis)ed and #o'ld not .e a.sor.ed in t)e
re.ellion.
Article !:)
CONS(IRACY TO COMMIT COU( 79 ETAT. REBELLION OR INSURRECTION
ELEMENTS#
a. 2 more persons come to an agreement to rise p#blicl! and ta%e arms against the
government
b. +or an! of the p#rposes of rebellion
c. The! decide to commit it
(RO(OSAL TO COMMIT COU( 79 ETAT. REBELLION OR INSURRECTION
<!:)@
ELEMENTS#
a. A person who has decided to rise p#blicl! and ta%e arms the government
b. +or an! of the p#rposes of rebellion
c. Proposes its e"ec#tion to some other person$s
>raniIin a ro'p of soldiers1 solicitin mem.ers)ip in1 and solicitin f'nds for t)e
oraniIation s)o# conspiracy to o$ert)ro# t)e o$Ft
T)e mere fact of i$in and renderin speec)es fa$orin Comm'nism #o'ld not
maHe t)e acc'sed 'ilty of conspiracy if t)ereFs no e$idence t)at t)e )earers t)en
and t)ere areed to rise 'p in arms aainst t)e o$Ft
Conspiracy m'st .e immediately prior to re.ellion
"f it is d'rin t)e re.ellion1 t)en it is already taHin part in it.
Article !:+
7ISLOYALTY O* (UBLIC O**ICERS AN7 EM(LOYEES
ACTS (UNIS8E7#
a. +ailing to resist rebellion b! all the means in their power
b. 3ontin#ing to discharge the d#ties of their offices #nder the control of rebels
c. Accepting appointment to office #nder rebels
-res'pposes e2istence of re.ellion
M'st not .e in conspiracy #it) re.els or co'p plotters
32
"f t)ere are means to pre$ent t)e re.ellion .'t did not resist it1 t)en t)ereFs disloyalty.
"f t)ere are no means1 no fa'lt
"f position is accepted in order to protect t)e people1 not co$ered .y t)is
T)e colla.orator m'st not )a$e tried to impose t)e #is)es of t)e re.els on t)e
people.
"isloyalty as a crime is not limited to rebellion alone but should now include
the crime of coup d'etat. &ebellion is essentially a crime committed by
private individuals while coup d'etat is a crime that should be classified as a
crime committed by public officers like malversation, bribery, dereliction of
duty and violations of the anti+;raft and 4orrupt 0ractices ,ct.
If the public officer or employee, aside from being disloyal, does or commits
acts constituting the crime of rebellion or coup d'etat, he will no longer be
charged for the simple crime of disloyalty but he shall be proceeded against
for the grave offense of rebellion or coup d'etat.
Article !:2
INCITING TO REBELLION OR INSURRECTION
ELEMENTS#
a. That the offender does not ta%e arms or is not in open hostilit! against the government
b. That he incites others to the e"ec#tion of an! of the acts of rebellion
c. That the inciting is done b! means of speeches, proclamations, writings, emblems,
banners or other representations tending to the same end
"ntentionally calc'lated to sed'ce ot)ers to re.ellion
T)ere m'st .e 'prisin to taHe 'p arms and rise p'.licly for t)e p'rposes indicated
in Art 134
?ne who promotes, maintains or heads a rebellion and who act at the same
time incites or influences others to join him in his war efforts against the duly
constituted government cannot be held criminally liable for the crime of
inciting to rebellion because, as the principal to the crime of rebellion, the act
of inciting to commit a rebellion is inherent to the graver crime of rebellion.
(ro,osal to Commit Re-ellion <!:)@ Inciting to Re-ellion <!:2@
T)e person #)o proposes )as decided to
commit re.ellion.
=ot re@'ired t)at t)e offender )as
decided to commit re.ellion.
T)e person #)o proposes t)e e2ec'tion
of t)e crime 'ses secret means.
T)e incitin is done p'.licly.
Article !:4
SE7ITION
ELEMENTS#
a. That the offenders rise
1. P#blicl! &if no pu'lic uprising I tumult and other distur'ance of pu'lic order)
2. T#m#lt#o#sl! &vis3J3vis re'ellion where there must 'e a ta/ing of arms)
33
b. That the! emplo! force, intimidation, or other means o#tside of legal methods
c. That the offenders emplo! an! of those means to attain an! of the following ob/ects7
1. to prevent the prom#lgation or e"ec#tion of an! law or the holding of an! pop#lar
election
2. to prevent the national government, or an! provincial or m#nicipal government, or
an! p#blic thereof from freel! e"ercising its or his f#nctions, or prevent the
e"ec#tion of an! administrative order
'. to inflict an! act or hate or revenge #pon the person or propert! of an! p#blic
officer or emplo!ee
4. to commit for an! political or social end, an! act of hate or revenge against private
persons or an! social class &hence& even private persons may 'e offended
parties)
1. to despoil, for an! political or social end, an! person, m#nicipalit! or province, or
the national government of all its propert! or an! part thereof
Se/ition# raisin of commotion or dist'r.ances in t)e Atate. "ts 'ltimate o./ect is a
$iolation of t)e p'.lic peace or at least s'c) meas'res t)at e$idently enenders it.
The crime of sedition is committed by rising publicly and tumultuously.
The two elements must concur.
The crime of sedition does not contemplate the ta/ing up of arms against the government
'ecause the purpose of this crime is not the overthrow of the government$ =otice from t)e
p'rpose of t)e crime of sedition t)at t)e offenders rise p'.licly and create commotion and
dist'r.ance .y #ay of protest to e2press t)eir dissent and o.edience to t)e o$ernment or to
t)e a't)orities concerned. T)is is liHe t)e so4called civil diso'edience except that the means
employed& which is violence& is illegal$
9ifference from re!ellion B o./ect or p'rpose of t)e 'prisin.
<or sedition B s'fficient t)at 'prisin is t'm'lt'o's. In re'ellion B t)ere m'st .e
taHin 'p of arms aainst t)e o$ernment.

.edition B p'rpose may .e eit)er political or social. In re'ellion B al#ays political
8Tumultuous9 is a situation wherein the disturbance or confusion is caused
by at least four persons. There is no re5uirement that the offenders should be
armed.
-re$entin p'.lic officers from freely e2ercisin t)eir f'nctions
In sedition B offender may .e a pri$ate or p'.lic person (E2. Aoldier)
-'.lic 'prisin and t)e o./ect of sedition m'st conc'r
;# Are common crimes a.sor.ed in sedition<
"n ) v$ mali1 AC )eld t)at =>. Crimes committed in t)at case #ere independent of eac)
ot)er.
-re$entin election t)ro') leal means B =>T sedition
?'t #)en s'ar farmers demonstrated and destroyed t)e properties of s'ar .arons
B sedition
34
'ersons lia!le for sedition:
a. leader of t)e sedition1 and
.. ot)er persons participatin in t)e sedition
The objective of the law in criminali)ing sedition is to put a limit to the
freedom of expression or the right of the people to assemble and petition the
government for redress of grievance.
The demonstrations conducted or held by the citi)enry to protest certain
policies of the government is not a crime. &ut when the protest in
manifested in the form of rallies where the participants, in order to attain
their objective of overcoming the will of the government, resort to force or
violence, the mantle of protection guaranteed under the 4onstitution to
express their dissent peacefully, shall cease to exist, as in the meantime,
the participants have encroached or stayed in the domain or realm of
criminal law.
Article !"!&
Cons,iracy to Commit Se/ition

"n t)is crime1 t)ere m'st .e an areement and a decision to rise p'.licly and t'm'lt'o'sly to
attain any of t)e o./ects of sedition.
There is no ,ro,osal to commit se/ition&
The conspiracy must be to prevent the promulgation or execution of any law
or the holding of any popular election. It may also be a conspiracy to prevent
national and local public officials from freely exercising their duties and
functions, or to prevent the execution of an administrative order.
Article !"5
INCITING TO SE7ITION
ELEMENTS#
a. That the offender does not ta%e a direct part in the crime of sedition
b. That he incites others to the accomplishment of an! of the acts which constit#te
sedition &1'4)
c. That the inciting is done b! means of speeches, proclamations, writing, emblems,
cartoons, banners, or other representations tending to the same end &purpose: cause
commotion not exactly against the government- actual distur'ance not
necessary)
7ierent acts o inciting to se/ition#
a. "ncitin ot)ers to t)e accomplis)ment of any of t)e acts #)ic) constit'te sedition
.y means of speec)es1 proclamations1 #ritins1 em.lems etc.
.. 8tterin seditio's #ords or speec)es #)ic) tend to dist'r. t)e p'.lic peace or
#ritin1 p'.lis)in1 or circ'latin sc'rrilo's O$'lar1 mean1 li.elo'sP li.els aainst
t)e o$ernment or any of t)e d'ly constit'ted a't)orities t)ereof1 #)ic) tend to
dist'r. t)e p'.lic peace
c. Cno#inly concealin s'c) e$il practices
When punisha!le:
a. #)en t)ey tend to dist'r. or o.str'ct any la#f'l officer in e2ec'tin t)e f'nctions
of )is office; or
35
.. #)en t)ey tend to instiate ot)ers to ca.al and meet toet)er for 'nla#f'l
p'rposes; or
c. #)en t)ey s'est or incite re.ellio's conspiracies or riots; or
d. #)en t)ey lead or tend to stir 'p t)e people aainst t)e la#f'l a't)orities or to
dist'r. t)e peace of t)e comm'nity1 t)e safety and order of t)e o$ernment
Only non3participant in sedition may 'e lia'le.
Inciting to sedition is an element of sedition. It cannot be treated as a
separate offense against one who is a part of a group that rose up publicly
and tumultuously and fought the forces of government.
Considerin t)at t)e o./ecti$e of sedition is to e2press protest aainst t)e o$ernment and in t)e
process creatin )ate aainst p'.lic officers1 any act that will generate hatred against the
government or a pu'lic officer concerned or a social class may amount to Inciting to sedition$
Article 142 is1 t)erefore1 @'ite .road.
T)e mere meetin for t)e p'rpose of disc'ssin )atred aainst t)e o$ernment is incitin to
sedition. 7am.astin o$ernment officials to discredit t)e o$ernment is "ncitin to sedition. But
if the o'4ective of such preparatory actions is the overthrow of the government& the crime is
inciting to re'ellion$
CRIMES AGAINST (O(ULAR RE(RESENTATION
Article !":
ACTS TEN7ING TO (RE3ENT T8E MEETING O* CONGRESS AN7 SIMILAR
BO7IES
ELEMENTS#
a. That there be a pro/ected or act#al meeting of 3ongress or an! of its committees or
s#bcommittees, constit#tional commissions or committees or division thereof, or of an!
provincial board or cit! or m#nicipal co#ncil or board
b. That the offender who ma! be an! persons prevents s#ch meeting b! force or fra#d
The crime is against popular representation because it is directed against
officers whose primary function is to meet and enact laws. When these
legislative bodies are prevented from meeting and performing their duties,
the system of government is disturbed. The three branches of government
must continue to exist and perform their duties.
C)ief of -olice and mayor #)o pre$ented t)e meetin of t)e m'nicipal co'ncil are
lia.le 'nder Art 1431 #)en t)e defect of t)e meetin is not manifest and re@'ires an
in$estiation .efore its e2istence can .e determined.
Article !""
7ISTURBANCE O* (ROCEE7INGS
ELEMENTS#
a. That there be a meeting of 3ongress or an! of its committees, constit#tional
commissions or committees or divisions thereof, or of an! provincial board or cit! or
m#nicipal co#ncil or board
b. That the offender does an! of the following acts
1. 9e dist#rbs an! of s#ch meetings
36
2. 9e behaves while in the presence of an! s#ch bodies in s#ch a manner as to
interr#pt its proceedings or to impair the respect d#e it
The disturbance can be in the form of utterances, speeches or any form of
expressing dissent which is not done peacefully but implemented in such a
way that it substantially interrupts the meeting of the assembly or adversely
affects the respect due to the assembly of its members.
Complaint m'st .e filed .y mem.er of t)e 7eislati$e .ody. Acc'sed may also .e
p'nis)ed for contempt.
Article !"'
3IOLATION O* (ARLIAMENTARY IMMUNITY
Acts ,unisha-le#
a. 1y using force/ intimidation/ threats/ or frauds to prevent any mem!er of
Congress from :
3. attending the meeting of the assem!ly or any of its committees/
constitutional commissions or committees or divisions thereof/ or from
2. e5pressing his opinions or
4. casting his vote
!. 1y arresting or searching any mem!er thereof while Congress is in a
regular or special session/ e5cept in case such mem!er has committed a
crime punisha!le under the code !y a penalty higher than prision mayor 6 ;
years up 7
Elements#
1. That the offender is a p#blic officer or emplo!ee
2. That he arrests or searches an! member of 3ongress
'. That 3ongress, at the time of arrest or search, is in a reg#lar or special session
4. That the member searched has not committed a crime p#nishable #nder the code
b! a penalt! higher than prision ma!or &5GHK constitution: privilege from arrest
while congress in session in all offenses punisha'le 'y not more than : years
imprisonment).
8nder Aection 111 Article &" of t)e Constit'tion1 a p'.lic officer #)o arrests a mem.er of
Conress #)o )as committed a crime p'nis)a.le .y prision mayor (si2 years and one day1 to 12
years) is not lia.le Article 145.
Accordin to 3eyes1 to .e consistent #it) t)e Constit'tion1 t)e p)rase N.y a penalty )i)er t)an
prision mayorN in Article 145 s)o'ld .e amended to read5 N.y t)e penalty of prision mayor or
)i)er.N
The offender is any person and the offended party who is a member of
4ongress, has not committed any crime to justify the use of force, threat,
intimidation or fraud to prevent him from attending the meeting of 4ongress.
ILLEGAL ASSEMBLIES AN7 ASSOCIATIONS
Article !")
ILLEGAL ASSEMBLIES
3%
Two <5@ Ty,es o illegal assem-lies#
a. $eeting of the first form
1. Meetin1 at)erin or ro'p of persons #)et)er in a fi2ed place or mo$in
2. purpose : to commit any of crimes p'nis)a.le 'nder t)e code
3. meetin attended .y armed persons

.. $eeting of the second form
1. Meetin1 at)erin or ro'p of persons #)et)er in a fi2ed place or mo$in
2. A'dience #)et)er armed or not1 is incited to t)e commission of t)e crime of
treason1 re.ellion or ins'rrection1 sedition or direct assa'lt.
=ot all t)e persons present at t)e meetin of t)e first form of illeal assem.ly m'st
.e armed
'ersons lia!le for illegal assem!ly
a. t)e oraniIers or leaders of t)e meetin
.. persons merely present at t)e meetin (e2cept #)en presence is o't of c'riosity
B not lia.le)
(esponsi!ility of persons merely present at the meeting
a. if t)ey are not armed1 penalty is arresto mayor
b. if t)ey carry arms1 liHe .olos or Hni$es1 or licensed firearms1 penalty is prision
correccional
'resumptions if person present at the meeting carries an unlicensed firearm:
a. p'rpose of t)e meetin is to commit acts p'nis)a.le 'nder t)e 3-C
.. considered as leader or oraniIer of t)e meetin
Those who incite the audience, by means of speeches, printed matters, and
other representation, to commit treason, rebellion or insurrection, sedition or
assault a person in authority, shall be deemed leaders or organi)ers of said
meeting.
The gravamen of the offense is mere assem'ly of or gathering of people for illegal purpose
punisha'le 'y the "evised )enal Code$ :it)o't at)erin1 t)ere is no illeal assem.ly. "f
'nla#f'l p'rpose is a crime 'nder a special la#1 t)ere is no illeal assem.ly. <or example1
t)e at)erin of dr' p's)ers to facilitate dr' trafficHin is not illeal assem.ly .eca'se t)e
p'rpose is not $iolati$e of t)e 3e$ised -enal Code .'t of T)e Danero's Dr's Act of 1(!21
as amended1 #)ic) is a special la#.
Two forms of illegal assem!ly
(1) No attendance of armed men& 'ut persons in the meeting are incited to commit treason&
re'ellion or insurrection& sedition or assault upon a person in authority. :)en t)e illeal
p'rpose of t)e at)erin is to incite people to commit t)e crimes mentioned a.o$e1 t)e
presence of armed men is 'nnecessary. T)e mere at)erin for t)e p'rpose is s'fficient
to .rin a.o't t)e crime already.
(2) Armed men attending the gathering B "f t)e illeal p'rpose is ot)er t)an t)ose mentioned
a.o$e1 t)e presence of armed men d'rin t)e at)erin .rins a.o't t)e crime of illeal
assem.ly.
3&
E2ample5 -ersons conspirin to ro. a .anH #ere arrested. Aome #ere #it) firearms.
7ia.le for illeal assem.ly1 not for conspiracy1 .'t for at)erin #it) armed men.
9istinction !etween illegal assem!ly and illegal association
In illegal assem'ly1 t)e .asis of lia.ility is t)e at)erin for an illeal p'rpose #)ic) constit'tes a
crime 'nder t)e 3e$ised -enal Code.
In illegal association1 t)e .asis is t)e formation of or oraniIation of an association to enae in
an 'nla#f'l p'rpose #)ic) is not limited to a $iolation of t)e 3e$ised -enal Code. "t incl'des a
$iolation of a special la# or t)ose aainst p'.lic morals. Meanin of p'.lic morals5 inimical to
p'.lic #elfare; it )as not)in to do #it) decency.1 not acts of o.scenity.
Article !"+
ILLEGAL ASSOCIATIONS
ELEMENTS#
a. -rgani*ed totall! or partiall! for the p#rpose of committing an! of the crimes in 0P3
-r
b. +or some p#rpose contrar! to p#blic morals
(ersons lia-le#
a. fo'nders1 directors and president of t)e association
.. mere mem.ers of t)e association
Illegal Assem-ly <!")@ Illegal Association <!"+@
M'st .e an act'al meetin of armed
persons to commit any of t)e crimes
p'nis)a.le 'nder t)e 3-C1 or of indi$id'als
#)o1 alt)o') not armed1 are incited to t)e
commission of treason1 re.ellion1 sedition
or assa'lt 'pon a person in a't)ority of )is
aent.
=o need for s'c)
"t is t)e meetin and t)e attendance at s'c)
t)at are p'nis)ed
Act of formin or oraniIin and
mem.ers)ip in t)e association
-ersons lia.le5 leaders and t)ose present +o'nders1 directors1 president and
mem.ers
Public morals refers to crimes punished under Title *ix of the 3evised 0enal
4ode, namely, gambling, grave scandal, prostitution and vagrancy.
ASSAULT. RESISTANCE AN7 7ISOBE7IENCE
Article !"2
7IRECT ASSAULT

ELEMENTS O* T8E !
ST
*ORM O* 7IRECT ASSAULT
a. That the offender emplo!s force or intimidation.
b. That the aim of the offender is to attain an! of the p#rposes of the crime of rebellion or
an! of the ob/ects of the crimes of sedition. &victim need not 'e person in authority)
c. That there is no p#blic #prising.
Example of the first form of direct assault:
T)ree men .roHe into a =ational +ood A't)ority #are)o'se and lamented s'fferins of t)e
people. T)ey called on people to )elp t)emsel$es to all t)e rice. T)ey did not e$en )elp
t)emsel$es to a sinle rain.
3-
The crime committed was direct assault$ There was no ro''ery for there was no intent to gain$
The crime is direct assault 'y committing acts of sedition under Article 52G 617& that is& spoiling of
the property& for any political or social end& of any person municipality or province or the national
government of all or any its property& 'ut there is no pu'lic uprising$
ELEMENTS O* T8E 5
N7
*ORM O* 7IRECT ASSAULT#
a. That the offender &a) ma%es an attac%, &b) emplo!s force, &c) ma%es a serio#s
intimidation, or &d) ma%es a serio#s resistance.
b. That the person assa#lted is a person in a#thorit! or his agent.
c. That at the time of the assa#lt the person in a#thorit! or his agent &a) is engaged in the
act#al performance of official d#ties &motive is not essential), or that he is assa#lted
&b) b! reason of the past performance of official d#ties &motive is essential).
d. That the offender %nows that the one he is assa#lting is a person in a#thorit! or his
agent in the e"ercise of his d#ties &with intention to offend& in4ure or assault).
e. That there is no p#blic #prising.
4rime of direct assault can only be committed by means of dolo. It cannot be
committed by culpa.
Always complexed with the material conse*uence of the act (e.. direct assa'lt #it)
m'rder) except if resulting in a light felony1 in #)ic) case1 t)e conse@'ence is
a.sor.ed
T)e crime is not .ased on t)e material conse@'ence of t)e 'nla#f'l act$ The crime of direct
assault punishes the spirit of lawlessness and the contempt or hatred for the authority or the rule
of law$
To .e specific1 if a /'de #as Hilled #)ile )e #as )oldin a session1 t)e Hillin is not t)e direct
assa'lt1 .'t m'rder. There could 'e direct assault if the offender /illed the 4udge simply 'ecause
the 4udge is so strict in the fulfillment of his duty$ "t is t)e spirit of )ate #)ic) is t)e essence of
direct assa'lt.

.o& where the spirit is present& it is always complexed with the material conse*uence of the
unlawful act. "f t)e 'nla#f'l act #as m'rder or )omicide committed 'nder circ'mstance of
la#lessness or contempt of a't)ority1 t)e crime #o'ld .e direct assa'lt #it) m'rder or )omicide1
as t)e case may .e. "n t)e e2ample of t)e /'de #)o #as Hilled1 t)e crime is direct assa'lt #it)
m'rder or )omicide.
The only time when it is not complexed is when material conse*uence is a light felony& that is&
slight physical in4ury. Direct assa'lt a.sor.s t)e li)ter felony; t)e crime of direct assa'lt can not
.e separated from t)e material res'lt of t)e act. .o& if an offender who is charged with direct
assault and in another court for the slight physical In4ury which is part of the act& ac*uittal or
conviction in one is a 'ar to the prosecution in the other$
0ittin t)e policeman on t)e c)est #it) fist is not direct assa'lt .eca'se if done
aainst an aent of a person in a't)ority1 t)e force employed m'st .e of serio's
c)aracter
T)e force employed need not .e serio's #)en t)e offended party is a person in
a't)ority (e2. 7ayin of )ands)
T)e intimidation or resistance m'st .e serio's #)et)er t)e offended party is an
aent only or a person in a't)ority (e2. -ointin a 'n)
*orce Em,loye/ Intimi/ationEResistance
Person in A#thorit! =eed not .e serio's Aerio's
4.
Agent M'st .e of serio's c)aracter Aerio's
(erson in authority# any person directly $ested #it) /'risdiction (po#er or a't)ority
to o$ern and e2ec'te t)e la#s) #)et)er as an indi$id'al or as a mem.er of some
co'rt or o$ernmental corporation1 .oard or commission
A .aranay captain is a person in a't)ority1 so is a Di$ision A'perintendent of
sc)ools1 -resident of Aanitary Di$ision and a teac)er
"n applyin t)e pro$isions of Articles 14% and 151& teachers& professors& and persons charged
with the supervision of pu'lic or duly recogni(ed private schools& colleges and universities and
lawyers in the actual performance of their duties or on the occasion of such performance& shall 'e
deemed a person in authority$
Agent# is one #)o1 .y direct pro$ision of la# or .y election or .y appointment .y
competent a't)ority1 is c)ared #it) t)e maintenance of p'.lic order and t)e
protection and sec'rity of life and property. (Example$ ?arrio co'ncilman and any
person #)o comes to t)e aid of t)e person in a't)ority1 policeman1 m'nicipal
treas'rer1 postmaster1 s)eriff1 aents of t)e ?"31 MalacaQan confidential aent)
E$en #)en t)e person in a't)ority or t)e aent arees to fi)t1 still direct assa'lt.
:)en t)e person in a't)ority or t)e aent pro$oHedLattacHed first1 innocent party is
entitled to defend )imself and cannot .e )eld lia.le for assa'lt or resistance nor for
p)ysical in/'ries1 .eca'se )e acts in leitimate self4defense
The offended party in assault must not be the aggressor. If there is unlawful
aggression employed by the public officer, any form of resistance which may
be in the nature of force against him will be considered as an act of legitimate
defense. &People vs. 9ernande*, 1= Phil. '4')
T)ere can .e no assa'lt 'pon or diso.edience to one a't)ority .y anot)er #)en t)ey
.ot) contend t)at t)ey #ere in t)e e2ercise of t)eir respecti$e d'ties.
The offender and the offended party are both public officers. The *upreme
4ourt said that assault may still be committed, as in fact the offender is even
subjected to a greater penalty &>.2. vs. ?alle/o, 11 Phil. 1=').
:)en assa'lt is made .y reason of t)e performance of )is d'ty t)ere is no need for
act'al performance of )is official d'ty #)en attacHed
In direct assault of the first form& t)e stat're of t)e offended person is immaterial$ The crime is
manifested 'y the spirit of lawlessness$
In the second form& yo' )a$e to distin'is) a sit'ation #)ere a person in a't)ority or )is aent
#as attacHed #)ile performin official f'nctions1 from a sit'ation #)en )e is not performin s'c)
f'nctions$
If attac/ was done during the exercise of official functions& the crime is always direct assault$
"t is eno') t)at t)e offender Hne# t)at t)e person in a't)ority #as performin an official
f'nction #)ate$er may .e t)e reason for t)e attacH1 alt)o') #)at may )a$e )appened #as
a p'rely pri$ate affair.
>n t)e ot)er )and1 if the person in authority or the agent was /illed when no longer performing
official functions& the crime may simply 'e the material conse*uence of he unlawful act: murder
or homicide$ +or t)e crime to .e direct assa'lt1 t)e attacH m'st .e .y reason of )is official
f'nction in t)e past. Moti$e .ecomes important in t)is respect. Example& if a 4udge was /illed
while resisting the ta/ing of his watch& there is no direct assault$
"n t)e second form of direct assa'lt1 it is also important that the offended /new that the person he
is attac/ing is a person in authority or an agent of a person in authority& performing his official
functions$ =o Hno#lede1 no la#lessness or contempt$
41
<or example& if t#o persons #ere @'arrelin and a policeman in ci$ilian clot)es comes and stops
t)em1 .'t one of t)e protaonists sta.s t)e policeman1 t)ere #o'ld .e no direct assa'lt 'nless
t)e offender Hne# t)at )e is a policeman.
"n t)is respect it is eno') t)at t)e offender s)o'ld Hno# t)at t)e offended party #as e2ercisin
some form of a't)ority. It is not necessary that the offender /nows what is meant 'y person in
authority or an agent of one 'ecause ignorantia legis non excusat$
Circumstances $ualiying the oense <;ualiie/ Assault@#
a. #)en t)e assa'lt is committed #it) a #eapon
.. #)en t)e offender is a p'.lic officer or employee
c. #)en t)e offender lays )and 'pon a person in a't)ority
Comple2 crime of direct assa'lt #it) )omicide or m'rder1 or #it) serio's p)ysical
in/'ries.
If the crime of direct assault is committed with the use of force and it resulted
in the infliction of slight physical injuries, the latter shall not be considered as
a separate offense. It shall be absorbed by the greater crime of direct assault.
&People vs. Acierto, 1) Phil. 814)
Direct assa'lt cannot .e committed d'rin re.ellion.
6a! direct assa#lt be committed #pon a private individ#al@ Yes. When a private person
comes to the aid of a person in authority, and he is likewise assaulted. 'nder
Republic Act No. 19!"
a private person who comes to the aid of a person in authority is by fiction
of law deemed or is considered an agent of a person in authority.
Article !"4
IN7IRECT ASSAULT
ELEMENTS#
a. That a person in a#thorit! or his agent is the victim of an! of the forms of direct
assa#lt defined in A0T. 145.
b. That a person comes to the aid of s#ch a#thorit! or his agent.
c. That the offender ma%es #se of force or intimidation #pon s#ch person coming to the
aid of the a#thorit! or his agent.
Indirect assault can be committed only when a direct assault is also
committed
To !e indirect assault/ the person who should !e aided is the agent (not t)e
person in a't)ority .eca'se it is already direct assa'lt1 t)e person comin to t)e aid
of t)e person in a't)ority .ein considered as an aent and an attacH on t)e latter is
already direct assa'lt). E2ample. Aidin a policeman 'nder attacH.
The victim in indirect assault should 'e a private person who comes in aid of an agent of a
person in authority$ T)e assa'lt is 'pon a person #)o comes in aid of t)e aent of a person in
a't)ority. T)e $ictim cannot .e t)e person in a't)ority or )is aent.
Ta/e note that under Article 51+& as amended& when any person comes in aid of a person in
authority& said person at that moment is no longer a civilian ; he is constituted as an agent of the
person in authority$ If such person were the one attac/ed& the crime would 'e direct assault
Article !'6
42
7ISOBE7IENCE TO SUMMONS
Acts ,unisha-le#
a. refusing without legal e5cuse to o!ey summons
!. refusing to !e sworn or placed under affirmation
c. refusing to answer any legal in*uiry to produce !oo.s/ records etc.
d. restraining another from attending as witness in such !ody
e. inducing diso!edience to a summons or refusal to !e sworn
The act punished is refusal, without legal excuse, to obey summons issued by
the (ouse of 3epresentatives or the *enate. If a 4onstitutional 4ommission is
created, it shall enjoy the same privilege.
The exercise by the legislature of its contempt power is a matter of self+
preservation, independent of the judicial branch. The contempt power of the
legislature is inherent and sui generis.
The power to punish is not e%tended to the local e%ecutive bodies. The
reason given is that local legislative bodies are but a creation of law and
therefore, for them to exercise the power of contempt, there must be an
express grant of the same.
Article !'!
RESISTANCEE7ISOBE7IENCE TO A (ERSON IN AUT8ORITY OR T8E
AGENT O* SUC8 (ERSON <,ar& !@
ELEMENTS#
a. That a person in a#thorit! or his agent is engaged in the performance of official d#t!
or gives a lawf#l order to the offender.
b. That the offender resists or serio#sl! disobe!s s#ch person in a#thorit! or his agent.
c. That the act of the offender is not incl#ded in the provisions of arts. 145, 14= and 11;.
SIM(LE 7ISOBE7IENCE <,ar& 5@
ELEMENTS#
a. That an agent of a person in a#thorit! is engaged in the performance of official d#t!
gives a lawf#l order to the offender.
b. That the offender disobe!s s#ch agent of a person in a#thorit!.
c. That s#ch disobedience is not of a serio#s nat#re.
US vs. Ramayrat !! Phil. "#$
The *upreme 4ourt held that2 8the
violation does not refer to resistance or disobedience to the legal
provisions of the law, nor to #udicial decisions defining or declaring the
rights and obligations of the parties for the same give reliefs only in the
form of civil actions. &ather, the disobedience or resistance is to the
orders directly issued by the authorities in the e%ercise of their official
duties.
7irect Assault <!"2@ Resistant an/ 7iso-e/ience to a (erson
43
in Authority or Agents o such (erson
<!'!@
-"A or )is aent m'st .e enaed in t)e
performance of official d'ties or t)at )e
is assa'lted
-"A or )is aent m'st .e in t)e act'al
performance of )is d'ties.
Direct assa'lt is committed in 4 #ays B
.y attacHin1 employin force1 and
serio'sly resistin a -"A or )is aent.
Committed .y resistin or serio'sly
diso.eyin a -"A or )is aent.
8se of force aainst an aent of -"A
m'st .e serio's and deli.erate.
8se of force aainst an aent of a -"A is not
so serio's; no manifest intention to defy t)e
la# and t)e officers enforcin it.
In 'oth resistance against an agent of a person in authority and direct assault 'y resisting an
agent of a person in authority& there is force employed1 .'t t)e use of force in resistance is not so
serio's1 as t)ere is no manifest intention to defy t)e la# and t)e officers enforcin it.
The attac/ or employment of force which gives rise to the crime of direct assault must 'e serious
and deli'erate; ot)er#ise1 e$en a case of simple resistance to an arrest1 #)ic) al#ays re@'ires
t)e 'se of force of some Hind1 #o'ld constit'te direct assa'lt and t)e lesser offense of resistance
or diso.edience in Article 151 #o'ld entirely disappear.
But when the one resisted is a person in authority1 t)e 'se of any Hind or deree of force #ill i$e
rise to direct assa'lt.
If no force is employed 'y the offender in resisting or diso'eying a person in authority1 t)e crime
committed is resistance or serio's diso.edience 'nder t)e first pararap) of Article 151.
Article !'5
(ERSONS IN AUT8ORITYEAGENTS O* (ERSONS IN AUT8ORITY#
(ersons in Authority B any person directly $ested #it) /'risdiction1 #)et)er as an
indi$id'al or as a mem.er of some co'rt or o$ernmental corporation1 .oard or
commission.
EFam,les o (ersons in Authority 5
a. ?aranay captain
.. ?aranay c)airman
c. M'nicipal mayor
d. -ro$incial fiscal
e. K'stice of t)e peace
f. M'nicipal co'ncilor
. Teac)ers
). -rofessors
i. -ersons c)ared #it) t)e s'per$ision of p'.lic or d'ly reconiIed pri$ate
sc)ools1 collees and 'ni$ersities
/. 7a#yers in t)e act'al performance of t)eir professional d'ties or on t)e occasion
of s'c) performance
Agent o (erson in Authority B any person #)o1 .y direct pro$ision of la# or .y
election or .y appointment .y competent a't)ority1 is c)ared #it) t)e maintenance
of p'.lic order and t)e protection and sec'rity of life and property.
EFam,les o agents o (IA 5
a. ?arrio co'ncilman
.. ?arrio policeman
c. ?aranay leader
d$ Any person who comes to the aid of persons in authority
.ection 2HH of the =ocal !ov@t Code pro$ides t)at Efor p'rposes of t)e 3-C1 t)e
p'non .aranay1 san'nian .aranay mem.ers and mem.ers of t)e l'pon
44
taapamayapa in eac) .aranay s)all .e deemed as persons in authority in t)eir
/'risdictions1 #)ile ot)er .aranay officials and mem.ers #)o may .e desinated .y
la# or ordinance and c)ared #it) t)e maintenance of p'.lic order1 protection and
t)e sec'rity of life1 property1 or t)e maintenance of a desira.le and .alanced
en$ironment1 and any .aranay mem.er #)o comes to t)e aid of persons in
a't)ority s)all .e deemed A!ENT of persons in authority$
When the offended party is a person in authority and while being
assaulted, a private individual comes to his rescue, such private
individual, by operation of law, mutates mutandis becomes an agent of a
person in authority. ,ny assault committed against such person is direct
assault, and not indirect assault. &ut if the person assaulted is an agent of
a person in authority, and a private individual comes to his rescue and is
himself assaulted while giving the assistance, as earlier discussed, the
crime committed is indirect assault.
CRIMES AGAINST (UBLIC 7ISOR7ERS
Article !':
TUMULTS AN7 OT8ER 7ISTURBANCES O* (UBLIC OR7ER
TY(ES#
a. 3a#sing an! serio#s dist#rbance in a p#blic place, office or establishment
b. nterr#pting or dist#rbing p#blic performances, f#nctions, gatherings or peacef#l
meetings, if the act is not incl#ded in Art 1'1 and 1'2 &)u'lic Officers interrupting
peaceful meetings or religious worship).
c. 6a%ing an! o#tcr! tending to incite rebellion or sedition in an! meeting, association or
p#blic place
d. <ispla!ing placards or emblems which provo%e a dist#rbance of p#blic order in s#ch
place
e. :#r!ing with pomp the bod! of a person who has been legall! e"ec#ted.
"f t)e act of dist'r.in or interr'ptin a meetin or reliio's ceremony is =>T
committed .y p'.lic officers1 or if committed .y p'.lic officers #)o are not
participants t)erein1 t)is article applies. Art 525 and 52+ punishes the same acts if
committed 'y pu'lic officers who are NOT participants in the meeting
T)e o'tcry is merely a p'.lic disorder if it is an 'nconscio's o't.'rst #)ic)1 alt)o')
re.ellio's or seditio's in nat're1 is not intentionally calc'lated to ind'ce ot)ers to
commit re.ellion or sedition1 ot)er#ise1 its incitin to re.ellion or sedition.
This article should be distinguished from inciting to rebellion or
sedition as discussed under ,rticle !.6 and !/$. In the former, the
meeting is legal and peaceful. It becomes unlawful only because of
the outcry made, which tends to incite rebellion or sedition in the
meeting. In the latter case, the meeting is unlawful from the
beginning and the utterances made are deliberately articulated to
incite others to rise publicly and rebel against the government.
What makes it inciting to rebellion or sedition is the act of inciting
the audience to commit rebellion or sedition.
Tumultuous B if ca'sed .y more t)an 3 persons #)o are armed or pro$ided #it)
means of $iolence (circ'mstance @'alifyin t)e dist'r.anceLinterr'ption) B
Et'm'lt'o's in c)aracterG
45
The essence is creating pu'lic disorder$ T)is crime is .ro')t a.o't .y creatin serio's
dist'r.ances in p'.lic places1 p'.lic .'ildins1 and e$en in pri$ate places #)ere p'.lic f'nctions
or performances are .ein )eld.
<or a crime to 'e under this article& it must not fall under Articles 525 6prohi'ition& interruption&
and dissolution of peaceful meetings7 and 52+ 6interruption of religious worship7$
"n t)e act of maHin o'tcry d'rin speec) tendin to incite re.ellion or sedition1 t)e sit'ation m'st
.e distin'is)ed from incitin to sedition or re.ellion.
If the spea/er& even 'efore he delivered his speech& already had the criminal intent to incite
the listeners to rise to sedition& the crime would 'e inciting to sedition$ 0o#e$er1 if the
offender had no such criminal intent& 'ut in the course of his speech& tempers went high and
so the spea/er started inciting the audience to rise in sedition against the government& the
crime is distur'ance of the pu'lic order$
The distur'ance of the pu'ic order is tumultuous and the penalty is increased if it is 'rought
a'out 'y armed men. T)e term EarmedG does not refer to firearms .'t incl'des e$en .i stones
capa.le of ca'sin ra$e in/'ry.
It is also distur'ance of the pu'lic order if a convict legally put to death is 'uried with pomp.
0e s)o'ld not .e made o't as a martyr; it mi)t incite ot)ers to )atred.
The crime of disturbance of public order may be committed in a public or
private place. If committed in a private place, the law is violated only
where the disturbance is made while a public function or performance is
going on. Without a public gathering in a private place, the crime cannot
be committed.
Article !'"
UNLA1*UL USE O* MEANS O* (UBLICATION AN7 UNLA1*UL
UTTERANCES
TY(ES#
a. P#blishing or ca#sing to be p#blished, b! means of printing, lithograph! or an! other
means of p#blication as news an! false news which ma! endanger the p#blic order, or
ca#se damage to the interest or credit of the 2tate.
b. Anco#raging disobedience to the law or to the constit#ted a#thorities or b! praising,
/#stif!ing or e"tolling an! act p#nished b! law, b! the same means or b! words,
#tterances or speeches
c. 6alicio#sl! p#blishing or ca#sing to be p#blished an! official resol#tion or doc#ment
witho#t proper a#thorit!, or before the! have been p#blished officiall!
d. Printing, p#blishing or distrib#ting or &ca#sing the same) boo%s, pamphlets,
periodicals or leaflets which do not bear the real printerBs name or which are classified
as anon!mo#s.
The purpose of the law is to punish the spreading of false information which
tends to cause panic, confusion, distrust and divide people in their loyalty to
the duly constituted authorities.
Act'al p'.lic disorder or act'al damae to t)e credit of t)e Atate is not necessary.
Re,u-lic Act No& 5"2 pro)i.its t)e reprintin1 reprod'ction or rep'.lication of o$ernment
p'.lications and official doc'ments #it)o't pre$io's a't)ority
The article also punishes any person who knowingly publishes official acts or
documents which are not officially promulgated.
46
Article !''
ALARMS AN7 SCAN7ALS
TY(ES#
a. <ischarging an! firearm, roc%et, firecrac%er, or other e"plosive within an! town or
p#blic place, calc#lated to ca#se alarm or danger
b. nstigating or ta%ing active part in an! charivari or other disorderl! meeting offensive
to another or pre/#dicial to p#blic tran,#ilit!
c. <ist#rbing the p#blic peace while wandering abo#t at night or while engaged in an!
other noct#rnal am#sement
d. 3a#sing an! dist#rbance or scandal in p#blic places while into"icated or otherwise,
provided the act is not covered b! Art 11' &t#m#lt).
8nderstand t)e nature of the crime of alarms and scandals as one t)at dist'r.s p'.lic
tran@'ility or p'.lic peace. "f t)e annoyance is intended for a partic'lar person1 t)e crime is
un4ust vexation$
Charivari B mocH serenade or discordant noises made #it) Hettles1 tin )orns etc1
desined to deride1 ins'lt or annoy
When a person discharges a firearm in pu!lic& t)e act may constit'te any of t)e possi.le
crimes 'nder t)e 3e$ised -enal Code5
657 Alarms and scandals if t)e firearm #)en disc)ared #as not directed to any partic'lar
person;
6+7 Illegal discharge of firearm under Article +18 if t)e firearm is directed or pointed to a
partic'lar person #)en disc)ared .'t intent to Hill is a.sent;
627 Attempted homicide& murder& or parricide if t)e firearm #)en disc)ared is directed
aainst a person and intent to Hill is present.
"n t)is connection1 'nderstand t)at it is not necessary t)at t)e offended party .e #o'nded or )it.
#ere discharge of firearm towards another with intent to /ill already amounts to attempted
homicide or attempted murder or attempted parricide$ It can not 'e frustrated 'ecause the
offended party is not mortally wounded$
"n Araneta v. Court of Appeals1 it #as )eld t)at if a person is s)ot at and is #o'nded1 t)e crime
is a'tomatically attempted )omicide. Intent to /ill is inherent in the use of the deadly weapon$
(47 !rave Threats ; "f t)e #eapon is not disc)ared .'t merely pointed to
anot)er
(5) Other =ight Threats B "f dra#n in a @'arrel .'t not in self defense
:)at o$erns is t)e res'lt1 not t)e intent
CRIME Nature o Crime 1ho are Lia-le
T'm'lts and ot)er
Dist'r.ances (153)
Crime aainst -'.lic >rder -ri$ate persons1
o'tsider
Alarms and Acandals (155) Crime aainst -'.lic >rder -ri$ate persons1
o'tsider
Article !')
7ELI3ERING (RISONERS *ROM >AILS
4%
ELEMENTS #
a. That there is a person confined in a /ail or penal establishment.
b. That the offender removes therefor s#ch person, or helps the escape of s#ch person &if
the escapee is serving final 4udgement& he is guilty of evasion of sentence).
c. -ffender is a private individ#al
-risoner may .e detention prisoner or one sentenced .y $irt'e of a final /'dment
4+en if the prisoner is in the hospital or asylum or any place for detention of prisoner# as long as
he is classified as a prisoner# that is# a formal complaint or information has been filed in court#
and he has been officially categori*ed as a prisoner# this article applies# as such place is
considered e5tension of the penal institution.
A policeman assined to t)e city /ail as 'ard #)o #)ile off4d'ty released a prisoner
is lia.le )ere
4+en if the prisoner returned to the 6ail after se+eral hours# the one $ho remo+ed him from 6ail is
liable.
"t may .e committed t)ro') nelience
Circumstances *ualifying the offense B is committed .y means of $iolence1
intimidation or .ri.ery.
$itigating circumstance B if it taHes place o'tside t)e penal esta.lis)ment .y
taHin t)e 'ards .y s'rprise
correlate t)e crime of deli$erin person from /ail #it) infidelity in t)e c'stody of prisoners
p'nis)ed 'nder Articles 2231 224 and 225 of t)e 3e$ised -enal Code$ In 'oth acts& the offender
may 'e a pu'lic officer or a private citi(en$
Do not t)inH t)at infidelity in t)e c'stody of prisoners can only .e committed .y a p'.lic
officer and deli$erin persons from /ail can only .e committed .y pri$ate person. ?ot) crimes
may .e committed .y p'.lic officers as #ell as pri$ate persons.
"n .ot) crimes1 the person involved may 'e a convict or a mere detention prisoner$
T)e only point of distinction .et#een t)e t#o crimes lies on #)et)er t)e offender is t)e c'stodian
of t)e prisoner or not at t)e time t)e prisoner #as made to escape.
If the offender is the custodian at that time1 t)e crime is infidelity in t)e c'stody of prisoners.
But if the offender is not the custodian of the prisoner at that time1 e$en t)o') )e is a p'.lic
officer1 t)e crime )e committed is deli$erin prisoners from /ail.
#ia!ility of the prisoner or detainee who escaped B :)en t)ese crimes are committed1
#)et)er infidelity in t)e c'stody of prisoners or deli$erin prisoners from /ail1 t)e prisoner so
escapin may also )a$e criminal lia.ility and t)is is so if t)e prisoner is a con$ict ser$in
sentence .y final /'dment. T)e crime of evasion of service of sentence is committed 'y the
prisoner who escapes if such prisoner is a convict serving sentence 'y final 4udgment.
If the prisoner who escapes is only a detention prisoner1 )e does not inc'r lia.ility from escapin
if )e does not Hno# of t)e plan to remo$e )im from /ail. But if such prisoner /nows of the plot to
remove him from 4ail and cooperates therein 'y escaping& )e )imself .ecomes lia.le for deli$erin
prisoners from /ail as a principal .y indispensa.le cooperation.
If three persons are involved ; a stranger& the custodian and the prisoner ; three crimes are
committed5
(1) "nfidelity in t)e c'stody of prisoners;
(2) Deli$ery of t)e prisoner from /ail; and
4&
(3) E$asion of ser$ice of sentence.
#t is possible that se$eral crimes may be committed in one set o%
%acts. 7or instance, assuming that 0edro, the jail warden, agreed with <uan to
allow Maria to escape by not locking the gate of the city jail. 0rovided that
<uan comes across with 01,:::.:: pesos as bribe money. The arrangement
was not known to Maria but when she noticed the unlocked gate of the city
jail she took advantage of the situation and escaped. 7rom the facts given,
there is no 5uestion that 0edro, as the jail warden, is liable for the crime of
infidelity in the custody of the prisoner. (e will also be able for the crime of
bribery. <uan will be liable for the crime of delivering a prisoner from jail and
for corruption of public official under ,rt. $!$. If Maria is a sentenced
prisoner, she will be liable for evasion of service of sentence under ,rticle
!1>. if she is a detention prisoner, she commits no crime.
E3ASION O* SENTENCE OR SER3ICE
"vasion of service of sentence has three forms:
657 ?y simply lea$in or escapin from t)e penal esta.lis)ment under Article 51K-
6+7 +ail're to ret'rn #it)in 4% )o'rs after )a$in left t)e penal esta.lis)ment .eca'se of a
calamity1 conflaration or m'tiny and s'c) calamity1 conflaration or m'tiny )as .een
anno'nced as already passed under Article 51H-
627 &iolatin t)e condition of conditional pardon under Article 51G$
Article !'+
E3ASION O* SER3ICE O* SENTENCE
ELEMENTS #
a. That the offender is a convict b! final /#dgment.
b. That he is serving his sentence which consists in deprivation of libert! &destierro
included)
c. That he evades the service of his sentence b! escaping d#ring the term if his
sentence. &fact of return immaterial).
&y the very nature of the crime, it cannot be committed when the prisoner
involved is merely a detention prisoner. &ut it applies to persons convicted
by final judgment with a penalty of destierro.
A detention prisoner even if he escapes from confinement has no criminal liability. Thus#
escaping from his prison cell $hen his case is still on appeal does not make said prisoner liable
for 4+asion of er+ice of entence.
In leaving or escaping from 4ail or prison& that the prisoner immediately returned is immaterial.
"t is eno') t)at )e left t)e penal esta.lis)ment .y escapin t)erefrom. 9is voluntary return
may only 'e mitigating& 'eing analogous to voluntary surrender$ But the same will not
a'solve his criminal lia'ility$
A continuing offense.
Offenders B not minor delin@'ents nor detention prisoners
"f escaped #it)in t)e 15 day appeal period B no e$asion
=o applica.le to deportation as t)e sentence
4-
The crime of evasion of service of sentence may 'e committed even if the sentence is
destierro& and t)is is committed if t)e con$ict sentenced to destierro #ill enter t)e pro)i.ited
places or come #it)in t)e pro)i.ited radi's of 25 Hilometers to s'c) places as stated in t)e
/'dment.
If the sentence violated is destierro& the penalty upon the convict is to 'e served 'y way of
destierro also& not imprisonment$ T)is is so .eca'se t)e penalty for t)e e$asion can not .e more
se$ere t)an t)e penalty e$aded.
Circumstances *ualifying the offense 6done thru7:
a. 'nla#f'l entry (.y EscalinG)
.. .reaHin doors1 #indo#s1 ates1 #alls1 roofs or floors
c. 'sin picHlocHs1 false Heys1 dis'ise1 deceit1 $iolence or intimidation
d. conni$ance #it) ot)er con$icts or employees of t)e penal instit'tion
!# a foreigner# $as found guilty of +iolation of the la$# and $as ordered by the court to be
deported. 7ater on# he returned to the Philippines in +iolation of the sentence. 1eld8 1e is not
guilty of 4+asion of er+ice of entence as the la$ is not applicable to offenses e5ecuted by
deportation. (>.2. vs. Loo 9oe, '8 Phil. 58)).
Article !'2
E3ASION O* SER3ICE O* SENTENCE ON T8E OCCASION O*
7ISOR7ERS. CON*LAGRATIONS. EART8;UAGES OR OT8ER
CALAMITIES
ELEMENTS #
a. That the offender is a convict b! final /#dgement who is confined in a penal
instit#tion.
b. That there is disorder, res#lting fromC 1. conflagration,
2. earth,#a%e, or
'. e"plosion, or
4. similar catastrophe, or
1. m#tin! , not participated.
c. That the offender evades the service of his sentence b! leaving the penal instit#tion
where he is confined, on the occasion of s#ch disorder or d#ring the m#tin!.
d. That the offender fails to give himself #p to the a#thorities within 45 ho#rs
following the iss#ance of a proclamation b! the chief e"ec#tive anno#ncing the
passing awa! of s#ch calamit!.
T)e lea$in from t)e penal esta.lis)ment is not t)e .asis of criminal lia.ility. It is the failure
to return within 8H hours after the passing of the calamity& conflagration or mutiny had 'een
announced$ 8nder Article 15%1 those who return within 8H hours are given credit or
deduction from the remaining period of their sentence e*uivalent to 5A1 of the original term of
the sentence$ But if the prisoner fails to return within said 8H hours& an added penalty& also
5A1& shall 'e imposed 'ut the 5A1 penalty is 'ased on the remaining period of the sentence&
not on the original sentence$ In no case shall that penalty exceed six months$
Offender must escape to 'e entitled to allowance
T)ose #)o did not lea$e t)e penal esta.lis)ment are not entitled to t)e 1L5 credit. Only those
who left and returned within the 8H3hour period$
7or such event to be considered as a calamity, the (resident must
declared it to be so. (e must issue a proclamation to the effect that the
5.
calamity is over. @ven if the events herein mentioned may be considered
as calamity, there is a need for the 4hief @xecutive to make such
announcement. ,bsent such declaration. @ven if the prisoner will return to
the penal institution where he was confined, the same is of no moment as
in the meantime he has committed a violation of the law, not under the
present article but for pure evasion of service of sentence under ,rticle
!1>.
$utiny B oraniIed 'nla#f'l resistance to a s'perior officer1 a sedition1 a re$olt
The mutiny reerre/ to in the secon/ orm o e%asion o ser%ice o sentence does not include
riot& The mutiny reerre/ to here in%ol%es su-or/inate ,ersonnel rising against the su,er%isor
within the ,enal esta-lishment& One who escapes during a riot will !e su!-ect to Article 3<=. that
is. sim,ly lea%ing or esca,ing the ,enal esta-lishment&
Disarmin t)e 'ards is not m'tiny
Aiolation attributed to the accused is no longer referred to the court for
judicial in5uiry or resolution. The law has provided sufficient guidelines for
the jail warden to follow.
This dis5uisition will not apply if the offender who escapes taking advantage
of the calamities enumerated herein is apprehended by the authorities after
/6 hours from the declaration that the calamity is over. It is only extended to
one who returns but made inside the /6 hours delimited by the proclamation.
,t this stage, the violation is not substantive but administrative in nature.
Article !'4
3IOLATION O* CON7ITIONAL (AR7ON
ELEMENTS#
a. That the offender was a convict.
b. That he was granted a conditional pardon b! the chief e"ec#tive.
c. That he violated an! of the conditions of s#ch pardon.
Condition e2tends to special la#s B $iolation of illeal $otin
The condition imposed upon the prisoner not to be guilty of another crime is not limited to those
punishable under the 3e+ised Penal Code. 9t includes those punished under pecial 7a$. (People
vs. 3orral, )4 Phil. '1)).
"n $iolation of conditional pardon1 as a r'le1 the violation will amount to this crime only if the
condition is violated during the remaining period of the sentence$
If the condition of the pardon is violated, the remedy against the accused
may be in the form of prosecution under ,rticle !1B. it may also be an
administrative action by referring the violation to the court of origin and
praying for the issuance of a warrant of arrest justified under *ection -/ of
the 3evised ,dministrative 4ode.
T)e administrative lia'ility of the convict under the conditional pardon is different and )as
not)in to do #it) )is criminal lia.ility for t)e e$asion of ser$ice of sentence in t)e e$ent t)at
t)e condition of t)e pardon )as .een $iolated. Exception5 #)ere t)e $iolation of t)e condition
of t)e pardon #ill constit'te e$asion of ser$ice of sentence1 e$en t)o') committed .eyond
t)e remainin period of t)e sentence. T)is is #)en t)e conditional pardon e2pressly so
pro$ides or t)e lan'ae of t)e conditional pardon clearly s)o#s t)e intention to maHe t)e
condition perpet'al e$en .eyond t)e 'nser$ed portion of t)e sentence$ In such case& the
convict may 'e re*uired to serve the unserved portion of the sentence even though the
violation has ta/en place when the sentence has already lapsed$
51
>ffender m'st )a$e .een fo'nd 'ilty of t)e s'.se@'ent offense .efore )e can .e
prosec'ted 'nder t)is Article. ?'t if 'nder 3e$ised Admin Code1 no con$iction
necessary. -resident )as po#er to arrest1 reincarnate offender #it)o't trial
Article )*+ is a distinct felony. "t is a substantive crime. 7or one to suffer the
conse5uence of its violation, the prisoner must be formally charged in court.
(e will be entitled to a full blown hearing, in full enjoyment of his right to due
process. ?nly after a final judgment has been rendered against him may he
suffer the penalty prescribed under ,rticle !1B &Torres vs. Gon*ales, et al., 112
230A 2=2)
3IOLATION O* (AR7ON OR7INARY E3ASION
"nfrinement of conditionsLterms of
-resident
To e$ade t)e penalty i$en .y t)e co'rts
B dist'r.s t)e p'.lic order
Two ,enalties ,ro%i/e/#
a. prision correccional in its minimum period B if t)e penalty remitted does not
e2ceed 6 years
b. the unexpired portion of his original sentence B if t)e penalty remitted is )i)er
t)an 6 years
COMMISSION O* ANOT8ER CRIME
Article !)6
COMMISSION O* ANOT8ER CRIME 7URING SER3ICE O* (ENALTY
IM(OSE7 *OR ANOT8ER (RE3IOUS O**ENSE=(ENALTY# (,#asiCrecidivism)
ELEMENTS
a. That the offender was alread! convicted b! final /#dgement of one offense.
b. That he committed a new felon! before beginning to serve s#ch sentence or while
serving the same.
>uasi,recidivism : a person after )a$in .een con$icted .y final /'dement s)all
commit a ne# felony .efore .einnin to ser$e s'c) sentence1 or #)ile ser$in t)e
same.
Aecond crimes m'st .elon to t)e 3-C1 not special la#s. +irst crime may .e eit)er
from t)e 3-C or special la#s
(eiteracion: offender s)all )a$e ser$ed o't )is sentence for t)e prior offense
A @'asi4recidi$ist may .e pardoned at ae !*. Except: 8n#ort)y or 0a.it'al
Delin@'ent
If new felony is evasion of sentence B offender is not a @'asi4recidi$ist
'enalty: ma2im'm period of t)e penalty for t)e ne# felony s)o'ld .e imposed
Cuasi+recidivism is a special aggravating circumstance which directs the
court to impose the maximum period of the penalty prescribed by law for the
new felony. The court will do away or will ignore mitigating and aggravating
circumstances in considering the penalty to be imposed. There will be no
occasion for the court to consider imposing the minimum, medium or
maximum period of the penalty. The mandate is absolute and is justified by
the finding that the accused is suffering from some degree of moral
perversity if not total incorrigibility. &People vs. Alicia, et al., =1 230A 22))
52
Cuasi+recidivism is an aggravating circumstance which cannot be offset by
any mitigating circumstance. To be appreciated as a special aggravating
circumstance, it must be alleged in the information. &People vs. :a#tista, 81 230A
48;)
R'asi43ecidi$ism may .e offset .y a special pri$ileed mitiatin circ'mstance (e2.
Minority)
TITLE *OUR
CRIMES AGAINST (UBLIC INTEREST
Crimes against ,u-lic interest
1. Co'nterfeitin t)e reat seal of t)e Jo$ernment of t)e -)ilippines (Art. 161);
2. 8sin fored sinat're or co'nterfeitin seal or stamp (Art. 162);
3. MaHin and importin and 'tterin false coins (Art. 163);
4. M'tilation of coins1 importation and 'tterin of m'tilated coins (Art. 164);
5. Aellin of false or m'tilated coins1 #it)o't conni$ance (Art. 165);
6. +orin treas'ry or .anH notes or ot)er doc'ments paya.le to .earer1 importin
and 'tterin of s'c) false or fored notes and doc'ments (Art. 166);
!. Co'nterfeitin1 importin and 'tterin instr'ments not paya.le to .earer (Art.
16!);
%. "lleal possession and 'se of fored treas'ry or .anH notes and ot)er
instr'ments of credit (Art. 16%);
(. +alsification of leislati$e doc'ments (Art. 1!*);
1*. +alsification .y p'.lic officer1 employee or notary (Art. 1!1);
11. +alsification .y pri$ate indi$id'als and 'se of falsified doc'ments (Art. 1!2);
12. +alsification of #ireless1 ca.le1 telerap) and telep)one messaes and 'se of
said falsified messaes (Art. 1!3);
13. +alse medical certificates1 false certificates of merit or ser$ice (Art. 1!4);
14. 8sin false certificates (Art. 1!5);
15. Man'fact'rin and possession of instr'ments or implements for falsification (Art.
1!6);
16. 8s'rpation of a't)ority or official f'nctions (Art. 1!!);
1!. 8sin fictitio's name and concealin tr'e name (Art. 1!%);
1%. "lleal 'se of 'niforms or insinia (Art. 1!();
1(. +alse testimony aainst a defendant (Art. 1%*);
2*. +alse testimony fa$ora.le to t)e defendant (Art. 1%1);
21. +alse testimony in ci$il cases (Art. 1%2);
22. +alse testimony in ot)er cases and per/'ry (Art. 1%3);
53
23. >fferin false testimony in e$idence (Art. 1%4);
24. Mac)inations in p'.lic a'ction (Art. 1%5);
25. Monopolies and com.inations in restraint of trade (Art. 1%6);
26. "mportation and disposition of falsely marHed articles or merc)andise made of
old1 sil$er1 or ot)er precio's metals or t)eir alloys (Art. 1%!);
2!. A'.stit'tin and alterin trade marHs and trade names or ser$ice marHs (Art.
1%%);
2%. 8nfair competition and fra'd'lent reistration of trade marH or trade name1 or
ser$ice marH; fra'd'lent desination of oriin1 and false description (Art. 1%().
T)e crimes in t)is title are in t)e nat're of fra'd or falsity to t)e p'.lic. T)e essence of t)e crime
'nder t)is title is t)at #)ic) defra'd t)e p'.lic in eneral. T)ere is deceit perpetrated 'pon t)e
p'.lic. T)is is t)e act t)at is .ein p'nis)ed 'nder t)is title.
Article !)!
COUNTER*EITING GREAT SEAL O* GO3ERNMENT
TY(ES#
a. +orging the great seal of the Government
b. +orging the signat#re of the President
c. +orging the stamp of the President
:)en t)e sinat're of t)e -resident is fored1 it is not falsification .'t forin of
sinat're 'nder t)is article
Ainat're m'st .e fored1 ot)ers sined it B not t)e -resident.
Article !)5
USING *ORGE7 SIGNATURE OR COUNTER*EIT SEAL OR STAM(

ELEMENTS#
a. That the great seal of the rep#blic was co#nterfeited or the signat#re or stamp of
the chief e"ec#tive was forged b! another person.
b. That the offender %new of the co#nterfeiting or forger!.
c. That he #sed the co#nterfeit seal or forged signat#re or stamp.
>ffender is =>T t)e forerLnot t)e ca'se of t)e co'nterfeitin
Article !):
MAGING AN7 IM(ORTING AN7 UTTERING *ALSE COINS
ELEMENTS #
a. That there be false or co#nterfeited coins &need not 'e legal tender).
b. That the offender either made, imported or #ttered s#ch coins.
54
c. That in case of #ttering s#ch false or co#nterfeited coins, he connives with
co#nterfeiters or importers.
Coin is counterfeit B if it is fored1 or if it is not an article of t)e o$ernment as leal
tender1 reardless if it is of no $al'e
Gin/s o coins the countereiting o which is ,unishe/
1. Ail$er coins of t)e -)ilippines or coins of t)e Central ?anH of t)e -)ilippines;
2. Coins of t)e minor coinae of t)e -)ilippines or of t)e Central ?anH of t)e -)ilippines;
3. Coin of t)e c'rrency of a forein co'ntry.
Countereiting B imitation of leal or en'ine coin (may contain more sil$er1 different
desin) s'c) as to decei$e an ordinary person in .elie$in it to .e en'ine
Utter B to pass co'nterfeited coins1 deli$er or i$e a#ay
Im,ort B to .rin to port t)e same
?ot) -)ilippine and forein state coins
Applies also to coins #it)dra#n from circ'lation
"ssence of article: maHin of coins #it)o't a't)ority
Acts ,unishe/
1. M'tilatin coins of t)e leal c'rrency1 #it) t)e f'rt)er re@'irements t)at t)ere .e intent to
damae or to defra'd anot)er;
2. "mportin or 'tterin s'c) m'tilated coins1 #it) t)e f'rt)er re@'irement t)at t)ere m'st .e
conni$ances #it) t)e m'tilator or importer in case of 'tterin.
The first acts of falsification or falsity are :
657 Counterfeiting ; refers to money or c'rrency;
6+7 <orgery ; refers to instr'ments of credit and o.liations and sec'rities iss'ed .y t)e
-)ilippine o$ernment or any .anHin instit'tion a't)oriIed .y t)e -)ilippine o$ernment
to iss'e t)e same;
627 <alsification ; can only .e committed in respect of doc'ments.
In so far as coins in circulation are concerned& there are two crimes that may 'e committed:
657 Counterfeiting coins 33 This is the crime of rema/ing or manufacturing without any
authority to do so$
"n t)e crime of co'nterfeitin1 t)e la# is not concerned #it) t)e fra'd 'pon t)e p'.lic s'c) t)at
even though the coin is no longer legal tender& the act of imitating or manufacturing the coin of
the government is penali(ed. "n p'nis)in t)e crime of co'nterfeitin1 t)e la# #ants to pre$ent
people from tryin t)eir inen'ity in t)eir imitation of t)e man'fact're of money.
6+7 $utilation of coins 33 This refers to the deli'erate act of diminishing the proper metal
contents of the coin either 'y scraping& scratching or filling the edges of the coin and the
offender gathers the metal dust that has 'een scraped from the coin$
Re$uisites o mutilation un/er the Re%ise/ (enal Co/e
657 Coin m'tilated is of leal tender;
55
(2) >ffender ains from t)e precio's metal d'st a.stracted from t)e coin; and
(3) "t )as to .e a coin.
T)ere is no e2pertise in$ol$ed )ere$ In mutilation of coins under the "evised )enal Code&
the offender does nothing 'ut to scrape& pile or cut the coin and collect the dust and& thus&
diminishing the intrinsic value of the coin$
#utilation of coins is a crime only if the coin mutilated is legal tender. "f it is not leal tender
anymore1 no one #ill accept it1 so no.ody #ill .e defra'ded. ?'t if t)e coin is of leal tender1 and
t)e offender minimiIes or decreases t)e precio's metal d'st content of t)e coin1 t)e crime of
m'tilation is committed.
T)e offender m'st deli.erately red'ce t)e precio's metal in t)e coin. Deli.erate intent arises
only #)en t)e offender collects t)e precio's metal d'st from t)e m'tilated coin. If the offender
does not collect such dust& intent to mutilate is a'sent& 'ut )residential 0ecree No$ +8K will
apply$
Article !)"
MULTILATION O* COINS 0 IM(ORTATION AN7 UTTERANCE#
This has been repealed b! P< 24). <7eacement. Mutilation. Tearing. Burning or
7estroying Central Ban? Notes an/ Coins@
Un/er this (7. the acts ,unisha-le are#
a. #illf'l defacement
.. m'tilation
c. tearin
d. .'rnin
e. destr'ction of Central ?anH notes and coins
Mutilation B to taHe off part of t)e metal eit)er .y fillin it or s'.stit'tin it for anot)er
metal of inferior @'ality1 to diminis) .y inferior means (to diminis) metal contents).
+orein notes and coins not incl'ded. M'st .e leal tender.
M'st .e intention to m'tilate.
#utilation under the "evised )enal Code is true only to coins. "t cannot .e a crime 'nder t)e
3e$ised -enal Code to m'tilate paper .ills .eca'se t)e idea of m'tilation 'nder t)e code is
collectin t)e precio's metal d'st. 9owever& under )residential 0ecree No$ +8K& mutilation is not
limited to coins$
;uestions A Answers
1. T)e people playin cara y cr'I1 .efore t)ey t)ro# t)e coin in t)e air #o'ld r'.
t)e money to t)e side#alH t)ere.y diminis)in t)e intrinsic $al'e of t)e coin. "s t)e crime of
m'tilation committed<
#utilation& under the "evised )enal Code& is not committed 'ecause they do not collect
the precious metal content that is 'eing scraped from the coin$ 9owever& this will amount to
violation of )residential 0ecree No$ +8K$
2. :)en t)e imae of Kose 3iIal on a fi$e4peso .ill is transformed into t)at of
3andy Aantiao1 is t)ere a $iolation of -residential Decree =o. 24!<
>es$ )residential 0ecree No$ +8K is violated 'y such act$
4. An old #oman #)o #as a ciarette $endor in R'iapo ref'sed to accept one4
centa$o coins for payment of t)e $endee of ciarettes )e p'rc)ased. T)en came t)e police #)o
ad$ised )er t)at s)e )as no ri)t to ref'se since t)e coins are of leal tender. >n t)is1 t)e old
56
#oman accepted in )er )ands t)e one4centa$o coins and t)en t)re# it to t)e face of t)e $endee
and t)e police. :as t)e old #oman 'ilty of $iolatin -residential Decree =o. 24!<
.he was guilty of violating )residential 0ecree No$ +8K 'ecause if no one ever pic/s up
the coins& her act would result in the diminution of the coin in circulation$
5. A certain c'stomer in a resta'rant #anted to s)o# off and 'sed a - 2*.** .ill to
li)t )is ciarette. :as )e 'ilty of $iolatin -residential Decree =o. 24!<
9e was guilty of arrested for violating of )residential 0ecree No$ +8K$ Anyone who is in
possession of defaced money is the one who is the violator of )residential 0ecree No$ +8K$ The
intention of )residential 0ecree No$ +8K is not to punish the act of defrauding the pu'lic 'ut what
is 'eing punished is the act of destruction of money issued 'y the Central Ban/ of the
)hilippines$
Note that persons ma/ing 'racelets out of some coins violate )residential 0ecree No$ +8K$
The primary purpose of )residential 0ecree No$ +8K at the time it was ordained was to stop the
practice of people writing at the 'ac/ or on the edges of the paper 'ills& such as Lwanted: pen
palL$
.o& if the act of mutilating coins does not involve gathering dust li/e playing cara y cru(& that is
not mutilation under the "evised )enal Code 'ecause the offender does not collect the metal
dust$ But 'y ru''ing the coins on the sidewal/& he also defaces and destroys the coin and that is
punisha'le under )residential 0ecree No$ +8K$
Article !)'
SELLING O* *ALSE OR MUTILATE7 COIN. 1IT8OUT CONNI3ANCE
5 Ty,es
a. 'ossession of coin/ counterfeited or mutilated !y another person/ with
intent to utter the same/ .nowing that it is false or mutilated&
ELEMENTS#
1. possession
2. with intent to #tter, and
'. %nowledge
!. Actually uttering such false or mutilated coin/ .nowing the same to !e
false or mutilated.
ELEMENTS#
1. act#all! #ttering, and
2. %nowledge.
-ossession does not re@'ire leal tender in forein coins
"ncl'des constr'cti$e possession
?n counterfeiting coins, it is immaterial whether the coin is legal tender or
not because the intention of the law is to put an end to the practice of
imitating money and to discourage anyone who might entertain the idea of
imitating money &People vs. Dong Leon).
Article !))
*ORGING TREASURY OR BANG NOTES 0 IM(ORTING AN7 UTTERING

Acts ,unisha-le#
5%
a. +orging or falsit! of treas#r!$ban% notes or doc#ments pa!able to bearer
b. mporting of s#ch notes
c. >ttering of s#ch false or forged obligations and notes in connivance with forgers
and importers
*orging B .y i$in a treas'ry or .anH note or doc'ment paya.le to .earerLorder an
appearance of a tr'e and en'ine doc'ment
*alsiication B .y erasin1 s'.stit'tin1 co'nterfeitin or alterin .y any means t)e
fi'res and letters1 #ords1 sins contained t)erein
E.. falsifyin B lotto or s#eepstaHes ticHet. Attempted estafa t)ro') falsification of
an o.liation or sec'rity of t)e -)il
)NB chec/s not included here B itFs falsification of commercial doc'ment 'nder
Article 1!2
O!ligation or security includes: .onds1 certificate of inde.tedness1 .ills1 national
.anH notes1 co'pons1 treas'ry notes1 certificate of deposits1 c)ecHs1 drafts for
money1 s#eepstaHes money
If the falsification is done on a document that is classified as a government
security, then the crime is punished under ,rticle !--. ?n the other hand, if it
is not a government security, then the offender may either have violated
,rticle !>! or !>$.
Article !)+
COUNTER*EITING. IM(ORTING. AN7 UTTERING INSTRUMENTS NOT
(AYABLE TO BEARER
ELEMENTS #
a. That there be an instr#ment pa!able to order or other doc#ment of credit not
pa!able to bearer.
b. That the offender either forged, imported or #ttered s#ch instr#ments.
c. That in case of #ttering, he connived with the forger or importer.
Article !)2
ILLEGAL (OSSESSION AN7 USE O* *ALSE TREASURY OR BANG NOTES
AN7 OT8ER INSTRUMENT O* CRE7IT
ELEMENTS#
a. That an! treas#r! or ban% note or certificate or other obligation and sec#rit!
pa!able to bearer, or an! instr#ment pa!able to order or other doc#ment of credit
not pa!able to bearer is forged or falsified b! another person.
b. That the offender %nows that an! of those instr#ments is forged or falsified.
c. That he performs an! of these acts
1. #sing an! of s#ch forged or falsified instr#ment, or
2. possessing with intent to #se an! of s#ch forged or falsified instr#ment.
Act so')t to .e p'nis)ed5 Cno#inly possessin #it) intent to 'se any of s'c)
fored treas'ry or .anH notes
5&
Article !)4
*ORGERY
8ow orgery is committe/#
a. b! giving to a treas#r! or ban% note or an! instr#ment pa!able to bearer or to order,
the appearance of a tr#e and gen#ine doc#ment
b. b! erasing, s#bstit#ting, co#nterfeiting, altering b! an! means the fig#res, letters or
words, or signs contained therein.
if all acts done .'t en'ine appearance is not i$en1 t)e crime is fr'strated
<orgery under the "evised )enal Code applies to papers& which are in the form of o'ligations
and securities issued 'y the )hilippine government as its own o'ligations& which is given the
same status as legal tender. Jenerally1 t)e #ord Eco'nterfeitinG is not 'sed #)en it comes to
notes; #)at is 'sed is Eforery.G Co'nterfeitin refers to money1 #)et)er coins or .ills.
=otice t)at mere c)ane on a doc'ment does not amo'nt to t)is crime$ The essence of forgery
is giving a document the appearance of a true and genuine document. =ot any alteration of a
letter1 n'm.er1 fi're or desin #o'ld amo'nt to forery. At most& it would only 'e frustrated
forgery$

%hen what is 'eing counterfeited is o'ligation or securities1 #)ic) 'nder t)e 3e$ised -enal Code
is i$en a stat's of money or leal tender& the crime committed is forgery$
;uestions A Answers
1. "nstead of t)e peso sin (-)1 some.ody replaced it #it) a dollar sin (S). :as t)e
crime of forery committed<
No$ <orgery was not committed$ The forged instrument and currency note must 'e
given the appearance of a true and genuine document$ The crime committed is a violation of
)residential 0ecree No$ +8K$ %here the currency note& o'ligation or security has 'een changed
to ma/e it appear as one which it purports to 'e as genuine& the crime is forgery$ In chec/s or
commercial documents& this crime is committed when the figures or words are changed which
materially alters the document$
2. An old man1 in )is desire to earn somet)in1 scraped a diit in a losin
s#eepstaHes ticHet1 c't o't a diit from anot)er ticHet and pasted it t)ere to matc) t)e series of
diits correspondin to t)e #innin s#eepstaHes ticHet. 0e presented t)is ticHet to t)e -)ilippine
C)arity A#eepstaHes >ffice. ?'t t)e alteration is so cr'de t)at e$en a c)ild can notice t)at t)e
s'pposed diit is merely s'perimposed on t)e diit t)at #as scraped. :as t)e old man 'ilty of
forery<
NO Because of the impossi'ility of deceiving whoever would 'e the person to whom that
tic/et is presented& the .upreme Court ruled that what was committed was an impossi'le crime$
Note& however& that the decision has 'een critici(ed$ In a case li/e this& the .upreme Court of
.pain ruled that the crime is frustrated$ %here the alteration is such that no'ody would 'e
deceived& one could easily see that it is a forgery& the crime is frustrated 'ecause he has done all
the acts of execution which would 'ring a'out the felonious conse*uence 'ut nevertheless did
not result in a consummation for reasons independent of his will$
3. A person )as a t#enty4peso .ill. 0e applied toot)ac)e drops on one side of t)e
.ill. 0e )as a mimeorap) paper similar in te2t're to t)at of t)e c'rrency note and placed it on
top of t)e t#enty4peso .ill and p't some #ei)t on top of t)e paper. After sometime1 )e remo$ed
it and t)e printin on t)e t#enty4peso .ill #as reprod'ced on t)e mimeo paper. 0e tooH t)e
re$erse side of t)e -2* .ill1 applied toot)ac)e drops and re$ersed t)e mimeo paper and pressed
it to t)e paper. After sometime1 )e remo$ed it and it #as reprod'ced. 0e c't it o't1 scraped it a
little and #ent to a sari4sari store tryin to .'y a ciarette #it) t)at .ill. :)at )e o$erlooHed #as
t)at1 #)en )e placed t)e .ill1 t)e printin #as in$erted. 0e #as appre)ended and #as
prosec'ted and con$icted of forery. :as t)e crime of forery committed<
5-
The .upreme Court ruled that it was only frustrated forgery 'ecause although the
offender has performed all the acts of execution& it is not possi'le 'ecause 'y simply loo/ing at
the forged document& it could 'e seen that it is not genuine$ It can only 'e a consummated
forgery if the document which purports to 'e genuine is given the appearance of a true and
genuine document$ Otherwise& it is at most frustrated$
*i%e classes o alsiication#
657 <alsification of legislative documents-
6+7 <alsification of a document 'y a pu'lic officer& employee or notary pu'lic-
627 <alsification of a pu'lic or official& or commercial documents 'y a private individual-
687 <alsification of a private document 'y any person-
617 <alsification of wireless& telegraph and telephone messages$
T)e crime of falsification m'st in$ol$e a #ritin t)at is a doc'ment in t)e leal sense. T)e #ritin
m'st .e complete in itself and capa.le of e2tin'is)in an o.liation or creatin ri)ts or capa.le
of .ecomin e$idence of t)e facts stated t)erein. 8ntil and 'nless t)e #ritin )as attained t)is
@'ality1 it #ill not .e considered as doc'ment in t)e leal sense and1 t)erefore1 t)e crime of
falsification cannot .e committed in respect t)ereto.
7istinction -etween alsiication an/ orgery#
<alsification is t)e commission of any of t)e ei)t acts mentioned in Article 1!1 on leislati$e
(only t)e act of maHin alteration)1 p'.lic or official1 commercial1 or pri$ate doc'ments1 or
#ireless1 or telerap) messaes.
T)e term forgery as 'sed in Article 16( refers to t)e falsification and co'nterfeitin of treas'ry or
.anH notes or any instr'ments paya.le to .earer or to order.
=ote t)at forin and falsification are crimes 'nder +oreries.
Article !+6
*ALSI*ICATION O* LEGISLATI3E 7OCUMENTS
ELEMENTS #
a. That these be a bill, resol#tion or ordinance enacted or approved or pending approval
b! the national assembl! or an! provincial board or m#nicipal co#ncil.
b. That the offender &an! person) alters the same.
c. That he has no proper a#thorit! therefor.
d. That the alteration has changed the meaning of the doc#ment.
T)e #ords Nm'nicipal co'ncilN s)o'ld incl'de t)e city co'ncil or m'nicipal .oard B 3eyes.
Acc'sed m'st not .e a p'.lic official entr'sted #it) t)e c'stody or possession of
s'c) doc'ment ot)er#ise Art 1!1 applies .
The falsification must be committed on a genuine, true and authentic
legislative document. If committed on a simulated, spurious or fabricated
legislative document, the crime is not punished under this article but under
,rticle !>! or !>$.
Article !+!
*ALSI*ICATION O* 7OCUMENTS BY (UBLIC O**ICER. EM(LOYEE. OR
NOTARY OR ECCLESTASTICAL MINISTER
6.
ELEMENTS#
a. That the offender is a p#blic officer, emplo!ee, or notar! p#blic.
b. That he ta%es advantage of his official position.
c. That he falsifies a doc#ment b! committing an! of the following acts7
1. 3o#nterfeiting or imitating an! handwriting, signat#re or r#bric.
(e*uisites:
i. T)at t)ere .e an intent to imitate1 or an attempt to imitate
ii. T)at t)e t#o sinat'res or )and#ritins1 t)e en'ine and t)e
fored1 .ear some resem.lance1 to eac) ot)er
(lacH of similit'deLimitation of a en'ine sinat're #ill not .e a ro'nd
for con$iction 'nder par. 1 .'t s'c) is not an impediment to con$iction
'nder par. 2)
2. 3a#sing it to appear that persons have participated in an! act or proceeding when
the! did not in fact so participate.
'. Attrib#ting to persons who have participated in an act or proceeding statements
other than those in fact made b! them.
(e*uisites:
i. T)at t)e offender ca'sed it to appear in a doc'ment t)at a
personLs participated in an act or a proceedin; and
ii. T)at s'c) personLs did not in fact so participate in t)e act or
proceedin
4. 6a%ing #ntr#thf#l statements in a narration of facts(
(e*uisites:
i. T)at t)e offender maHes in a doc'ment statements in a narration
of facts
ii. T)at )e )as a leal o.liation to disclose t)e tr't) of t)e facts
narrated .y )im; (re@'ired .y la# to .e done) and
iii. T)at t)e facts narrated .y t)e offender are a.sol'tely false; and
i$. T)at t)e per$ersion or tr't) in t)e narration of facts #as made #it)
t)e #ronf'l intent of in/'rin a t)ird person
T)ere m'st .e a narration of facts1 not a concl'sion of la#. M'st .e on a
material matter
7or one to be held criminally liable for falsification under paragraph /, the
untruthful statement must be such as to effect the integrity of the document
or to change the effects which it would otherwise produce.
7eal o.liation means t)at t)ere is a la# re@'irin t)e disclos're of t)e
tr't) of t)e facts narrated. E2. 3esidence certificates
T)e person maHin t)e narration of facts m'st .e a#are of t)e falsity of
t)e facts narrated .y )im. T)is Hind of falsification may .e committed .y
omission
61
1. Altering tr#e dates.
B date m'st .e essential
7or falsification to take place under this paragraph, the date of the document
must be material to the right created or to the obligation that is extinguished.
8. 6a%ing an! alteration or intercalation in a gen#ine doc#ment which changes its
meaning.
(e*uisites:
i. T)at t)ere .e an alteration (c)ane) or intercalation (insertion) on
a doc'ment
ii. T)at it #as made on a en'ine doc'ment
iii. T)at t)e alterationLintercalation )as c)aned t)e meanin of t)e
doc'ment
i$. T)at t)e c)ane made t)e doc'ment speaH somet)in false.
%. ss#ing in an a#thenticated form a doc#ment p#rporting to be a cop! of an
original doc#ment when no s#ch original e"ists, or incl#ding in s#ch cop! a
statement contrar! to, or different from, that of the gen#ine original( &if no
/nowledge& falsification through negligence) or
The acts of falsification mentioned in this paragraph are committed by a
public officer or by a notary public who takes advantage of his official position
as custodian of the document. It can also refer to a public officer or notary
who prepared and retained a copy of the document. The falsification can be
done in two ways. It can be a certification purporting to show that the
document issued is a copy of the original on record when no such original
exists. It can also be in the form of a certification to the effect that the
document on file contains statements or including in the copy issued, entries
which are not found on contrary to, or different from the original genuine
document on file.
5. ntercalating an! instr#ment or note relative to the iss#ance thereof in a protocol,
registr!, or official boo%. &gen#ine doc#ment)
d. "n case t)e offender is an ecclesiastical minister1 t)e act of falsification is
committed #it) respect to any record or doc'ment of s'c) c)aracter t)at its
falsification may affect t)e ci$il stat's of persons.
There is no crime of attempted or frustrated falsification of pu'lic document
,lteration or changes to make the document speak the truth do not
constitute falsification. &>2 vs. 6ateo, 21 Phil. '24)
'ersons lia!le B p'.lic officer1 employee or notary p'.lic or ecclesiastical minister
@ither he has duty to intervene in the preparation of the document or it may
be a situation wherein the public officer has official custody of the document.
*o even if the offender is a public officer, if her causes the falsification of a
document which is not in his official custody or if the falsification
committed by him is not related whatsoever to the performance of his
duties, he will still be liable for falsification but definitely not under this
,rticle but under ,rticle !>$. (falsification of doc'ments .y a pri$ate person)
62
7ocument# ,ny written instrument which establishes a right or by which an
obligation is extinguished. , deed or agreement executed by a person setting
forth any disposition or condition wherein rights and obligations may arise.
%riting may 'e on anything as long as it is a product of the handwriting& it is considered a
document$
=ot necessary t)at #)at is falsified is a en'ine or real doc'ment1 eno') t)at it
i$es an appearance of a en'ine article
As long as any of the acts of falsification is committed& whether the document is genuine
or not& the crime of falsification may 'e committed$ Even totally false documents may 'e falsified$
Countereiting B imitatin any )and#ritin1 sinat're or r'.ric
*eigning B sim'latin a sinat're1 )and#ritin1 or r'.ric o't of one of #)ic) does
not in fact e2ist
It does not re*uire that the writing 'e genuine$ Even if the writing was through and through false&
if it appears to 'e genuine& the crime of falsification is nevertheless committed$
There are our ?in/s o /ocuments#
657 )u'lic document in the execution of which& a person in authority or notary pu'lic has
ta/en part-
6+7 Official document in the execution of which a pu'lic official ta/es part-
627 Commercial document or any document recogni(ed 'y the Code of Commerce or any
commercial law- and
687 )rivate document in the execution of which only private individuals ta/e part$
-'.lic doc'ment is .roader t)an t)e term official doc'ment. ?efore a doc'ment may .e
considered official1 it m'st first .e a p'.lic doc'ment. ?'t not all p'.lic doc'ments are official
doc'ments. To .ecome an official doc'ment1 t)ere m'st .e a la# #)ic) re@'ires a p'.lic officer
to iss'e or to render s'c) doc'ment. E2ample5 A cas)ier is re@'ired to iss'e an official receipt
for t)e amo'nt )e recei$es. T)e official receipt is a p'.lic doc'ment #)ic) is an official
doc'ment.
Liabilit! of a private individ#al in falsification b! a p#blic officer when there is conspirac!.
,nder &epublic Act -+-*, when a public officer who holds a position classified
as ;rade $> or higher, commits a crime in relation to the performance of his
official functions, the case against him will fall under the jurisdiction of the
*andiganbayan. "f a private person is included in the accusation because of
the e%istence of conspiracy in the commission of the crime, the
*andiganbayan shall maintain jurisdiction over the person of the co+accused,
notwithstanding the fact that said co+accused is a private individual. "f the
public officer is found guilty, the same liability and penalty shall be imposed
on the private individual. &>.2. vs. Ponce, 2; Phil. ')=)
Article !+5
*ALSI*ICATION O* (UBLIC. O**ICIAL. OR COMMERCIAL 7OCUMENT BY
A (RI3ATE IN7I3I7UAL <,ar !@
ELEMENTS
a. That the offender is a private individ#al or a p#blic officer or emplo!ee who did not
ta%e advantage of his official position.
b. That he committed an! of the acts of falsification en#merated in A0T. 1)1.
63
1. 3o#nterfeiting or imitating an! handwriting, signat#re or r#bric.
2. 3a#sing it to appear that persons have participated in an! act or proceeding when
the! did not in fact so participated.
'. Attrib#ting to persons who have participated in an act or proceeding statements
other than those in fact made b! them.
4. 6a%ing #ntr#thf#l statements in a narration of facts(
1. Altering tr#e dates.
8. 6a%ing an! alteration or intercalation in a gen#ine doc#ment which changes its
meaning.
c. That the falsification was committed in an! p#blic or official or commercial doc#ment.
8nder t)is pararap)1 damage is not essential1 it is pres'med
If the falsification of public, official or commercial documents, whether they
be public official or by private individuals, it is not necessary that there be
present the idea of gain or the intent to in#ure a third person. What is
punished under the law is the violation of public faith and the perversion of
the truth as solemnly proclaimed by the nature of the document. &2arep vs.
2andiganba!an)
7eense# lacH of malice or criminal intent
The following writings are pu!lic:
a. t)e #ritten acts or records of acts of t)e so$erein a't)ority of official .odies and
tri.'nals1 and of t)e p'.lic officers1 leislati$e1 /'dicial and e2ec'ti$e1 #)et)er of
t)e -)ilippines or of a forein co'ntry.
.. -'.lic records Hept in t)e -)ilippines.
Examples of commercial documents B #are)o'se receipts1 air#ay .ills1 .anH
c)ecHs1 cas) files1 deposit slips and .anH statements1 /o'rnals1 .ooHs1 leders1
drafts1 letters of credit and ot)er neotia.le instr'ments
There is a comple& crime o% esta%a through %alsi%ication o% public"
o%%icial or commercial document. In the crime of estafa, damage or intent
to cause damage is not an element. It is sufficient that the offender
committed or performed the acts of falsification as defined and punished
under ,rticle !>!. The two offenses can co+exist as they have distinct
elements peculiar to their nature as a crime. When the falsification is
committed because it is necessary to commit estafa, what we have is a
complex crime defined and punished under ,rticle /6 of the 3evised 0enal
4ode.
There is a comple% crime of falsification of pubic documents through
reckless imprudence.
Cas) dis.'rsement $o'c)ers or receipts e$idencin payments are not commercial
doc'ments
A mere .lanH form of an official doc'ment is not in itself a doc'ment
T)e possessor of falsified doc'ment is pres'med to .e t)e a't)or of t)e falsification
64
*ALSI*ICATION UN7ER (ARAGRA(8 5 O* ART& !+5& O* (RI3ATE
7OCUMENT
ELEMENTS #
a. That the offender committed an! of the acts of falsification, e"cept those in paragraph
) and 5, en#merated in art. 1)1.
b. That the falsification was committed in an! private doc#ment &must affect the truth or
integrity of the document)
c. That the falsification ca#sed damage &essential element- hence& no crime of estafa
thru falsification of private document) to a third part! or at least the falsification was
committed with intent to ca#se s#ch damage.
=ot necessary t)at t)e offender profited or )oped to profit from t)e falsification
7alsification of a private document is consummated when such document is
actually falsified with the intent to prejudice a third person whether such
falsified document is or is not thereafter put to illegal use for which it is
intended. &Lope* vs. Paras, '8 Phil. 148)
What is emphasi)ed at this point is the element of falsification of private
document. There must be intent to cause damage or damage is actually
caused. The intention is therefore must be malicious or there is deliberate
intent to commit a wrong. &eckless imprudence is incompatible with
malicious intent.
7alsification is not a continuing offense
There is no falsification through reckless imprudence if the document is a
private document.
7alsification by omission
Mere falsification of a private document is not enough to commit crime under
paragraph $ of ,rticle !>$. Two acts must be done by the offender. !D (e
must have performed in the private document the falsification contemplated
under ,rticle !>!. $D (e must have performed an independent act which
operates to cause damage or prejudice to a third person. The third person
mentioned herein may include the government. "amage is not limited to
money or pecuniary prejudice. "amage to one=s honor, reputation or good
name is included.
A doc'ment falsified as a necessary means to commit anot)er crime m'st .e p'.lic1
official or commercial
T)ere is no complex crime of estafa through falsification of a private document
.eca'se t)e immediate effect of t)e latter is t)e same as t)at of estafa
If a private document is falsified to cause damage to the offended party, the
crime committed is falsification of a private document. 3emember that in
estafa, damage or intent to cause damage is an indispensable element of the
crime. The same element is necessary to commit the crime of falsification of
private document. *ince they have a common element, such element cannot
be divided into the two parts and considered as two separate offenses.
T)ere is no comple2 crime of estafa #it) falsification .eca'se deceit is a common
element of 'oth. >ne and t)e same deceit or damae cannot i$e rise to more t)an one
crime. "t is eit)er estafa or falsification.
65
%riteria to determine &hether the crime is estafa only or
falsification only :
I7 the falsification of the private document was essential in the commission of
estafa because the falsification, estafa cannot be committed, the crime is
falsification# estafa becomes the conse5uence of the crime.
I7 the estafa can be committed even without resorting to falsification, the
latter being resorted only to facilitate estafa, the main crime is estafa#
falsification is merely incidental, since even without falsification, estafa can
be committed.
"f t)e estafa #as already cons'mmated at t)e time of t)e falsification of a pri$ate
doc'ment #as committed for t)e p'rpose of concealin t)e estafa1 t)e falsification is
not p'nis)a.le1 .eca'se as reards t)e falsification of t)e pri$ate doc'ment t)ere
#as no damae or intent to ca'se damae.
, private document which is falsified to obtain money from offended party is
a falsification of private document only.
A pri$ate doc'ment may ac@'ire t)e c)aracter of a p'.lic doc'ment #)en it
.ecomes part of an official record and is certified .y a p'.lic officer d'ly a't)oriIed
.y la#
T)e crime is falsification of p'.lic doc'ments e$en if falsification tooH place .efore
t)e pri$ate doc'ment .ecomes part of t)e p'.lic records
.%amples/
,n employee of a private company who punches the bundy clock on behalf
on a co+employee is guilty of falsification of a private document.
?ne who will take the civil service examination for another and makes it
appear that he is the examinee is guilty of falsification of a public document.
USE O* *ALSI*IE7 7OCUMENT <,ar& :. art& !+5@
ELEMENTS#
a. )ntroducing in a -udicial proceeding:
1. That the offender %new that a doc#ment was falsified b! another person.
2. That the false doc#ment is embraced in art. 1)1 or in an! s#bdivisions nos. 1 and 2
of art. 1)2.
3. That he introd#ced said doc#ment in evidence in an! /#dicial proceeding. &intent
to cause damage not necessary)
!. ?se in any other transaction:
1. That the offender %new that a doc#ment was falsified b! another person.
2. That the false doc#ment is embraced in art. 1)1 or in an! of s#bdivisions nos. 1
and 2 of art. 1)2.
3. That he #sed s#ch doc#ments &not in 4udicial proceedings).
4. That the #se of the doc#ments ca#sed damage to another or at least was #sed with
intent to ca#se s#ch damage.
The user of the falsified document is deemed the author of falsification/ if:
66
a. t)e 'se is so closely connected in time #it) t)e falsification
.. t)e 'ser )ad t)e capacity of falsifyin t)e doc'ment
*alsiication o (ri%ate 7ocuments *alsiication o (u-licEOicial 7ocuments
-re/'dice to t)ird party is an element
of t)e offense.
-re/'dice to t)ird persons is immaterial1 #)at is
p'nis)ed is t)e $iolation of p'.lic fait) and
per$ersion of tr't) #)ic) t)e doc'ment
proclaims.
Rules to obser$e in the use o% a %alsi%ied document.
!. It is a crime when knowingly introduced in a judicial proceeding even if
there is not intent to cause damage to another. Enowingly introducing a
falsified document in a judicial proceeding, the use alone is not a crime.
The mere introduction of the forged document is the crime itself. &ut when
the falsified document is knowingly introduced in an administrative
proceeding, the use alone is not a crime. There must be intent to cause
damage or damage is actually inflicted.
$. 7alsification of document is a separate and distinct offense from that of
the use of falsified documents. *o if the falsification of document was
done or performed because it was necessary to the use of the same and
in the commission of the crime, then we may have a complex crime
defined and punished under ,rticle /6 of the 3evised 0enal 4ode.
.. ;ood faith is a defense in falsification of public document.
Article !+:
*ALSI*ICATION O* 1IRELESS. CABLE. TELEGRA(8. AN7 TELE(8ONE
MESSAGES. AN7 USE O* SAI7 *ALSI*IE7 MESSAGES
Acts ,unisha-le#
1. >ttering fictitio#s, wireless, telegraph or telephone message
(e*uisites:
a. T)at t)e offender is an officer or employee of t)e o$ernment or an officer
or employee of a pri$ate corporation1 enaed in t)e ser$ice of sendin or
recei$in #ireless1 ca.le or telep)one messae.
'$ That the accused commits any of the following acts:
'tterin fictitio's #ireless1 ca.le1 telerap)1 or telep)one messae1 or
falsifyin #ireless1 ca.le1 telerap)1 or telep)one messae
2. +alsif!ing wireless, telegraph or telephone message
(e*uisites:
a. T)at t)e offender is an officer or employee of t)e o$ernment or an officer
or employee of a pri$ate corporation1 enaed in t)e ser$ice of sendin or
recei$in #ireless1 ca.le or telep)one messae.
b. That the accused commits any of the following acts5
'tterin fictitio's #ireless1 ca.le1 telerap)1 or telep)one messae1 or
falsifyin #ireless1 ca.le1 telerap)1 or telep)one messae
'. >sing s#ch falsified message
(e*uisites:
a. T)at t)e acc'sed Hne# t)at #ireless1 ca.le1 telerap)1 or telep)one
messae #as falsified .y any of t)e person specified in t)e first
pararap) of art. 1!3.
.. T)at t)e acc'sed 'sed s'c) falsified dispatc).
6%
c. T)at t)e 'se of t)e falsified dispatc) res'lted in t)e pre/'dice of a t)ird
party1 or t)at t)e 'se t)ereof #as #it) intent to ca'se s'c) pre/'dice.
T)e p'.lic officer1 to .e lia.le m'st .e enaed in t)e ser$ice of sendin or recei$in
#ireless1 ca.le and telerap) or telep)one messae
Article !+"
*ALSI*ICATION O* ME7ICAL CERTI*ICATES. CERTI*CATES O* MERIT OR
SER3ICE AN7 T8E LIGE#
(ersons lia-le#
a$ )hysician or surgeon who& in connection with the practice of his profession&
issued a false certificate 6note: such certificate must refer to the illness or in4ury
of a person7
'$ )u'lic officer who issued a false certificate of merit of service& good conduct or
similar circumstances
c$ )rivate individual who falsified a certificate under 657 and 6+7
Article !+'
USING *ALSE CERTI*ICATES
ELEMENTS#
a. That a ph!sician or s#rgeon has iss#ed a false medical certificate, or a p#blic
officer has iss#ed a false certificate of merit or service, good cond#ct, or similar
circ#mstances, or a private person had falsified an! of said certificates.
b. That the offender %new that the certificate was false.
c. That he #sed the same.
Article !+)
MANU*ACTURING AN7 (OSSESSION O* INTRUMENTS OR IM(LEMENTS
*OR *ALSI*ICATION#
Acts ,unisha-le#
a. 6a%ing or introd#cing into the Philippines an! stamps, dies or mar%s or other
instr#ments or implements for co#nterfeiting or falsification
b. Possessing with intent to #se the instr#ments or implements for co#nterfeiting or
falsification made in or introd#ced into the Philippines b! another person
T)e implement confiscated need not form a complete set
Constr'cti$e possession is also p'nis)ed
OT8ER *ALSITIES
Article !++
USUR(ATION O* AUT8ORITY OR O**ICIAL *UNCTIONS#
5 ways o committing the crime#
a. 1y .nowingly and falsely representing oneself to !e an officer/ agent or
representative of any department or agency of the 'hilippine gov@t or
any foreign gov@t.
6&
!. 1y performing an act pertaining to any person in authority or pu!lic
officer of the 'hil gov@t or foreign gov@t under the pretense of such
official position/ and without !eing lawfully entitled to do so.
)n usurpation of authority: T)e mere act of Hno#inly and falsely representin
oneself is s'fficient. =ot necessary t)at )e performs an act pertainin to a p'.lic
officer.
Elements
1. -ffender %nowingl! and falsel! represents himself(
2. As an officer, agent or representative of an! department or agenc! of the
Philippine government or of an! foreign government.
)n usurpation of official functions: "t is essential t)at t)e offender s)o'ld )a$e
performed an act pertainin to a person in a't)ority
Elements
1. -ffender performs an! act(
2. Pertaining to an! person in a#thorit! or p#blic officer of the Philippine
government or an! foreign government, or an! agenc! thereof(
'. >nder pretense of official position(
4. .itho#t being lawf#ll! entitled to do so.
A pu'lic officer may also 'e an offender
The act performed without !eing lawfully entitled to do so must pertain:
a. to t)e o$Ft
.. to any person in a't)ority
c. to any p'.lic office
7oreign government adverted to in this article refers to public officers duly
authori)ed to perform governmental duties in the 0hilippines. The law cannot
refer to other foreign governments as its application may bring us to legal
problems which may infringe on constitutional boundaries.
If the offender commits the acts of usurpation as contemplated herein, and
he does it because he is a rebel and pursuant to the crime of rebellion or
insurrection or sedition, he will not be liable under this article because what is
attributed against him as a crime of usurpation is in fact one of the elements
of committing rebellion.
The elements of false pretense is necessary to commit the crime of
usurpation of official function.
Article !+2
USING *ICTITIOUS NAME AN7 CONCEALING TRUE NAME
ELEMENTS <using ictitious name@ #
a. That the offender #ses a name other than his real name.
b. That he #ses that fictitio#s name p#blicl!.
c. That the p#rpose of the offender is
1. To conceal a crime,
6-
2. To evade the e"ec#tion of a /#dgment, or
'. To ca#se damage to p#blic interest. &e". 2igning fictitio#s name for a passport)
The name of a person is what appears in his birth certificate. The name of a
person refers to his first name, surname, and maternal name. ,ny other
name which a person publicly applies to himself without authority of law is a
fictitious name.
ELEMENTS <concealing true name@#
a. that the offender conceals
1. his tr#e name, and
2. all other personal circ#mstances.
b. that the p#rpose is onl! to conceal his identit!.
What the offender does to violate or commit this act is for him to conceal his
true name and other personal circumstances. (is only motive in doing so is to
conceal his identity. In concealment of true name, the deception is done
momentarily, just enough to conceal the name of the offender. "n the use of
fictitious name, the offender presents himself before the public with another
name.
, person under investigation by the police who gives a false name and false
personal circumstances, upon being interrogated, is guilty of this crime.
Use o *ictitious Name <!+2@ Concealing True Name <!+2@
Element of p'.licity m'st .e present -'.licity not necessary
-'rpose is to conceal a crime1 to e$ade t)e
e2ec'tion of a /'dement1 or to ca'se damae
-'rpose is to conceal identity
Commonwealth Act No& !"5 <Regulating the Use o Aliases@
=o person s)all 'se any name different from t)e one #it) #)ic) )e #as reistered at .irt) in t)e
office of t)e local ci$il reistry1 or #it) #)ic) )e #as reistered in t)e .'rea' of immiration 'pon
entry; or s'c) s'.stit'te name as may )a$e .een a't)oriIed .y a competent co'rt.
"5ception: -se'donym solely for literary1 cinema1 tele$ision1 radio1 or ot)er entertainment and in
at)letic e$ents #)ere t)e 'se of pse'donym is a normally accepted practice.
Article !+4
ILLEGAL USE O* UNI*ORM OR INSIGNIA
ELEMENTS#
a. That the offender ma%es #se of insignia, #niform or dress.
b. That the insignia, #niform or dress pertains to an office not held b! the offender or
to a class of persons of which he is not a member.
c. That said insignia, #niform or dress is #sed p#blicl! and improperl!.
The wearing of a uniform, or insignia of a non+existing office or establishment
is not a crime. It is necessary that the uniform or insignia represents an office
which carries authority, respect, dignity, or influence which the public looks
up to.
Ao also1 an exact imitation of a uniform or dress is unnecessary; a colora.le resem.lance
calc'lated to decei$e t)e common r'n of people is s'fficient.
%.
The wearing of insignia, badge or emblem of rank of the members of the
armed forced of the 0hilippines or constabulary Fnow 00D is punished by
3epublic ,ct o. /B..
When the uniform or insignia is used to emphasi)e the pageantry of a play or
drama or in moving picture films, the crime is not committed.
Three orms o alse testimony
1. +alse testimony in criminal cases 'nder Article 1%* and 1%1;
2. +alse testimony in ci$il case 'nder Article 1%2;
3. +alse testimony in ot)er cases 'nder Article 1%3.
'alse testimony" de%ined
It is the declaration under oath of a witness in a judicial proceeding
which is contrary to what is true, or to deny the same, or to alter essentially
the truth.
Nature o% the crime o% %alse testimony.
!. It cannot be committed through reckless imprudence because false
testimony re5uires criminal intent or intent to violate the law is an
essential element of the crime.
$. If the false testimony is due to honest mistake or error or there was good
faith in making the false testimony, no crime is committed.
Article !26
*ALSE TESTIMONY AGAINST A 7E*EN7ANT
ELEMENTS#
a. That there be a criminal proceeding.
b. That the offender testifies falsel! #nder oath against the defendant therein.
c. That the offender who gives false testimon! %nows that it is false.
d. That the defendant against whom the false testimon! is given is either ac,#itted or
convicted in a final /#dgment &prescriptive period starts at this point)
"e*uires criminal intent& can@t 'e committed through negligence. =eed not imp'te
'ilt 'pon t)e acc'sed
T)e defendant m'st at least .e sentenced to a correctional penalty or a fine or m'st
)a$e .een ac@'itted
T)e #itness #)o a$e false testimony is lia.le e$en if t)e co'rt did not consider )is
testimony
The probative value of the testimonial evidence is subject to the rules of
evidence. It may not be considered at all by the judge. &ut whether the
testimony is credible or not or whether it is appreciated or not in the context
that the false witness wanted it to be, the crime of false testimony is still
committed, since it is punished not because of the effect it produces, but
because of its tendency to favor the accused. &People vs. 0e!es)
-enalty is dependent 'pon sentence imposed on t)e defendant
Article !2!
*ALSE TESTIMONY IN *A3OR O* 7E*EN7ANT in a criminal case#
Elements#
%1
1. A person gives false testimon!(
2. n favor of the defendant(
'. n a criminal case.
+alse testimony .y neati$e statement is in fa$or of t)e defendant
+alse testimony need not in fact .enefit t)e defendant
A statement of a mere opinion is not p'nis)a.le
Con$iction or ac@'ittal is not necessary (final /'dement is not necessary). T)e false
testimony need not infl'ence t)e ac@'ittal
A defendant #)o $ol'ntarily oes 'p on t)e #itness stand and falsely imp'tes t)e
offense to anot)er person t)e commission of t)e offense is lia.le 'nder t)is article. "f
)e merely denies t)e commission of t)e offense1 )e is not lia.le.
1asis of penalty: ra$ity of t)e felony c)ared aainst t)e defendant
Article !25
*ALSE TESTIMONY IN CI3IL CASES
ELEMENTS#
a. That the testimon! m#st be given in a civil case.
b. That the testimon! m#st relate to the iss#es presented in said case.
c. That the testimon! m#st be false.
d. That the false testimon! m#st be given b! the defendant %nowing the same to be false.
e. That the testimon! m#st be malicio#s and given with an intent to affect the iss#es
presented in the said case
=ot applica.le #)en testimony i$en in a special proceedin (in t)is case1 t)e crime
is per/'ry)
1asis of penalty: amo'nt in$ol$ed in t)e ci$il case
"istinctions between perjury and false testimony2
P'R(URY )*+S' T'ST,-./Y
!. on+judicial proceedings. !. ;iven in a judicial proceeding.
$. *tatement or testimony is re5uired
by law.
$. Testimony need not be re5uired by
law.
.. ,mount involved is not material. .. ,mount involved in civil cases is
material.
/. immaterial whether statement or
testimony is favorable or not to the
accused.
/. It is always material in criminal
cases.
Article!2:
*ALSE TESTIMONY IN OT8ER CASES AN7 (ER>URY IN SOLEMN
A**IRMATION
ELEMENTS#
%2
a. That an acc#sed made a statement #nder oath or made an affidavit #pon a
material matter.
b. That the statement or affidavit was made before a competent officer, a#thori*ed to
receive and administer oath.
c. That in that statement or affidavit, the acc#sed made a willf#l and deliberate
assertion of a falsehood, and
d. That the sworn statement or affidavit containing the falsit! is re,#ired b! law.
2 ways of committing per-ury:
a. .y falsely testifyin 'nder oat)
.. .y maHin a false statement
%u!ornation of per-ury: proc'res anot)er to s#ear falsely.
%olemn affirmation: refers to non4/'dicial proceedins and affida$its
A false affida$it to a criminal complaint may i$e rise to per/'ry
Two contradictory sworn statements are not sufficient to convict the affiant
for the crime of perjury. There must be evidence to show which is false. The
same must be established or proved from sources other than the two
contradictory statements. &People vs. 3apistrano, 4; Phil. =;2)
A matter is material #)en it is directed to pro$e a fact in iss'e
The test of materiality is whether a false statement can influence the court
&People vs. :na*il).
A 0competent person authorized to administer an oath2 means a person #)o
)as a ri)t to in@'ire into t)e @'estions presented to )im 'pon matters 'nder )is
/'risdiction
There is no perjury if the accused signed and swore the statement before a
person not authori)ed to administer oath &People vs. :ella <avid).
T)ere is no per4ury through negligence or imprudence since t)e assertion of
false)ood m'st .e #illf'l and deli.erate
&ecause of the nature of perjury, which is the willful and corrupt assertion of
a falsehood, there is no perjury committed through reckless imprudence or
simple negligence under ,rticle .-1. *ince admittedly perjury can only be
committed by means of dolo, then good faith or lack of malice is a good
defense when one is indicted for the crime of per#ury.
E$en if t)ere is no la# re@'irin t)e statement to .e made 'nder oat)1 as long as it is
made for a legal purpose& it is sufficient
9f there is no re,uirement of la$ to place the statement or testimony under oath# there is
no Per6ury considering the phrases :oath in cases in $hich the la$ so re,uires; in !rticle 1&3.
The affidavit or sworn statement must be re5uired by law like affidavit of
adverse claim to protect one=s interest on real property# or an affidavit of
good moral character to take the bar examination. So if the affidavit was
made but the same is not required by law, even if the allegations are false,
the crime of per#ury is not committed. &<ia* vs. People, 1=1 230A 58)
%3
-er/'ry is an offense #)ic) co$ers false oat)s ot)er t)an t)ose taHen in t)e co'rse of
/'dicial proceedins
+alse testimony .efore t)e /'stice of t)e peace d'rin t)e -.". may i$e rise to t)e
crime of per/'ry .eca'se false testimony in /'dicial proceedins contemplates an
act'al trial #)ere a /'dment of con$iction or ac@'ittal is rendered
A person #)o Hno#inly and #illf'lly proc'res anot)er to s#ear falsely commits
su'ornation of per4ury and t)e #itness s'.orned does testify 'nder circ'mstances
renderin )im 'ilty of per/'ry.
T)e false testimony is not in a /'dicial proceedin
'alse testimony $s. Per(ury
When one testifies falsely before the court, the crime committed is false
testimony. If one testifies falsely in a non+judicial proceeding, the crime
committed is per#ury. In false testimony, it is not re5uired that the offender
asserts a falsehood on a material matter. It is enough that he testifies falsely
with deliberate intent. In per#ury, the witness must testify or assert a fact on
a material matter with a full knowledge that the information given is
essentially contrary to the truth. 0aterial matter means the main fact which
is the subject or object of the in5uiry.
Article !2"
O**ERING *ALSE TESTIMONY IN E3I7ENCE
ELEMENTS#
a That the offender offered in evidence a false witness or false testimon!.
! That he %new the witness or the testimon! was false.
c That the offer was made in a /#dicial or official proceeding.
T)e false #itness need not .e con$icted of false testimony. T)e mere offer is
s'fficient.
The offender in this article knows that the witness to be presented is a false
witness or that the witness will lie while testifying. The proceedings is either
judicial or official. There is a formal offer of testimonial evidence in the
proceedings. The witness is able to testify and the offender, knowing the
testimony is given by the witness to be false, nevertheless offers the same in
evidence. In this case, the person offering the false testimony must have
nothing to do in the making of the false testimony. (e knows that the witness
is false and yet he asks him to testify and thereafter offers the testimony in
evidence. *o if the offeror, aside from being such, is also the person
responsible in inducing or convincing the false witness to lie, ,rticle !6/ will
not apply. The applicable article will be ,rticle !6:, !6!, !6$, or !6. as the
case may be. The offenders in this case will be charged with perjury# the
inducer as principal by inducement and the induced party as the principal by
direct participation.
It is for this reason that subornation o% per(ury is no longer treated as a
specific felony with a separate article of its own. evertheless, it is a crime
defined and punished under the 3evised 0enal 4ode. The crime committed by
one who induces another to testify falsely and the person who agrees and in
conspiracy with the inducer, testifies falsely, is perjury. &People vs. Padol, 88 Phil.
'81)
%4
*RAU7S
Article !2'
MAC8INATIONS IN (UBLIC AUCTION
ELEMENTS#
a That there be a p#blic a#ction.
! That the acc#sed solicited an! gift or a promise from an! of the bidders.
c That s#ch gifts or promise was the consideration for his refraining from ta%ing part in
that p#blic a#ction.
d That the acc#sed had the intent to ca#se the red#ction of the price of the thing
a#ctioned.
ELEMENTS O* ATTEM(TING TO CAUSE BI77ERS TO STAY A1AY#
a That there be a p#blic a#ction.
! That the acc#sed attempted to ca#se the bidders to sta! awa! from that p#blic a#ction
c That it was done b! threats, gifts, promises, or an! other artifice.
d That the acc#sed had the intent to ca#se the red#ction of the price of the thing
a#ctioned.
Article !2)
MONO(OLIES AN7 COMBINATIONS IN RESTRAINT O* TRA7E#
Acts ,unishe/#
a. Com!ination to prevent free competition in the mar.et
Elements
1. Antering into an! contract or agreement or ta%ing part in an! conspirac! or
combination in the form of a tr#st or otherwise(
2. n restraint of trade or commerce or to prevent b! artificial means free
competition in the mar%et.
b. 1y entering into a contract or agreement or ta.ing part in any conspiracy
or com!ination in the form of a trust or otherwise/ in restraint of trade or
commerce or prevent !y artificial means free competition in the mar.et 6It is
enough that initial steps are ta/en$ It is not necessary that there 'e actual
restraint of trade7
c. $onopoly to restrain free competition in the mar.et
Elements
1. :! monopoli*ing an! merchandise or ob/ect of trade or commerce, or b!
combining with an! other person or persons to monopoli*e said merchandise
or ob/ect(
2. n order to alter the prices thereof b! spreading false r#mors or ma%ing #se of
an! other artifice(
%5
'. To restrain free competition in the mar%et
d. $anufacturer/ producer or processor or importer com!ining/ conspiring or
agreeing with any person to ma.e transactions pre-udicial to lawful
commerce or to increase the mar.et price of the merchandise.
Elements
1. 6an#fact#rer, prod#cer, processor or importer of an! merchandise or ob/ect of
commerce(
2. 3ombines, conspires or agrees with an! person(
'. P#rpose is to ma%e transactions pre/#dicial to lawf#l commerce or to increase
the mar%et price of an! merchandise or ob/ect of commerce man#fact#red,
prod#ced, processed, assembled or imported into the Philippines.
(ersonEs lia-le#
a. man'fact'rer
.. prod'cer
c. processor
d. importer
Crime is committe/ -y#
a. com.inin
.. conspirin
c. areein #it) anot)er person
The ,ur,ose is#
a. to maHe transactions pre/'dicial to la#f'l commerce
.. to increase t)e marHet price of any merc)andise or o./ect of commerce
man'fact'red1 prod'ced1 processed1 assem.led or imported into t)e -)il
Also lia-le as ,rinci,als#
a. corporationLassociation
.. aentLrepresentati$e
c. directorLmanaer B #)o #illinly permitted or failed to pre$ent commission of
a.o$e offense
Aggravated if items are:
a. food s'.stance
.. motor f'el or l'.ricants
c. oods of prime necessity
Article !2+
IM(ORTATION AN7 7IS(OSITION O* *ALSELY MARGE7 ARTICLES OR
MERC8AN7ISE MA7E O* GOL7. SIL3ER. OR OT8ER (RECIOUS METALS
OR T8EIR ALLOYS
ELEMENTS#
a That the offender imports, sells or disposes of an! of those articles or merchandise.
! That the stamps, brands, or mar%s or those articles or merchandise fails to indicate the
act#al fineness or ,#alit! of said metals or allo!s.
c That the offender %nows that the said stamp, brand, or mar% fails to indicate the act#al
fineness or ,#alit! of the metals or allo!s.
To be criminally liable, it is important to establish that the offender knows the
fact that the imported merchandise fails to indicate the actual fineness or
%6
5uality of the precious metal. If the importer has no expertise on the matter
such that he has no way of knowing how the fraud was committed, the
existence of such fact may be seriously considered as a defense.
What the law punishes herein is the selling of misbranded goods made of
gold, silver and other precious metals. Therefore, it must be shown that the
seller knows that the merchandise is misbranded. (ence, dishonesty is an
essential element of the crime.
Article !22
SUBSTITUTING 0 ALTERING TRA7E=MARG. TRA7ENAME. OR SER3ICE
MARG
Acts ,unisha-le#
a :! &a) s#bstit#ting the trade name &t$n) or trademar% &t$m) of some other
man#fact#rer or dealer or a colorable imitation thereof, for the t$n or t$m of the real
man#fact#rer or dealer #pon an! article of commerce and &b) selling the same.
! :! selling or b! offering for sale s#ch article of commerce, %nowing that the t$n or t$m
has been fra#d#lentl! #sed
c :! #sing or s#bstit#ting the service mar% of some other person, or a colorable
imitation of s#ch mar%s, in the sale or advertising of services
d :! printing, lithographing or reprod#cing t$n, t$m or service mar% of one person, or a
colorable limitation thereof, to enable another person to fra#d#lentl! #se the same,
%nowing the fra#d#lent p#rpose for which it is to be #sed.
If a particular person is defrauded by the offender# as in the case of locally
manufactured goods, which the offender, by altering the label, are made
to appear as imported articles and sold to a particular person, the crime
committed is undoubtedly estafa as far as the particular person is
concerned. &ut if the falsely mislabeled goods are displayed in a store and
offered for sale to the public in general, the crime committed is punished
under ,rticle !66. *o, if the deception is isolated and is confined to a
particular person or group of persons, estafa is committed. "f the fraud is
employed against the public, Article )11 is violated.
Must not be another manufacturer otherwise unfair competition
Take note that after making the substitution the goods are displayed in the
store or market for sale, ,rticle !66 is already committed even if no customer
comes to buy any of the goods on display. The mere offer for sale to the
public consummates the crime.
The pendency of the administrative aspect of the case is not a prejudicial
5uestion in the resolution of the criminal case.
Article !24
UN*AIR COM(ETITION. *RAU7ULENT REGISTRATION O* TRA7ENAME.
TRA7EMARG SER3ICE MARG. *RAU7ULENT 7ESIGNATION O* ORIGIN.
AN7 *ALSE 7ESCRI(TION
Acts ,unishe/#
a ?nfair competition .y sellin )is oods1 i$in t)em t)e eneral appearance of
t)e oods of anot)er man'fact'rer or dealer
%%
. &raudulent designation of originA false description .y (a) affi2in to )is oods
or 'sin in connection #it) )is ser$ices a false desination of oriin; or any false
description or representation1 and (.) sellin s'c) oods or ser$ices
c &raudulent registration .y proc'rin fra'd'lently from t)e patent office t)e
reistration of tLm1 tLm or ser$ice marH.
ELEMENTS#
a That the offender gives his goods the general appearance of the goods of another
man#fact#rer or dealer
! That the general appearance is shown in the &a) goods themselves, or in the &b)
wrapping of their pac%ages, or in the &c) device or words therein, or in &d) an! other
feat#re of their appearance
c That the offender offers to sell or sells those goods or gives other persons a chance or
opport#nit! to do the same with a li%e p#rpose.
d That there is act#al intent to deceive the p#blic or defra#d a competitor.
'nder 3epublic ,ct o. !--, *ection $B, paragraph $, un%air competition is
defined as follows2 It consists in employing deception or any other means
contrary to good faith by which any person shall pass off the goods
manufactured by him or in which he deals, or his business, or services for
those of the one having established goodwill, or committing any acts
calculated to produce such result.
The true test o% un%air competition is whether certain goods have been
clothed with an appearance which is likely to deceive the ordinary purchaser
exercising ordinary care. &>.2. vs. 6an#el, ) Phil. 221)
2or unfair competition to take place, it must be the manufacturer of the
goods who will cloth or label his goods with the trade name or trademark of
another manufacturer, who has established a good name or good will in the
mind of the public because of the 5uality of the merchandise manufactured
by him. The imitator is also a manufacturer of the same kind of product but
of inferior quality. &y labeling his product with the trademark or trade name
of said manufacturer, he profits from the goodwill of another.
"f the labeling or clothing of the goods is not done by another manufacturer,
the crime committed is not unfair competition but substitution of trademark
or trade name under ,rticle !66.
When the honorable *upreme 4ourt declared that unfair competition is
broader and more inclusive than infringement of trade name or trademark. In
infringement of trade name or trademark, the offended party has a peculiar
symbol or mark on his goods which is considered a property right which must
therefore be protected. In unfair competition, the offended party has
identified in the mind of the public the goods he manufactures to distinguish
it from the goods of the other manufacturers. In infringement of trade name
or trademark, the offender uses the trade name or trademark of another in
selling his goods, while in unfair competition, the offender gives his goods the
general appearance of the goods of another manufacturer and sells the same
to the public. &A. 2pinner E 3o. vs. Few 9esslein 3orp., 14 Phil. 224)
TITLE *I3E
CRIMES RELATE7 TO O(IUM AN7 OT8ER (RO8IBITE7 7RUGS <!46=!4"@
COM(RE8ENSI3E 7ANGEROUS 7RUGS ACT O* 5665
<RA No& 4!)'@
%&
I& Acts (unisha-le#
a. importation of pro)i.ited dr's
.. sale1 administration1 deli$ery1 distri.'tion and transportation of pro)i.ited
dr's
c. maintenance of a den1 di$e or resort for pro)i.ited dr' 'sers
d. .ein employees or $isitors of dr' den
e. man'fact're of pro)i.ited dr's
f. possession or 'se
. c'lti$ation of plants
). fail're to comply #it) pro$isions relati$e to Heepin of records of prescription
i. 'nnecessary prescription
/. possession of opi'm pipe and ot)er parap)ernalia
H. "mportation1 sale1 etc. of re'lated dr's
7RUG SYN7ICATE B any oraniIed ro'p of t#o(2) or more persons formin or /oinin
toet)er #it) t)e intention of committin any offense prescri.ed 'nder t)e act.
(LANTING O* E3I7ENCE B t)e #illf'l act .y any person of malicio'sly and
s'rreptitio'sly insertin1 placin1 addin or attac)in directly or indirectly1 t)ro') any
o$ert or co$ert act1 #)ate$er @'antity of any danero's dr' andLor controlled
prec'rsor and essential c)emical in t)e person1 )o'se1 effects1 or in t)e immediate
$icinity of an innocent indi$id'al for t)e p'rpose of implicatin1 incriminatin or
imp'tin t)e commission of any $iolation of t)is Act.
( 7 E A B -)ilippine Dr' Enforcement 8nit
Im,ortation o ,rohi-ite/Eregulate/ /rugs&
'"NA#TB : 7ife to deat) T fine of 5**1*** to 1* million regardless of the Muantity
and purity involved
$AC)$?$ '"NA#TB :
57 se of diplomatic )assport
+7 <inancier
Sale. a/ministration. /eli%ery. /istri-ution an/ transaction o
,rohi-ite/Eregulate/ /rugs&
, NOT 1A)#A1#"
'"NA#TB : 7ife to deat) T fine of 5**1*** to 1* million regardless of the Muantity
and purity involved 6 includes B"ONE" 7
>ualifying Circumstances B
37 if t)e $ictim of t)e offense is a minor or s)o'ld a pro)i.itedLre'lated dr'
in$ol$e in any offense 'nder t)is section .e t)e pro2imate ca'se of t)e deat) of a
$ictim t)ereof1 t)e ma2im'm penalty )erein s)all .e imposed.
5@ <inancier
:@ Aale made #it)in 1**m from sc)ool
Maintenance o a /en. /i%e. or resort or ,rohi-ite/Eregulate/ /rug users&
OO )roperty escheated in favor of the government
>ualifying Circumstance B #)ere a pro)i.itedLre'lated dr' is administered1
deli$ered1 or sold to a minor #)o is allo#ed to 'se t)e same in s'c) place1 or s)o'ld
a pro)i.ited dr' .e t)e pro2imate ca'se of t)e deat) of t)e person 'sin t)e same
in s'c) den1 di$e or resort1 t)e ma2im'm of t)e penalty s)all .e imposed.
Manuacture o ,rohi-ite/Eregulate/ /rugs&
(ossession o ,rohi-ite/Eregulate/ /rugs&
%-
'"NA#TB :
a. 7ife to death < fine of 5..#... to 1. million
1. gms. =pium# morphine# heroine# cocaine# mari6uana resin and 4cstasy.
5. gms. habu
5.. gms. >ari6uana
b. 7ife 9mprisonment and a fine of P4..#......(P5..#......
1.(5. gms. habu
c. 2. years to 7ife and a fine of 4..#......(5..#......
5(1. gms. habu
d. 12 ? 2. years and a fine of 3..#......(4..#......
7ess than 5 gms. =f any dangerous drugs
(ossession o ,ara,hernalia
6 mos. ? 4 yrs. < fine of 1.#... ? 5.#...
?se of 9angerous 9rugs ? ! person apprehended or arrested# $ho is found to be
positi+e for use of any dangerous drug# after a confirmatory test# shall be imposed a
penalty of a minimum of si5 /60 months rehabilitation in a go+ernment center for the
first offense# sub6ect to the pro+isions of !rticle @999 of this !ct.
9f apprehended using any dangerous drug act for the second time# heAshe shall suffer
the penalty of imprisonment ranging from si5 /60 years and one /10 day to t$el+e/120
years and a fine ranging from "ifty thousand pesos /P5.#......0 to T$o hundred
thousand pesos /P2..#......02
Pro+ided# That this section shall not be applicable $here the person tested is also
found to ha+e in hisAher possession such ,uantity of any dangerous drug pro+ided for
under ection 11 of this !ct# in $hich case the pro+isions stated therein shall apply.
Culti%ation o ,lants which are sources o ,rohi-ite/ /rugs&
Penalty ( 7ife to death and a fine of P5..#...... to P1. >illion
a Note: T)e landLportions t)ereof andLor reen)o'ses in #)ic) any of t)e said
plants is c'lti$ated or c'lt'red s)all .e confiscated and esc)eated to t)e Atate1
'nless t)e o#ner t)ereof can pro$e t)at )e did not Hno# of s'c) c'lti$ation or
c'lt're despite t)e e2ercise of d'e dilience on )is part.
. >ualifying Circumstance B
1. "f t)e land in$ol$ed is part of t)e p'.lic domain1 t)e ma2im'm of t)e penalty )erein
pro$ided s)all .e imposed.
2. Ma2im'm penalty imposed on financier
*ailure to ?ee, recor/s o ,rescri,tion. sales. ,urchases. ac$uisitions an/Eor
/eli%eries o ,rohi-ite/Eregulate/ /rugs
'ersons lia!le:
-)armacist1 -)ysician1 Dentist1 &eterinarian1 Man'fact'rer1 :)olesaler1 "mporter1
Distri.'tor1 Dealer1 3etailer
Unlawul ,rescri,tion o ,rohi-ite/Eregulate/ /rugs
Penalty ? life to death and a fine of P5..#... to P1. >illion
Unnecessary ,rescri,tion o ,rohi-ite/Eregulate/ /rugs
Penalty ? 12 to 2. years and fine of P1..#... to P5..#... plus re+ocation of license
&.
'ersons #ia!le# -)ysician or dentist #)o s)all prescri.e any pro)i.itedLre'lated
dr' for any person #)ose p)ysicalLp)ysioloical condition does not re@'ire t)e 'se
of t)ereof.
Confiscation and forfeiture of the proceeds or instruments of the unlawful act,
including the properties of the proceeds derived from the illegal trafficking of
dangerous drugs.
"orfeited infa+or of the go+ernment
!fter the con+iction in the 3egional Trial Court in the appropriate criminal case filed# the
Court shall immediately schedule a hearing for the confiscation and forfeiture of all the
proceeds of the offense and all the assets and properties of the accused either o$ned or
held by him or in the name of some other persons if the same shall be found to be
manifestly out of proportion of hisAher income2 Provided, however# That if the forfeited
property is a +ehicle# the same shall be auctioned off not later than fi+e /50 days upon
order of confiscation or forfeiture.
)uring the pendency of the case in the 3egional Trial Court# no property# or income
deri+ed therefrom# $hich may be confiscated and forfeited# shall be disposed# alienated
or transferred and the same shall be in custodia legis and no bond shall be admitted for
the release of the same.
Custody and disposition of confiscated, seized and/or surrendered dangerous drugs
P!" in charge and custody for proper disposition
Procedure in isposal
1. !pprehending team immediately after sei*ure shall make physical in+entory and
photograph the sei*ed drugs in the presence of the accused or his counsel# a
representati+e of the media and )=B and any elected public official $ho shall sign the
copies of the in+entory.
2. 'ithin 24 hours upon confiscationAsei*ure of dangerous drugs# such drug shall be
submitted to the P)4! forensic laboratory for a ,ualitati+e and ,uantitati+e e5amination.
3. Certification of the forensic e5amination results shall be issued $ithin 24 hours.
4. !fter the filing of the criminal case# the proper court shall conduct and ocular
inspection $ithin %2 hours of the confiscated# sei*ed andAor surrendered dangerous drugs.
5. !fter ocular inspection by the court# P)4! shall destroy or burn the confiscated#
sei*ed andAor surrendered dangerous drugs $ithin 24 hours in the presence of the accused
or his counsel# representati+e of the media and the )=B# ci+il society groups and any
elected public officer.
6. P)4! shall issue a certification of such destruction and samples of the dangerous
drugs shall be submitted to the court.
Plea#$argaining
!ny person charged under any commission of this act regardless of the imposable penalty
shall not be allo$ed to a+ail of the pro+ision on plea(bargaining.
Probation %aw
&1
!ny person con+icted for drug trafficking regardless of the penalty imposed cannot a+ail
of the pri+ilege granted by the probation la$.
&ualifying "ggravating Circumstance
! positi+e finding for the use of dangerous drugs shall be a ,ualifying aggra+ating
circumstance in the commission of a crime by an offender and the application of the
penalty pro+ided for in the 3PC.
-ossession of opi'm pipe1 e@'ipment1 apparat's or any parap)ernalia fit or intended
for smoHin1 cons'min1 administerin1 in/ectin1 inestin1 or ot)er#ise 'sin opi'm
or any ot)er pro)i.ited dr'1 s)all .e prima facie e$idence t)at t)e possessor )as
smoHed1 cons'med1 administered to )imself1 in/ected or 'sed a pro)i.ited dr'.
Attempt and conspiracy to commit the following offenses:
a "mportation of danero's dr's
. Aale1 administration1 deli$ery1 distri.'tion and transportation of danero's dr's
c Maintenance of a den1 di$e or resort for pro)i.ited dr's
d Man'fact're of danero's dr's
e C'lti$ation or c'lt're of plants #)ic) are so'rces of pro)i.ited dr's
Other ,ersons lia-le#
a "f t)e $iolation of t)e Act is committed .y a partners)ip1 corporation1 association
or any /'dicial person1 t)e partner1 president1 director1 or manaer #)o consents
to or Hno#inly tolerates s'c) $iolation s)all .e )eld criminally lia.le as co4
principal.
. -artner1 president1 director1 manaer1 officer or stocH)older1 #)o Hno#inly
a't)oriIes1 tolerates1 or consents to t)e 'se of a $e)icle1 $essel1 or aircraft as an
instr'ment in t)e importation1 sale1 deli$ery1 distri.'tion or transportation of
danero's dr's1 or to t)e 'se of t)eir e@'ipment1 mac)ines or ot)er instr'ments
in t)e man'fact're of any danero's dr's1 if s'c) $e)icle1 $essel1 aircraft1
e@'ipment1 or ot)er instr'ment1 is o#ned or 'nder t)e control and s'per$ision of
t)e partners)ip1 corporation1 association or /'dicial entity to #)ic) t)ey are
affiliated.
Criminal lia-ility o a ,u-lic oicer or em,loyee or misa,,ro,riation.
misa,,lication or ailure to account or the coniscate/. seiDe/ an/Eor
surren/ere/ /angerous /rugs
(enalty 4 life to deat) and a fine of -5**1***.** to -1* Million in addition to a.sol'te
perpet'al dis@'alification from any p'.lic office.
Any electi$e local or national official fo'nd to )a$e .enefited from t)e proceeds of t)e
trafficHin of danero's dr's or )a$e recei$ed any financial or material contri.'tions
from persons fo'nd 'ilty of dr' trafficHin danero's dr's1 s)all .e remo$ed from
office and perpet'ally dis@'alified from )oldin any electi$e or appointi$e positions in
t)e o$ernment.
(lanting o E%i/ence
Any person #)o is fo'nd 'ilty of plantin any danero's dr' reardless of t)e
@'antity and p'rity1 s)all s'ffer t)e penalty of death.
7rug Testing
1. Applicants for dri$erFs license 4 mandatory
&2
2. Applicants for firearms license and for permit to carry 4 mandatory
3. At'dents of secondary and tertiary sc)ools B random (sc)ool s)all s)o'lder
e2penses)
4. >fficers and employees of pri$ate and p'.lic offices B random (employer s)all
s)o'lder e2penses)
Any officer or employee fo'nd positi$e for 'se of danero's dr' s)all .e dealt #it)
administrati$ely #)ic) s)all .e a ro'nd for s'spension or termination s'./ect to Art.
2%2 of t)e 7a.or Code and pertinent pro$isions of t)e Ci$il Aer$ice 7a#.
5. >fficers and mem.ers of t)e military1 police and ot)er la# enforcement aencies B
ann'al mandatory
6. All persons c)ared .efore t)e prosec'torFs office #it) a criminal offense )a$in
an impossi.le penalty of imprisonment of not less t)an si2 (6) years and one (1) day
s)all )a$e to 'ndero a mandatory dr' test
!. All candidates for p'.lic office #)et)er appointed or elected .ot) in t)e national or
local o$ernment s)all 'ndero a mandatory dr' test.
Issuance o *alse or rau/ulent /rug test results <whether willully or through
gross negligence@
(enalty B 6 to 12 years and fine -1**1***.** to -5**1***.**
Additional penalty B re$ocation of license to practice and clos're of t)e dr' testin
center
II& <or the purpose of enforcing the provisions of this Act& all school heads&
supervisors and teachers shall 'e deemed to 'e persons in authority and& as
such& are vested with the power to apprehend& arrest& or cause the apprehension
or arrest of any person who shall violate any of the said provision$
a. NOT": T)ey s)all .e considered as persons in a't)ority if t)ey are in t)e
sc)ool or #it)in its immediate $icinity1 or .eyond s'c) immediate $icinity if
t)ey are in attendance in any sc)ool or class f'nction in t)eir official capacity
as sc)ool )eads1 s'per$isors or teac)ers.
.. Any teac)er or sc)ool employee #)o disco$ers or finds t)at any person in t)e
sc)ool or #it)in its immediate $icinity is $iolatin t)is Act s)all )a$e t)e d'ty
to report t)e $iolation to t)e sc)ool )ead or s'per$isor #)o s)all1 in t'rn1
report t)e matter to t)e proper a't)orities. +ail're to report in eit)er case
s)all1 after )earin1 constit'te s'fficient ca'se for disciplinary action.
III& Rules regar/ing reha-ilitation o /rug /e,en/ents
3oluntary su-mission
a. &ol'ntary s'.mission of a dr' dependent to confinement1 treatment and
re)a.ilitation .y t)e dr' dependent )imself or t)ro') )is parent1 'ardian or
relati$e #it)in t)e 4
t)
ci$il deree of consan'inity or affinity1 in a center and
compliance #it) s'c) conditions t)erefor as t)e Danero's Dr's ?oard may
prescri.e s)all e2empt from criminal lia.ility for possession or 'se of t)e
pro)i.itedLre'lated dr'. <A,,lica-le only to those lia-le or use o
/angerous /rugs an/ not to ,ossession an/ sale@
.. A)o'ld t)e dr' dependent escape from t)e center1 )e may s'.mit )imself for
confinement #it)in 1 #eeH from t)e date of )is escape1 of )is parent 'ardian or
relati$e may1 #it)in t)e same period s'rrender )im for confinement.
&3
c. 8pon application of t)e ?oard1 t)e Co'rt s)all iss'e an order for recommitment if
t)e dr' dependent does not res'.mit )imself for confinement or if )e is not
s'rrendered for recommitment.
d. "f1 s'.se@'ent to s'c) recommitment1 )e s)o'ld escape aain1 )e s)all no loner
.e e2empt from criminal lia.ility for t)e 'se or possession of any danero's dr'.
e. "f a person c)ared #it) an offense is fo'nd .y t)e fiscal or .y t)e Co'rt at any
stae of t)e proceedins1 to .e a dr' dependent1 t)e fiscal or co'rt as t)e case
may .e1 s)all s'spend all f'rt)er proceedins and transmit records of t)e case to
t)e ?oard.
f. After )is re)a.ilitation1 )e s)all .e prosec'ted for s'c) $iolation. "n case of
con$iction1 t)e /'dement s)all1 if t)e acc'sed is certified .y t)e treatment and
re)a.ilitation center to )a$e maintained ood .e)a$ior1 indicate t)at )e s)all .e
i$en f'll credit for t)e period )e #as confined in t)e center.
NOT"# :)en t)e offense is 'se of danero's dr's and t)e acc'sed is not a
recidi$ist1 t)e penalty t)ereof s)all .e deemed to )a$e .een ser$ed in t)e center
'pon )is release t)erefrom.
. T)e period of prescription of t)e offense c)ared s)all not r'n d'rin t)e time
t)at t)e respondentLacc'sed is 'nder detention or confinement in a center.
h. (e*uisites of suspension of sentence for first offense in a minor:
1. "f acc'sed is a minor ('nder 1% years of ae at t)e time of t)e commission of
t)e offense .'t not more t)an 21 years of ae #)en t)e /'dement s)o'ld
)a$e .een prom'lated.
2. 0e )as not .een pre$io'sly con$icted of $iolatin any pro$ision of t)is Act or
of t)e 3-C or placed on pro.ation.
Aentence s)all .e deferred and t)e acc'sed s)all .e placed on pro.ation
'nder t)e s'per$ision of t)e ?oard.
"n case of $iolation of conditions of pardon1 co'rt s)all prono'nce
/'dment of con$iction and )e s)all ser$e sentence.
"f acc'sed did not $iolate conditions of pro.ation1 case s)all .e dismissed
'pon e2piration of t)e desinated period.
Com,ulsory su-mission
"f a person c)ared #it) an offense #)ere t)e imposa.le penalty is imprisonment of not
more t)an si2 (6) years and one (1) day1 and is fo'nd .y t)e prosec'tor or .y t)e co'rt1
at any stae of t)e proceedins1 to .e a dr' dependent1 t)e prosec'tor of t)e co'rt as
t)e case may .e1 s)all s'spend all f'rt)er proceedins and transmit copies of t)e record
of t)e case to t)e ?oard.
>uris/iction O%er 7angerous 7rug Cases
2ection =;. G#risdiction The upreme Court shall designate special courts from among
the e5isting 3egional Trial Court in each 6udicial region to e5clusi+ely try and hear cases
in+ol+ing +iolations of this !ct. The number of court designated in each 6udicial region
shall be based on population and the number of cases pending in their respecti+e
6urisdiction.
The )=B shall designate special prosecutors to e5clusi+ely handle cases in+ol+ing
+iolations of this !ct.
&4
The preliminary in+estigation of cases filed under this !ct shall be terminated $ithin a
period of thirty /3.0 days from the date of their filing.
'hen the preliminary in+estigation is conducted by a public prosecutor and a probable
cause is established# the corresponding information shall be filed in court $ithin 24 hours
from the termination of the in+estigation. 9f the preliminary in+estigation is conducted by
a 6udge and a probable cause is found to e5ist# the corresponding information shall be
filed by the proper prosecutor $ithin 4& hours from the receipt of the records of the case.
2ection =1. 0esponsibilit! and Liabilit! of Law Anforcement Agencies and -ther
Government -fficials and Amplo!ees Testif!ing as Prosec#tion .itnesses in
<angero#s <r#gs 3ases !ny member of la$ enforcement agencies or any other
go+ernment official and employees $ho# after due notice# fails or refuses intentionally or
negligently# to appear as a $itness for the prosecution in any proceedings# in+ol+ing
+iolations of this !ct# $ithout any +alid reason# shall be punished $ith imprisonment of
not less than t$el+e /120 years and one /10 day to 2. years and a fine of not less than
P5..#......# in addition to the administrati+e liability heAshe may be meted out by
hisAher immediate superior andAor appropriate body.
The immediate superior of a member of the la$ enforcement agency or any other
go+ernment employee mentioned in the preceding paragraph shall be penali*ed $ith
imprisonment of not less than t$o /20 months and one /10 day but not more than si5 /60
years and a fine of not less than P1.#...... but not more than P5.#... and in addition#
perpetual absolute dis,ualification from public office if despite due notice to them and to
the $itness concerned# the former does not e5ert reasonable effort to present the latter to
the court.
The member of the la$ enforcement agency or any other go+ernment employee
mentioned in the preceding paragraphs shall not be transferred or re(assigned to any other
territorial 6urisdiction during the pendency of the case in court. 1o$e+er# the concerned
member of the la$ enforcement agency or go+ernment employee may be transferred or
re(assigned for compelling reasons2 Provided, That hisAher immediate superior shall
notify the court $here the case is pending of the order of transfer or re(assign# $ithin 24
hours from its appro+al2 Provided further# That hisAher immediate superior shall be
penali*ed $ith imprisonment of not less than t$o /20 months and one /10 day but not less
than si5 /60 years and a fine of not less than P1.#...... but not more than P5.#......
and in addition# perpetual absolute dis,ualification from public office# should heAshe fail
to notify the court of such order to transfer or re(assign.
Prosecution and punishment under this ection shall be $ithout pre6udice to any liability
for +iolation of any e5isting la$.
2ection =2. <ela! and :#ngling in the Prosec#tion of <r#g 3ases. C Any o$ernment officer
or employee tasHed #it) t)e prosec'tion of dr'4related cases 'nder t)is Act1 #)o1
t)ro') patent la2ity1 ine2c'sa.le nelect1 'nreasona.le delay or deli.erately ca'ses t)e
'ns'ccessf'l prosec'tion andLor dismissal ranin from 12 years and 1 day to 2* years
#it)o't pre/'dice to )isL)er prosec'tion 'nder t)e pertinent pro$isions of t)e 3e$ised
-enal Code.
a 1uy 1ust Operation B no la# or r'le to re@'ire policemen to adopt a 'niform
#ay of identifyin ?89 M>=E9 &P v. Abedes)
. A.sence of 'ltra$iolet po#der is not fatal in t)e prosec'tion
c TransportationAimportation of #P B immaterial #)et)er t)ere may or may not .e a
distinction for t)e MK
d 9istinguish "ntrapment and )nstigation:
&5
1. "f prosec'tion can pro$e t)e crime #it)o't presentin t)e informer or asset B
not necessary .eca'se t)eir testimonies are merely corro.orati$e. -ose'r
.'yer B it depends on #)et)er t)e prosec'tion can pro$e t)e crime #it)o't
t)eir testimonies &P v. 0osalinda 0amos)
2. 8nder t)e 3A1 special aggravating circumstance if a crime )as .een
committed #)ile t)e acc'sed #as )i) on dr's &P v. Anthon! :elgar)
3. 0elivery or .ale of )rohi'ited 0rugs B t)e acc'sed m'st .e a#are t)at #)at
)e is sellin or deli$erin #as pro)i.ited dr'. ?'t t)e moment t)e fact of sale
or deli$ery is pro$ed .y prosec'tion1 t)e .'rden to pro$e t)at t)e acc'sed is
not a#are t)at dr's are pro)i.ited falls on t)e defense &P v. Aranda)
4. P v. Angelito 6analo B .'rden of pro$in t)e a't)ority to possess s)a.' is a
matter of defense
5. P v. 9ilario 6oscaling B co'rt may taHe /'dicial notice of t)e #ord Es)a.'G
6. Criminal lia'ilities of a policeman who sold the drugs confiscated from a
pusher5 $iolation of 3A (165 and mal$ersation 'nder 3-C.
e 'lanting evidence B to implicate anot)er
f 1uy 1ust Operation B form of entrapment &P v. Alberto) B not necessary to )a$e
prior police s'r$eillance &P v. 3arlos +ranca)
'ossession B constr'cti$e or act'al B not necessary to add'ce t)e marHed
money as e$idence &P v. 0omeo 6acara)
) %eparate crimes B saleLpossession of MK fo'nd in )is possession after )e #as
frisHed .'t )e canFt .e con$icted for possession of MK t)at )e sold
i If victim is minor or drug is proximate cause of death B ma2 penalty is imposed
1. <irst offense of a minor B s'spension of sentence
CON7ITIONS#
'nder 1% at time of commission .'t not more t)an 21 at time #)en
/'dment #as prom'lated
fo'nd 'ilty of possession or 'se of pro)i.ited or re'lated dr's
not .een pre$io'sly con$icted of $iolatin any pro$ision of t)is Act or t)e
3-C
not .een placed on pro.ation
defer sentence1 place on pro.ation for 6 mont)s to 1 year
$iolation of pro.ation B prono'nce sentence B con$ict and ser$e sentence
no $iolation B disc)are )im and dismiss t)e proceedin
if minor is dr' dependent B commit to a center for treatment and
re)a.ilitation
&6
TITLE SIC
CRIMES AGAINST (UBLIC MORALS
Crimes against ,u-lic morals
Jam.lin (Art. 1(5);
"mportation1 sale and possession of lottery ticHets or ad$ertisements (Art. 1(6);
?ettin in sport contests (Art. 1(!);
"lleal .ettin on )orse races (Art. 1(%);
"lleal cocHfi)tin (Art. 1(();
Jra$e scandal (Art. 2**);
"mmoral doctrines1 o.scene p'.lications and e2)i.itions (Art. 2*1); and
&arancy and prostit'tion (Art. 2*2).
Article !4'& 1hat Acts Are (unisha-le in Gam-ling
Acts ,unishe/
1. Ta/ing part directly or indirectly in ;
a. any ame of monte1 /'eten1 or any ot)er form of lottery1 policy1 .anHin1
or percentae ame1 do races1 or any ot)er ame or sc)eme t)e res'lts
of #)ic) depend #)olly or c)iefly 'pon c)ance or )aIard; or #)erein
#aers consistin of money1 articles of $al'e1 or representati$e of $al'e
are made; or
.. t)e e2ploitation or 'se of any ot)er mec)anical in$ention or contri$ance to
determine .y c)ance t)e loser or #inner of money or any o./ect or
representati$e of $al'e;
2. Cno#inly permittin any form of am.lin to .e carried on in any place o#ned
or controlled .y t)e offender;
3. ?ein maintainer1 cond'ctor1 or .anHer in a ame of /'eten or similar ame;
4. Cno#inly and #it)o't la#f'l p'rpose possessin lottery list1 paper1 or ot)er
matter containin letters1 fi'res1 sins or sym.ol #)ic) pertain to or are in any
manner 'sed in t)e ame of /'eten or any similar ame.
)hat is gambling?
It is a game or device or method, the result of which depends wholly or
chiefly upon chance or ha)ard. *o, if the game depends wholly upon skill or
ability of the players, there is no gambling.
The manner of determining whether the game played is prohibited or not is
whether the result will depend wholly or chiefly upon chance or ha)ard.
&%
*ignificantly, if the game has been identified and declared as a form of
gambling by express provision of law, there will be no need or re5uirement to
go into the methods upon how the game is played.
)hat is lottery?
It is a scheme for the distribution of pri)es by chance among persons
who have paid, or agreed to pay, a valuable consideration for a chance to
obtain a pri)e. &>2 vs. +ilart, et al., '; Phil. 5;)
0inball machines or slot machines are considered gambling devices because
the result depends upon chance or ha)ard.
If the pri)es do not come out of the funds or contributions of the participants,
there is no lottery. &>! vs. Palomar, 2) 230A 25))
Article !4)&
IM(ORTATION. SALE AN7 (OSSESSION O* LOTTERY TICGETS OR
A73ERTISEMENTS
Acts ,unishe/
3. )mporting into the 'hilippines from any foreign place or port any lottery tic.et
or advertisementA or

2. %elling or distri!uting the same in connivance with the importerA
4. 'ossessing/ .nowingly and with intent to use them/ lottery tic.ets or
advertisementsA or
D. %elling or distri!uting the same without connivance with the importer of the
same.
=ote t)at possession of any lottery ticHet or ad$ertisement is prima facie e$idence of an intent to
sell1 distri.'te or 'se t)e same in t)e -)ilippines.
Article !4+&
BETTING IN S(ORT CONTESTS
T)is article )as .een repealed .y (resi/ential 7ecree No& "2: <Betting. Game=iFing or (oint=
sha%ing an/ Machinations in S,ort Contests@#
(ENALIHING BETTING. GAME=*ICING OR (OINT=S8A3ING AN7
MAC8INATIONS IN S(ORTS CONTESTS
(7 "2:
Acts (unisha-le#
a. 1etting: ?ettin money or any o./ect or article of $al'e of representati$e $al'e
'pon t)e res'lt of any ame1 races and ot)er sports contests.
b. ame,fi5ing: any arranement1 com.ination1 sc)eme or areement .y #)ic)
t)e res'lt of any ame1 races1 or sports contests s)all .e predicated andLor
Hno#n ot)er t)an on t)e .asis of t)e )onest playin sHill or a.ility of t)e players
or participants.
c. 'oint,shaving: any s'c) arranement com.ination1 sc)eme or areement .y
#)ic) t)e sHill or a.ility of any player or participant in a fame1 races1 or sports
&&
contests to maHe points of scores s)all .e limited deli.erately in order to
infl'ence t)e res'lt t)ereof in fa$or of one or ot)er team1 player or participant.
d. ame $achination: any ot)er fra'd'lent1 deceitf'l1 'nfair or dis)onest means1
met)od1 manner or practice employed for t)e p'rpose of infl'encin t)e res'lt of
any ame1 races or sports contest.
Article !42&
ILLEGAL BETTING ON 8ORSE RACE
Acts ,unishe/
?ettin on )orse races d'rin periods not allo#ed .y la#;
Maintainin or employin a totaliIer or ot)er de$ice or sc)eme for .ettin on
races or realiIin profit t)erefrom d'rin t)e periods not allo#ed .y la#.
When horse races not allowed:
K'ly 4 (3ep'.lic Act =o. 13!);
Decem.er 3* (3ep'.lic Act =o. 22();
Any reistration or $otin days (3ep'.lic Act =o. 1%*1 3e$ised Election Code);
and
0oly T)'rsday and Jood +riday (3ep'.lic Act =o. (46).
Article !44&
ILLEGAL COCG*IG8TING
T)is article )as .een modified or repealed .y (resi/ential 7ecree No& ""4 <The Coc?ighting
Law o !4+"@#
COCG*IG8TING LA1 O* !4+"
(7 ""4
9. Sco,e B T)is la# s)all o$ern t)e esta.lis)ment1 operation1 maintenance and
o#ners)ip of cocHpits.
II& Rules#
A. >nly +ilipino citiIens not ot)er#ise in)i.ited .y e2istin la#s s)all .e allo#ed
to o#n1 manae and operated cocHpits.
?. >nly one cocHpit s)all .e allo#ed in eac) city or m'nicipality #it) a
pop'lation of 1**1*** or less.
C. CocHpits s)all .e constr'cted and operated #it)in t)e appropriate areas as
prescri.ed in t)e Uonin 7a# or ordinance.
9. When allowed:
1. CocHfi)tin s)all .e allo#ed only in licensed cocHpits d'rin A'ndays
and leal )olidays and d'rin local fiestas for not more t)an 3 days; or
&-
2. D'rin pro$incial1 city or m'nicipal1 aric'lt'ral1 commercial or ind'strial
fair1 carni$al or e2position for a similar period of 3 days 'pon resol'tion of
t)e pro$ince1 city or m'nicipality #)ere s'c) fair1 carni$al or e2position is
to .e )eld1 s'./ect to t)e appro$al of t)e C)ief of Consta.'lary or )is
a't)oriIed representati$e.
#imitations:
a) =o cocHfi)tin on t)e occasion of s'c) fair1 carni$al or e2position s)all
.e allo#ed #it)in t)e mont) of t)e local fiesta or for more t)an 2
occasions a year in t)e same city of m'nicipality.
.) =o cocHfi)tin s)all .e )eld on Decem.er 3*1 K'ne 121=o$em.er 3*1
0oly T)'rsday1 Jood +riday1 Election Day and d'rin reistration days for
s'c) electionLreferend'm.
3. "f t)e p'rpose is for t)e entertainment of forein dinitaries or for to'rists1
or for ret'rnin .aliH.ayans1 or for t)e s'pport of national f'nd4raisin
campains for c)arita.le p'rposes as may .e a't)oriIed .y t)e >ffice of
t)e -resident 'pon resol'tion of a pro$incial .oard1 city or m'nicipal
co'ncil1 in licensed cocHpits or in playro'nds or parHs.
#imitations: T)is pri$ilee s)all .e e2tended for only one time1 for a
period not e2ceedin 3 days1 #it)in a year to a pro$ince1 city or
m'nicipality.
E. =o am.lin of any Hind s)all .e permitted on t)e premises of t)e cocHpit or
place of cocHfi)tin d'rin cocHfi)ts.
+. City or m'nicipal mayors are a't)oriIed to iss'e licenses for t)e operation
and maintenance of cocHpits.
(resi/ential 7ecree No& !)65 <Sim,liying an/ (ro%i/ing Stier (enalties
or 3iolations o (hili,,ine Gam-ling Laws@
Section !& &iolations and -enalties. 44 T)e penalty of prision mayor in its medi'm deree
or a fine ranin from +i$e 0'ndred -esos to T#o T)o'sand -esos and in case of recidi$ism t)e
penalty of prision correccional in its medi'm deree or a fine of ranin from >ne T)o'sand
-esos to Ai2 T)o'sand -esos s)all .e imposed 'pon5
(a) Any person ot)er t)an t)ose referred to in t)e s'cceedin s'.section #)o in any
manner1 s)all directly or indirectly taHe part in any ame of cocHfi)tin1 /'eten1 .ooHies (/ai4 alai
or )orse racin to incl'de ame fi2in) and ot)er lotteries1 cara y cr'I or pompian and t)e liHe1
.lacH /acH1 l'cHy nine1 Ep'soyG or 3'ssian -oHer1 monte1 .accarat and ot)er card ames1 palH
@'e1 domino1 ma)/on1 )i) and lo#1 slot mac)ines1 ro'lette1 pin.all and ot)er mec)anical
in$entories or de$ices1 do racin1 .oat racin1 car raisin and ot)er races1 .asHet.all1 $olley.all1
.o2in1 se$en4ele$en dice ames and t)e liHe and ot)er contests to incl'de ame fi2in1 point
s)a$in and ot)er mac)inations .anHin or percentae ame1 or any ot)er ame or sc)eme1
#)et)er 'pon c)ance or sHill1 #)ic) do not )a$e a franc)ise from t)e national o$ernment1
#)erein #aers consistin of money1 articles of $al'e of representati$e of $al'e are made;
(.) Any person #)o s)all Hno#inly permit any form of am.lin referred to in t)e
precedin s'.di$ision to .e carried on in in)a.ited or 'nin)a.ited places or any .'ildin1 $essel
or ot)er means of transportation o#ned or controlled .y )im. "f t)e place #)ere am.lin is
carried on )as a rep'tation of a am.lin place or t)at pro)i.ited am.lin is fre@'ently carried
on t)erein or t)e place is a p'.lic or o$ernment .'ildin or .aranay )all1 t)e c'lprit s)all .e
p'nis)ed .y t)e penalty pro$ided for in its ma2im'm period and a fine of Ai2 T)o'sand -esos.
T)e penalty of prision correccional in its ma2im'm deree and a fine of Ai2 T)o'sand
-esos s)all .e imposed 'pon t)e maintainer1 cond'ctor of t)e a.o$e am.lin sc)emes.
T)e penalty of prision mayor in its medi'm deree and temporary a.sol'te
dis@'alification and a fine of Ai2 T)o'sand -esos s)all .e imposed if t)e maintainer1 cond'ctor or
-.
.anHer is a o$ernment official1 or if a player1 promoter1 referee1 'mpire1 /'de or coac) in cases
of ame4fi2in1 point4s)a$in and ot)er ame mac)ination.
T)e penalty of prision correccional in its medi'm deree and a fine ranin from +i$e
0'ndred pesos to T#o T)o'sand -esos s)all .e imposed 'pon any person #)o s)all Hno#inly
and #it)o't la#f'l p'rpose in any )o'r of any day s)all )a$e in )is possession any lottery list1
paper1 or ot)er matter containin letter1 fi'res1 sins or sym.ols #)ic) pertain to or in any
manner 'sed in t)e ame of /'eten1 /ai4alai or )orse racin .ooHies and similar ame or lottery
#)ic) )as taHen place or a.o't to taHe place.
Section 5& ?aranay >fficial. B Any .aranay official in #)ose /'risdiction s'c)
am.lin )o'se is fo'nd and #)ic) )o'se )as t)e rep'tation of a am.lin place s)all s'ffer t)e
penalty of prision correccional in its medi'm period and a fine ranin from +i$e 0'ndred to T#o
T)o'sand -esos and temporary a.sol'te dis@'alifications.
:)ile t)e acts 'nder t)e 3e$ised -enal Code are still p'nis)ed 'nder t)e ne# la#1 yet t)e
concept of am.lin 'nder it )as .een c)aned .y t)e ne# am.lin la#.
?efore1 t)e 3e$ised -enal Code considered t)e sHill of t)e player in classifyin #)et)er a ame
is am.lin or not. ?'t 'nder t)e ne# am.lin la#1 t)e sHill of t)e players is immaterial.
Any ame is considered am.lin #)ere t)ere are .ets or #aers placed #it) t)e )ope to #in a
priIe t)erefrom.
8nder t)is la#1 e$en sports contents liHe .o2in1 #o'ld .e am.lin insofar as t)ose #)o are
.ettin t)erein are concerned. 8nder t)e old penal code1 if t)e sHill of t)e player o't#ei)s
t)e c)ance or )aIard in$ol$ed in #innin t)e ame1 t)e ame is not considered am.lin .'t
a sport. "t #as .eca'se of t)is t)at .ettin in .o2in and .asHet.all ames proliferated.
E8nless a't)oriIed .y a franc)ise1 any form of am.lin is illeal.G Ao said t)e co'rt in t)e recent
resol'tion of t)e case aainst t)e operation of /ai4alai.
T)ere are so4called parlor ames #)ic) )a$e .een e2empted from t)e operation of t)e decree
liHe #)en t)e ames are played d'rin a #aHe to Heep t)e mo'rners a#aHe at ni)t. -'rs'ant to
a memorand'm circ'lar iss'ed .y t)e E2ec'ti$e ?ranc)1 t)e offs)oot of t)e e2emption is t)e
intentional prolonin of t)e #aHe of t)e dead .y am.lin lords.
As a eneral r'le1 .ettin or #aerin determines #)et)er a ame is am.lin or not.
E2ceptions5 T)ese are ames #)ic) are e2pressly pro)i.ited e$en #it)o't .ets. Monte1 /'eten
or any form of lottery; do races; slot mac)ines; t)ese are )a.it4formin and addicti$e to players1
.rinin a.o't t)e pernicio's effects to t)e family and economic life of t)e players.
Mere possession of lottery ticHets or lottery lists is a crime p'nis)ed also as part of am.lin.
0o#e$er1 it is necessary to maHe a distinction #)et)er a ticHet or list refers to a past date or to a
f't're date.
"ll'stration5
6 #as acc'sed one ni)t and fo'nd in )is possession #as a list of /'eten. "f t)e date t)erein
refers to t)e past1 6 cannot .e con$icted of am.lin or illeal possession of lottery list #it)o't
pro$in t)at s'c) ame #as indeed played on t)e date stated. Mere possession is not eno').
"f t)e date refers to t)e f't're1 6 can .e con$icted .y t)e mere possession #it) intent to 'se.
T)is #ill already .rin a.o't criminal lia.ility and t)ere is no need to pro$e t)at t)e ame #as
played on t)e date stated. "f t)e possessor #as ca')t1 c)ances are )e #ill not o on #it) it
anymore.
T)ere are t#o criteria as to #)en t)e lottery is in fact .ecomes a am.lin ame5
1. "f t)e p'.lic is made to pay not only for t)e merc)andise t)at )e is .'yin1 .'t also for t)e
c)ance to #in a priIe o't of t)e lottery1 lottery .ecomes a am.lin ame. -'.lic is
made to pay a )i)er price.
2. "f t)e merc)andise is not salea.le .eca'se of its inferior @'ality1 so t)at t)e p'.lic
act'ally does not .'y t)em1 .'t #it) t)e lottery t)e p'.lic starts patroniIin s'c)
merc)andise. "n effect1 t)e p'.lic is payin for t)e lottery and not for t)e merc)andise1
and t)erefore t)e lottery is a am.lin ame. -'.lic is not made to pay a )i)er price.
-1
"ll'strations5
(1) A certain s'permarHet #anted to increase its sales and sponsored a lottery #)ere
$al'a.le prices are offered at staHe. To defray t)e cost of t)e prices offered in t)e lottery1
t)e manaement increased t)eir prices of t)e merc)andise .y 1* cents eac). :)ene$er
someone .'ys from t)at s'permarHet1 )e pays 1* cents more for eac) merc)andise and
for )is p'rc)ase1 )e ets a co'pon #)ic) is to .e dropped at desinated drop .o2es to
.e raffled on a certain period.
T)e increase of t)e price is to ans#er for t)e cost of t)e $al'a.le prices t)at #ill .e
co$ered at staHe. T)e increase in t)e price is t)e consideration for t)e c)ance to #in in
t)e lottery and t)at maHes t)e lottery a am.lin ame.
?'t if t)e increase in prices of t)e articles or commodities #as not eneral1 .'t only on
certain items and t)e increase in prices is not t)e same1 t)e fact t)at a lottery is
sponsored does not appear to .e tied 'p #it) t)e increase in prices1 t)erefore not illeal.
Also1 in case of man'fact'rers1 yo' )a$e to determine #)et)er t)e increase in t)e price
#as d'e to t)e lottery or .ro')t a.o't .y t)e normal price increase. "f t)e increase in
price is .ro')t a.o't .y t)e normal price increase Oeconomic factorP t)at e$en #it)o't
t)e lottery t)e price #o'ld .e liHe t)at1 t)ere is no consideration in fa$or of t)e lottery and
t)e lottery #o'ld not amo'nt to a am.lin ame.
"f t)e increase in t)e price is d'e partic'larly to t)e lottery1 t)en t)e lottery is a am.lin
ame. And t)e sponsors t)ereof may .e prosec'ted for illeal am.lin 'nder
-residential Decree =o. 16*2.
(2) T)e merc)andise is not really salea.le .eca'se of its inferior @'ality. A certain
man'fact'rer1 ?)ey Company1 man'fact're ciarettes #)ic) is not salea.le .eca'se t)e
same is irritatin to t)e t)roat1 sponsored a lottery and a co'pon is inserted in e$ery pacH
of ciarette so t)at one #)o .'ys it s)all )a$e a c)ance to participate. D'e to t)e
co'pons1 t)e p'.lic started .'yin t)e ciarette. Alt)o') t)ere #as no price increase in
t)e ciarettes1 t)e lottery can .e considered a am.lin ame .eca'se t)e .'yers #ere
really after t)e co'pons not t)e lo# @'ality ciarettes.
"f #it)o't t)e lottery or raffle1 t)e p'.lic does not patroniIe t)e prod'ct and starts to
patroniIe t)em only after t)e lottery or raffle1 in effect t)e p'.lic is payin for t)e price not
t)e prod'ct.
8nder t)is decree1 a .aranay captain #)o is responsi.le for t)e e2istence of am.lin dens in
t)eir o#n locality #ill .e )eld lia.le and dis@'alified from office if )e fails to prosec'te t)ese
am.lers. ?'t t)is is not .ein implemented.
Jam.lin1 of co'rse1 is leal #)en a't)oriIed .y la#.
+'nd4raisin campains are not am.lin. T)ey are for c)arita.le p'rposes .'t t)ey )a$e to
o.tain a permit from Department of Aocial :elfare and De$elopment. T)is incl'des concerts for
ca'ses1 C)ristmas carolin1 and t)e liHe.
O**ENSES AGAINST 7ECENCY AN7 GOO7 CUSTOMS
Article 566
GRA3E SCAN7AL
ELEMENTS#
a. -ffender performs an act
b. Act is highl! scandalo#s as offending against decenc! or good c#stoms
c. 9ighl! scandalo#s cond#ct does not e"pressl! fall within an! other article of the
0P3
-2
d. 3ommitted in a p#blic place or within the p#blic %nowledge or view. &The pu'lic
view is not re*uired& it is sufficient if in pu'lic place$ <or pu'lic /nowledge& it
may occur even in a private place- the num'er of people who sees it is not
material).
rave scandal: consists of acts #)ic) are offensi$e to decency and ood c'stoms.
T)ey are committed p'.licly and t)'s1 i$e rise to p'.lic scandal to persons #)o
)a$e accidentally #itnessed t)e acts
The crime of grave scandal is a crime against public morals.
ecessarily, the offender must commit the crime in a public place or
within the view of the public.
)n grave scandal1 t)e scandal in$ol$ed refers to moral scandal offensi$e to decency1 alt)o') it
does not dist'r. p'.lic peace. ?'t s'c) cond'ct or act m'st .e open to t)e p'.lic $ie#.
)n alarms and scandals1 t)e scandal in$ol$ed refers to dist'r.ances of t)e p'.lic tran@'ility and
not to acts offensi$e to decency.
9ecency: means properly o.ser$in t)e re@'irements of modesty1 ood taste etc
Customs: refers to esta.lis)ed 'sae1 social con$entions carried on .y tradition and
enforced .y social disappro$al in case of $iolation
"f t)e acts complained of are p'nis)a.le 'nder anot)er pro$ision of t)e 3-C1 Art 2**
is not applica.le
Any act #)ic) is notorio'sly offensi$e to decency may .rin a.o't criminal lia.ility for t)e crime of
ra$e scandal pro$ided s'c) act does not constit'te some ot)er crime 'nder t)e 3e$ised -enal
Code. !rave scandal is a crime of last resort$
T)e essence of ra$e scandal is p'.licity and t)at t)e acts committed are not only
contrary to morals and ood c'stoms .'t m'st liHe#ise .e of s'c) c)aracter as to
ca'se p'.lic scandal to t)ose #itnessin it.
Distinction s)o'ld .e made as to t)e place #)ere t)e offensi$e act #as committed1 #)et)er in t)e
p'.lic place or in a pri$ate place5
(1) "n pu!lic place1 t)e criminal lia.ility arises irrespecti$e of #)et)er t)e immoral act is
open to t)e p'.lic $ie#. "n s)ort p'.lic $ie# is not re@'ired.
(2) :)en act offensi$e to decency is done in a private place1 p'.lic $ie# or p'.lic
Hno#lede is re@'ired.
)u'lic view does not re*uire numerous persons. E$en if t)ere #as only one person #)o
#itnessed t)e offensi$e act for as lon as t)e t)ird person #as not an intr'der1 ra$e scandal is
committed pro$ided t)e act does not fall 'nder any ot)er crime in t)e 3e$ised -enal Code.
"ll'strations5
(1) A man and a #oman enters a mo$ie )o'se #)ic) is a p'.lic place and t)en oes to t)e
darHest part of t)e .alcony and #)ile t)ere t)e man started performin acts of
lasci$io'sness on t)e #oman.
If it is against the will of the woman& the crime would 'e acts of lasciviousness$ But if
there is mutuality& this constitutes grave scandal$ )u'lic view is not necessary so long as
it is performed in a pu'lic place$
(2) A man and a #oman #ent to 7'neta and slept t)ere. T)ey co$ered t)emsel$es t)eir
.lanHet and made t)e rass t)eir con/'al .ed.
This is grave scandal$
-3
(3) "n a certain apartment1 a lady tenant )ad t)e )a.it of 'ndressin in )er room #it)o't
s)'ttin t)e .linds. A)e does t)is e$ery ni)t at a.o't ei)t in t)e e$enin. Ao t)at at
t)is )o'r of t)e ni)t1 yo' can e2pect people o'tside at)ered in front of )er #indo#
looHin at )er sil)o'ette. A)e #as c)ared of ra$e scandal. 0er defense #as t)at s)e
#as doin it in )er o#n )o'se.
It is no defense that she is doing it in her private home$ It is still open to the pu'lic view$
(4) "n a partic'lar .'ildin in MaHati #)ic) stands ri)t ne2t to t)e )o'se of a yo'n lady #)o
oes s'n.at)in in )er poolside. E$ery mornin se$eral men in t)e 'pper floors #o'ld
sticH t)eir )eads o't to et a f'll $ie# of said lady #)ile in )er t#o4piece s#ims'it. T)e
lady #as t)en c)ared #it) ra$e scandal. 0er defense #as t)at it is )er o#n pri$ate
pool and it is t)ose men looHin do#n at )er #)o are malicio's.
This is an act which even though done in a private place is nonetheless open to pu'lic
view$
Article 56!
IMMORAL 7OCTRINES. OBSCENE (UBLICATIONS AN7 EC8IBITIONS#
(ersons lia-le#
a. Those who pu!licly e5pound or proclaim doctrines that are contrary to
pu!lic morals
!. Authors of o!scene literature/ pu!lished with their .nowledge in any
form
c. "ditors pu!lishing such o!scene literature
d. Owners or operators of esta!lishments selling o!scene literature
e. Those who e5hi!it indecent or immoral plays/ scenes/ acts or shows
ion theaters/ fairs/ cinemas or any other place
f. Those who sell/ distri!ute/ or e5hi!it prints/ engraving/ sculptures or
literature which are offensive to morals
Morals# implies conformity to enerally accepted standards of oodness or ri)tness
in cond'ct or c)aracter
Test of o!scenity: #)et)er t)e matter )as a tendency to depra$e or corr'pt t)e
minds of t)ose #)o are open to immoral infl'ences. A matter can also .e considered
o.scene if it s)ocHs t)e ordinary and common sense of men as indecency.
The test is o'4ective. "t is more on t)e effect 'pon t)e $ie#er and not alone on t)e cond'ct of t)e
performer.
"f t)e material )as t)e tendency to depra$e and corr'pt t)e mind of t)e $ie#er t)en t)e same is
o.scene and #)ere s'c) o.scenity is made p'.licly1 criminal lia.ility arises.
The law is not concerned with the moral of one person. As lon as t)e pornorap)ic matter or
e2)i.ition is made pri$ately1 t)ere is no crime committed 'nder t)e 3e$ised -enal Code .eca'se
#)at is protected is t)e morality of t)e p'.lic in eneral.
In committing this crime, there must be publicity. It means the act or acts
done must come to the knowledge of third persons.
0o#e$er1 Art 2E3 enumerates what are considered as o!scene literature or
immoral or indecent plays/ scenes or acts:
a. t)ose #Lc lorify criminals or condone crimes
-4
.. t)ose #Lc ser$e no ot)er p'rpose .'t to satisfy t)e marHet for $iolence1 l'st or
pornorap)y
c. t)ose #Lc offend aainst any race or reliion
d. t)ose #Lc tend to a.et t)e traffic in and t)e 'se of pro)i.ited dr's
e. t)ose t)at are contrary to la#1 p'.lic order1 morals1 ood c'stoms1 esta.lis)ed
policies1 la#f'l orders1 decrees and edicts
Mere n'dity in paintins and pict'res is not o.scene
-ict'res #L a sli)t deree of o.scenity )a$in no artistic $al'e and intended for
commercial p'rposes fall #it)in t)is article
'u!licity is an essential element
*exual indulgence is not in itself immoral if done within the bounds of privacy
and performed normally. The moment the parties carry their private rights
and privileges to public view, they expose themselves to public scrutiny.
Article 565
3AGRANTS AN7 (ROSTITUTES#
1ho are consi/ere/ %agrants#
a. Those who have no apparent means of su!sistence and who have the
physical a!ility to wor. yet neglect to apply themselves to some useful
calling
!. 'ersons found loitering around pu!lic and semi,pu!lic places without
visi!le means of support
c. 'ersons tramping or wandering around the country or the streets with
no visi!le means of support
d. )dle or dissolute persons lodging in houses of ill,fame
e. (uffians or pimps and those who ha!itually associate with prostitutes
6may include even the rich7
f. 'ersons found loitering in inha!ited or uninha!ited places !elonging to
others/ without any lawful or -ustifia!le reason provided the act does
not fall within any other article of the ('C
f fenced and with prohibition of entr! Trespass to d#ellin
f fenced and entered to h#nt$fish Attempted t)eft
f not fenced and with no prohibition of entr! &arancy
Who are considered prostitutes 4 refer to #omen #)o )a.it'ally ind'le in se2'al
interco'rse or lasci$io's cond'ct for money or profit (if a man ind'les in t)e same
cond'ct5 $arancy)
"n la# t)e mere ind'lin in lasci$io's cond'ct )a.it'ally .eca'se of money or ain #o'ld
amo'nt to prostit'tion1 e$en if t)ere is no se2'al interco'rse. &irinity is not a defense.
9a'ituality is the controlling factor; it )as to .e more t)an one time.
-5
There cannot 'e prostitution 'y conspiracy. >ne #)o conspires #it) a #oman in t)e prostit'tion
.'siness liHe pimps1 ta2i dri$ers or solicitors of clients are 'ilty of t)e crime 'nder Article 341 for
#)ite sla$ery.
TITLE SE3EN
CRIMES COMMITTE7 BY (UBLIC O**ICERS
Crimes committe/ -y ,u-lic oicers
1. Cno#inly renderin 'n/'st /'dment (Art. 2*4);
2. K'dment rendered t)ro') nelience (Art. 2*5);
3. 8n/'st interloc'tory order (Art. 2*6);
4. Malicio's delay in t)e administration of /'stice (Art. 2*!);
5. -rosec'tion of offenses; nelience and tolerance (Art. 2*%);
6. ?etrayal of tr'st .y an attorney or solicitor B 3e$elation of secrets (Art. 2*();
!. Direct .ri.ery (Art. 21*);
%. "ndirect .ri.ery (Art. 211);
(. R'alified .ri.ery (Art. 2114A);
1*. Corr'ption of p'.lic officials (Art. 212);
11. +ra'ds aainst t)e p'.lic treas'ry and similar offenses (Art. 213);
12. >t)er fra'ds (Art. 214);
13. -ro)i.ited transactions (Art. 215);
14. -ossession of pro)i.ited interest .y a p'.lic officer (Art. 216);
15. Mal$ersation of p'.lic f'nds or property B -res'mption of mal$ersation (Art. 21!)
16. +ail're of acco'nta.le officer to render acco'nts (Art. 21%);
1!. +ail're of a responsi.le p'.lic officer to render acco'nts .efore lea$in t)e
co'ntry (Art. 21();
1%. "lleal 'se of p'.lic f'nds or property (Art. 22*);
1(. +ail're to maHe deli$ery of p'.lic f'nds or property (Art. 221);
2*. Conni$in #it) or consentin to e$asion (Art. 223);
21. E$asion t)ro') nelience (Art. 224);
22. Escape of prisoner 'nder t)e c'stody of a person not a p'.lic officer (Art. 225);
23. 3emo$al1 concealment or destr'ction of doc'ments (Art. 226);
24. >fficer .reaHin seal (Art. 22!);
25. >penin of closed doc'ments (Art. 22%);
26. 3e$elation of secrets .y an officer (Art. 22();
-6
2!. -'.lic officer re$ealin secrets of pri$ate indi$id'al (Art. 23*);
2%. >pen diso.edience (Art. 231);
2(. Diso.edience to order of s'perior officer #)en said order #as s'spended .y
inferior officer (Art. 232);
3*. 3ef'sal of assistance (Art. 233);
31. 3ef'sal to disc)are electi$e office (Art. 234);
32. Maltreatment of prisoners (Art. 235);
33. Anticipation of d'ties of a p'.lic office (Art. 236);
34. -rolonin performance of d'ties and po#ers (Art. 23!);
35. A.andonment of office or position (Art. 23%);
36. 8s'rpation of leislati$e po#ers (Art. 23();
3!. 8s'rpation of e2ec'ti$e f'nctions (Art. 24*);
3%. 8s'rpation of /'dicial f'nctions (Art. 241);
3(. Diso.eyin re@'est for dis@'alification (Art. 242);
4*. >rders or re@'ests .y e2ec'ti$e officers to any /'dicial a't)ority (Art. 243);
41. 8nla#f'l appointments (Art. 244); and
42. A.'ses aainst c)astity (Art. 245).
T)e desination of t)e title is misleadin. Crimes 'nder t)is title can .e committed .y p'.lic
officers or a non4p'.lic officer1 #)en t)e latter .ecome a conspirator #it) a p'.lic officer1 or an
accomplice1 or accessory to t)e crime. T)e p'.lic officer )as to .e t)e principal.
"n some cases1 it can e$en .e committed .y a pri$ate citiIen alone s'c) as in Article 2!5
(infidelity in t)e c'stody of a prisoner #)ere t)e offender is not a p'.lic officer) or in Article 222
(mal$ersation).
Article 56:
18O ARE (UBLIC O**ICERS#
a. Ta.es part in the performance of pu!lic functions in the overnment/ or
!. 'erforms pu!lic duties as an employee/ agent or su!ordinate official in
the gov@t or any of its !ranches
Notes#
a. 'u!lic officer must derive his authority from:
1. direct pro$ision of la#
2. pop'lar election
3.appointment .y competent a't)ority
In defining the term public officers, the law makes the reference to the
manner by which he is appointed to public office. (e thus becomes a public
officer because of his appointment by competent authority or because he is
elected to public office.
-%
b. (u-lic oicers# em.races e$ery p'.lic ser$ant from t)e lo#est to t)e
)i)est ranH
nder "epu'lic Act No$ 2,5G 6The Anti3!raft and Corrupt )ractices Act7& t)e term p'.lic officer is
.roader and more compre)ensi$e .eca'se it incl'des all persons #)et)er an official or an
employee1 temporary or not1 classified or not1 contract'al or ot)er#ise. Any person #)o recei$es
compensation for ser$ices rendered is a p'.lic officer.
c. A o$ernment la.orer is not a p'.lic officer. 0o#e$er1 temporary performance
.y a la.orer of p'.lic f'nctions maHes )im a p'.lic officer
4rimes committed by public officers are nothing but corruption in public
service.
Breach o oath o oice ,arta?es o three orms#
d. Miseasance# means improper performance of an act #)ic) mi)t .e
properly .e performed
e. Maleasance# means performance of an act #)ic) o')t not to .e done
f. Noneasance# means omission of an act #)ic) o')t to .e done
6alfeasance Doin of an act #)ic) a p'.lic officer s)o'ld not )a$e done
6isfeasance "mproper doin of an act #)ic) a person mi)t la#f'lly do
Fonfeasance +ail're of an aent to perform )is 'ndertaHin for t)e principal
Article 56"#
GNO1INGLY REN7ERING AN UN>UST >U7GMENT
ELEMENTS#
a. -ffender is a /#dge
b. 0enders a /#dgment in the case s#bmitted to him for /#dgment
c. G#dgment is #n/#st
d. Dnowledge that the decision is #n/#st
Notes#
a. >u/gment# is a final consideration and determination .y a co'rt of competent
/'risdiction of t)e iss'es s'.mitted to it in an action or proceedin
The law re5uires that the judgment must be written in the official language,
personally and directly prepared by the judge, and signed by him. It must
contain a clear and distinct statement of facts proved or admitted by the
defendant and upon which the judgment is based.
b. UnIust Iu/gment# one #)ic) is contrary to la#1 or not s'pported .y t)e
e$idence1 or .ot)
c. An un-ust -udgment may result from:
1. error (#it) .ad fait))
2. ill4#ill or re$ene
3. .ri.ery
-&
d. T)ere m'st .e e$idence t)at t)e decision rendered is 'n/'st. "t is not
pres'med
To be liable for the above crime, not only must the judgment be proved to be
unjust .it must likewise be established to have been knowingly rendered.
There must be a conscious and deliberate intent to do an injustice. This
usually occurs when the judge entertains hatred, envy, revenge, or greed
against one of the parties.
e. A.'se of discretion or mere error of /'dment cannot liHe#ise ser$e as .asis
for renderin an 'n/'st /'dment in t)e a.sence of proof or e$en an
alleation of .ad fait) (moti$e or improper consideration).
Article 56'
>U7GMENT REN7ERE7 T8ROUG8 NEGLIGENCE
ELEMENTS#
a. -ffender is a /#dge
b. 0enders a /#dgment in a case s#bmitted to him for decision
c. G#dgment is manifestl! #n/#st
d. <#e to ine"c#sable negligence or ignorance
$anifestly un-ust -udgment: one t)at is so contrary to la# t)at e$en a person
)a$in meaer Hno#lede of t)e la# cannot do'.t t)e in/'stice
The unjust judgment is merely the result of inexcusable negligence or
ignorance of the law. The ignorance may refer to substantive or procedural
law. There must be an apparent and notorious manifestation of lack of logic
and false interpretation of the law. &3ortes vs. 3atral, 2)= 230A 1)
Article 56)
UN>UST INTERLOCUTORY OR7ER
ELEMENTS#
a. That the offender is a /#dge.
b. That he performs an! of the following acts7
1. %nowingl! renders #n/#st interloc#tor! order or decree, or
2. renders a manifestl! #n/#st interloc#tor! order or decree thro#gh ine"c#sable
negligence or ignorance.
Interlocutory or/er# one iss'ed .y t)e co'rt decidin a collateral or incidental
matter. "t is not a final determination of t)e iss'es of t)e action or proceedin
T)e crime of Hno#inly renderin an 'n/'st /'dment1 or Hno#inly iss'in an 'n/'st interloc'tory
order1 may 'e committed only 'y a 4udge of a trial court and never of an appellate court. T)e
reason for t)is is t)at in appellate co'rt1 not only one maistrate renders or iss'es t)e
interloc'tory order. An appellate co'rt f'nctions as a di$ision and t)e resol'tions t)ereof are
)anded do#n only after deli.erations amon t)e mem.ers of a di$ision so t)at it cannot .e said
t)at t)ere is malice or ine2c'sa.le nelience or inorance in t)e renderin of a /'dment or
order t)at is s'pposedly 'n/'st as )eld .y t)e A'preme Co'rt in one administrati$e case.
Article 56+
--
MALICIOUS 7ELAY IN T8E A7MINISTRATION OR >USTICE
ELEMENTS#
b. That there is a proceeding in his co#rt.
c. That he dela!s the administration of /#stice.
d. That the dela! is malicio#s, that is, the dela! is ca#sed b! the /#dge with deliberate
intent to inflict damage on either part! in the case.
Mere delay #it)o't malice is not p'nis)a.le
Malice m'st .e pro$en. Malice is present #)ere t)e delay is so')t to fa$or one party to t)e
pre/'dice of t)e ot)er.
T)ese )a$e .een interpreted .y t)e A'preme Co'rt to refer only to /'des of t)e trial co'rt.
The 4onstitution provides that cases submitted for decision before the
*upreme 4ourt must be resolved within two years. &efore the 4ourt of
,ppeals, such cases must be resolved within ! year# and before the 3egional
Trial 4ourt and Metropolitan Trial 4ourt, such cases must be decided within a
period of three months or ninety days.
Article 562
(ROSECUTION O* O**ENSESJ NEGLIGENCE AN7 TOLERANCE
Acts (unishe/
1. Malicio'sly refrainin from instit'tin prosec'tion aainst $iolators of t)e la#;
2. Malicio'sly toleratin t)e commission of offenses.
ELEMENTS O* 7ERELICTION O* 7UTY IN T8E (ROSECUTION O*
O**ENSES#
a. That the offender is a p#blic officer or officer of the law who has a d#t! to ca#se
the prosec#tion of, or to prosec#te offenses.
b. That there is dereliction of the d#ties of his office, that is, %nowing the commission
of the crime, he does not ca#se &a) the prosec#tion of the criminal &)eople vs$
"osales& !$"$ no$ 8+:8H) or &b) %nowing that a crime is abo#t to be committed
he tolerates its commission &if giftApromise is a consideration for his conduct:
direct 'ri'ery)
c. That the offender acts with malice and deliberate intent to favor the violator of the
law.
(RE3ARICACION# nelience and tolerance in t)e prosec'tion of an offense
A p'.lic officer enaed in t)e prosec'tion of offenders s)all malicio'sly tolerate t)e commission
of crimes or refrain from prosec'tin offenders or $iolators of t)e la#.
This crime can only 'e committed 'y a pu'lic officer whose official duty is to prosecute offenders&
that is& state prosecutors. 0ence1 t)ose officers #)o are not d'ty .o'nd to perform t)ese
o.liations cannot commit t)is crime in t)e strict sense.
T)ere m'st .e a d'ty on t)e part of t)e p'.lic officer to prosec'te or mo$e for t)e
prosec'tion of t)e offender. =ote )o#e$er1 t)at a fiscal is under no compulsion to file
1..
an information 'ased upon a complaint if he is not convinced that the evidence
'efore him does not warrant filing an action in court
:)en a policeman tolerates the commission of a crime or otherwise refrains from apprehending
the offender1 s'c) peace officer cannot .e prosec'ted for t)is crime .'t t)ey can .e prosec'ted
as5
(1) An accessory to t)e crime committed .y t)e principal in accordance #it) Article 1(1
pararap) 3; or
(2) 0e may .ecome a fence if t)e crime committed is ro..ery or t)eft1 in #)ic) case )e
$iolates t)e Anti4+encin 7a#; or
(3) 0e may .e )eld lia.le for $iolatin t)e Anti4Jraft and Corr'pt -ractices Act.
Illustration:
The offender was caught for white slavery$ The policeman allowed the offender to go free for
some consideration$ The policeman does not violate Article +,H 'ut he 'ecomes an accessory to
the crime of white slavery$
But in the crime of theft or ro''ery& where the policeman shared in the loot and allowed the
offender to go free& he 'ecomes a fence$ Therefore& he is considered an offender under the Anti3
<encing =aw$
0o#e$er1 in distant pro$inces or m'nicipalities #)ere t)ere are no m'nicipal attorneys1 t)e local
c)ief of police is t)e prosec'tin officer. "f )e is t)e one #)o tolerates t)e $iolations of la#s or
ot)er#ise allo#s offenders to escape1 )e can .e prosec'ted 'nder t)is article.
T)is is also tr'e in t)e case of a 'arangay chairman. T)ey are s'pposed to prosec'te $iolators of
la#s #it)in t)eir /'risdiction. "f t)ey do not do so1 t)ey can .e prosec'ted for t)is crime.
T)e crime m'st .e pro$ed first .efore an officer can .e con$icted of dereliction of
d'ty
A p'.lic officer #)o )ar.ors1 conceals1 or assists in t)e escape of an offender1 #)en
it is )is d'ty to prosec'te )im is lia.le as principal in t)e crime of dereliction of d'ty in
t)e prosec'tion of offenses. 0e is not an accessory
Article not applica.le to re$en'e officers
3elati$e to t)is crime 'nder Article 2*%1 consider t)e crime of *ualified !ri!ery. Amon t)e
amendments made .y 3ep'.lic Act =o. !65( on t)e 3e$ised -enal Code is a ne# pro$ision
#)ic) reads as follo#s5
Article. 233,A. >ualified 1ri!ery ; If any pu'lic officer is entrusted with
law enforcement and he refrains from arresting or prosecuting an offender who
has committed a crime punisha'le 'y "eclusion )erpetua andAor death in
consideration of any offer& promise& gift& or present& he shall suffer the penalty for
the offense which was not prosecuted$
If it is the pu'lic officer who as/s or demands such gift or present& he
shall suffer the penalty of death$
Act'ally t)e crime is a Hind of direct .ri.ery #)ere t)e .ri.e1 offer1 promise1 ift or present )as a
consideration on t)e part of t)e p'.lic officer1 t)at is refrainin from arrestin or prosec'tin t)e
offender in consideration for s'c) offer1 promise1 ift or present$ In a way& this new provision
modifies Article +5, of the "evised )enal Code on direct 'ri'ery$
0o#e$er& the crime of *ualified 'ri'ery may 'e committed only 'y pu'lic officers Bentrusted with
enforcementC whose official duties authori(e then to arrest or prosecute offenders. Apparently1
t)ey are peace officers and pu'lic prosecutors since t)e nonfeasance refers to Earrestin or
prosec'tin.G But this crime arises only when the offender whom such pu'lic officer refrains from
arresting or prosecuting& has committed a crime punisha'le 'y reclusion perpetua andAor death$
1.1
If the crime were punisha'le 'y a lower penalty& then such nonfeasance 'y the pu'lic officer
would amount to direct 'ri'ery& not *ualified 'ri'ery$
If the crime was *ualified 'ri'ery& the dereliction of the duty punished under Article +,H of the
"evised )enal Code should 'e a'sor'ed 'ecause said article punishes the pu'lic officer who
Bmaliciously refrains from instituting prosecution for the punishment of violators of the law or shall
tolerate the commission of offensesC$ The dereliction of duty referred to is necessarily included in
the crime of *ualified 'ri'ery$
>n t)e ot)er )and& if the crime was direct 'ri'ery under Article +5, of the "evised )enal Code&
the pu'lic officer involved should 'e prosecuted also for the dereliction of duty1 #)ic) is a crime
'nder Article 2*% of t)e 3e$ised -enal Code1 .eca'se t)e latter is not a.sor.ed .y t)e crime of
direct .ri.ery. T)is is .eca'se in direct .ri.ery1 #)ere t)e p'.lic officer areed to perform an act
constit'tin a crime in connection #it) t)e performance of )is official d'ties1 Article 21* e2pressly
pro$ides t)at t)e lia.ilty t)ere'nder s)all .e Ein addition to t)e penalty correspondin to t)e crime
areed 'pon1 if t)e crime s)all )a$e .een committed.
"ll'stration5
A fiscal1 for a s'm of money1 refrains from prosec'tin a person c)ared .efore )im. "f t)e
penalty for t)e crime in$ol$ed is recl'sion perpet'a1 t)e fiscal commits @'alified .ri.ery. "f t)e
crime is p'nis)a.le .y a penalty lo#er t)an recl'sion perpet'a1 t)e crime is direct .ri.ery.
"n t)e latter sit'ation1 three crimes are committed: direct 'ri'ery and dereliction of duty on the
part of the fiscal- and corruption of a pu'lic officer 'y the giver$
Article 564
BETRAYAL O* TRUST BY AN ATTORNEY OR SOLICITOR
(=>T =ECEAAA3"79 A -8?7"C >++"CE3 A7T0>8J0 A77 7A:9E3A A3E
>++"CE3A >+ T0E C>83T)
ACTS (UNIS8E7#
a. 3a#sing damage to client &pre4udice is essential) either
1. b! an! malicio#s breach of professional d#t!, or
2. b! ine"c#sable negligence or ignorance.
b. 0evealing an! of the secrets of his client learned b! him in his professional
capacit! &damage not necessary)
c. >nderta%ing the defense of the opposing part! of the 1
st
client and$or having
received confidential information from the latter and witho#t the latterBs consent
&damage not necessary)
Note: :)en t)e attorney acts #it) malicio's a.'se of )is employment or ine2c'sa.le nelience
or inorance1 t)ere m'st .e damae to )is client.
nder the rules on evidence1 comm'nications made #it) prospecti$e clients to a la#yer #it) a
$ie# to enain )is professional ser$ices are already pri$ileed e$en t)o') t)e client4la#yer
relations)ip did not e$ent'ally materialiIe .eca'se t)e client cannot afford t)e fee .ein asHed .y
t)e la#yer. T)e la#yer and )is secretary or clerH cannot .e e2amined t)ereon.
T)at t)is comm'nication #it) a prospecti$e client is considered pri$ileed1 implies t)at t)e same
is confidential. T)erefore1 if t)e la#yer #o'ld re$eal t)e same or ot)er#ise accept a case from
t)e ad$erse party1 )e #o'ld already .e $iolatin Article 2*(. Mere malicio's .reac) #it)o't
damae is not $iolati$e of Article 2*(; at most )e #ill .e lia.le administrati$ely as a la#yer1 e..1
s'spension or dis.arment 'nder t)e Code of -rofessional 3esponsi.ility.
"ll'stration5
B& who is involved in the crime of seduction wanted A& an attorney at law& to handle his case$ A
received confidential information from B$ 9owever& B cannot pay the professional fee of A$ C&
the offended party& came to A also and the same was accepted$
1.2
A did not commit t)e crime 'nder Article 2*(1 alt)o') t)e la#yerFs act may .e considered
'net)ical. T)e client4la#yer relations)ip .et#een A and ? #as not yet esta.lis)ed. T)erefore1
t)ere is no tr'st to $iolate .eca'se ? )as not yet act'ally enaed t)e ser$ices of t)e la#yer A. A
is not .o'nd to ?. 9owever& if A #o'ld re$eal t)e confidential matter learned .y )im from ?1 t)en
Article 2*( is $iolated .eca'se it is eno') t)at s'c) confidential matters #ere comm'nicated to
)im in )is professional capacity1 or it #as made to )im #it) a $ie# to enain )is professional
ser$ices.
0ere1 matters t)at are considered confidential m'st )a$e .een said to t)e la#yer #it) t)e $ie# of
enain )is ser$ices. >t)er#ise1 t)e comm'nication s)all not .e considered pri$ileed and no
tr'st is $iolated.
"ll'stration5
A went to B& a lawyerAnotary pu'lic& to have a document notari(ed$ A narrated to B the detail of
the criminal case$ "f ? #ill disclose #)at #as narrated to )im t)ere is no .etrayal of tr'st since ?
is actin as a notary p'.lic and not as a co'nsel. T)e la#yer m'st )a$e learned t)e confidential
matter in )is professional capacity.
Se%eral acts which woul/ ma?e a lawyer criminally lia-le#
(1) Malicio'sly ca'sin damae to )is client t)ro') a .reac) of )is professional d'ty. T)e
.reac) of professional d'ty m'st .e malicio's. "f it is /'st incidental1 it #o'ld not i$e rise
to criminal lia.ility1 alt)o') it may .e t)e s'./ect of administrati$e discipline;
(2) T)ro') ross inorance1 ca'sin damae to t)e client;
(3) "ne2c'sa.le nelience;
(4) 3e$elation of secrets learned in )is professional capacity;
(5) 8ndertaHin t)e defense of t)e opposite party in a case #it)o't t)e consent of t)e first
client #)ose defense )as already .een 'ndertaHen.
=ote t)at only num'ers 5& + and 2 must approximate malice$
A la#yer #)o )ad already 'ndertaHen t)e case of a client cannot later on s)ift to t)e opposin
party. T)is cannot .e done.
8nder t)e circ'mstances1 it is necessary that the confidential matters or information was confided
to the lawyer in the latter@s professional capacity$
It is not the duty of the lawyer to give advice on the commission of a future crime$ It is& therefore&
not privileged in character. T)e la#yer is not .o'nd .y t)e mandate of pri$ilee comm'nication if
)e reports s'c) commission of a f't're crime. "t is only confidential information relatin to crimes
already committed t)at are co$ered .y t)e crime of .etrayal of tr'st if t)e la#yer s)o'ld
'ndertaHe t)e case of opposin party or ot)er#ise di$'le confidential information of a client.
8nder t)e la# on e$idence on pri$ileed comm'nication1 it is not only the lawyer who is protected
'y the matter of privilege 'ut also the office staff li/e the secretary$
T)e nominal lia.ility 'nder t)is article may .e constit'ted eit)er from 'reach of professional
duties in the handling of the case or it may arise o't of t)e confidential relation 'etween the
lawyer and the client$
Breach o ,roessional /uty
Tardiness in t)e prosec'tion of t)e case for #)ic) reason t)e case #as dismissed for .ein non4
prosec'ted; or tardiness on t)e part of t)e defense co'nsel leadin to declaration of defa'lt and
ad$erse /'dment.
)rofessional duties B 7a#yer m'st appear on time. ?'t t)e client m'st )a$e s'ffered damae
d'e to t)e .reac) of professional d'ty. >t)er#ise1 t)e la#yer cannot .e )eld lia.le.
"f t)e prosec'tor #as tardy and t)e case #as dismissed as non4prosec'ted1 .'t )e filed a motion
for reconsideration #)ic) #as ranted1 and t)e case #as contin'ed1 t)e la#yer is not lia.le1
.eca'se t)e client did not s'ffer damae.
1.3
"f la#yer #as nelectf'l in filin an ans#er1 and )is client declared in defa'lt1 and t)ere #as an
ad$erse /'dment1 t)e client s'ffered damaes. T)e la#yer is lia.le.
Breach o coni/ential relation
3e$ealin information o.tained or taHin ad$antae t)ereof .y acceptin t)e enaement #it)
t)e ad$erse party. T)ere is no need to pro$e t)at t)e client s'ffered damaes. T)e mere .reac)
of confidential relation is p'nis)a.le.
"n a con/'al case1 if t)e la#yer disclosed t)e confidential information to ot)er people1 )e #o'ld
.e criminally lia.le e$en t)o') t)e client did not s'ffer any damae.
T)e client #)o #as s'in )is #ife disclosed t)at )e also committed acts of 'nfait)f'lness. T)e
la#yer talHed a.o't t)is to a friend. 0e is1 t)'s1 lia.le.
Article 5!6
7IRECT BRIBERY
ELEMENTS#
a. That the offender be a p#blic officer within the scope of Art 2;'
b. That the offender accepts an offer or promise or receives a gift or present b!
himself or thro#gh another
c. That s#ch offer or promise be accepted or gift$present received b! the p#blic officer
&mere agreement consummates the crime)
1. with a view to committing some crime &delivery of consideration is not
necessary) or
2. in consideration of an e"ec#tion of an act which does not constit#te a crime,
b#t the act m#st be #n/#st &delivery of consideration is necessary), or
'. to refrain from doing something which is his official d#t! to do
d. That the act which the offender agrees to perform or which he e"ec#tes be
connected with the performance of his official d#ties
Bri'ery refers to the act of the receiver and the act of the giver is corruption of pu'lic official$
+or p'rposes of t)is article& temporary performance of pu'lic functions is sufficient to
constitute a person a pu'lic officer.
A private person may commit t)is crime only in t)e case in #)ic) c'stody of
prisoners is entr'sted to )im
Applica.le also to assessors1 ar.itrators1 appraisal and claim commissioners1 e2perts
or any ot)er person performin p'.lic d'ties
Cannot .e fr'strated1 only attempted or cons'mmated.
0irect 'ri'ery may 'e committed only in the attempted and consummated stages .eca'se1 in
fr'strated felony1 t)e offender m'st )a$e performed all t)e acts of e2ec'tion #)ic) #o'ld prod'ce
t)e felony as a conse@'ence$ In direct 'ri'ery& it is possi'le only if the corruptor concurs with the
offender$ Once there is concurrence& the direct 'ri'ery is already consummated. "n s)ort1 t)e
offender could not have performed all the acts of execution to produce the felony without
consummating the same$
Act'ally1 you cannot have a giver unless there is one who is willing to receive and there cannot
'e a receiver unless there is one willing to give. Ao t)is crime re*uires two to commit. "t cannot
1.4
.e said1 t)erefore1 t)at one )as performed all t)e acts of e2ec'tion #)ic) #o'ld prod'ce t)e
felony as a conse@'ence .'t for reasons independent of t)e #ill1 t)e crime #as not committed.
"t is no# settled1 t)erefore1 t)at t)e crime of 'ri'ery and corruption of pu'lic officials cannot 'e
committed in the frustrated stage 'ecause this re*uires two to commit and that means a meeting
of the minds$
"ll'strations5
(1) If the pu'lic official accepted the corrupt consideration and turned it over to his superior
as evidence of the corruption1 t)e offense is attempted corr'ption only and not fr'strated.
T)e official did not aree to .e corr'pted.
If the pu'lic officer did not report the same to his superior and actually accepted it& he
allowed himself to 'e corrupted. T)e corr'ptor .ecomes lia.le for cons'mmated
corr'ption of p'.lic official. T)e p'.lic officer also .ecomes e@'ally lia.le for
cons'mmated .ri.ery.
(2) If a pu'lic official demanded something from a taxpayer who pretended to agree and use
mar/ed money with the /nowledge of the police1 t)e crime of t)e p'.lic official is
attempted .ri.ery. T)e reason is t)at .eca'se t)e i$er )as no intention to corr'pt )er
and t)erefore1 )e co'ld not perform all t)e acts of e2ec'tion.
?e s're t)at #)at is in$ol$ed is a crime of .ri.ery1 not e2tortion. If it were extortion& the
crime is not 'ri'ery& 'ut ro''ery. T)e one #)o yielded to t)e demand does not commit
corr'ption of a p'.lic officer .eca'se it #as in$ol'ntary.
1ri!ery e5ists when the gift is:
a. $ol'ntarily offered .y a pri$ate person
.. solicited .y t)e p'.lic officer and $ol'ntarily deli$ered .y t)e pri$ate person
c. solicited .y t)e p'.lic officer .'t t)e pri$ate person deli$ers it o't of fear of t)e
conse@'ences s)o'ld t)e p'.lic officer perform )is f'nctions ()ere t)e crime .y
i$er is not corr'ption of p'.lic officials d'e to in$ol'ntariness)
Actual receipt of the gift is not only if acts constitutes a crime necessary. An accepted
offer or promise of a ift is s'fficient. 0o#e$er1 if t)e offer is not accepted1 only t)e
person offerin t)e ift is lia.le for attempted corr'ption of a p'.lic officer
T)e gift must have a value or capa'le of pecuniary estimation. "t co'ld .e in t)e form
of money1 property or ser$ices
"f t)e act re@'ired of t)e p'.lic officer amo'nts to a crime and )e commits it1 )e s)all
.e lia.le for t)e penalty correspondin to t)e crime in addition to t)e penalty for
.ri.ery
"n direct .ri.ery1 consider #)et)er t)e official act1 #)ic) t)e p'.lic officer areed to do1 is a crime
or not.
)f it will amount to a crime& it is not necessary that the corruptor should deliver the consideration
or the doing of the act$ T)e moment t)ere is a meetin of t)e minds1 e$en #it)o't t)e deli$ery of
t)e consideration1 e$en #it)o't t)e p'.lic officer performin t)e act amo'ntin to a crime1 .ri.ery
is already committed on t)e part of t)e p'.lic officer. Corr'ption is already committed on t)e part
of t)e s'pposed i$er. T)e reason is t)at t)e areement is a conspiracy in$ol$in t)e d'ty of a
p'.lic officer. T)e mere areement is a felony already.
"f t)e p'.lic officer commits t)e act #)ic) constit'tes t)e crime1 )e1 as #ell as t)e corr'ptor s)all
.e lia.le also for t)at ot)er crime.
"ll'strations5
(1) If the corruptor offers a consideration to a custodian of a pu'lic record to remove certain
files& the mere agreement& without delivery of the consideration& 'rings a'out the crime of
direct 'ri'ery and corruption of pu'lic official$
1.5
"f t)e records #ere act'ally remo$ed1 .ot) t)e p'.lic officer and t)e corr'ptor #ill in
addition to t)e t#o felonies a.o$e1 #ill also .e lia.le for t)e crime committed1 #)ic) is
infidelity in t)e c'stody of t)e p'.lic records for #)ic) t)ey s)all .e lia.le as principals;
one as principal .y ind'cement1 t)e ot)er as principal .y direct participation.
(2) A party litigant approached the court@s stenographer and proposed the idea of altering the
transcript of stenographic notes$ The court stenographer agreed and he demanded )
+&,,,$,,$
n/nown to them& there were law enforcers who already had a tip that the court
stenographer had 'een doing this 'efore$ .o they were waiting for the chance to entrap
him$ They were apprehended and they said they have not done anything yet$
8nder Article 21*1 t)e mere areement to commit t)e act1 #)ic) amo'nts to a crime1 is
already .ri.ery. T)at stenorap)er .ecomes lia.le already for cons'mmated crime of
.ri.ery and t)e party #)o areed to i$e t)at money is already lia.le for cons'mmated
corr'ption1 e$en t)o') not a sinle centa$o is deli$ered yet and e$en t)o') t)e
stenorap)er )ad not yet made t)e alterations.
"f )e c)aned t)e transcript1 anot)er crime is committed5 falsification.
The same criterion will apply with respect to a pu'lic officer who agrees to refrain from performing
his official duties. "f t)e refrainin #o'ld i$e rise to a crime1 s'c) as refrainin to prosec'te an
offender1 t)e mere areement to do so #ill cons'mmate t)e .ri.ery and t)e corr'ption1 e$en if no
money #as deli$ered to )im. "f t)e refrainin is not a crime1 it #o'ld only amo'nt to .ri.ery if t)e
consideration .e deli$ered to )im.
)f it is not a crime& the consideration must 'e delivered 'y the corruptor 'efore a pu'lic officer
can 'e prosecuted for 'ri'ery. Mere areement1 is not eno') to constit'te t)e crime .eca'se
t)e act to .e done in t)e first place is leitimate or in t)e performance of t)e official d'ties of t)e
p'.lic official.
8nless t)e p'.lic officer recei$es t)e consideration for doin )is official d'ty1 t)ere is no .ri.ery.
"t is necessary t)at t)ere m'st .e deli$ery of monetary consideration. T)is is so .eca'se in t)e
second sit'ation1 t)e p'.lic officer act'ally performed #)at )e is s'pposed to perform. "t is /'st
t)at )e #o'ld not perform #)at )e is re@'ired .y la# to perform #it)o't an added consideration
from t)e p'.lic #)ic) i$es rise to t)e crime.
T)e idea of t)e la# is t)at )e is .ein paid salary for .ein t)ere. 0e is not s'pposed to demand
additional compensation from t)e p'.lic .efore performin )is p'.lic ser$ice. T)e pro)i.ition #ill
apply only #)en t)e money is deli$ered to )im1 or if )e performs #)at )e is s'pposed to perform
in anticipation of .ein paid t)e money.
0ere1 t)e .ri.ery #ill only arise #)en t)ere is already t)e acceptance of t)e consideration
.eca'se t)e act to .e done is not a crime. Ao1 #it)o't t)e acceptance1 t)e crime is not
committed.
T)e t)ird type of .ri.ery and pre$aricacion (art 2*%) are similar offenses1 .ot)
consistin of omissions to do an act re@'ired to .e performed. "n direct .ri.ery
)o#e$er1 a ift or promise is i$en in consideration of t)e omission. T)is is not
necessary in pre$aricacion

7istinction -etween /irect -ri-ery an/ in/irect -ri-ery
Bri'ery is direct #)en a p'.lic officer is called 'pon to perform or refrain from performin an
official act in e2c)ane for t)e ift1 present or consideration i$en to )im.
"f )e simply accepts a ift or present i$en to )im .y reason of )is p'.lic position1 t)e crime is
indirect 'ri'ery. ?ear in mind t)at the gift is given L'y reason of his officeL& not Lin considerationL
thereof$ Ao ne$er 'se t)e term Econsideration.G T)e pu'lic officer in Indirect 'ri'ery is not to
perform any official act$
=ote )o#e$er t)at #)at may .ein as an indirect .ri.ery may act'ally ripen into direct .ri.ery.
"ll'stration5
1.6
%ithout any understanding with the pu'lic officer& a taxi operator gave an expensive suiting
material to a B=T registrar$ pon receipt 'y the B=T registrar of his valua'le suiting material& he
as/ed who the giver was$ 9e found out that he is a taxi operator. As far as t)e i$er is
concerned1 )e is i$in t)is .y reason of t)e office or position of t)e p'.lic officer in$ol$ed. "t is
/'st indirect .ri.ery
"f t)e ?7T reistrar calls 'p )is s'.ordinates and said to taHe care of t)e ta2is of t)e ta2i operator
so m'c) so t)at t)e reistration of t)e ta2is is facilitated a)ead of t)e ot)ers1 #)at oriinally
#o'ld )a$e .een indirect .ri.ery .ecomes direct .ri.ery.
Bri-ery <5!6@ Ro--ery <54"@
:)en t)e $ictim )as committed a
crime and i$es moneyLift to a$oid
arrest or prosec'tion.
:)en t)e $ictim did not commit a crime and )e
is intimidated #it) arrest andLor prosec'tion to
depri$e )im of )is personal property.
&ictim parts #it) )is money or
property $ol'ntarily.
&ictim is depri$ed of )is money or property .y
force or intimidation.
3obbery should be distinguished from Cribery $here a la$ enforcer# say a policeman#
e5torts money from a person# employing intimidation and threatening to arrest the latter if he $ill
not come across $ith money may be guilty of 3obbery /!rticle 2-4# par. 50 or Cribery /!rticle
21.0. 9f the +ictim actually committed a crime# and the policeman demanded money so he $ill
not be arrested# the crime is Cribery. Cut if no crime has been committed and the policeman is
falsely charging him of ha+ing committed one# threatening to arrest him if he $ill not come
across $ith some consideration# the crime is 3obbery.
Article 5!!
IN7IRECT BRIBERY
ELEMENTS#
a. That the offender is a p#blic officer.
b. That he accepts gifts.
c. That the said gifts are offered to him b! reason of his office.
T)e ift is i$en in anticipation of f't're fa$or from t)e p'.lic officer
Indirect bribery, the public officer receives or accepts gifts, money or
anything of value by reason of his office. If there is only a promise of a gift or
money, no crime is committed because of the language of the law which uses
the phrase 8shall accept gifts.9
T)ere m'st .e clear intention on t)e part of t)e p'.lic officer to taHe t)e ift offered
and consider t)e property as )is o#n for t)at moment. Mere p)ysical receipt
'naccompanied .y any ot)er sin1 circ'mstance or act to s)o# s'c) acceptance is
not s'fficient to con$ict t)e officer
T)e A'preme Co'rt )as laid do#n t)e rule that for indirect 'ri'ery to 'e committed1 t)e p'.lic
officer m'st )a$e performed an act of appropriatin of t)e ift for )imself1 )is family or
employees. "t is t)e act of appropriatin t)at sinifies acceptance. Merely deli$erin t)e ift to
t)e p'.lic officer does not .rin a.o't t)e crime. >t)er#ise it #o'ld .e $ery easy to remo$e a
p'.lic officer5 /'st deli$er a ift to )im.
T)ere is no attempted or fr'strated indirect .ri.ery
T)e principal distinction 'etween direct and indirect 'ri'ery is t)at in t)e former1 t)e
officer arees to perform or refrain from doin an act in consideration of t)e ift or
promise. "n t)e latter case1 it is not necessary t)at t)e officer do any act. "t is
s'fficient t)at )e accepts t)e ift offered .y reason of )is office
-'.lic officers recei$in ifts and pri$ate persons i$in ifts on any occasion1
incl'din C)ristmas are lia.le 'nder '9 D;.
1.%
T)e criminal penalty or imprisonment is distinct from t)e administrati$e penalty of
s'spension from t)e ser$ice
Article 5!!=A
;UALI*IE7 BRIBERY
ELEMENTS#
a. P#blic officer entr#sted with law enforcement
b. 0efrains from arresting$prosec#ting offender for crime p#nishable b! recl#sion
perpet#a and$or death
&if lower penalty than stated a'ove& the crime is direct 'ri'ery)
c. n consideration of an! offer, promise or gift
=ote t)at t)e penalty is DEAT0 if t)e p'.lic officer is t)e one #)o asHs or demands s'c) present.
1e need not recei+e the gift or present because a mere offer or promise is sufficient.
Article 5!5
CORRU(TION O* (UBLIC O**ICIALS
ELEMENTS#
a. That the offender ma%es offers or promises or gives gifts or present to a p#blic
officer.
b. That the offers or promises are made or the gifts or presents given to a p#blic
officer, #nder circ#mstances that will ma%e the p#blic officer liable for direct
briber! or indirect briber!
T)e offender is t)e i$er of t)e ift or t)e offeror of t)e promise. T)e act may or may
not .e accomplis)ed
(resi/ential 7ecree No& ")
-residential Decree =o. 46 pro)i.its i$in and acceptance of ifts .y a p'.lic officer or to a
p'.lic officer1 e$en d'rin anni$ersary1 or #)en t)ere is an occasion liHe C)ristmas1 =e# 9ear1 or
any ift4i$in anni$ersary. T)e -residential Decree p'nis)es .ot) recei$er and i$er.
The prohi'ition giving and receiving gifts given 'y reason of official position& regardless of
whether or not the same is for past or future favors$
T)e i$in of parties .y reason of t)e promotion of a p'.lic official is considered a crime e$en
t)o') it may call for a cele.ration. T)e i$in of a party is not limited to t)e p'.lic officer only
.'t also to any mem.er of )is family.
(resi/ential 7ecree No& +"4
T)e decree grants immunity from prosecution to a private person or pu'lic officer who shall
voluntarily give information and testify in a case of 'ri'ery or in a case involving a violation of the
Anti3graft and Corrupt )ractices Act$
It provides immunity to the 'ri'e3giver provided he does two things:
(1) 0e $ol'ntarily discloses t)e transaction )e )ad #it) t)e p'.lic officer constit'tin direct or
indirect .ri.ery1 or any ot)er corr'pt transaction;
1.&
(2) 0e m'st #illinly testify aainst t)e p'.lic officer in$ol$ed in t)e case to .e filed aainst
t)e latter.
Before the 'ri'e3giver may 'e dropped from the information& he has to 'e charged first with the
receiver$ Before trial& prosecutor may move for dropping 'ri'e3giver from information and 'e
granted immunity$ But first& five conditions have to 'e met:
(1) "nformation m'st refer to cons'mmated .ri.ery;
(2) "nformation is necessary for t)e proper con$iction of t)e p'.lic officer in$ol$ed;
(3) T)at t)e information or testimony to .e i$en is not yet in t)e possession of t)e
o$ernment or Hno#n to t)e o$ernment;
(4) T)at t)e information can .e corro.orated in its material points;
(5) T)at t)e informant )as not .een con$icted pre$io'sly for any crime in$ol$in moral
t'rpit'de.
T)ese conditions are analogous to the conditions under the .tate %itness "ule 'nder Criminal
-roced're.
The immunity granted the 'ri'e3giver is limited only to the illegal transaction where the informant
gave voluntarily the testimony. "f t)ere #ere ot)er transactions #)ere t)e informant also
participated1 )e is not imm'ne from prosec'tion. T)e imm'nity in one transaction does not
e2tend to ot)er transactions.
The immunity attaches only if the information given turns out to 'e true and correct. "f t)e same
is false1 t)e p'.lic officer may e$en file criminal and ci$il actions aainst t)e informant for per/'ry
and t)e imm'nity 'nder t)e decree #ill not protect )im.
Re,u-lic Act No& +626 <(lun/er@
-l'nder is a crime defined and penaliIed 'nder 3ep'.lic Act =o. !*%*1 #)ic) .ecame effecti$e in
1((1. T)is crime some)o# modified certain crimes in t)e 3e$ised -enal Code insofar as t)e
o$ert acts .y #)ic) a p'.lic officer amasses1 ac@'ires1 or acc'm'lates ill4otten #ealt) are
felonies 'nder t)e 3e$ised -enal Code liHe .ri.ery (Articles 21*1 2111 2114A)1 fra'd aainst t)e
p'.lic treas'ry OArticle 213P1 ot)er fra'ds (Article 214)1 mal$ersation (Article 21!)1 #)en t)e ill4
otten #ealt) amo'nts to a total $al'e of -5*1***1***.**. T)e amo'nt #as red'ced from
-!51***1***.** .y 3ep'.lic Act =o. !65( and t)e penalty #as c)aned from life imprisonment to
recl'sion perpet'a to deat).
A)ort of t)e amo'nt1 pl'nder does not arise. Any amo'nt less t)an -5*1***1***.** is a $iolation
of t)e 3e$ised -enal Code or t)e Anti4Jraft and Corr'pt -ractices Act.
8nder t)e la# on pl'nder1 t)e prescripti$e period is 2* years commencin from t)e time of t)e
last o$ert act.
)lunder is committed through a com'ination or series of overt acts:
(1) T)ro') misappropriation1 con$ersion1 mis'se1 or mal$ersation of p'.lic f'nds or raids
on t)e p'.lic treas'ry;
(2) ?y recei$in1 directly or indirectly1 any commission1 ift1 s)are1 percentae1 HicH.acHs or
any ot)er form of pec'niary .enefit from any person andLor entity in connection #it) any
o$ernment contract or pro/ect .y reason of t)e office or position of t)e p'.lic officer;
(3) ?y illeal or fra'd'lent con$eyance or disposition of asset .elonin to t)e national
o$ernment or any of its s'.di$isions1 aencies or instr'mentalities or o$ernment4
o#ned or controlled corporations and t)eir s'.sidiaries;
(4) ?y o.tainin1 recei$in1 or acceptin directly or indirectly any s)ares of stocH1 e@'ity or
any ot)er form of interest or participation incl'din t)e promise of f't're employment in
any .'siness or 'ndertaHin;
1.-
(5) ?y esta.lis)in aric'lt'ral1 ind'strial1 or commercial monopolies or ot)er com.inations
andLor implementations of decrees and orders intended to .enefit partic'lar persons or
special interests; or
(6) ?y taHin 'nd'e ad$antae of official position1 a't)ority1 relations)ip1 connection or
infl'ence to 'n/'stly enric) )imself or t)emsel$es at t)e e2pense and to t)e damae and
pre/'dice of t)e +ilipino people1 and t)e 3ep'.lic of t)e -)ilippines.
%hile the crime appears to 'e malum prohi'itum& "epu'lic Act No$ K,H, provides that Bin the
imposition of penalties& the degree of participation and the attendance of mitigating and
aggravating circumstances shall 'e considered 'y the courtC$
ANTI=GRA*T AN7 CORRU(T (RACTICES ACT
RA :6!4
(ersons Lia-le#
a. Any pu'lic officer who shall perform any of the following acts:
1. -ers'adin1 ind'cin or infl'encin anot)er p'.lic officer to perform an act
constit'tin a $iolation of r'les and re'lations d'ly prom'lated .y competent
a't)ority or an offense in connection #it) t)e official d'ties of t)e latter1 or
allo#in )imself to .e pers'aded1 ind'ced1 or infl'enced to commit s'c) $iolation
or offense.
2. Directly or indirectly re@'estin or recei$in any ift1 present1 s)are1 percentae1
or .enefit for )imself or for any ot)er person in connection #it) any contract or
transaction .et#een t)e o$ernment and any ot)er party #)erein t)e p'.lic
officer in )is official capacity )as to inter$ene 'nder t)e la#.
3. Directly1 or indirectly re@'estin or recei$in any ift1 present1 or ot)er pec'niary
or material .enefit1 for )imself or for anot)er1 from any person for #)om t)e
p'.lic officer1 in any manner of capacity1 )as sec'red or o.tained1 or #ill sec're
or o.tain1 any Jo$ernment permit or license1 in consideration for t)e )eld i$en
or to .e i$en.
4. Acceptin or )a$in any mem.er of )is family accept employment in a pri$ate
enterprise #)ic) )as pendin official .'siness #it) )im d'rin t)e pendency
t)ereof or #it)in one year after its termination.
5. Ca'sin any 'nd'e in/'ry to any party1 incl'din t)e Jo$ernment1 or i$in any
pri$ate party any 'n#arranted .enefits1 ad$antae1 or preference in t)e
disc)are of )is official1 administrati$e or /'dicial f'nction t)ro') manifest
partiality1 e$ident .ad fait) or ross ine2c'sa.le nelience. T)is pro$ision s)all
apply to officers and employees of offices or o$ernment corporations c)ared
#it) t)e rant of licenses or permits or ot)er concessions.
6. =electin or ref'sin1 after d'e demand or re@'est1 #it)o't s'fficient
/'stification1 to act #it)in a reasona.le time on any matter pendin .efore )im for
t)e p'rpose of o.tainin directly or indirectly1 from any person interested in t)e
matter some pec'niary or material .enefit or ad$antae1 or for t)e p'rpose of
fa$orin )is o#n interest of i$in 'nd'e ad$antae in fa$or of or discriminatin
aainst any ot)er interested party.
11.
!. Enterin1 on .e)alf of t)e Jo$ernment1 into any contract or transaction manifestly
and rossly disad$antaeo's to t)e same1 #)et)er or not t)e p'.lic officer
profited or #ill profit t)ere.y.
%. Directly or indirectly )a$in financial or pec'niary interest in any .'siness1
contract or transaction in connection #it) #)ic) )e inter$enes or taHe part in )is
official capacity1 or in #)ic) )e is pro)i.ited .y t)e constit'tion or .y any la# from
)a$in any interest.
(. Directly or indirectly .ecomin interested1 for personal ain1 or )a$in a material
interest in any transaction or act re@'irin t)e appro$al of a .oard1 panel1 or
ro'p of #)ic) )e is a mem.er1 and #)ic) e2ercises discretion in s'c) appro$al1
e$en if )e $otes aainst t)e same or does not participate in t)e action of t)e
.oard1 committee1 panel or ro'p.
1*. Cno#inly appro$in or rantin any license1 permit1 pri$ilee1 or .enefit in fa$or
of any person not @'alified for or not leally entitled to s'c) license1 permit1
pri$ilee1 or ad$antae1 or of a mere representati$e or d'mmy of one #)o is not
so @'alified or entitled.
11. Di$'lin $al'a.le information of a confidential c)aracter1 ac@'ired .y )is office
or .y )im on acco'nt of )is official position to 'na't)oriIed persons1 or releasin
s'c) information in ad$ance of its a't)oriIed release date.
.. Any person )a$in family or close personal relation #it) any p'.lic official #)o s)all
capitaliIe or e2ploit or taHe ad$antae of s'c) family or close personal relation .y
directly or indirectly re@'estin or recei$in any present1 ift1 or material1 or
pec'niary ad$antae from any person )a$in some .'siness1 transaction1
application1 re@'est1 or contact #it) t)e o$ernment in #)ic) s'c) p'.lic official )as
to inter$ene (Aec. 4)
c. Any person #)o s)all Hno#inly ind'ce or ca'se any p'.lic official to commit any of
t)e offenses 'nder (A). (Aec. 4)
d. Apo'se or any relati$e1 .y consan'inity or affinity1 #it)in t)e 3
rd
ci$il deree1 of t)e
president of t)e -)ilippines1 t)e $ice4president1 t)e president of t)e Aenate1 or
speaHer of t)e )o'se of 3epresentati$es1 #)o s)all inter$ene1 directly or indirectly1 in
any .'siness transaction1 contract or application #it) t)e o$Ft (Aec. 5).
This prohi!ition shall not apply to:
1. Any person #)o1 prior to t)e ass'mption of office of any of t)e a.o$e officials
to #)om )e is related1 )as .een already dealin #it) t)e o$Ft alon t)e
same line of .'siness;
2. Any transaction1 contract or application already e2istin or pendin at t)e
time of s'c) ass'mption of p'.lic office;
3. Any application filed .y )im1 t)e appro$al of #)ic) is not discretionary on t)e
part of t)e official(s) concerned .'t depends 'pon compliance #it) re@'isites
pro$ided .y la#1 or r'les or re'lations iss'ed p'rs'ant to la#;
4. Any act la#f'lly performed an official capacity or in t)e e2ercise of a
profession.
e. Any mem.er of conress1 d'rin t)e term for #)ic) )e )as .een elected1 #)o
s)all ac@'ire or recei$e any personal pec'niary interest in any specific
.'siness enterprise #)ic) s)all .e directly and partic'larly fa$ored or
.enefited .y any la# or resol'tion a't)ored .y )im pre$io'sly appro$ed or
adopted .y Conress d'rin )is term.
111
f. Any p'.lic officer #)o s)all fail to file a tr'e1 detailed and s#orn statement of
assets and lia.ilities #it)in 3* days after ass'min office and t)ereafter on or
.efore t)e 15
t)
day of April follo#in t)e close of e$ery calendar year1 as #ell
as 'pon t)e e2piration of )is term of office1 or 'pon )is resination or
separation from office (Aec. !).
999. (rima *acie E%i/ence o an/ 7ismissal /ue to uneF,laine/ 1ealth (Aec. %)
"f a p'.lic official )as .een fo'nd to )a$e ac@'ired d'rin )is inc'm.ency1 #)et)er in
)is name or in t)e name of ot)er persons1 an amo'nt of property andLor money
manifestly o't of proportion to )is salary and to )is ot)er la#f'l income.
-roperties in t)e name of t)e spo'se and dependents of s'c) p'.lic official may .e
taHen into consideration1 #)en t)eir ac@'isition t)ro') leitimate means cannot .e
satisfactorily s)o#n.
?anH deposits in t)e name of or manifestly e2cessi$e e2pendit'res inc'rred .y t)e
p'.lic official1 )is spo'se or any of t)eir dependents incl'din .'t not limited to
acti$ities in any cl'. or association or any ostentatio's display of #ealt) incl'din
fre@'ent tra$el a.road of a non4official c)aracter .y any p'.lic official #)en s'c)
acti$ities entail e2penses e$idently o't of proportion to leitimate income.
""". Com,etent court# All prosec'tions 'nder t)is Act s)all .e #it)in t)e oriinal
/'risdiction of t)e
Aandian.ayan (Aec. 1*).
In case none of the principal accused are occupying positions corresponding
to salary grade $> or higher# 00 officers occupying the rank of
superintendent or higher of their e5uivalent, exclusive jurisdiction over the
case shall be vested in the proper 3egional Trial 4ourt, Metropolitan Trial
4ourt and Municipal 4ircuit Trial 4ourt as the case may be. The decision of the
court in these cases shall be appealable to the *andiganbayan which
exercises exclusive appellate jurisdiction over them.
"&& (rescri,tion o oenses# all offenses p'nis)a.le 'nder t)is Act s)all prescri.e in 15
years (Aec. 11).
&. "5ceptions# 8nsolicited ifts or presents of small or insinificant $al'e offered or
i$en as a mere ordinary toHen of ratit'de of friends)ip accordin to local c'stoms or
'sae1 s)all .e e2cepted from t)e pro$isions of t)is act (Aec. 14).
?nce the case is filed with the *andiganbayan, by express provision of the
law, it becomes incumbent upon the court to place under preventive
suspension the public officer who stands accused before it. (owever, before
the order of suspension is issued, it is necessary that a pre3suspension
hearing be held by the court wherein the accused is afforded the opportunity
to challenge the validity of the information filed against him. Such right of the
accused to challenge the validity of the information covers FaD the right to
challenge the sufficiency of the recitals of the information vis+G+vis the
essential elements of the offense as defined by substantive law# FbD the right
to challenge the validity of the criminal proceedings leading to the filing of
the information, i.e., that he has not been afforded the right of due
preliminary investigation, or that the acts for which he stands charged do not
constitute a violation of the provisions of 3.,. o. .:!B, which would warrant
his mandatory suspension from office under *ection !. of this ,ct# and FcD the
right to raise the issue that the information can be 5uashed under any of the
grounds provided in *ection $, 3ule !!> of the 3ules of 4ourt &People vs. Albano,
18' 230A 111).
112
?nce the information is found to be sufficient in form and substance, the
court must issue the suspension order as a matter of course and there are no
ifs and buts about it &:a!ot vs. 2andiganba!an, et al., 125 230A '5').
0reventive suspension is resorted to in order to prevent the accused from
using his office to intimidate witnesses or frustrate his prosecution or
continue committing malfeasance in office because the presumption is that
unless the accused is suspended, he may frustrate his prosecution to commit
further acts of malfeasance or both &:a!ot vs. 2andiganba!an, et al., s#pra).
8When the administrative case against the officer or employee under
preventive suspension is not finally disposed of by the disciplining authority
within the period of ninety FB:D days after the date of suspension of the
respondent who is not a presidential appointee, the respondent shall be
automatically reinstated in the service2 0rovided, That when the delay in the
disposition of the case is due to the fault, negligence or petition of the
respondent, the period of delay shall not be counted in computing the period
of suspension herein provided.9&2egovia vs. 2andiganba!an)
ORTEGA NOTES#
T)e mere act of a p'.lic officer demandin an amo'nt from a ta2payer to #)om )e is to render
p'.lic ser$ice does not amo'nt to .ri.ery1 .'t #ill amo'nt to a $iolation of t)e Anti4raft and
Corr'pt -ractices Act.
"ll'stration5
A co'rt secretary recei$ed -5** .** from a litiant to set a motion for an early )earin. T)is is
direct .ri.ery e$en if t)e act to .e performed is #it)in )is official d'ty so lon as )e recei$ed a
consideration t)erefor.
"f t)e secretary pers'aded t)e /'de to maHe a fa$ora.le resol'tion1 e$en if t)e /'de did not do
so1 t)is constit'tes a $iolation of Anti4Jraft and Corr'pt -ractices Act1 A'.4Aection A.
8nder t)e Anti4Jraft and Corr'pt -ractices Act1 partic'larly Aection 31 t)ere are se$eral acts
defined as corr'pt practices. Aome of t)em are mere repetitions of t)e act already penaliIed
'nder t)e 3e$ised -enal Code1 liHe pro)i.ited transactions 'nder Article 215 and 216. "n s'c) a
case1 t)e act or omission remains to .e mala in se.
?'t t)ere are acts penaliIed 'nder t)e Anti4Jraft and Corr'pt -ractices Act #)ic) are not
penaliIed 'nder t)e 3e$ised -enal Code. T)ose acts may .e considered as mala pro)i.ita.
T)erefore1 ood fait) is not a defense.
"ll'stration5
E CATC0 A77 -3>&"A">=G
Aection 3 (e) of t)e Anti4Jraft and Corr'pt -ractices Act B ca'sin 'nd'e in/'ry to t)e o$ernment
or a pri$ate party .y i$in 'n#arranted .enefit to t)e party #)om does not deser$e t)e same.
"n t)is case1 ood fait) is not a defense .eca'se it is in t)e nat're of a mal'm pro)i.it'm.
Criminal intent on t)e part of t)e offender is not re@'ired. "t is eno') t)at )e performed t)e
pro)i.ited act $ol'ntarily. E$en t)o') t)e pro)i.ited act may )a$e .enefited t)e o$ernment.
T)e crime is still committed .eca'se t)e la# is not after t)e effect of t)e act as lon as t)e act is
pro)i.ited.
Aection 3 () of t)e Anti4Jraft and Corr'pt -ractices Act B #)ere a p'.lic officer entered into a
contract for t)e o$ernment #)ic) is manifestly disad$antaeo's to t)e o$ernment e$en if )e
did not profit from t)e transaction1 a $iolation of t)e Anti4Jraft and Corr'pt -ractices Act is
committed.
"f a p'.lic officer1 #it) )is office and a pri$ate enterprise )ad a transaction and )e allo#s a relati$e
or mem.er of )is family to accept employment in t)at enterprise1 ood fait) is not a defense
.eca'se it is a mal'm pro)i.it'm. "t is eno') t)at t)at t)e act #as performed.
:)ere t)e p'.lic officer is a mem.er of t)e .oard1 panel or ro'p #)o is to act on an application
of a contract and t)e act in$ol$ed one of discretion1 any p'.lic officer #)o is a mem.er of t)at
113
.oard1 panel or ro'p1 e$en t)o') )e $oted aainst t)e appro$al of t)e application1 as lon as
)e )as an interest in t)at .'siness enterprise #)ose application is pendin .efore t)at .oard1
panel or ro'p1 t)e p'.lic officer concerned s)all .e lia.le for $iolation of t)e Anti4Jraft and
Corr'pt -ractices Act. 0is only co'rse of action to a$oid prosec'tion 'nder t)e Anti4raft and
Corr'pt -ractices Act is to sell )is interest in t)e enterprise #)ic) )as filed an application .efore
t)at .oard1 panel or ro'p #)ere )e is a mem.er. >r ot)er#ise1 )e s)o'ld resin from )is p'.lic
position.
"ll'stration5
Aen. Dominador Aytono )ad an interest in t)e "lian Ateel Mills1 #)ic) at t)at time #as .ein
s'./ect of an in$estiation .y t)e Aenate Committee of #)ic) )e #as a c)airman. 0e #as
t)reatened #it) prosec'tion 'nder 3ep'.lic Act =o. 3*1( so )e #as compelled to sell all )is
interest in t)at steel mill; t)ere is no defense. ?eca'se t)e la# says so1 e$en if )e $oted aainst
it1 )e commits a $iolation t)ereof.
T)ese cases are filed #it) t)e >m.'dsman and not #it) t)e re'lar prosec'torFs office.
K'risdiction is e2cl'si$ely #it) t)e Aandian.ayan. T)e acc'sed p'.lic officer m'st .e s'spended
#)en t)e case is already filed #it) t)e Aandian.ayan.
8nder t)e Anti4Jraft and Corr'pt -ractices Act1 t)e p'.lic officer #)o is acc'sed s)o'ld not .e
a'tomatically s'spended 'pon t)e filin of t)e information in co'rt. "t is t)e co'rt #)ic) #ill order
t)e s'spension of t)e p'.lic officer and not t)e s'perior of t)at p'.lic officer. As lon as t)e co'rt
)as not ordered t)e s'spension of t)e p'.lic officer in$ol$ed1 t)e s'perior of t)at p'.lic officer is
not a't)oriIed to order t)e s'spension simply .eca'se of t)e $iolation of t)e Anti4Jraft and
Corr'pt -ractices Act. T)e co'rt #ill not order t)e s'spension of t)e p'.lic officer #it)o't first
passin 'pon t)e $alidity of t)e information filed in co'rt. :it)o't a )earin1 t)e s'spension #o'ld
.e n'll and $oid for .ein $iolati$e of d'e process.
"ll'stration5
A p'.lic officer #as assined to direct traffic in a $ery .'sy corner. :)ile t)ere1 )e ca')t a t)ief
in t)e act of liftin t)e #allet of a pedestrian. As )e co'ld not lea$e )is post1 )e s'mmoned a
ci$ilian to deli$er t)e t)ief to t)e precinct. T)e ci$ilian areed so )e left #it) t)e t)ief. :)en t)ey
#ere .eyond t)e $ie# of t)e policeman1 t)e ci$ilian allo#ed t)e t)ief to o )ome. :)at #o'ld .e
t)e lia.ility of t)e p'.lic officer<
T)e lia.ility of t)e traffic policeman #o'ld .e merely administrati$e. T)e ci$ilian )as no lia.ility at
all.
+irstly1 t)e offender is not yet a prisoner so t)ere is no acco'nta.ility yet. T)e term EprisonerG
refers to one #)o is already .ooHed and incarcerated no matter )o# s)ort t)e time may .e.
T)e policeman co'ld not .e said as )a$in assisted t)e escape of t)e offender .eca'se as t)e
pro.lem says1 )e is assined to direct traffic in a .'sy corner street. Ao )e cannot .e considered
as fallin 'nder t)e t)ird 3rd pararap) of Article 1( t)at #o'ld constit'te )is as an accessory.
T)e same is tr'e #it) t)e ci$ilian .eca'se t)e crime committed .y t)e offender1 #)ic) is
snatc)in or a Hind of ro..ery or t)eft as t)e case may .e1 is not one of t)ose crimes mentioned
'nder t)e t)ird pararap) of Article 1( of t)e 3e$ised -enal Code.
:)ere t)e p'.lic officer is still inc'm.ent1 t)e prosec'tion s)all .e #it) t)e >m.'dsman.
:)ere t)e respondent is separated from ser$ice and t)e period )as not yet prescri.ed1 t)e
information s)all .e filed in any prosec'tionFs office in t)e city #)ere t)e respondent resides. T)e
prosec'tion s)all file t)e case in t)e 3eional Trial Co'rt 'nless t)e $iolation carries a penalty
)i)er t)an prision correccional1 in #)ic) case t)e Aandian.ayan )as /'risdiction.

T)e fact t)at t)e o$ernment .enefited o't of t)e pro)i.ited act is no defense at all1 t)e $iolation
.ein mala pro)i.ita.
Aection 3 (f) of t)e Anti4Jraft and Corr'pt -ractices Act B #)ere t)e p'.lic officer nelects or
ref'ses to act on a matter pendin .efore )im for t)e p'rpose of o.tainin any pec'niary or
material .enefit or ad$antae in fa$or of or discriminatin aainst anot)er interested party.
T)e la# itself additionally re@'ires t)at t)e acc'sedFs dereliction1 .esides .ein #it)o't
/'stification1 m'st .e for t)e p'rpose of o.tainin from any person interested in t)e matter some
pec'niary or material .enefit or for t)e p'rpose of fa$orin any interested party1 or discriminatin
aainst anot)er interested party. T)is element is indispensa.le.
114
"n ot)er #ords1 t)e nelect or ref'sal to act m'st moti$ated .y ain or .enefit1 or p'rposely to
fa$or t)e ot)er interested party as )eld in Corona/o %& SB. decided on A''st 1%1 1((3.
Re,u-lic Act No& !:+4 <*oreiture o Ill=gotten 1ealth@
Correlate #it) 3A 13!( 44 properly 'nder 3emedial 7a#. T)is pro$ides t)e proced're for forfeit're
of t)e ill4otten #ealt) in $iolation of t)e Anti4Jraft and Corr'pt -ractices Act. T)e proceedins
are ci$il and not criminal in nat're.
Any ta2payer )a$in Hno#lede t)at a p'.lic officer )as amassed #ealt) o't of proportion to t)is
leitimate income may file a complaint #it) t)e prosec'torFs office of t)e place #)ere t)e p'.lic
officer resides or )olds office. T)e prosec'tor cond'cts a preliminary in$estiation /'st liHe in a
criminal case and )e #ill for#ard )is findins to t)e office of t)e Aolicitor Jeneral. T)e Aolicitor
Jeneral #ill determine #)et)er t)ere is reasona.le ro'nd to .elie$e t)at t)e respondent )as
acc'm'lated an 'ne2plained #ealt).
"f t)e Aolicitor Jeneral finds pro.a.le ca'se1 )e #o'ld file a petition re@'estin t)e co'rt to iss'e
a #rit commandin t)e respondent to s)o# ca'se #)y t)e ill4otten #ealt) descri.ed in t)e
petition s)o'ld not .e forfeited in fa$or of t)e o$ernment. T)is is co$ered .y t)e 3'les on Ci$il
-roced're. T)e respondent is i$en 15 days to ans#er t)e petition. T)ereafter trial #o'ld
proceed. K'dment is rendered and appeal is /'st liHe in a ci$il case. 3emem.er t)at t)is is not a
criminal proceedin. T)e .asic difference is t)at t)e preliminary in$estiation is cond'cted .y t)e
prosec'tor.
*RAU7S AN7 ILLEGAL ECACTIONS AN7 TRANSACTIONS
Article 5!:
*RAU7S AGAINST (UBLIC TREASURY
ELEMENTS# <,ar& !@
a. That the offender be a p#blic officer.
b. That he sho#ld have ta%en advantage of his office, that is, he intervened in the
transaction in his official capacit!.
c. That he entered into an agreement with an! interested part! or spec#lator or made
#se of an! other scheme with regard to &a) f#rnishing s#pplies &b) the ma%ing of
contracts, or &c) the ad/#stment or settlement of acco#nt relating to a p#blic
propert! or f#nds.
d. That the acc#sed had intent to defra#d the government.
Notes#
a. T)e p'.lic officer m'st act in )is official capacity
.. T)e felony is cons'mmated .y merely enterin into an areement #it) any
interested party or spec'lator or .y merely maHin 'se of any sc)eme to
defra'd t)e Jo$ernment
The essence of this crime is ma/ing the government pay for something not received or ma/ing it
pay more than what is due$ It is also committed 'y refunding more than the amount which should
properly 'e refunded. T)is occ'rs 's'ally in cases #)ere a p'.lic officer #)ose official d'ty is to
proc're s'pplies for t)e o$ernment or enter into contract for o$ernment transactions1 conni$es
#it) t)e said s'pplier #it) t)e intention to defra'd t)e o$ernment. Also #)en certain s'pplies for
t)e o$ernment are p'rc)ased for t)e )i) price .'t its @'antity or @'ality is lo#.
=ot all fra'ds #ill constit'te t)is crime. There must 'e no fixed allocation or amount on the matter
acted upon 'y the pu'lic officer$
115
The allocation or outlay was made the 'asis of fraudulent *uotations made 'y the pu'lic officer
involved$
+or example1 t)ere #as a need to p't some additional li)tin alon a street and no one Hno#s
)o# m'c) it #ill cost. An officer #as asHed to can$ass t)e cost .'t )e conni$ed #it) t)e seller of
li)t .'l.s1 pricin eac) li)t .'l. at -55*.** instead of t)e act'al price of -5**.**. This is a
case of fraud against pu'lic treasury$
"f t)ere is a fi2ed o'tlay of -2*1***.** for t)e li)tin apparat's needed and t)e p'.lic officer
conni$ed #it) t)e seller so t)at alt)o') allocation #as made a lesser n'm.er #as asHed to .e
deli$ered1 or of an inferior @'ality1 or second)and. In this case there is no fraud against the pu'lic
treasury 'ecause there is a fixed allocation$ The fraud is in the implementation of procurement$
That would constitute the crime of Bother fraudC in Article +58& which is in the nature of swindling
or estafa$
?e s're to determine #)et)er fra'd is aainst p'.lic treas'ry or one 'nder Article 214.
ILLEGAL ECACTIONS <,ar 5@
ELEMENTS#
a. The offender is a p#blic officer entr#sted with the collection of ta"es, licenses, fees
and other imposts.
b. 9e is g#ilt! of an! of the following acts or omissions7
1. demanding, directl! or indirectl! the pa!ment of s#ms different from or larger
than those a#thori*ed b! law, or
2. failing vol#ntaril! to iss#e a receipt, as provided b! law, for an! s#m of mone!
collected b! him officiall!, or
'. 3ollecting or receiving, directl! or indirectl!, b! wa! of pa!ment or otherwise,
things or ob/ects of a nat#re different from that provided b! law.
Notes#
T)is can only .e committed principally .y a p'.lic officer #)ose official d'ty is to collect ta2es1
license fees1 import d'ties and ot)er d'es paya.le to t)e o$ernment.
=ot any p'.lic officer can commit t)is crime. >t)er#ise1 it is estafa. +i2ers cannot commit t)is
crime 'nless )e conspires #it) t)e p'.lic officer a't)oriIed to maHe t)e collection.
T)e essence of the crime is not misappropriation of any of t)e amo'nts .'t t)e improper maHin
of t)e collection #)ic) #o'ld pre/'dice t)e acco'ntin of collected amo'nts .y t)e o$ernment.
a. Mere demand of a larer or different amo'nt is s'fficient to cons'mmate t)e
crime. T)e essence is t)e improper collection (damae to o$Ft is not
re@'ired)
On the first form of illegal exaction
"n t)is form1 mere demand #ill cons'mmate t)e crime1 e$en if t)e ta2payer s)all ref'se to come
across #it) t)e amo'nt .ein demanded. T)at #ill not affect t)e cons'mmation of t)e crime.
"n t)e demand1 it is not necessary t)at t)e amo'nt .ein demanded is .ier t)an #)at is
paya.le to t)e o$ernment. T)e amo'nt .ein demanded may.e less t)an t)e amo'nt d'e t)e
o$ernment.
.. "f s'ms are recei$ed #it)o't demandin t)e same1 a felony 'nder t)is article
is not committed. 0o#e$er1 if t)e s'm is i$en as a sort of ift or ratification1
t)e crime is indirect .ri.ery
c. :)en t)ere is deceit in demandin larer fees1 t)e crime committed is estafa
116
d. May .e comple2ed #it) mal$ersation
=ote t)at t)is is often committed with malversation or estafa .eca'se #)en a p'.lic officer s)all
demand an amo'nt different from #)at t)e la# pro$ides1 it can .e e2pected t)at s'c) p'.lic
officer #ill not t'rn o$er )is collection to t)e o$ernment.
"ll'strations5
(1) A taxpayer goes to the local municipal treasurer to pay real estate taxes on his land$
Actually& what is due the government is )8,,$,, only 'ut the municipal treasurer
demanded )1,,$,,. ?y t)at demand alone1 t)e crime of illeal e2action is already
committed e$en t)o') t)e ta2payer does not pay t)e -5**.**.
(2) .uppose the taxpayer came across with )1,,$,,$ But the municipal treasurer& thin/ing
that he would a'stract the )5,,$,,& issued a receipt for only )8,,$,,$ The taxpayer
would naturally as/ the municipal treasurer why the receipt was only for )8,,$,,$ The
treasurer answered that the )5,,$,, is supposed to 'e for documentary stamps$ The
taxpayer left$
9e has a receipt for )8,,$,,$ The municipal treasurer turned over to the government
coffers )8,,$,, 'ecause that is due the government and poc/eted the )5,,$,,$
T)e mere fact t)at t)ere #as a demand for an amo'nt different from #)at is d'e t)e
o$ernment1 t)e p'.lic officer already committed t)e crime of illeal e2action.
On the )5,,$,, which the pu'lic officer poc/eted& will it 'e malversation or estafaQ
"n t)e e2ample i$en1 t)e p'.lic officer did not incl'de in t)e official receipt t)e -1**.**
and1 t)erefore1 it did not .ecome part of t)e p'.lic f'nds. "t remained to .e pri$ate. "t is
t)e ta2payer #)o )as .een defra'ded of )is -1**.** .eca'se )e can ne$er claim a
ref'nd from t)e o$ernment for e2cess payment since t)e receipt iss'ed to )im #as only
-4**.** #)ic) is d'e t)e o$ernment. As far as the )5,,$,, is concerned& the crime
committed is estafa$
(3) A taxpayer pays his taxes$ %hat is due the government is )8,,$,, and the pu'lic officer
issues a receipt for )1,,$,, upon payment of the taxpayer of said amount demanded 'y
the pu'lic officer involved$ But he altered the duplicate to reflect only )8,,$,, and he
extracted the difference of )5,,$,,$
"n t)is case1 t)e entire -5**.** #as co$ered .y an official receipt. T)at act of co$erin
t)e #)ole amo'nt recei$ed from t)e ta2payer in an official receipt #ill )a$e t)e
c)aracteristics of .ecomin a part of t)e p'.lic f'nds. The crimes committed& therefore&
are the following:

(a) Illegal exaction B for collectin more t)an )e is a't)oriIed to collect. T)e mere
act of demandin is eno') to constit'te t)is crime.
(.) <alsification B .eca'se t)ere #as an alteration of official doc'ment #)ic) is t)e
d'plicate of t)e official receipt to s)o# an amo'nt less t)an t)e act'al amo'nt
collected.
(c) #alversation B .eca'se of )is act of misappropriatin t)e -1**.** e2cess #)ic)
#as co$ered .y an official receipt already1 e$en t)o') not paya.le to t)e
o$ernment. T)e entire -5**.** #as co$ered .y t)e receipt1 t)erefore1 t)e
#)ole amo'nt .ecame p'.lic f'nds. Ao #)en )e appropriated t)e -1** for )is
o#n .enefit1 )e #as not e2tractin pri$ate f'nds anymore .'t p'.lic f'nds.
.hould the falsification 'e complexed with the malversationQ
As far as t)e crime of illeal e2action is concerned1 it #ill .e t)e s'./ect of separate
acc'sation .eca'se t)ere1 t)e mere demand reardless of #)et)er t)e ta2payer #ill pay
or not1 #ill already cons'mmate t)e crime of illeal e2action. "t is t)e .reac) of tr'st .y a
p'.lic officer entr'sted to maHe t)e collection #)ic) is penaliIed 'nder s'c) article. T)e
falsification or alteration made on t)e d'plicate can not .e said as a means to commit
mal$ersation. At most& the duplicate was altered in order to conceal the malversation$
.o it cannot 'e complexed with the malversation$
11%
"t cannot also .e said t)at t)e falsification is a necessary means to commit t)e
mal$ersation .eca'se t)e p'.lic officer can misappropriate t)e -1**.** #it)o't any
falsification. All t)at )e )as to do is to et t)e e2cess of -1**.** and misappropriate it.
Ao t)e falsification is a separate acc'sation.
0o#e$er1 illegal exaction may 'e complexed with malversation 'ecause illegal exaction
is a necessary means to 'e a'le to collect the )5,,$,, excess which was malversed$
"n t)is crime1 pay attention to #)et)er t)e offender is t)e one c)ared #it) t)e collection
of t)e ta21 license or impost s'./ect of t)e misappropriation. If he is not the one
authori(ed 'y disposition to do the collection& the crime of illegal exaction is not
committed$
"f it did not i$e rise to t)e crime of illeal e2action1 t)e f'nds collected may not )a$e
.ecome part of t)e p'.lic f'nds. "f it )ad not .ecome part of t)e p'.lic f'nds1 or )ad not
.ecome impressed #it) .ein part of t)e p'.lic f'nds1 it cannot .e t)e s'./ect of
mal$ersation. It will give rise to estafa or theft as the case may 'e$
(3) The #unicipal Treasurer demanded )1,,$,, when only )8,,$,, was due$ 9e issued the
receipt at )8,,$,, and explained to taxpayer that the )5,, was for documentary stamps$
The #unicipal Treasurer placed the entire )1,,$,, in the vault of the office$ %hen he
needed money& he too/ the )5,,$,, and spent it$
The following crimes were committed:
(a) Illegal exaction B for demandin a different amo'nt;
(.) Estafa B for decei$in t)e ta2payer; and
(c) #alversation B for ettin t)e -1**.** from t)e $a'lt.
Alt)o') t)e e2cess -1**.** #as not co$ered .y t)e >fficial 3eceipt1 it #as commingled
with the other pu'lic funds in the vault; )ence1 it .ecame part of p'.lic f'nds and
s'.se@'ent e2traction t)ereof constit'tes mal$ersation.
=ote t)at n'm.ers 1 and 2 are comple2ed as illeal e2action #it) estafa1 #)ile in n'm.er 31
mal$ersation is a distinct offense.
T)e issuance of the Official "eceipt is the operative fact to convert the payment into pu'lic funds.
T)e payor may demand a ref'nd .y $irt'e of t)e >fficial 3eceipt.
"n cases #)ere t)e payor decides to let t)e official to EHeep t)e c)aneG1 if t)e latter s)o'ld
pocHet t)e e2cess1 )e s)all .e lia.le for mal$ersation. T)e official )as no ri)t .'t t)e
o$ernment1 'nder t)e principle of accretion1 as t)e o#ner of t)e .ier amo'nt .ecomes t)e
o#ner of t)e #)ole.
>n t)e second form of illeal e2action
The act of receiving payment due the government without issuing a receipt will give rise to illegal
exaction even though a provisional receipt has 'een issued$ %hat the law re*uires is a receipt in
the form prescri'ed 'y law& which means official receipt$
"ll'stration5
"f a o$ernment cas)ier or officer to #)om payment is made iss'ed a receipt in )is o#n pri$ate
form1 #)ic) )e calls pro$isional1 e$en t)o') )e )as no intention of misappropriatin t)e amo'nt
recei$ed .y )im1 t)e mere fact t)at )e iss'ed a receipt not in t)e form prescri.ed .y la#1 t)e
crime of illeal e2action is committed. T)ere m'st .e $ol'ntary fail're to iss'e t)e >fficial
3eceipt.
>n t)e t)ird form of illeal e2action
nder the rules and regulations of the government& payment of chec/s not 'elonging to the
taxpayer& 'ut that of chec/s of other persons& should not 'e accepted to settle the o'ligation of
that person$
11&
"ll'stration5
A ta2payer pays )is o.liation #it) a c)ecH not )is o#n .'t pertainin to anot)er. ?eca'se of
t)at1 t)e c)ecH .o'nced later on.
T)e crime committed is illeal e2action .eca'se t)e payment .y c)ecH is not allo#ed if t)e c)ecH
does not pertain to t)e ta2payer )imself1 'nless t)e c)ecH is a manaerFs c)ecH or a certified
c)ecH1 amended already as of 1((*. (Aee t)e case of 3oman Cat)olic.)
8nder Article 2131 if any of t)ese acts penaliIed as illeal e2action is committed .y t)ose
employed in t)e ?'rea' of C'stoms or ?'rea' of "nternal 3e$en'e1 t)e la# t)at #ill apply to t)em
#ill .e t)e 3e$ised Administrati$e Code or t)e Tariff and C'stoms Code or =ational 3e$en'e
Code.
T)is crime does not re@'ire damae to t)e o$ernment.
Officers and employees of the 1)( or Customs are not covered !y the article.
T)e ="3C or Administrati$e Code is t)e applica.le la#
T)ese officers are a't)oriIed to maHe impositions and to enter into compromises. ?eca'se of
t)is discretion1 t)eir demandin or collectin different from #)at is necessary is leal
Article 5!"
OT8ER *RAU7S
ELEMENTS#
b. That he ta%es advantage of his official position.
c. That he commits an! of the fra#ds or deceits en#merated in art. '11 to '15.
&estafa- swindling)
Note# 3TC )as /'risdiction o$er t)e offense .eca'se t)e principal penalty is
dis@'alification
Article 5!'
(RO8IBITE7 TRANSACTIONS
ELEMENTS#
a. That the offender is an appointive p#blic officer.
b. That he becomes interested, directl! or indirectl!, in an! transaction of e"change
or spec#lation.
c. That the transaction ta%es place within the territor! s#b/ect to his /#risdiction.
d. That he becomes interested in the transaction d#ring his inc#mbenc!.
Notes#
a. "5amples of transactions of e5change or speculation are: .'yin and
sellin stocHs1 commodities1 land etc #)erein one )opes to taHe ad$antae of
an e2pected rise or fall in price
.. -'rc)asin of stocHs or s)ares in a company is simple in$estment and not a
$iolation of t)e article. 0o#e$er1 re'larly .'yin sec'rities for resale is
spec'lation
Article 5!)
11-
(OSSESSION O* (RO8IBITE7 INTERESTS BY A (UBLIC O**ICER

1ho are lia-le#
a. P#blic officer B in any contract or .'siness in #)ic) it is )is official d'ty to
inter$ene.
b. A"perts, arbitrators and private acco#ntants B in any contract or transaction
connected #it) t)e estate or property in t)e appro$al1 distri.'tion or
ad/'dication of #)ic) t)ey )ad acted.
c. G#ardians and e"ec#tors B #it) respect to property .elonin to t)eir #ards or
t)e estate.
Notes#
a. Act'al fra'd is not necessary.
.. Act is p'nis)ed .eca'se of t)e possi.ility t)at fra'd may .e committed or t)at
t)e officer may place )is o#n interest a.o$e t)at of t)e Jo$ernment or party
#)ic) )e represents
The mere violation of the prohibition is already punished even if no actual
fraud occurs because of the possibility that fraud may be committed or that
the officer may place his own interest above that of the government or party
he represents. &>. 2. vs. >darbe, 25 Phil. '5')
Section !". Article 3I o the Constitution
=o Aenator or Mem.er of t)e 0o'se of 3epresentati$es may personally appear as
co'nsel .efore any co'rt of /'stice or .efore t)e Electoral Tri.'nals1 or @'asi4/'dicial and ot)er
administrati$e .odies. =eit)er s)all )e1 directly or indirectly1 .e interested financially in any
contract #it)1 or in any franc)ise or special pri$ilee ranted .y t)e Jo$ernment or any
s'.di$ision1 aency or instr'mentality t)ereof1 incl'din any o$ernment4o#ned or controlled
corporation or its s'.sidiary1 d'rin )is term of office. 0e s)all not inter$ene in any matter .efore
any office of t)e o$ernment for )is pec'niary .enefit or #)ere )e may .e called 'pon to act on
acco'nt of )is office.
Section !:. Article 3II o the Constitution
T)e -resident1 &ice4-resident1 t)e Mem.ers of t)e Ca.inet and t)eir dep'ties or
assistant s)all not1 'nless ot)er#ise pro$ided in t)is Constit'tion1 )old any ot)er office or
employment d'rin t)eir ten're. T)ey s)all not1 d'rin said ten're1 directly or indirectly1 practice
any ot)er profession1 participate in any .'siness1 or .e financially interested in any contract #it)1
or in any franc)ise1 or special pri$ilee ranted .y t)e Jo$ernment or any s'.di$ision1 aency or
instr'mentality t)ereof1 incl'din o$ernment4o#ned or controlled corporations or t)eir
s'.sidiaries. T)ey s)all strictly a$oid conflict of interest in t)e cond'ct of t)eir office.
Section 5. Article IC=A o the Constitution
=o mem.er of a Constit'tional Commission s)all1 d'rin )is ten're1 )old any office or
employment. =eit)er s)all )e enae in t)e practice of any profession or in t)e acti$e
manaement or control of any .'siness #)ic) in any #ay may .e affected .y t)e f'nctions of )is
office1 nor s)all )e .e financially interested1 directly or indirectly1 in any contract #it)1 or in any
franc)ise or pri$ilee ranted .y t)e o$ernment1 or any of its s'.di$isions1 aencies1 or
instr'mentalities1 incl'din o$ernment4o#ned or controlled corporations or t)eir s'.sidiaries.
MAL3ERSATION O* (UBLIC *UN7S OR (RO(ERTY
12.
Article 5!+
MAL3ERSATION O* (UBLIC *UN7S OR (RO(ERTY
ELEMENTS COMMON TO ALL ACTS MAL3ERSATION O* (UBLIC *UN7S OR
(RO(ERTY #
a. That the offender be a p#blic officer &or private person if entr#sted with p#blic
f#nds or connived with p#blic officers)
b. That he had the c#stod! or control of f#nds or propert! &if not accounta'le for the
funds& theft or *ualified theft)
c. That those f#nds or propert! were p#blic f#nds or propert! &even if private funds
if attached& sei(ed& deposited or commingled with pu'lic funds)
d. That he7
1. Appropriated the f#nds or propert!
2. Too% or misappropriated them
3. 3onsented or, thro#gh abandonment or negligence, permitted an! other person
to ta%e s#ch p#blic f#nds or propert!. &it is not necessary that the offender
profited there'y$ 9is 'eing remiss in the duty of safe/eeping pu'lic funds
violates the trust reposed)
%oncept of -alversation
It consists in the misappropriation or conversion of public funds or property to
one=s personal use or knowingly, or through abandonment or negligence
allowing other to use or appropriate the same. The offender is made liable
because of the nature of his duties to take care of the funds or property
entrusted to him with the diligence of a good father of a family. (e is
accountable by virtue of the nature of his office to account for funds or
properties that come to his possession. "f he is not accountable for the funds
or properties and he misappropriates the same, the crime will not be
malversation but estafa under Article 4)*.
Mal$ersation is ot)er#ise called em!ezzlement
T)is crime is predicated on t)e relations)ip of t)e offender to t)e property or f'nds in$ol$ed. T)e
offender m'st .e acco'nta.le for t)e property misappropriated. "f t)e f'nd or property1 t)o')
p'.lic in c)aracter is t)e responsi.ility of anot)er officer1 mal$ersation is not committed 'nless
t)ere is conspiracy.
In determining whether the offender is liable for malversation, it is the nature
of the duties of the public officer that controls. While the name of the office is
important, what is controlling is whether in performing his duties as a public
officer, he has to account or is re5uired by the nature of the performance of a
duty, to render an account on the money or property that came into his
possession.
"t is not necessary t)at t)e offender profited .eca'se some.ody else may )a$e misappropriated
t)e f'nds in @'estion for as lon as t)e acco'nta.le officer #as remiss in )is d'ty of safeHeepin
p'.lic f'nds or property. 0e is lia.le for mal$ersation if s'c) f'nds #ere lost or ot)er#ise
misappropriated .y anot)er.
"t can .e committed eit)er #it) malice or t)ro') nelience or impr'dence
There is no crime of malversation through negligence. T)e crime is mal$ersation1 plain
and simple1 #)et)er committed t)ro') dolo or c'lpa. T)ere is no crime of mal$ersation 'nder
Article 365 B on criminal nelience B .eca'se in mal$ersation 'nder Article 21!1 t)e same
121
penalty is imposed #)et)er t)e mal$ersation res'lts from nelience or #as t)e prod'ct of
deli.erate act.
"n determinin #)et)er t)e offender is a p'.lic officer1 #)at is controllin is t)e
nature of his office and not t)e desination
The offender& to commit malversation& must 'e accounta'le for the funds or property
misappropriated 'y him. "f )e is not t)e one acco'nta.le .'t some.ody else1 t)e crime
committed is theft$ "t #ill .e *ualified theft if t)ere is a.'se of confidence.
Acco'nta.le officer does not refer only to cas)ier1 dis.'rsin officers or property c'stodian$ Any
pu'lic officer having custody of pu'lic funds or property for which he is accounta'le can commit
the crime of malversation if )e #o'ld misappropriate s'c) f'nd or property or allo# ot)ers to do
so.
T)e funds or property must 'e received in an official capacity. >t)er#ise1 t)e crime
committed is estafa
%hen private property is attached or sei(ed 'y pu'lic authority and the pu'lic officer accounta'le
therefor misappropriates the same& malversation is committed also$
"ll'stration5
"f a s)eriff le$ied t)e property of t)e defendants and a.sconded #it) it1 )e is not lia.le of @'alified
t)eft .'t of mal$ersation e$en t)o') t)e property .eloned to a pri$ate person. T)e seiI're of
t)e property or f'nd impressed it #it) t)e c)aracter of .ein part of t)e p'.lic f'nds it .ein in
c'stodia leis. +or as lon as t)e p'.lic officer is t)e one acco'nta.le for t)e f'nd or property
t)at #as misappropriated1 )e can .e lia.le for t)e crime of mal$ersation. A.sent s'c) relation1
t)e crime co'ld .e t)eft1 simple or @'alified.
'stafa -alversation
It is usually committed by a private
individual
4ommitted by accountable public
officers
7unds or property of misappropriation
are privately owned.
The object is public fund or property.
The offender appropriates personally
the funds or property.
0ersonal appropriation is not
indispensable because allowing
others to commit the
misappropriation is also malversation.
:)en a p'.lic officer )as official c'stody or t)e d'ty to collect or recei$e f'nds d'e
t)e o$ernment1 or t)e o.liation to acco'nt for t)em1 )is misappropriation of t)e
same constit'tes mal$ersation
=ote t)at t)e moment any money is comminled #it) t)e p'.lic f'nd e$en if not d'e t)e
o$ernment1 it .ecomes impressed #it) t)e c)aracteristic of .ein part of p'.lic f'nds. >nce
t)ey are comminled1 yo' do not Hno# anymore #)ic) .elon to t)e o$ernment and #)ic)
.elon to t)e pri$ate persons. Ao t)at a p'.lic $a'lt or safe s)o'ld not .e 'sed to )old any f'nd
ot)er t)at #)at is d'e to t)e o$ernment.
"n malversation thru negligence1 t)e nelience of t)e acco'nta.le p'.lic officer
m'st .e positi$ely and clearly s)o#n to .e ine2c'sa.le1 appro2imatin fra'd or
malice
nder 4urisprudence1 #)en t)e p'.lic officer lea$es )is post #it)o't locHin )is dra#er1 t)ere is
nelience. T)'s1 )e is lia.le for t)e loss.
122
T)e measure of negligence to 'e o'served is t)e standard of care commens'rate
#it) t)e occasion
:)en mal$ersation is not committed t)ro') nelience1 lacH of criminal intent or
ood fait) is a defense
T)e fail're of a p'.lic officer to )a$e any d'ly fort)comin p'.lic f'nds or property
'pon demand1 .y any a't)oriIed officer1 s)all .e prima facie e$idence t)at )e )as
p't s'c) missin f'nds or property to personal 'se. 9owever1 if at t)e $ery moment
#)en t)e s)ortae is disco$ered1 t)e acco'nta.le officer is notified1 and )e
immediately pays t)e amo'nt from )is pocHet1 t)e pres'mption does not arise
,n accountable public officer may be convicted even if there is no direct
evidence of misappropriation and the only evidence is the shortage in his
account which he has not been able to explain satisfactorily. &Palma Gil vs.
People)
If a public officer reports the loss of money before a cash examination is
conducted and the cause of the loss as reported has a distinct ring of truth to
it, the legal presumption of prima facie evidence of guilt will not apply. In
order to support conviction, the prosecution must prove the actual
misappropriation of the missing funds.&2alvacion vs. The 9onorable 2andiganba!an,
G. 0. Fo. 852'', G#l! 11, 1=58)
To rebut the presumption of guilt prima facie under Article 5)-, the accused
must raise the issue of accuracy, correctness and regularity in the conduct of
audit. If asked for a second audit before the filing of the information against
him and the same was denied, and during the trial, some disbursement
vouchers were introduced which were not considered in the first audit, the
denial of the re5uest for a second audit is fatal to the cause of the
prosecution because in the meantime, the evidence introduced does not
establish a fact beyond reasonable doubt. (ad the re+audit re5uested by the
accused been accorded due course, the remaining balance could have been
satisfactorily accounted for. &6ahina! vs. The 2andiganba!an. G. 0. Fo. 81442, 6a! =,
1=5=)
3et'rnin t)e em.eIIled f'nds is not e2emptin1 it is only mitiatin
-ayment of t)e amo'nt misappropriated or restit'tion of property misappropriated does
not erase criminal lia.ility .'t only ci$il lia.ility.
T)ere is also no malversation #)en t)e acco'nta.le officer is o.lied to o o't of )is
office and .orro# t)e amo'nt correspondin to t)e s)ortae and later1 t)e missin
amo'nt is fo'nd in an 'nacc'stomed place
A person #)ose nelience made possi.le t)e commission of mal$ersation .y
anot)er can .e )eld lia.le as a principal .y indispensa.le cooperation
"t is not necessary t)at t)e acco'nta.le p'.lic officer s)o'ld act'ally misappropriate t)e f'nd or
property in$ol$ed. "t is eno') t)at )e )as $iolated t)e tr'st reposed on )im in connection #it)
t)e property.
Demand as #ell as damae to t)e o$ernment are not necessary elements
=ote t)at damae on t)e part of t)e o$ernment is not considered an essential element. "t is
eno') t)at t)e proprietary ri)ts of t)e o$ernment o$er t)e f'nds )a$e .een dist'r.ed t)ro')
.reac) of tr'st.
The grant of loans through the vale system is a clear case of an accountable
officer consenting to the improper or unauthori)ed use of public funds by
123
other persons, which is punishable by law. To tolerate such a practice is to
give a license to every disbursing officer to conduct a lending operation with
the use of public funds. There is no law or regulation allowing accountable
officers to extend loans to anyone against the 8vales9 or chits given in
exchange by the borrowers. &6eneses vs. 2andiganba!an)
A private person may also commit malversation under the following situations:
657 Conspiracy with a pu'lic officer in committing malversation-
6+7 %hen he has 'ecome an accomplice or accessory to a pu'lic officer who commits
malversation-
627 %hen the private person is made the custodian in whatever capacity of pu'lic funds or
property& whether 'elonging to national or local government& and he misappropriates the
same-
687 %hen he is constituted as the depositary or administrator of funds or property sei(ed or
attached 'y pu'lic authority even though said funds or property 'elong to a private
individual$
Technical malversation is not included in the crime of malversation. "n malversation& t)e offender
misappropriates p'.lic f'nds or property for )is o#n personal 'se1 or allo#s any ot)er person to
taHe s'c) f'nds or property for t)e latterFs o#n personal 'se. "n technical malversation1 t)e
p'.lic officer applies t)e p'.lic f'nds or property 'nder )is administration to anot)er p'.lic 'se
different from t)at for #)ic) t)e p'.lic f'nd #as appropriated .y la# or ordinance. 3eco'rse5 +ile
t)e proper information.
Article 5!2
*AILURE O* ACCOUNTABLE O**ICER TO REN7ER ACCOUNTS
ELEMENTS#
a. That the offender is a p#blic officer, whether in the service or separated therefrom.
b. That he m#st be an acco#ntable officer for p#blic f#nds propert!.
c. That he is re,#ired b! law or reg#lation to render acco#nts to the commission on
a#dit, or to a provincial a#ditor.
d. That he fails to do so for a period of two months after s#ch acco#nts sho#ld be
rendered.
The public officers &ho are bound to render accounts are the
follo&ing:
!. cashiers
$. storekeepers
.. warehousemen and
/. those who by the nature of their position become custodian or
public funds or property.
Note# 0emand and misappropriation are not necessary
It is sufficient that there is a law or regulation re5uiring him to render an
account. It is the failure to follow the re5uirement of the law that is made
punishable. It is not necessary that the offender prevent the situation of the
crime being committed because of the failure of the accountable officer to
render an account.
Article 5!4
124
*AILURE O* A RES(ONSIBLE (UBLIC O**ICER TO REN7ER ACCOUNTS
BE*ORE LEA3ING T8E COUNTRY
ELEMENTS#
b. That he m#st be an acco#ntable officer for p#blic f#nds or propert!.
c. That he m#st have #nlawf#ll! left &or be on the point of leaving) the Philippines
witho#t sec#ring from the 3ommission on A#dit a certificate showing that his
acco#nts have been finall! settled.
%ho can commit this crimeQ
A responsi.le p'.lic officer1 not necessarily an acco'nta.le one1 #)o lea$es t)e co'ntry #it)o't
first sec'rin clearance from t)e Commission on A'dit.
Note# T)e act of lea$in t)e -)ilippines m'st .e 'na't)oriIed or not permitted .y
la#
#ere leaving without securing clearance constitutes violation of the "evised )enal Code$ It is not
necessary that they really misappropriated pu'lic funds$
Article 556
ILLEGAL USE O* (UBLIC *UN7S OR (RO(ERTY <technical mal%ersation@
ELEMENTS#
b. That there is p#blic f#nd or propert! #nder his administration.
c. That s#ch p#blic f#nd or propert! has been appropriated b! law or ordinance
&without this& it is simple malversation even if applied to other pu'lic
purpose).
d. That he applies the same to a p#blic #se other than for which s#ch f#nd or
propert! has been appropriated b! law or ordinance.
T)e term technical malversation is 'sed .eca'se in t)is crime1 the fund or property involved is
already appropriated or earmar/ed for a certain pu'lic purpose$
T)e offender is entr'sted #it) s'c) f'nd or property only to administer or apply t)e same to t)e
p'.lic p'rpose for #)ic) it #as appropriated .y la# or ordinance. Instead of applying it to the
pu'lic purpose to which the fund or property was already appropriated 'y law& the pu'lic officer
applied it to another purpose$
To distinguish this article with Art +5K1 /'st remem.er t)at in illeal 'se of p'.lic
f'nds or property1 t)e offender does not deri$e any personal ain1 t)e f'nds are
merely de$oted to some ot)er p'.lic 'se
A'sence of damage is only a mitiatin circ'mstance
.ince damage is not an element of malversation1 e$en t)o') t)e application made pro$ed to .e
more .eneficial to p'.lic interest t)an t)e oriinal p'rpose for #)ic) t)e amo'nt or property #as
appropriated .y la#1 t)e p'.lic officer in$ol$ed is still lia.le for tec)nical mal$ersation.
If pu'lic funds were not yet appropriated 'y law or ordinance& and this was applied to a pu'lic
purpose 'y the custodian thereof1 t)e crime is plain and simple mal$ersation1 not tec)nical
mal$ersation. If the funds had 'een appropriated for a particular pu'lic purpose& 'ut the same
was applied to private purpose1 t)e crime committed is simple mal$ersation only.
"ll'stration5
125
T)e office lacHed .ond papers. :)at t)e o$ernment cas)ier did #as to send t)e /anitor1 et
some money from )is collection1 told t)e /anitor to .'y .ond paper so t)at t)e office #ill )a$e
somet)in to 'se. T)e amo'nt in$ol$ed may.e immaterial .'t t)e cas)ier commits mal$ersation
p're and simple.
This crime can also 'e committed 'y a private person$
"ll'stration5
A certain road is to .e cemented. ?as of cement #ere already .ein 'nloaded at t)e side. ?'t
t)en1 rain .ean to fall so t)e s'per$isor of t)e road .'ildin #ent to a certain )o'se #it) a
arae1 asHed t)e o#ner if )e co'ld possi.ly deposit t)e .as of cement in )is arae to pre$ent
t)e same from .ein #et. T)e o#ner of t)e )o'se1 >li$e1 areed. Ao t)e .as of cement #ere
transferred to t)e arae of t)e pri$ate person. After t)e p'.lic officer )ad left1 and t)e #orHers
)ad left .eca'se it is not possi.le to do t)e cementin1 t)e o#ner of t)e arae started 'sin
some of t)e cement in pa$in )is o#n arae. T)e crime of tec)nical mal$ersation is also
committed.
Note that when a private person is constituted as the custodian in whatever capacity& of pu'lic
funds or property& and he misappropriates the same& the crime of malversation is also committed$
.ee Article +++$
"ll'stration5
T)e payroll money for a o$ernment infrastr'ct're pro/ect on t)e #ay to t)e site of t)e pro/ect1 t)e
officers .rinin t)e money #ere am.'s)ed. T)ey #ere all #o'nded. >ne of t)em1 )o#e$er1
#as a.le to et a#ay from t)e scene of t)e am.'s) 'ntil )e reac)ed a certain )o'se. 0e told t)e
occ'pant of t)e )o'se to safe'ard t)e amo'nt .eca'se it is t)e payroll money of t)e
o$ernment la.orers of a partic'lar pro/ect. T)e occ'pant of t)e )o'se accepted t)e money for
)is o#n 'se. T)e crime is not t)eft .'t mal$ersation as lon as )e Hne# t)at #)at #as entr'sted
in )is c'stody is p'.lic f'nd or property.
Article 55!
*AILURE TO MAGE 7ELI3ERY O* (UBLIC *UN7S OR (RO(ERTY
ELEMENTS#
a. -ffender has govBt f#nds or propert! in his possession
b. 9e is #nder obligation to either7
1. ma%e pa!ment from s#ch f#nds
2. to deliver propert! in his c#stod! or administration when ordered b! competent
a#thorit!
c. 9e malicio#sl! fails or ref#ses to do so
Note# -enalty is .ased on $al'e of f'ndsLproperty to .e deli$ered
Article 555
(ERSONS 18O MAY BE 8EL7 LIABLE UN7ER ARTS 5!+ TO 55!
a. 'rivate individual who/ in any capacity/ have charge of any national/
provincial or municipal funds/ revenue/ or property
!. Administrator or depositary of funds or property that has !een
attached/ seized or deposited !y pu!lic authority/ even if owned !y a
private individual
A)eriffs and recei$ers fall 'nder t)e term EadministratorG
126
A /'dicial administrator in c)are of settlin t)e estate of t)e deceased is not co$ered
.y t)e article
(ere, the funds or property belong to private individuals, but they are
considered public funds or property if they come to the possession of the
public officer because of !D a writ of attachment# or $D if they are sei)ed by
virtue of a search warrant. ?r .D if they are ordered deposited pending
determination of ownership in the administrative or judicial proceedings.
0rivate individuals may also be liable for malversation if they act as
conspirators in the commission of the crime.
IN*I7ELITY O* (UBLIC O**ICERS
Article 55:
CONNI3ING 1IT8 OR CONSENTING TO E3ASION
ELEMENTS#
a. That the offender is a p#blic officer &on d#t!).
b. That he is charged with the conve!ance or c#stod! of a prisoner, either detention
prisoner or prisoner b! final /#dgment.
c. That s#ch prisoner escaped from his c#stod!
d. That he was in connivance with the prisoner in the latterBs escape
9etention prisoner: refers to a person in leal c'stody1 arrested for and c)ared
#it) some crime or p'.lic offense
T)e release of a detention prisoner #)o co'ld not .e deli$ered to /'dicial a't)orities
#it)in t)e time fi2ed .y la# is not infidelity in t)e c'stody of a prisoner. =eit)er is
mere leniency or la2ity in t)e performance of d'ty constit'ti$e of infidelity
T)ere is real and act'al e$asion of ser$ice of sentence #)en t)e c'stodian permits
t)e prisoner to o.tain a rela2ation of )is imprisonment
! municipal mayor $ho utili*ed the prisonerDs ser+ices for domestic chores in his house#
including using him as a cook is liable for faithlessness in the custody of prisoner /!rt. 2230 e+en
though the con+ict may not ha+e fled# in as much as the prisonerDs lea+ing the prison $as effected
through him. (People vs. Avangelista, 3.A. '5 -.G. 115).
Article 55"
E3ASION T8ROUG8 NEGLIGENCE
ELEMENTS#
b. That he is charged with the conve!ance or c#stod! of a prisoner, either detention
prisoner or prisoner b! final /#dgment.
c. That s#ch prisoner escapes thro#gh his negligence.
d. Penalt! based on nat#re of imprisonment
T)e article p'nis)es a definite la2ity #)ic) amo'nts to deli.erate non4performance of
a d'ty
12%
ot every error is negligence under this article. To be liable, the negligence
must be notorious and apparent. The laxity must be definite and must
seriously suggest a deliberate non+performance of a duty.
The negligence $hich is punishable ho$e+er is not such definite la5ity at all but that $hich
amounts to deliberate non(performance of the 6ailer or the guard. o that if a policemen on guard
duty unlocked the door of the 6ail to let a detention prisoner go out so he can clean the premises#
but on the latterDs third trip to a nearby faucet# he $alked behind the police head,uarters climbed
o+er the $all and escape# the crime is not committed. (People vs. 2olis, 3.A. 4' -.G. 15;).
T)e fact t)at t)e p'.lic officer recapt'red t)e prisoner #)o )ad escaped from )is
c'stody does not afford complete e2c'lpation
The lia-ility o an esca,ing ,risoner#
a. if he is a prisoner 'y final 4udgment1 )e is lia.le for e$asion of ser$ice (art
15!)
b. if he is a detention prisoner1 )e does not inc'r criminal lia.ility ('nless
cooperatin #it) t)e offender).
Article 55'
ESCA(E O* (RISONERS UN7ER T8E CUSTO7Y O* A (ERSON NOT A
(UBLIC O**ICER
ELEMENTS#
a. That the offender is a private person &note: must 'e on duty)
b. That the conve!ance or c#stod! of a prisoner or person #nder arrest is confined to
him.
c. That the prisoner or person #nder arrest escapes.
d. That the offender consents to the escape of the prisoner or person #nder arrest, or
that the escape ta%es place thro#gh his negligence
Note: T)is article is not applica.le if a pri$ate person made t)e arrest and )e
consented to t)e escape of t)e person )e arrested
The offender under this article is not the one $ho arrested the escaping prisoner but one
$ho agreed to ha+e the custody or charge of the prisoner or person under arrest.
ORTEGA NOTES#
T)e crime is infidelity in t)e c'stody of prisoners if t)e offender in$ol$ed is t)e c'stodian of t)e
prisoner.
"f t)e offender #)o aided or consented to t)e prisonerFs escapin from confinement1 #)et)er t)e
prisoner is a con$ict or a detention prisoner1 is not t)e c'stodian1 t)e crime is deli$erin prisoners
from /ail 'nder Article156.
T)e crime of infidelity in t)e c'stody of prisoners can .e committed only .y t)e c'stodian of t)e
prisoner.
"f t)e /ail 'ard #)o allo#ed t)e prisoner to escape is already off4d'ty at t)at time and )e is no
loner t)e c'stodian of t)e prisoner1 t)e crime committed .y )im is deli$erin prisoners from /ail.
=ote t)at yo' do not apply )ere t)e principle of conspiracy t)at t)e act of one is t)e act of all.
T)e party #)o is not t)e c'stodian #)o conspired #it) t)e c'stodian in allo#in t)e prisoner to
escape does not commit infidelity in t)e c'stody of t)e prisoner. 0e commits t)e crime of
deli$erin prisoners from /ail.
12&
;uestion A Answer
If a private person approached the custodian of the prisoner and for a certain
consideration& told the custodian to leave the door of the cell unloc/ed for the prisoner to escape$
%hat crime had 'een committedQ
"t is not infidelity in t)e c'stody of prisoners .eca'se as far as t)e pri$ate person is
concerned1 t)is crime is deli$erin prisoners from /ail. T)e infidelity is only committed .y t)e
c'stodian.
T)is crime can .e committed also .y a pri$ate person if t)e c'stody of t)e prisoner )as .een
confided to a pri$ate person.
"ll'stration5
A policeman escorted a prisoner to court$ After the court hearing& this policeman was shot at with
a view to li'erate the prisoner from his custody$ The policeman fought the attac/er 'ut he was
fatally wounded$ %hen he could no longer control the prisoner& he went to a near'y house&
tal/ed to the head of the family of that house and as/ed him if he could give the custody of the
prisoner to him$ 9e said yes$ After the prisoner was handcuffed in his hands& the policeman
expired$ Thereafter& the head of the family of that private house as/ed the prisoner if he could
afford to give something so that he would allow him to go$ The prisoner said& B>es& if you would
allow me to leave& you can come with me and I will give the money to you$C This private persons
went with the prisoner and when the money was given& he allowed him to go$ %hat crimeAs had
'een committedQ
8nder Article 2251 t)e crime can .e committed .y a pri$ate person to #)om t)e c'stody of a
prisoner )as .een confided.

:)ere s'c) pri$ate person1 #)ile performin a pri$ate f'nction .y $irt'e of a pro$ision of la#1
s)all accept any consideration or ift for t)e non4performance of a d'ty confided to )im1 ?ri.ery is
also committed. Ao t)e crime committed .y )im is infidelity in t)e c'stody of prisoners and
.ri.ery.
"f t)e crime is deli$erin prisoners from /ail1 .ri.ery is /'st a means1 'nder Article 1561 t)at #o'ld
call for t)e imposition of a )ea$ier penalty1 .'t not a separate c)are of .ri.ery 'nder Article 156.
?'t 'nder Article 225 in infidelity1 #)at is .asically p'nis)ed is t)e .reac) of tr'st .eca'se t)e
offender is t)e c'stodian. +or t)at1 t)e crime is infidelity. "f )e $iolates t)e tr'st .eca'se of some
consideration1 .ri.ery is also committed.
A )i)er deree of $iilance is re@'ired. +ail're to do so #ill render t)e c'stodian lia.le. T)e
pre$ailin r'lin is aainst la2ity in t)e )andlin of prisoners.
"ll'stration5
A prison guard accompanied the prisoner in the toilet$ %hile answering the call of nature& police
officer waiting there& until the prisoner escaped$ )olice officer was accused of infidelity$
T)ere is no criminal lia.ility .eca'se it does not constit'te nelience. =elience contemplated
)ere refers to deli.erate a.andonment of d'ty.
=ote1 )o#e$er1 t)at accordin to a recent A'preme Co'rt r'lin1 fail're to accompany lady
prisoner in t)e comfort room is a case of nelience and t)erefore t)e c'stodian is lia.le for
infidelity in t)e c'stody of prisoner.
-rison 'ard s)o'ld not o to any ot)er place not officially called for. T)is is a case of infidelity in
t)e c'stody of prisoner t)ro') nelience 'nder Article 224.
IN*I7ELITY IN CUSTO7Y O* 7OCUMENTS
Article 55)
REMO3AL. CONCEALMENT. OR 7ESTRUCTION O* 7OCUMENTS
ELEMENTS#
12-
a. That the offender be a p#blic officer.
b. That he abstracts, destro!s or conceals a doc#ment or papers.
c. That the said doc#ment or paper sho#ld have been entr#sted to s#ch p#blic officer
b! reason of his office.
d. That damage, whether serio#s or not, to a third part! or to the p#blic interest
sho#ld have been ca#sed.
The act of obstruction, destruction or concealment must cause damage to a
third party or to the public interest. "amage to a third party is usually
pecuniary# but damage to public interest may consist in mere alarm to the
public or the alienation of its confidence on any branch of the government
service.
T)e document m'st .e complete and one .y #)ic) a ri)t co'ld .e esta.lis)ed or
an o.liation co'ld .e e2tin'is)ed
?ooHs1 periodicals1 pamp)lets etc are not doc'ments
0'apers2 #o'ld incl'de c)ecHs1 promissory notes and paper money
Remo$al o% a document presupposes unlawful appropriation of the official
document. *estruction means to render the document useless. Its nature to
prove the existence of a fact is lost such that it cannot anymore prove the
probability or improbability of a fact in issue. +oncealment on the other
hand means to make it appear that the document is not available.
A post office official #)o retained t)e mail #it)o't for#ardin t)e letters to t)eir
destination is 'ilty of infidelity in t)e c'stody of papers
"emoval of a document or paper must 'e for an illicit purpose.
If the removal of the document is for a lawful purpose and that is, to secure
the same from imminent danger or loss, there is no crime committed under
the law, (Dataniag vs. People, )4 Phil. 41).
There is illicit purpose when the intention of the offender is to:
a. tamper #it) it
.. to profit .y it
c. to commit any act constit'tin a .reec) of tr'st in t)e official t)ereof
The act of removal, destruction or concealment should be coupled with
criminal intent or malice &6an*anaris vs. 2andiganba!an, et al., G.0. Fo. 84)1;, Gan. ';,
1=54).
3emo$al is cons'mmated 'pon remo$al or secretin a#ay of t)e doc'ment from its
's'al place. "t is immaterial #)et)er or not t)e illicit p'rpose of t)e offender )as .een
accomplis)ed
"emoval of pu'lic records 'y the custodian does not re*uire that the record 'e 'rought out of the
premises where it is /ept. "t is eno') t)at t)e record .e remo$ed from t)e place #)ere it s)o'ld
.e and transferred to anot)er place #)ere it is not s'pposed to .e Hept. "f damae is ca'sed to
t)e p'.lic ser$ice1 t)e p'.lic officer is criminally lia.le for infidelity in t)e c'stody of official
doc'ments.
"nfidelity in t)e c'stody of doc'ments t)ro') destr'ction or concealment does not
re@'ire proof of an illicit p'rpose
13.
:)ere in case for .ri.ery or corr'ption1 t)e monetary considerations #as marHed as e2)i.its1
s'c) considerations ac@'ires t)e nat're of a doc'ment s'c) t)at if t)e same #o'ld .e spent .y
t)e c'stodian t)e crime is not mal$ersation .'t "nfidelity in t)e c'stody of p'.lic records1 .eca'se
t)e money add'ced as e2)i.its partaHe t)e nat're of a doc'ment and not as money. Alt)o')
s'c) monetary consideration ac@'ires t)e nat're of a doc'ment1 t)e .est e$idence r'le does not
apply )ere. E2ample1 p)otocopies may .e presented in e$idence.
Deli$erin t)e doc'ment to t)e #ron party is infidelity in t)e c'stody t)ereof
T)e damae may eit)er .e reat or small
Damae to p'.lic interest is necessary. 0o#e$er1 material damae is not necessary.
Alt)o') t)ere is no material damae ca'sed1 mere delay in renderin p'.lic ser$ice is
considered damae.
T)e offender m'st .e in c'stody of s'c) doc'ments
9istinction !etween infidelity in the custody of pu!lic document/ estafa and malicious
mischief
In infidelity in the custody of pu'lic document& t)e offender is t)e c'stodian of t)e official
doc'ment remo$ed or concealed.
In estafa1 t)e offender is not t)e c'stodian of t)e doc'ment remo$ed or concealed.
In malicious mischief& t)e offender p'rposely destroyed and damaed t)e propertyLdoc'ment.
Article 55+
O**ICER BREAGING SEAL
ELEMENTS #
b. That he is charged with the c#stod! of papers or propert!.
c. That these papers or propert! are sealed b! proper a#thorit!.
d. That he brea%s the seals or permits them to be bro%en.
"t is t)e .reaHin of t)e seals and not t)e openin of a closed en$elope #)ic) is
p'nis)ed
Damae or intent to ca'se damae is not necessary; damae is pres'med
"f t)e official doc'ment is sealed or ot)er#ise placed in an official en$elope1 t)e element of
damae is not re@'ired. T)e mere .reaHin of t)e seal or t)e mere openin of t)e doc'ment
#o'ld already .rin a.o't infidelity e$en t)o') no damae )as .een s'ffered .y anyone or .y
t)e p'.lic at lare. T)e offender does not )a$e to misappropriate t)e same. K'st tryin to
disco$er or looH #)at is inside is infidelity already.
A crime is already committed regardless of whether the contents of the document are secret or
private. "t is eno') t)at it is entr'sted to )im in a sealed form or in a closed en$elope and )e
.roHe t)e seal or opened t)e en$elop. -'.lic tr'st is already $iolated if )e manaed to looH into
t)e contents of t)e doc'ment.
7istinction -etween ini/elity an/ thet
T)ere is infidelity if t)e offender opened t)e letter .'t did not taHe t)e same.
T)ere is theft if t)ere is intent to ain #)en t)e offender tooH t)e money.
131
=ote t)at t)e document must 'e complete in legal sense. "f t)e #ritins are mere form1 t)ere is
no crime.
"ll'stration5
As reard t)e payroll1 #)ic) )as not .een sined .y t)e Mayor1 no infidelity is committed .eca'se
t)e doc'ment is not yet a payroll in t)e leal sense since t)e doc'ment )as not .een sined yet.
"n N'rea/ing of sealN1 t)e #ord N.reaHinN s)o'ld not .e i$en a literal meanin. E$en if act'ally1
t)e seal #as not .roHen1 .eca'se t)e c'stodian manaed to open t)e parcel #it)o't .reaHin t)e
seal.
Article 552
O(ENING O* CLOSE7 7OCUMENTS
ELEMENTS#
b. That an! closed papers, doc#ments, or ob/ects are entr#sted to his c#stod!.
c. That he opens or permits to be opened said closed papers, doc#ments or ob/ects.
d. That he does not have proper a#thorit!.
Note: Damae also not necessary
In Article ,,, the mere breaking of the seal is what is made punishable
while in Article ,,!, the mere opening of closed documents is enough to
hold the offender criminally liable. The breaking of the seal or the opening of
the closed document must be done without lawful authority or order from
competent authority. "n both offenses, damage to the public interest is not
re5uired.
RE3ELATION O* SECRETS
Article 554
RE3ELATION O* SECRET BY AN O**ICER
ELEMENTS O* (AR&!# BY REASON O* 8IS O**ICIAL CA(ACITY
b. That he %nows of a secret b! reason of his official capacit!.
c. That he reveals s#ch secret witho#t a#thorit! or /#stifiable reasons.
d. That damage, great or small, be ca#sed to the p#blic interest.
(damae is essential)
Notes:
a. Aecret m'st affect p'.lic interest
The secrets referred to in this article are those which have an official or public
character. It does not include secret information regarding private individuals.
or does it include military or *tate secrets in as much as the revelation of
the same is classified as espionage, a crime in violation of the national
security of the *tate.
.. Aecrets of a pri$ate indi$id'al is not incl'ded
132
c. Espionae for t)e .enefit of anot)er Atate is not contemplated .y t)e article.
"f reardin military secrets or secrets affectin state sec'rity1 t)e crime may
.e espionae.
ELEMENTS O* (AR 5 0 7ELI3ERING 1RONG*ULLY (A(ERS OR CO(IES O*
(A(ERS O* 18IC8 8E MAY 8A3E C8ARGE AN7 18IC8 S8OUL7 NOT BE
(UBLIS8E7#
b. That he has charge of papers.
c. That those papers sho#ld not be p#blished.
d. That he delivers those papers or copies thereof to a third person.
e. That the deliver! is wrongf#l.
f. That damage be ca#sed to p#blic interest.
=otes5
a. KChargeL# means c'stody or control. "f )e is merely entr'sted #it) t)e
papers and not #it) t)e c'stody t)ereof1 )e is not lia.le 'nder t)is article
b. "f t)e papers contain secrets #)ic) s)o'ld not .e p'.lis)ed1 and t)e p'.lic
officer )a$in c)are t)ereof remo$es and deli$ers t)em #ronf'lly to a t)ird
person1 t)e crime is revelation of secrets. >n t)e ot)er )and1 if t)e papers do
not contain secrets1 t)eir remo$al for an illicit p'rpose is infidelity in the
custody of documents
c. Damae is essential to t)e act committed
Article 5:6
(UBLIC O**ICER RE3EALING SECRETS O* (RI3ATE IN7I3I7UAL
ELEMENTS#
a. That the offender is a p#blic officer
b. That he %nows of the secret of a private individ#al b! reason of his office.
c. That he reveals s#ch secrets witho#t a#thorit! or /#stification reason.
3e$elation to one person is s'fficient
"f t)e offender is an attorney1 )e is properly lia.le 'nder Art 2*( (.etrayal of tr'st .y
an attorney)
Damae to pri$ate indi$id'al is not necessary
OT8ER O**ENSES OR IRREGULARITIES BY (UBLIC O**ICERS
Article 5:!
O(EN 7ISOBE7IENCE
ELEMENTS#
a. That the offender is a /#dicial or e"ec#tive officer.
133
b. That there is a /#dgment, decision or order of s#perior a#thorit!.
c. That s#ch /#dgment, decision or order was made within the scope of the
/#risdiction of the s#perior a#thorit! and iss#ed with all the legal formalities.
d. that the offender witho#t an! legal /#stification openl! ref#ses to e"ec#te the said
/#dgment, decision or order which he is d#t! bo#nd to obe!.
The gravamen of the offense is the open refusal of the offender to execute
the order without justifiable reason.
Note: K'dment s)o'ld )a$e .een rendered in a )earin and iss'ed #it)in proper
/'risdiction #it) all leal solemnities re@'ired
The term 8execute9 as found in the law does not only means performance of
an act since the judgment, decision or order may also direct the non+
performance of an act.
The article does not apply to the members of 4ongress.
Article 5:5
7ISOBE7IENCE TO OR7ER O* SU(ERIOR O**ICER 18EN SAI7 OR7ER
1AS SUS(EN7E7 BY IN*ERIOR O**ICER
ELEMENTS#
b. That an order is iss#ed b! his s#perior for e"ec#tion.
c. That he has for an! reason s#spended the e"ec#tion of s#ch order.
d. That his s#perior disapproves the s#spension of the e"ec#tion of the order.
e. That the offender disobe!s his s#perior despite the disapproval of the s#spension.
Note: A p'.lic officer is not lia.le if t)e order of t)e s'perior is illeal
What is contemplated here is a situation where the subordinate has some
doubts regarding the legality of the order. (ence, he is afforded an
opportunity to suspend the execution of the order, so as to give him time to
further study the same. (e commits no crime for doing this act. (owever, if
he continues to suspend the execution of the order notwithstanding the
disapproval by his superior of the stay of the execution, such refusal on his
part already constitutes a crime punishable under this article.
Article 5::
RE*USAL O* ASSISTANCE
ELEMENTS#
b. That a competent a#thorit! demands from the offender that he lend his
cooperation towards the administration of /#stice or other p#blic service.
134
c. That the offender fails to do so malicio#sl!.
"n$ol$es a re@'est from one p'.lic officer to anot)er
Damae to t)e p'.lic interest or t)ird party is essential
"amage is essential whether great or small. &ut the penalty is affected by
the seriousness of the damage. ote that the refusal must be done with
malice.
Demand is necessary
The situation contemplated herein may refer to the administration of justice
before the case is filed in court. 4ompetent authority may refer to persons in
authority who are charged by the law to help in the administration of justice.
The term may refer to police authorities. (owever, when a case under
investigation reaches the court, the remedy may not be limited to incurring
criminal liability under this article because the refusal may already be
punished as direct or indirect contempt of court.
T)is is a crime1 #)ic) a policeman may commit #)en1 .ein s'.poenaed to appear in co'rt in
connection #it) a crime in$estiated .y )im .'t .eca'se of some arranement #it) t)e
offenders1 t)e policeman does not appear in co'rt anymore to testify aainst t)e offenders. 0e
tried to assail t)e s'.poena so t)at 'ltimately t)e case #o'ld .e dismissed. "t #as already )eld
t)at t)e policeman co'ld .e prosec'ted 'nder t)is crime of ref'sal of assistance and not t)at of
dereliction of d'ty.
Article 5:"
RE*USAL TO 7ISC8ARGE ELECTI3E O**ICE
ELEMENTS#
a. That the offender is elected b! pop#lar election to a p#blic office.
b. That he ref#ses to be sworn in or discharge the d#ties of said office.
c. That there is no legal motive for s#ch ref#sal to be sworn in or to discharge the
d#ties of said office.
,fter proclamation of a candidate to a public office, it becomes his duty to
render public service. *ince it is his duty, then his refusal to perform such
duty is punishable under the law.
Note: E$en if t)e person did not r'n for t)e office on )is o#n #ill as t)e Constit'tion
pro$ides t)at e$ery citiIen may .e re@'ired to render ser$ice
Article 5:'
MALTREATMENT O* (RISONERS
ELEMENTS#
a. That the offender is a p#blic officer or emplo!ee.
135
b. That he has #nder charge a prisoner or detention prisoner &otherwise the crime
is physical in4uries)
c. That he maltreats s#ch prisoner in either of the following manners7
1. :! overdoing himself in the correction or handling of a prisoner or detention
prisoner #nder his charge either
b! the imposition of p#nishments not a#thori*ed b! the reg#lations, or
b! inflicting s#ch p#nishments &those a#thori*ed) in a cr#el and
h#miliating manner, or
2. b! maltreating s#ch prisoner to e"tort a confession or to obtain some
information from the prisoner.
T)e maltreatment does not really re@'ire p)ysical in/'ries. Any Hind of p'nis)ment not a't)oriIed
or t)o') a't)oriIed if e2ec'ted in e2cess of t)e prescri.ed deree.
But if as a result of the maltreatment& physical in4uries were caused to the prisoner1 a separate
crime for t)e p)ysical in/'ries s)all .e filed. >ou do not complex the crime of physical in4uries
with the maltreatment 'ecause the way Article +21 is worded& it prohi'its the complexing of the
crime$
If the maltreatment was done in order to extort confession1 t)erefore1 t)e constit'tional ri)t of t)e
prisoner is f'rt)er $iolated. T)e penalty is @'alified to t)e ne2t )i)er deree.
T)e p'.lic officer m'st )a$e act'al c)are of t)e prisoner in order to .e )eld lia.le
"f t)e p'.lic officer is not t)e c'stodian of t)e prisoner1 and )e man)andles t)e latter1 the crime is
physical in4uries$
9f a Carangay Captain maltreats a person after the latterDs arrest but before confinement# the
offense is not maltreatment but physical in6uries. The victim must actually be confined either as
a convict or a detention prisoner for Art. 235 to apply. (People vs. :aring, et al., ') -.G. 1'88).
To .e considered a detention prisoner1 t)e person arrested m'st .e placed in /ail
e$en for /'st a s)ort #)ile
The offended party here must 'e a prisoner in the legal sense. T)e mere fact t)at a pri$ate
citiIen )ad .een appre)ended or arrested .y a la# enforcer does not constit'te )im a prisoner.
To .e a prisoner1 )e m'st )a$e .een .ooHed and incarcerated no matter )o# s)ort it is.
"ll'stration5
A certain snatcher was arrested 'y a law enforcer& 'rought to the police precinct& turned over to
the custodian of that police precinct$ Every time a policeman entered the police precinct& he
would as/& B%hat is this fellow doing hereQ %hat crime has he committedQC$ The other
policeman would then tell& BThis fellow is a snatcher$C .o every time a policeman would come in&
he would inflict in4ury to him$ T)is is not maltreatment of prisoner .eca'se t)e offender is not t)e
c'stodian. T)e crime is only p)ysical in/'ries.
But if the custodian is present there and he allowed it1 t)en )e #ill .e lia.le also for t)e p)ysical
in/'ries inflicted1 .'t not for maltreatment .eca'se it #as not t)e c'stodian #)o inflicted t)e in/'ry.
But if it is the custodian who effected the maltreatment1 t)e crime #ill .e maltreatment of
prisoners pl's a separate c)are for p)ysical in/'ries.
>ffender may also .e )eld lia.le for p)ysical in/'ries or damae ca'sed
Article 5:)
ANTICI(ATION O* 7UTIES O* A (UBLIC O**ICE
ELEMENTS#
136
a. That the offender is entitled to hold a p#blic office or emplo!ment, either b! election
or appointment.
b. That the law re,#ires that he sho#ld first be sworn in and$or sho#ld first give a bond.
c. That he ass#mes the performance of the d#ties and powers of s#ch office.
d. That he has not ta%en his oath of office and $or given the bond re,#ired b! law.
Article 5:+
(ROLONGING (ER*ORMANCE O* 7UTIES AN7 (O1ERS
ELEMENTS#
a. That the offender is holding a p#blic office.
b. That the period provided b! law, reg#lations or special provisions for holding s#ch
office has alread! e"pired.
c. That he contin#es to e"ercise the d#ties and powers of s#ch office.
Note: T)e article contemplates officers #)o )a$e .een s'spended1 separated or
declared o$er4aed or dismissed
The crime is committed only if the public officer has lost every right to the
office because there are offices which re5uire the officer to continue serving
as such properly relieved. The law is intended to put an end to the principle
of hold 6 over.
Article 5:2
ABAN7ONMENT O* O**ICE OR (OSITION
ELEMENTS#
b. That he formall! resigns from his position.
c. That his resignation has not !et been accepted.
d. That he abandons his office to the detriment of the p#blic service.
T)ere m'st .e formal or #ritten resination
7ral resignation is not allowed. The resignation must be in writing and
directed to the appointing power who has the authority to accept or
disapprove the same. This re5uirement is indispensable because the letter of
resignation goes into a process.
T)e offense is @'alified if t)e p'rpose .e)ind t)e a.andonment is to e$ade t)e
disc)are of d'ties consistin of pre$entin1 prosec'tin or p'nis)in any of t)e
crimes aainst national sec'rity. T)e penalty is )i)er ( one deree ). T)is in$ol$es
t)e follo#in crimes5
a. treason
.. conspiracy and proposal to commit conspiracy
c. misprision of treason
d. espionae
e. incitin to #ar or i$in moti$es to reprisals
f. $iolation of ne'trality
. correspondence #it) )ostile co'ntry
13%
). fli)t to enemy co'ntry
i. piracy and m'tiny on t)e )i) seas
/. re.ellion
H. conspiracy and proposal to commit re.ellion
l. disloyalty to p'.lic officers
m. incitin to re.ellion
n. sedition
o. conspiracy to commit sedition
p. incitin to sedition
A-an/onment o Oice or (osition
<5:2@
7ereliction o 7uty <562@
T)ere is act'al a.andonment t)ro')
resination to e$ade t)e disc)are of
d'ties.
-'.lic officer does not a.andon )is office
.'t merely fails to prosec'te a $iolation of
t)e la#.
Article 5:4
USUR(ATION O* LEGISLATI3E (O1ERS
ELEMENTS#
a. That the offender is an e"ec#tive or /#dicial officer.
b. That he &a.) ma%es general r#les or reg#lations be!ond the scope of his a#thorit! or
&b.) attempts to repeal a law or &c.) s#spends the e"ec#tion thereof.
Article 5"6
USUR(ATION O* ECECUTI3E *UNCTIONS
ELEMENTS#
b. That he &a.) ass#mes a power pertaining to the e"ec#tive a#thorities, or &b.) obstr#cts
e"ec#tive a#thorities in the lawf#l e"ercise of their powers.
Note: 7eislati$e officers are not lia.le for 's'rpation of e2ec'ti$e f'nctions
Article 5"!
USUR(ATION O* >U7ICIAL *UNCTIONS
ELEMENTS#
a. That the offender is an officer of the e"ec#tive branch of the government.
b. That he &a.) ass#mes /#dicial powers, or &b.) obstr#ct the e"ec#tion of an! order
decision rendered b! an! /#dge within his /#risdiction.
Note: A mayor is 'ilty 'nder t)is article #)en )e in$estiates a case #)ile a /'stice
of t)e peace is in t)e m'nicipality
Article 5"5
7ISOBEYING RE;UEST *OR 7IS;UALI*ICATION
13&
ELEMENTS#
b. That a proceeding is pending before s#ch p#blic officer.
c. That there is a ,#estion bro#ght before the proper a#thorit! regarding his
/#risdiction, which is not !et decided.
d. That he has been lawf#ll! re,#ired to refrain from contin#ing the proceeding.
e. That he contin#es the proceeding.
@ven if the jurisdiction of the offender is later upheld or sustained, he is still
liable because what is in issue is not the legality of his jurisdiction, but
whether he obeyed or disobeyed the temporary restraining order issued by
the higher authority.
Article 5":
OR7ERS OR RE;UESTS BY ECECUTI3E O**ICER TO ANY >U7ICIAL
AUT8ORITY
ELEMENTS#
a. That the offender is an e"ec#tive officer.
b. That he addresses an! order or s#ggestion to an! /#dicial a#thorit!.
c. That the order or s#ggestion relates to an! case or b#siness coming within the
e"cl#sive /#risdiction of the co#rts of /#stice.
Note: 7eislati$e or /'dicial officers are not lia.le 'nder t)is article
Article 5""
UNLA1*UL A((OINTMENTS
ELEMENTS#
b. That he nominates or appoints a person to a p#blic office.
c. That s#ch person lac%s the legal ,#alification therefor.
d. That the offender %nows that his nominee or appointee lac%s the ,#alification at the
time he made the nomination or appointment.
(ecommending/ Hno#in t)at t)e person recommended is not @'alified is not a
crime
The word 8nominate9 is not the same as 8recommend.9 To nominate is to
guarantee to the appointing power that the person nominated has all the
5ualifications to the office. &ecommendation on the other hand does not
make any guarantee as to the legal fitness of the candidate to public office.
T)ere m'st .e a la# pro$idin for t)e @'alifications of a person to .e nominated or
appointed to a p'.lic office
Article 5"'
13-
ABUSES AGAINST C8ASTITY
ELEMENTS#
b. That he solicits or ma%es immoral or indecent advances to a woman.
c. That s#ch woman m#st be
1. interested in matters pending before the offender for decision, or with respect to
which he is re,#ired to s#bmit a report to or cons#lt with a s#perior officer, or
2. #nder the c#stod! of the offender who is a warden or other p#blic officer directl!
charged with care and c#stod! of prisoners or person #nder arrest, or
'. the wife, da#ghter, sister or relative within the same degree b! affinit! of the
person in the c#stod! of the offender
=nly a lady can be a complainant here so that a gay guard or $arden $ho makes immoral
proposals or indecent ad+ances to a male prisoner is not liable under this la$.
#ere indecent solicitation or advances of a #oman o$er #)om t)e p'.lic officer e2ercises a
certain infl'ence .eca'se t)e #oman is in$ol$ed in a case #)ere t)e offender is to maHe a report
of res'lt #it) s'periors or ot)er#ise a case #)ic) t)e offender #as in$estiatin.
T)is crime is also committed if t)e woman is a prisoner and t)e offender is )er /ail #arden or
c'stodian1 or even if the prisoner may 'e a man if t)e /ail #arden #o'ld maHe t)e immoral
solicitations 'pon t)e #ife1 sister1 da')ter1 or relati$e .y affinity #it)in t)e same deree of t)e
prisoner in$ol$ed.
T)e mot)er of t)e person in t)e c'stody of t)e p'.lic officer is not incl'ded
T)is crime cannot .e committed if t)e #arden is a #oman and t)e prisoner is a man. Men )a$e
no c)astity.
"f t)e #arden is also a #oman .'t is a les.ian1 it is s'.mitted t)at t)is crime co'ld .e committed1
as t)e la# does not re@'ire t)at t)e c'stodian .e a man .'t re@'ires t)at t)e offended .e a
#oman.
Solicit# means to propose earnestly and persistently somet)in 'nc)aste and
immoral to a #oman
The word 8solicit9 means to demand earnestly. In this case, the demand is for
sexual favor. It must be immoral or indecent and done by the public officer
taking advantage of his position as one who can help by rendering a
favorable decision or unwarranted benefits, advantage or preference to a
person under his custody.
T)e crime is cons'mmated .y mere proposal
It is not necessarily for the offended party to surrender her virtue to
consummate the crime. Mere proposal is sufficient to consummate the crime.
E$en if t)e #oman may )a$e lied #it) t)e )earin officer or to t)e p'.lic officer and acceded to
)im1 t)at does not c)ane t)e crime .eca'se t)e crime seeHs to penaliIe t)e taHin ad$antae of
official d'ties.
"t is immaterial #)et)er t)e #oman did not aree or areed to t)e solicitation. "f t)e #oman did
not aree and t)e p'.lic officer in$ol$ed p's)ed t)ro') #it) t)e ad$ances1 attempted rape may
)a$e .een committed.
14.
7eally1 a prisoner is an acco'nta.ility of t)e o$ernment. Ao t)e c'stodian is not s'pposed to
interfere. E$en if t)e prisoner may liHe it1 )e is not s'pposed to do t)at. >t)er#ise1 a.'se
aainst c)astity is committed.
If he forced himself against the will of the woman& another crime is committed& that is& rape aside
from a'use against chastity$
>ou cannot consider the a'use against chastity as a'sor'ed in the rape 'ecause the 'asis of
penali(ing the acts is different from each other$
-roof of solicitation is not necessary #)en t)ere is se2'al interco'rse
Re,u-lic Act No& +2++ <Anti=SeFual 8arassment Act@
Committed .y any person )a$in a't)ority1 infl'ence or moral ascendancy o$er anot)er in a
#orH1 trainin or ed'cation en$ironment #)en )e or s)e demands1 re@'ests1 or ot)er#ise
re@'ires any se2'al fa$or from t)e ot)er reardless of #)et)er t)e demand1 re@'est or
re@'irement for s'.mission is accepted .y t)e o./ect of t)e said act (for a passin rade1 or
rantin of sc)olars)ip or )onors1 or payment of a stipend1 allo#ances1 .enefits1 considerations;
fa$ora.le compensation terms1 conditions1 promotions or #)en t)e ref'sal to do so res'lts in a
detrimental conse@'ence for t)e $ictim).
Also )olds lia.le any person #)o directs or ind'ces anot)er to commit any act of se2'al
)arassment1 or #)o cooperates in t)e commission1 t)e )ead of t)e office1 ed'cational or trainin
instit'tion solidarily.
Complaints to .e )andled .y a committee on decor'm1 #)ic) s)all .e determined .y r'les and
re'lations on s'c).
Administrati$e sanctions s)all not .e a .ar to prosec'tion in t)e proper co'rts for 'nla#f'l acts of
se2'al )arassment.
141
TITLE EIG8T
CRIMES AGAINST (ERSONS
Crimes against ,ersons
1. -arricide (Art. 246);
2. M'rder (Art. 24%);
3. 0omicide (Art. 24();
4. Deat) ca'sed in a t'm'lt'o's affray (Art. 251);
5. -)ysical in/'ries inflicted in a t'm'lt'o's affray (Art. 252);
6. Ji$in assistance to s'icide (Art. 253);
!. Disc)are of firearms (Art. 254);
%. "nfanticide (Art. 255);
(. "ntentional a.ortion (Art. 256);
1*. 8nintentional a.ortion (Art. 25!);
11. A.ortion practiced .y t)e #oman )erself or .y )er parents (Art. 25%);
12. A.ortion practiced .y a p)ysician or mid#ife and dispensin of a.orti$es
(Art. 25();
13. D'el (Art. 26*);
14. C)allenin to a d'el (Art. 261);
15. M'tilation (Art. 262);
16. Aerio's p)ysical in/'ries (Art. 263);
1!. Administerin in/'rio's s'.stances or .e$eraes (Art. 264);
1%. 7ess serio's p)ysical in/'ries (Art. 265);
1(. Ali)t p)ysical in/'ries and maltreatment (Art. 266); and
2*. 3ape (Art. 2664A).
7ESTRUCTION O* LI*E
Article 5")
(ARRICI7E
ELEMENTS#
1. That a person is %illed.
2. That the deceased is %illed b! the acc#sed.
'. That the deceased is the father, mother, or child, whether legitimate or illegitimate, or a
legitimate other ascendant or other descendant, or the legitimate spo#se of the acc#sed.
142
Notes:
1. T)e relations)ip of t)e offender #it) t)e $ictim is t)e essential element of t)e
felony
T)e relations)ip m'st .e in t)e direct line and not in t)e collateral line.
T)e relations)ip .et#een t)e offender and t)e offended party m'st .e leitimate1 e2cept #)en
t)e offender and t)e offended party are related as parent and c)ild.
@xcept between husband and wife, the offender must be related to the
offended party by blood.
2. -arents and c)ildren are not incl'ded in t)e term EascendantsG or EdescendantsG
3. T)e ot)er ascendant or descendant m'st .e leitimate. >n t)e ot)er )and1 t)e
fat)er1 mot)er or c)ild may .e leitimate or illeitimate
If the offender and the offended party& although related 'y 'lood and in the direct line& are
separated 'y an intervening illegitimate relationship& parricide can no longer 'e committed$ T)e
illeitimate relations)ip .et#een t)e c)ild and t)e parent renders all relati$es after t)e c)ild in t)e
direct line to .e illeitimate too.
T)e only illeitimate relations)ip t)at can .rin a.o't parricide is t)at .et#een parents and
illeitimate c)ildren as t)e offender and t)e offended parties.
"ll'stration5
A is the parent of B& the illegitimate daughter$ B married C and they 'egot a legitimate child 0$ If
0& daughter of B and C& would /ill A& the grandmother& the crime cannot 'e parricide anymore
'ecause of the intervening illegitimacy$ T)e relations)ip .et#een A and D is no loner leitimate.
0ence1 t)e crime committed is )omicide or m'rder.
!# an illegitimate son of C# $ho killed the legitimate father of the latter# is not guilty of
Parricide because in case of other ascendants /grandparents# great grandparents# etc.0# the
relationship $ith the killer must be legitimate. The same is true $ith other descendants ?
that is# grandchildren# great grandchildren# etc.
4. T)e c)ild s)o'ld not .e less t)an 3 days old. >t)er#ise1 t)e offense is infanticide
That the mother /illed her child in order to conceal her dishonor is not mitigating. T)is is
immaterial to t)e crime of parricide1 'nliHe in t)e case of infanticide. "f t)e c)ild is less t)an t)ree
days old #)en Hilled1 t)e crime is infanticide and intent to conceal )er dis)onor is considered
mitiatin.
5. 3elations)ip m'st .e alleed
In /illing a spouse& there must 'e a valid su'sisting marriage at the time of the /illing$ Also& the
information should allege the fact of such valid marriage 'etween the accused and the victim$
"n a r'lin .y t)e A'preme Co'rt1 it #as )eld t)at if the information did not allege that the
accused was legally married to the victim& he could not 'e convicted of parricide even if the
marriage was esta'lished during the trial$ "n s'c) cases1 relations)ip s)all .e appreciated as
eneric ara$atin circ'mstance.
T)e A'preme Co'rt )as also r'led t)at #uslim hus'ands with several wives can 'e convicted of
parricide only in case the first wife is /illed. T)ere is no parricide if t)e ot)er #i$es are Hilled
alt)o') t)eir marriae is reconiIed as $alid. T)is is so .eca'se a Cat)olic man can commit
t)e crime only once. "f a M'slim )'s.and co'ld commit t)is crime more t)an once1 in effect1 )e is
.ein p'nis)ed for t)e marriae #)ic) t)e la# itself a't)oriIed )im to contract.
6. A straner #)o cooperates in committin parricide is lia.le for m'rder or
)omicide
143
Aince parricide is a crime of relations)ip1 if a stranger conspired in the commission of the crime&
he cannot 'e held lia'le for parricide. 0is participation #o'ld maHe )im lia.le for m'rder or for
)omicide1 as t)e case may .e. The rule of conspiracy that the act of one is the act of all does not
apply here 'ecause of the personal relationship of the offender to the offended party.
"ll'stration5
A spo'se of ? conspires #it) C to Hill ?. C is t)e straner in t)e relations)ip. C Hilled ? #it)
treac)ery. T)e means employed is made Hno#n to A and A areed t)at t)e Hillin #ill .e done .y
poisonin.
As far as A is concerned1 t)e crime is .ased on )is relations)ip #it) ?. "t is t)erefore parricide.
T)e treac)ery t)at #as employed in Hillin ?on #ill only .e eneric ara$atin circ'mstance in
t)e crime of parricide .eca'se t)is is not one crime t)at re@'ires a @'alifyin circ'mstance.
?'t t)at same treac)ery1 insofar as C is concerned1 as a straner #)o cooperated in t)e Hillin1
maHes t)e crime m'rder; treac)ery .ecomes a @'alifyin circ'mstance.
%. E$en if t)e offender did not Hno# t)at t)e person )e )ad Hilled is )is son1 )e is
still lia.le for parricide .eca'se t)e law does not re*uire /nowledge of the
relationship
,rticle .-1 expressly provides that parricide can be committed through
reckless imprudence. The penalty will not be under ,rticle $/- but under
,rticle .-1.
*imilarly, parricide can be committed by mistake. This is demonstrated in a
situation where a person wanting to kill a stranger, kills his own father by
mistake. ,lthough the crime committed is parricide, the offender will not be
punished under ,rticle $/- but under ,rticle /B, which prescribes a penalty
much lower than that provided under ,rticle $/-.
Article 5"+
7EAT8 OR (8YSICAL IN>URIES UN7ER ECCE(TIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES
Re$uisites#
1. A legall! married person or parent s#rprises his spo#se or da#ghter &the latter must 'e
under 5H and living with them) in the act of committing se"#al interco#rse with another
person
2. 9e$she %ills an! or both of them or inflicts #pon an! or both of them an! serio#s ph!sical
in/#r! in the act or immediatel! thereafter
'. 9e has not promoted or facilitated the prostit#tion of his wife or da#ghter, or that he has
not consented to the infidelit! of the other spo#se.
=otes5
1. Article does not define or penaliIe a felony
Article 24!1 far from definin a felony merely rants a pri$ilee or .enefit1 more of an e2emptin
circ'mstance as t)e penalty is intended more for t)e protection of t)e acc'sed t)an a
p'nis)ment. 0eath under exceptional character can not 'e *ualified 'y either aggravating or
mitigating circumstances$
9f the accused fails to establish the circumstances called for in !rticle 24%# heAshe $ill be guilty of
Parricide and >urder or 1omicide if the +ictims $ere killed.
2. =ot necessary t)at t)e parent .e leitimate
3. Article applies only #)en t)e da')ter is sinle
4. Sur,rise# means to come 'pon s'ddenly or 'ne2pectedly
144
5. Art 24! is applica.le #)en t)e acc'sed did not see )is spo'se in t)e act se2'al
interco'rse #it) anot)er person. 0o#e$er1 it is eno') t)at circ'mstances
reasona.ly s)o# t)at t)e carnal act is .ein committed or )as .een committed
9t is not necessary that the spouse actually sa$ the se5ual intercourse being committed. 9t is
enough that heAshe surprised them under such circumstances that no other reasonable conclusion
can be inferred but that a carnal act $as being performed or has 6ust been committed.
T)e article does not apply #)ere t)e #ife #as not s'rprised in flarant ad'ltery .'t #as .ein
a.'sed .y a man as in t)is case t)ere #ill .e defense of relation.
"f t)e offender s'rprised a co'ple in se2'al interco'rse1 and .elie$in t)e #oman to .e )is #ife1
Hilled t)em1 t)is article may .e applied if t)e mistaHe of facts is pro$ed.
T)e .enefits of t)is article do not apply to t)e person #)o consented to t)e infidelity of )is spo'se
or #)o facilitated t)e prostit'tion of )is #ife.
6. Ae2'al interco'rse does not incl'de preparatory acts
Ao if t)e s'rprisin tooH place .efore any act'al se2'al interco'rse co'ld .e done .eca'se t)e
parties are only in t)eir preliminaries1 t)e article cannot .e in$oHed anymore.
%. Imme/iately thereater# means t)at t)e disco$ery1 escape1 p'rs'it and t)e
Hillin m'st all form parts of one contin'o's act
T)e p)rase Eimmediately t)ereafterG )as .een interpreted to mean t)at .et#een t)e s'rprisin
and t)e Hillin of t)e inflictin of t)e p)ysical in/'ry1 t)ere s)o'ld .e no .reaH of time. "n ot)er
#ords1 it m'st .e a contin'o's process.
"f t)ere #as already a .reaH of time .et#een t)e se2'al act and t)e Hillin or inflictin of t)e
in/'ry1 t)e la# pres'pposes t)at t)e offender reained )is reason and t)erefore1 t)e article #ill not
apply anymore.
%. T)e Hillin m'st .e t)e direct .y4prod'ct of t)e rae of t)e acc'sed
Article 24! does not pro$ide t)at t)e $ictim is to .e Hilled instantly .y t)e acc'sed after s'rprisin
)is spo'se in t)e act of interco'rse. :)at is re@'ired is t)at t)e Hillin is t)e pro2imate res'lt of
t)e o'trae o$er#)elmin t)e acc'sed 'pon t)e disco$ery of t)e infidelity of )is spo'se. T)e
Hillin s)o'ld )a$e .een act'ally moti$ated .y t)e same .lind imp'lse.
(. =o criminal lia.ility is inc'rred #)en less serio's or sli)t p)ysical in/'ries are
inflicted. Moreo$er1 in case t)ird persons ca')t in t)e crossfire s'ffer p)ysical
in/'ries1 t)e acc'sed is not lia.le. T)e principle t)at one is lia.le for t)e
conse@'ences of )is felonio's act is not applica.le .eca'se )e is not committin
a felony
"n t)e case of (eo,le %& A-arca. !': SCRA +:'. t#o persons s'ffered p)ysical in/'ries as t)ey
#ere ca')t in t)e crossfire #)en t)e acc'sed s)ot t)e $ictim. A comple2 crime of do'.le
fr'strated m'rder #as not committed as t)e acc'sed did not )a$e t)e intent to Hill t)e t#o $ictims.
0ere1 t)e acc'sed did not commit m'rder #)en )e fired at t)e paramo'r of )is #ife. "nflictin
deat) 'nder e2ceptional circ'mstances is not m'rder. T)e acc'sed #as )eld lia.le for
nelience 'nder t)e first part1 second pararap) of Article 3651 t)at is1 less serio's p)ysical
in/'ries t)ro') simple nelience. =o a.erratio ict's .eca'se )e #as actin la#f'lly.
A person #)o acts 'nder Article 24! is not committin a crime. Aince t)is is merely an e2emptin
circ'mstance1 t)e accused must first 'e charged with:
(1) -arricide B if t)e spo'se is Hilled;
(2) M'rder or )omicide B dependin on )o# t)e Hillin #as done insofar as t)e paramo'r or
t)e mistress is concerned;
(3) 0omicide B t)ro') simple nelience1 if a t)ird party is Hilled;
145
(4) -)ysical in/'ries B t)ro') recHless impr'dence1 if a t)ird party is in/'red.
"f deat) res'lts or t)e p)ysical in/'ries are serio's1 t)ere is criminal lia.ility alt)o') t)e penalty is
only destierro. T)e .anis)ment is intended more for t)e protection of t)e offender rat)er t)an a
penalty.
"f t)e crime committed is less serio's p)ysical in/'ries or sli)t p)ysical in/'ries1 t)ere is no
criminal lia.ility.
Article 5"2
MUR7ER
ELEMENTS #
1. That a person was %illed.
2. That the acc#sed %illed him.
'. That the %illing was attended b! an! of the following ,#alif!ing circ#mstances
a. with treacher!, ta%ing advantage of s#perior strength, with the aid or armed men,
or emplo!ing means to wea%en the defense or of means or persons to ins#re or
afford imp#nit!
b. in consideration of price, reward or promise
c. b! means of in#ndation, fire, poison, e"plosion, shipwrec%, stranding of vessel,
derailment or assa#lt #pon a street car or locomotive, fall of airship, b! means of
motor vehicles or with the #se of an! other means involving great waste or r#in
d. on occasion of an! of the calamities en#merated in the preceding paragraph, or of
an earth,#a%e, er#ption of a volcano, destr#ctive c!clone, epidemic or an! other
p#blic calamit!
e. with evident premeditation
f. with cr#elt!, b! deliberatel! and inh#manel! a#gmenting the s#ffering of the
victim or o#traging or scoffing at his person or corpse
4. The %illing is not parricide or infanticide.
Notes#
'hile the circumstance of by a band is not among those enumerated that could ,ualify killing
to murder# it $ould seem that if the killers constituted a band# the crime is murder because the
circumstance of with the aid of armed men is included in the ,ualifying circumstances.
1. T)e $ictim m'st .e Hilled in order to cons'mmate t)e offense. >t)er#ise1 it #o'ld
.e attempted or fr'strated m'rder
Eilling a person with treachery is murder even if there is no intent to kill.
&People vs. 3agoco, 15 Phil. 1';)
2. Any of t)e @'alifyin circ'mstances m'st .e alleed in t)e information.
>t)er#ise1 t)ey #ill only .e considered as eneric ara$atin circ'mstances
When the other circumstances are absorbed or included in one 5ualifying
circumstance, they cannot be treated or separated as generic aggravating
circumstances. &People vs. 0emalante, =2 Phil. 45)
3. Treac)ery and premeditation are in)erent in m'rder #it) t)e 'se of poison
146
Ortega Notes#
In mur/er. any o the ollowing $ualiying circumstances is ,resent#
(1) Treachery& ta/ing advantage of superior strength& aid or armed men& or employing means
to wa/en the defense& or of means or persons to insure or afford impunity-
T)ere is treac)ery #)en t)e offender commits any of t)e crimes aainst t)e person
employin means1 met)ods or forms in t)e e2ec'tion t)ereof t)at tend directly and
especially to ins're its e2ec'tion #it)o't risH to )imself arisin from t)e defense #)ic)
t)e offended party mi)t maHe.
T)is circ'mstance in$ol$es means1 met)ods1 form in t)e e2ec'tion of t)e Hillin #)ic)
may act'ally .e an ara$atin circ'mstance also1 in #)ic) case1 t)e treac)ery a.sor.s
t)e same.
"ll'stration5
A person #)o is determined to Hill resorted to t)e co$er of darHness at ni)ttime to ins're
t)e Hillin. =oct'rnity .ecomes a means t)at constit'tes treac)ery and t)e Hillin #o'ld
.e m'rder. ?'t if t)e ara$atin circ'mstance of noct'rnity is considered .y itself1 it is
not one of t)ose #)ic) @'alify a )omicide to m'rder. >ne mi)t t)inH t)e Hillin is
)omicide 'nless noct'rnity is considered as constit'tin treac)ery1 in #)ic) case t)e
crime is m'rder.
T)e essence of treachery is t)at t)e offended party #as denied t)e c)ance to defend
)imself .eca'se of t)e means1 met)ods1 form in e2ec'tin t)e crime deli.erately adopted
.y t)e offender. "t is a matter of #)et)er or not t)e offended party #as denied t)e c)ance
of defendin )imself.
"f t)e offended #as denied t)e c)ance to defend )imself1 treac)ery @'alifies t)e Hillin to
m'rder. "f despite t)e means resorted to .y t)e offender1 t)e offended #as a.le to p't 'p
a defense1 alt)o') 'ns'ccessf'l1 treac)ery is not a$aila.le. "nstead1 some ot)er
circ'mstance may .e present. Consider no# #)et)er s'c) ot)er circ'mstance @'alifies
t)e Hillin or not.
"ll'stration5
If the offender used superior strength and the victim was denied the chance to defend
himself& there is treachery. T)e treac)ery m'st .e alleed in t)e information$ But if the
victim was a'le to put up an unsuccessful resistance1 t)ere is no more treac)ery .'t t)e
'se of s'perior strent) can .e alleed and it also @'alifies t)e Hillin to m'rder.
One attendant *ualifying circumstance is enough$ "f t)ere are more t)an one @'alifyin
circ'mstance alleed in t)e information for m'rder1 only one circ'mstance #ill @'alify t)e
Hillin to m'rder and t)e ot)er circ'mstances #ill .e taHen as eneric.
To 'e considered *ualifying& the particular circumstance must 'e alleged in the
information. "f #)at #as alleed #as not pro$en and instead anot)er circ'mstance1 not
alleed1 #as esta.lis)ed d'rin t)e trial1 e$en if t)e latter constit'tes a @'alifyin
circ'mstance 'nder Article 24%1 t)e same can not @'alify t)e Hillin to m'rder. T)e
acc'sed can only .e con$icted of )omicide.
Jenerally1 murder cannot 'e committed if at the 'eginning& the offended had no intent to
/ill 'ecause the *ualifying circumstances must 'e resorted to with a view of /illing the
offended party$ Ao if t)e Hillin #ere at t)e Esp'r of t)e momentG1 e$en t)o') t)e $ictim
#as denied t)e c)ance to defend )imself .eca'se of t)e s'ddenness of t)e attacH1 t)e
crime #o'ld only .e )omicide. Treac)ery contemplates t)at t)e means1 met)ods and
form in t)e e2ec'tion #ere conscio'sly adopted and deli.erately resorted to .y t)e
offender1 and #ere not merely incidental to t)e Hillin.
If the offender may have not intended to /ill the victim 'ut he only wanted to commit a
crime against him in the 'eginning& he will still 'e lia'le for murder if in the manner of
committing the felony there was treachery and as a conse*uence thereof the victim died$
14%
T)is is .ased on t)e r'le t)at a person committin a felony s)all .e lia.le for t)e
conse@'ences t)ereof alt)o') different from t)at #)ic) )e intended.
"ll'stration5
The accused& three young men& resented the fact that the victim continued to visit a girl in
their neigh'orhood despite the warning they gave him$ .o one evening& after the victim
had visited the girl& they sei(ed and tied him to a tree& with 'oth arms and legs around
the tree$ They thought they would give him a lesson 'y whipping him with 'ranches of
gumamela until the victim fell unconscious$ The accused left not /nowing that the victim
died$
T)e crime committed #as m'rder. T)e acc'sed depri$ed t)e $ictim of t)e c)ance to
defend )imself #)en t)e latter #as tied to a tree. Treac)ery is a circ'mstance referrin
to t)e manner of committin t)e crime. T)ere #as no risH to t)e acc'sed arisin from t)e
defense .y t)e $ictim.
Alt)o') #)at #as initially intended #as p)ysical in/'ry1 t)e manner adopted .y t)e
acc'sed #as treac)ero's and since t)e $ictim died as a conse@'ence t)ereof1 t)e crime
is m'rder 44 alt)o') oriinally1 t)ere #as no intent to Hill.
%hen the victim is already dead& intent to /ill 'ecomes irrelevant. "t is important only if
t)e $ictim did not die to determine if t)e felony is p)ysical in/'ry or attempted or fr'strated
)omicide.
Ao lon as t)e means1 met)ods and form in t)e e2ec'tion is deli.erately adopted1 e$en if
t)ere #as no intent to Hill1 t)ere is treac)ery.
(2) In consideration of price& reward or promises-
(3) Inundation& fire& poison& explosion& shipwrec/& stranding of a vessel& derailment or assault
upon a street car or locomotive& fall of an airship& 'y means of a motor vehicle& or with
the use of other means involving great waste and ruin-
T)e only pro.lem insofar as t)e Hillin .y fire is concerned is #)et)er it #o'ld .e arson
#it) )omicide1 or m'rder.
:)en a person is Hilled .y fire1 t)e primordial criminal intent of t)e offender is considered.
If the primordial criminal intent of the offender is to /ill and fire was only used as a means
to do so& the crime is only murder$ If the primordial criminal intent of the offender is to
destroy property with the use of pyrotechnics and incidentally& some'ody within the
premises is /illed& the crime is arson with homicide. ?'t t)is is not a comple2 crime
'nder Article 4%. T)is is sinle indi$isi.le crime penaliIed 'nder Article 3261 #)ic) is
deat) as a conse@'ence of arson. T)at some.ody died d'rin s'c) fire #o'ld not .rin
a.o't m'rder .eca'se t)ere is no intent to Hill in t)e mind of t)e offender. 0e intended
only to destroy property. 0o#e$er1 a )i)er penalty #ill .e applied.
'hen killing $as accomplished :by means of fire; alleged in the information# it does not ,ualify
killing to >urder unless the use of fire $as employed to kill the +ictim.
"n (eo,le %& (ugay an/ Samson. !)+ SCRA ":4. t)ere #as a to#n fiesta and t)e t#o
acc'sed #ere at t)e to#n plaIa #it) t)eir companions. All #ere 'proario'sly )appy1
apparently drenc)ed #it) drinH. T)en1 t)e ro'p sa# t)e $ictim1 a 25 year old retard
#alHin near.y and t)ey made )im dance .y ticHlin )is sides #it) a piece of #ood. T)e
$ictim and t)e acc'sed -'ay #ere friends and1 at times1 slept in t)e same place
toet)er. 0a$in otten .ored #it) t)eir form of entertainment1 acc'sed -'ay #ent and
ot a can of asoline and po'red it all o$er t)e retard. T)en1 t)e acc'sed Aamson lit )im
'p1 maHin )im a frenIied1 s)rieHin )'man torc). T)e retard died.
"t #as )eld t)at -'ay #as 'ilty of )omicide t)ro') recHless impr'dence. Aamson
only 'ilty of )omicide1 #it) t)e mitiatin circ'mstance of no intention to commit so
ra$e a #ron. T)ere #as no animosity .et#een t)e t#o acc'sed and t)e $ictim s'c)
t)at it cannot .e said t)at t)ey resort to fire to Hill )im. "t #as merely a part of t)eir f'n
maHin .'t .eca'se t)eir acts #ere felonio's1 t)ey are criminally lia.le.
14&
(4) On occasion of any of the calamities enumerated in the preceding paragraph c& or an
earth*ua/e& eruption of volcano& destructive cyclone& epidemic or any other pu'lic
calamity-
(5) Evident premeditation; and
When the actual victim turns out to be different from the intended victim,
premeditation is not aggravating. &People vs. G#illen, 51 Phil. ';))
(6) Cruelty& 'y deli'erately and inhumanly augmenting the suffering of the victim& or
outraging or scoffing at his person or corpse$
Cr'elty incl'des t)e sit'ation #)ere t)e $ictim is already dead and yet1 acts #ere
committed #)ic) #o'ld decry or scoff t)e corpse of t)e $ictim. T)e crime .ecomes
m'rder.
0ence1 t)is is not act'ally limited to cr'elty. "t oes .eyond t)at .eca'se e$en if t)e
$ictim is already a corpse #)en t)e acts deli.erately a'mentin t)e #ron done to )im
#ere committed1 t)e Hillin is still @'alified to m'rder alt)o') t)e acts done no loner
amo'nt to cr'elty.
nder Article 58& the generic aggravating circumstance of cruelty re*uires that the victim
'e alive& when the cruel wounds were inflicted and& therefore& must 'e evidence to that
effect$ >et& in murder& aside from cruelty& any act that would amount to scoffing or
decrying the corpse of the victim will *ualify the /illing to murder$
"ll'stration5
T#o people enaed in a @'arrel and t)ey )acHed eac) ot)er1 one Hillin t)e ot)er. 8p to
t)at point1 t)e crime is )omicide. 0o#e$er1 if t)e Hiller tried to dismem.er t)e different
parts of t)e .ody of t)e $ictim1 indicati$e of an intention to scoff at or decry or )'miliate
t)e corpse of t)e $ictim1 t)en #)at #o'ld )a$e m'rder .eca'se t)is circ'mstance is
reconiIed 'nder Article 24%1 e$en t)o') it #as inflicted or #as committed #)en t)e
$ictim #as already dead.
The following are holdings of the %upreme Court with respect to the crime of murder:
(1) Cillin of a c)ild of tender ae is m'rder @'alified .y treac)ery .eca'se t)e #eaHness of
t)e c)ild d'e to )is tender ae res'lts in t)e a.sence of any daner to t)e aressor.
(2) E$ident premeditation is a.sor.ed in price1 re#ard or promise1 if #it)o't t)e
premeditation t)e ind'ctor #o'ld not )a$e ind'ced t)e ot)er to commit t)e act .'t not as
reards t)e one ind'ced.
(3 A.'se of s'perior strent) is in)erent in and compre)ended .y t)e circ'mstance of
treac)ery or forms part of treac)ery.
(4) Treac)ery is in)erent in poison.
(5) :)ere one of t)e acc'sed1 #)o #ere c)ared #it) m'rder1 #as t)e #ife of t)e deceased
.'t )ere relations)ip to t)e deceased #as not alleed in t)e information1 s)e also s)o'ld
.e con$icted of m'rder .'t t)e relations)ip s)o'ld .e appreciated as ara$atin.
(6) Cillin of t)e $ictims )it .y )and renade t)ro#n at t)em is m'rder @'alified .y e2plosion
not .y treac)ery.
(!) :)ere t)e acc'sed )o'semaid aed a t)ree year old .oy1 son of )er master1 #it)
stocHins1 placed )im in a .o2 #it) )ead do#n and les 'p#ard and co$ered t)e .o2 #it)
some sacHs and ot)er .o2es1 and t)e c)ild instantly died .eca'se of s'ffocation1 and
t)en t)e acc'sed demanded ransom from t)e parents1 s'c) did not con$ert t)e offense
into Hidnappin #it) m'rder. T)e acc'sed #as #ell a#are t)at t)e c)ild co'ld .e
s'ffocated to deat) in a fe# min'tes after s)e left. 3ansom #as only a part of t)e
dia.olical sc)eme to m'rder t)e c)ild1 to conceal )is .ody and t)en demand money
.efore disco$ery of t)e .ody.
T)e essence of Hidnappin or serio's illeal detention is t)e act'al confinement or restraint of t)e
$ictim or depri$ation of )is li.erty. If there is no showing that the accused intended to deprive
14-
their victims of their li'erty for some time and there 'eing no apprecia'le interval 'etween their
'eing ta/en and their 'eing shot& murder and not /idnapping with murder is committed$
Article 5"4
8OMICI7E
ELEMENTS#
1. That a person was %illed.
2. That the acc#sed %illed him witho#t an! /#stif!ing circ#mstances.
'. That the acc#sed had the intention to %ill, which is pres#med.
4. That the %illing was not attended b! an! of the ,#alif!ing circ#mstances of m#rder, or b!
that of parricide or infanticide.
Notes#
0omicide is t)e 'nla#f'l Hillin of a person not constit'tin m'rder1 parricide or infanticide.
1. "ntent to Hill is concl'si$ely pres'med #)en deat) res'lted. 0ence1 e$idence of
intent to Hill is re@'ired only in attempted or fr'strated )omicide
2. "n all crimes aainst persons in #)ic) t)e deat) of t)e $ictim is an element1 t)ere
m'st .e satisfactory e$idence of (1) t)e fact of deat) and (2) t)e identity of t)e
$ictim
Distinction .et#een )omicide and p)ysical in/'ries5
In attempted or frustrated homicide1 t)ere is intent to Hill.
In physical in4uries1 t)ere is none. 9owever1 if as a res'lt of t)e p)ysical in/'ries inflicted1 t)e
$ictim died1 t)e crime #ill .e )omicide .eca'se t)e la# p'nis)es t)e res'lt1 and not t)e intent of
t)e act.
The ollowing are hol/ings o the Su,reme Court with res,ect to the crime o homici/e#
(1) -)ysical in/'ries are incl'ded as one of t)e essential elements of fr'strated )omicide.
(2) "f t)e deceased recei$ed t#o #o'nds from t#o persons actin independently of eac)
ot)er and t)e #o'nd inflicted .y eit)er co'ld )a$e ca'sed deat)1 .ot) of t)em are lia.le
for t)e deat) of t)e $ictim and eac) of t)em is 'ilty of )omicide.
(3) "f t)e in/'ries #ere mortal .'t #ere only d'e to nelience1 t)e crime committed #ill .e
serio's p)ysical in/'ries t)ro') recHless impr'dence as t)e element of intent to Hill in
fr'strated )omicide is incompati.le #it) nelience or impr'dence.
(4) :)ere t)e intent to Hill is not manifest1 t)e crime committed )as .een enerally
considered as p)ysical in/'ries and not attempted or fr'strated m'rder or )omicide.
(5) :)en se$eral assailants not actin in conspiracy inflicted #o'nds on a $ictim .'t it
cannot .e determined #)o inflicted #)ic) #o'ld #)ic) ca'sed t)e deat) of t)e $ictim1 all
are lia.le for t)e $ictimFs deat).
=ote t)at #)ile it is possi.le to )a$e a crime of )omicide t)ro') recHless impr'dence1 it is not
possi.le to )a$e a crime of fr'strated )omicide t)ro') recHless impr'dence.
9f a bo5er killed his opponent in a bo5ing bout duly licensed by the Eo+ernment $ithout any
+iolation of the go+erning rules and regulations# there is no 1omicide to speak of. 9f he hit his
opponent belo$ the belt $ithout any intention to do so# it is 1omicide Through 3eckless
9mprudence if the latter died as a result. 9f he intentionally hit his opponent on that part of his
body causing the death# the crime is 1omicide.
15.
The shooting of a peace officer $ho $as fully a$are of the risks in pursuing the malefactors
$hen done in a spur of the moment is only 1omicide. &People vs. Porras, 211 230A 114).
+ommon misconception on the meaning o% corpus delicti.
$orpus delicti means body of the crime. It does not refer to the body of the
murdered person. In all crimes against persons in which the death of the
victim is an element of the crime, there must be proof of the fact of death
and identity of the victim. &3orte* vs. 3o#rt of Appeals, 182 230A 1'=)
Article 5'6
(ENALTY *OR *RUSTRATE7 (ARRICI7E. MUR7ER OR 8OMICI7E
Article 5'!
7EAT8 IN A TUMULTOUS A**RAY
ELEMENTS#
1. That there be several persons.
2. That the! did not compose gro#ps organi*ed for the common p#rpose of assa#lting and
attac%ing each other reciprocall!.
'. That these several persons ,#arreled and assa#lted one another in a conf#sed and
t#m#lt#o#s manner.
4. That someone was %illed in the co#rse of the affra!.
1. That it cannot be ascertained who act#all! %illed the deceased.
8. That the person or persons who inflicted serio#s ph!sical in/#ries or who #sed violence
can be identified.
=otes5
1. T'm'lt'o's affray e2ists #)en at least 4 persons taHe part in it
2. :)en t)ere are 2 identified ro'ps of men #)o assa'lted eac) ot)er1 t)ere is no
t'm'lt'o's affray
4. 'ersons lia!le are:
a. personLs #)o inflicted serio's p)ysical in/'ries
.. if it is not Hno#n #)o inflicted serio's p)ysical in/'ries on t)e deceased1 all
persons #)o 'sed $iolence 'pon t)e person of t)e $ictim
9f those $ho actually killed the +ictim can be determined# they $ill be the ones to be held liable#
and those $ho inflicted serious or less serious or slight physical in6uries shall be punished for said
corresponding offenses pro+ided no conspiracy is established $ith the killers.
Tumultuous affray simply means a commotion in a t'm'lt'o's and conf'sed manner1 to s'c) an
e2tent t)at it #o'ld not .e possi.le to identify #)o t)e Hiller is if deat) res'lts1 or #)o inflicted t)e
serio's p)ysical in/'ry1 .'t t)e person or persons #)o 'sed $iolence are Hno#n.
"t is not a t'm'lt'o's affray #)ic) .rins a.o't t)e crime; it is t)e ina.ility to ascertain act'al
perpetrator. "t is necessary t)at t)e $ery person #)o ca'sed t)e deat) can not .e Hno#n1 not
t)at )e can not .e identified. ?eca'se if )e is Hno#n .'t only )is identity is not Hno#n1 t)en )e
#ill .e c)ared for t)e crime of )omicide or m'rder 'nder a fictitio's name and not deat) in a
t'm'lt'o's affray. "f t)ere is a conspiracy1 t)is crime is not committed.
151
To !e considered death in a tumultuous affray/ there must !e:
(1) a @'arrel1 a free4for4all1 #)ic) s)o'ld not in$ol$e oraniIed ro'p; and
(2) someone #)o is in/'red or Hilled .eca'se of t)e fi)t.
The person killed in the affray need not be one of the participants.
As lon as it cannot .e determined #)o Hilled t)e $ictim1 all of t)ose persons #)o inflicted serio's
p)ysical in/'ries #ill .e collecti$ely ans#era.le for t)e deat) of t)at fello#.
The (evised 'enal Code sets priorities as to who may !e lia!le for the death or physical
in-ury in tumultuous affray:
(1) T)e persons #)o inflicted serio's p)ysical in/'ry 'pon t)e $ictim;
(2) "f t)ey co'ld not .e Hno#n1 t)en anyone #)o may )a$e employed $iolence on t)at
person #ill ans#er for )is deat).
(3) "f no.ody co'ld still .e traced to )a$e employed $iolence 'pon t)e $ictim1 no.ody #ill
ans#er. T)e crimes committed mi)t .e dist'r.ance of p'.lic order1 or if participants are
armed1 it co'ld .e t'm'lt'o's dist'r.ance1 or if property #as destroyed1 it co'ld .e
malicio's misc)ief.
Article 5'5
(8YSICAL IN>URIES IN*LICTE7 IN A TUMULTOUS A**RAY
ELEMENTS#
1. that there is a t#m#lt#o#s affra! as referred to in the preceding article.
2. That a participant or some participants thereof s#ffer serio#s ph!sical in/#ries or ph!sical
in/#ries of a less serio#s nat#re onl!.
'. that the person responsible therefor cannot be identified.
4. That all those who appear to have #sed violence #pon the person of the offended part! are
%nown.
'nlike in ,rticle $1!, where the victim need not be one of the participants,
the in#ured party in the crime of physical in#uries inflicted in tumultuous
affray must be one or some of those involved in the quarrel.
In physical in4uries caused in a tumultuous affray1 t)e conditions are also t)e same. But you do
not have a crime of physical in4uries resulting from a tumultuous affray if the physical in4ury is only
slight$ T)e p)ysical in/'ry s)o'ld .e serio's or less serio's and res'ltin from a t'm'lt'o's
affray. Ao anyone #)o may )a$e employed $iolence #ill ans#er for s'c) serio's or less serio's
p)ysical in/'ry.
"f t)e p)ysical in/'ry s'stained is only sli)t1 t)is is considered as in)erent in a t'm'lt'o's affray.
T)e offended party cannot complain if )e cannot identify #)o inflicted t)e sli)t p)ysical in/'ries
on )im.
ote that in slight physical injuries is inflicted in the tumultuous affray and
the identity of the offender is established, the provisions of this article will not
be observed. Instead, the offender shall be prosecuted in the ordinary course
of law.
Article 5':
GI3ING ASSISTANCE TO SUICI7E
Acts ,unisha-le#
152
1. Assisting another to commit s#icide, whether the s#icide is cons#mmated or not
2. Lending his assistance to another to commit s#icide to the e"tent of doing the %illing
himself
Notes#
Ji$in assistance to s'icide means i$in means (arms1 poison1 etc.) or #)ate$er manner of
positi$e and direct cooperation (intellect'al aid1 s'estions reardin t)e mode of committin
s'icide1 etc.).
1. A person #)o attempts to commit s'icide is not criminally lia.le
"n t)is crime1 t)e intention m'st .e for t)e person #)o is asHin t)e assistance of anot)er to
commit s'icide.
"f t)e intention is not to commit s'icide1 as #)en )e /'st #anted to )a$e a pict're taHen of )im to
impress 'pon t)e #orld t)at )e is committin s'icide .eca'se )e is not satisfied #it) t)e
o$ernment1 t)e crime is )eld to .e inciting to sedition$
0e .ecomes a co4conspirator in t)e crime of incitin to sedition1 .'t not of i$in assistance to
s'icide .eca'se t)e assistance m'st .e i$en to one #)o is really determined to commit s'icide.
2. A prenant #oman #)o tried to commit s'icide .y means of poison .'t instead of
dyin1 t)e fet's in )er #om. #as e2pelled1 is not lia.le for a.ortion
3. Assistance to suicide is different from mercy3/illing. E't)anasiaLmercy4Hillin is
t)e practice of painlessly p'ttin to deat) a person s'fferin from some inc'ra.le
disease. "n t)is case1 t)e person does not #ant to die. A doctor who resorts to
euthanasia may 'e held lia'le for murder
"f t)e person does t)e Hillin )imself1 t)e penalty is similar to t)at of )omicide1 #)ic) is recl'sion
temporal. T)ere can .e no @'alifyin circ'mstance .eca'se t)e determination to die m'st come
from t)e $ictim. T)is does not contemplate e't)anasia or mercy Hillin #)ere t)e crime is
m'rder1 if #it)o't consent; if #it) consent1 co$ered .y Article 253.
"n mercy Hillin1 t)e $ictim is not in a position to commit s'icide. :)oe$er #o'ld )eed )is ad$ice
is not really i$in assistance to s'icide .'t doin t)e Hillin )imself. "n i$in assistance to
s'icide1 t)e principal actor is t)e person committin t)e s'icide.
?ot) in e't)anasia and s'icide1 t)e intention to t)e end life comes from t)e $ictim )imself;
ot)er#ise t)e article does not apply. T)e $ictim m'st persistently ind'ce t)e offender to end )is
life.
4. -enalty is mitiated if s'icide is not s'ccessf'l
4+en if the suicide did not materiali*e# the person gi+ing assistance to suicide is also liable but
the penalty shall be one or t$o degrees lo$er depending on $hether it is frustrated or attempted
suicide.
The following are holdings of the %upreme Court with respect to this crime:
(1) T)e crime is fr'strated if t)e offender i$es t)e assistance .y doin t)e Hillin )imself as
firin 'pon t)e )ead of t)e $ictim .'t #)o did not die d'e to medical assistance.
(2) T)e person attemptin to commit s'icide is not lia.le if )e s'r$i$es. T)e acc'sed is lia.le
if )e Hills t)e $ictim1 )is s#eet)eart1 .eca'se of a s'icide pact.
Article 5'"
7ISC8ARGE O* *IREARMS
ELEMENTS#
1. that the offender discharges a firearm against or at another person.
153
2. That the offender has no intention to %ill that person.
Notes#
T)is crime cannot .e committed t)ro') impr'dence .eca'se it re@'ires t)at t)e disc)are m'st
.e directed at anot)er.
1. T)e offender m'st s)oot at anot)er #it) any firearm #it)o't intention of Hillin
)im. If the firearm is not discharged at a person1 t)e act is not p'nis)ed 'nder
t)is article
"f t)e firearm is directed at a person and t)e trier #as pressed .'t did not fire1 t)e crime is
fr'strated disc)are of firearm.
"f t)e disc)are is not directed at a person1 t)e crime may constit'te alarm and scandal.
2. A disc)are to#ards t)e )o'se of t)e $ictim is not disc)are of firearm. >n t)e
ot)er )and1 firin a 'n aainst t)e )o'se of t)e offended party at random1 not
Hno#in in #)at part of t)e )o'se t)e people #ere1 it is only alarm 'nder art 155.
3. 8s'ally1 t)e p'rpose of t)e offender is only to intimidate or fri)ten t)e offended
party
4. "ntent to Hill is neated .y t)e fact t)at t)e distance .et#een t)e $ictim and t)e
offender is 2** yards
5. A person can .e )eld lia.le for disc)are e$en if t)e 'n #as not pointed at t)e
offended party #)en it fired for as lon as it #as initially aimed at or aainst t)e
offended party
The following are holdings of the %upreme Court with respect to this crime:
(1) "f serio's p)ysical in/'ries res'lted from disc)are1 t)e crime committed is t)e comple2
crime of serio's p)ysical in/'ry #it) illeal disc)are of firearm1 or if less serio's p)ysical
in/'ry1 t)e comple2 crime of less serio's p)ysical in/'ry #it) illeal disc)are of firearm
#ill apply.
(2) +irin a 'n at a person e$en if merely to fri)ten )im constit'tes illeal disc)are of
firearm.
The gun used in the crime must be licensed, or the person using the firearm
must be authori)ed to carry the same, otherwise, in addition to the crime
punished under this article, accused may also be held liable for illegal
possession of firearm under 3epublic ,ct o. !6-- as amended by 3epublic
,ct o. 6$B/.
Article 5''
IN*ANTICI7E
ELEMENTS#
1. That a child was %illed.
2. That the deceased child was less than three da!s &)2 ho#rs) of age.
'. That the acc#sed %illed the said child.
Notes#
1. :)en t)e offender is t)e fat)er1 mot)er or leitimate ascendant1 )e s)all s'ffer
t)e penalty prescri.ed for parricide. "f t)e offender is any ot)er person1 t)e
penalty is t)at for m'rder. "n eit)er case1 t)e proper @'alification for t)e offense is
infanticide
154
4+en if the killer is the mother or the father or the legitimate grandparents# the crime is still
9nfanticide and not Parricide. The penalty ho$e+er# is that for Parricide.
"ll'stration5
An unmarried woman& A& gave 'irth to a child& B$ To conceal her dishonor& A conspired with C to
dispose of the child$ C agreed and /illed the child B 'y 'urying the child somewhere$
If the child was /illed when the age of the child was three days old and a'ove already1 t)e crime
of A is parricide. T)e fact t)at t)e Hillin #as done to conceal )er dis)onor #ill not mitiate t)e
criminal lia.ility anymore .eca'se concealment of dis)onor in Hillin t)e c)ild is not mitiatin in
parricide.
If the crime committed 'y A is parricide 'ecause the age of the child is three days old or a'ove&
t)e crime of t)e co4conspirator C is m'rder. "t is not parricide .eca'se )e is not related to t)e
$ictim.
If the child is less than three days old when /illed1 .ot) t)e mot)er and t)e straner commits
infanticide .eca'se infanticide is not predicated on t)e relation of t)e offender to t)e offended
party .'t on t)e ae of t)e c)ild. "n s'c) a case1 concealment of dis)onor as a moti$e for t)e
mot)er to )a$e t)e c)ild Hilled is mitiatin.
2. :)en infanticide is committed .y t)e mot)er or maternal randmot)er in order to
conceal t)e dis)onor1 s'c) fact is only mitiatin
3. T)e delin@'ent mot)er #)o claims t)at s)e committed t)e offense to conceal t)e
dis)onor m'st .e of ood rep'tation. 0ence1 if s)e is a prostit'te1 s)e is not
entitled to a lesser penalty .eca'se s)e )as no )onor to conceal
Concealment of dishonor is not an element of infanticide. "t merely lo#ers t)e penalty. "f t)e c)ild
is a.andoned #it)o't any intent to Hill and deat) res'lts as a conse@'ence1 t)e crime committed
is not infanticide .'t a.andonment 'nder Article 2!6.
"f t)e p'rpose of t)e mot)er is to conceal )er dis)onor1 infanticide t)ro') impr'dence is not
committed .eca'se t)e p'rpose of concealin t)e dis)onor is incompati.le #it) t)e a.sence of
malice in c'lpa.le felonies.
4. T)ere is no infanticide #)en t)e c)ild #as .orn dead1 or alt)o') .orn ali$e it
co'ld not s'stain an independent life #)en it #as Hilled
In our study of persons and family relations, we have learned that birth
determines personality. *o fetus becomes a person by the legal fact of birth.
The 4ivil 4ode provides that, if the fetus had an intra+uterine life of less than
seven F>D months, it will be considered born only if it survives $/ hours after
the umbilical cord is cut. If such fetus is killed within the $/+hour period, we
have to determine if it would have survived or it would have died
nonetheless, had it not been killed.
, legal problem occurs when a fetus having an intra+uterine life of less than >
months, born alive, is killed within $/ hours from the time the umbilical cord
is cut. This is so because there is difficulty of determining whether the crime
committed is infanticide or abortion. In such a situation, the court may avail
of expert testimony in order to help it arrive at a conclusion. *o, if it is shown
that the infant cannot survive within $/ hours, the crime committed is
abortion# otherwise if it can survive, the crime would be infanticide.
Article 5')
INTENTIONAL ABORTION
ELEMENTS#
1. That there is a pregnant woman.
155
2. That violence is e"erted, or dr#gs or beverages administered, or that the acc#sed otherwise
acts #pon s#ch pregnant woman.
'. That as a res#lt of the #se of violence or dr#gs or beverages #pon her, or an! other act of
the acc#sed, the fet#s dies, either in the womb or after having been e"pelled therefrom.
4. That the abortion is intended.
Ortega Notes#
Acts ,unishe/
1. 8sin any $iolence 'pon t)e person of t)e prenant #oman;
2. Actin1 .'t #it)o't 'sin $iolence1 #it)o't t)e consent of t)e #oman. (?y administerin
dr's or .e$eraes 'pon s'c) prenant #oman #it)o't )er consent.)
3. Actin (.y administerin dr's or .e$eraes)1 #it) t)e consent of t)e prenant #oman.
A'ortion is the violent expulsion of a fetus from the maternal wom'. "f t)e fet's )as .een
deli$ered .'t it co'ld not s'.sist .y itself1 it is still a fet's and not a person. T)'s1 if it is Hilled1 t)e
crime committed is a.ortion not infanticide.
Distinction .et#een infanticide and a.ortion
"t is infanticide if t)e $ictim is already a person less t)at t)ree days old or !2 )o'rs and is $ia.le
or capa.le of li$in separately from t)e mot)erFs #om..
"t is a'ortion if t)e $ictim is not $ia.le .'t remains to .e a fet's.
A'ortion is not a crime against the woman 'ut against the fetus. "f mot)er as a conse@'ence of
a.ortion s'ffers deat) or p)ysical in/'ries1 yo' )a$e a comple2 crime of m'rder or p)ysical
in/'ries and a.ortion.
In intentional a'ortion1 t)e offender m'st Hno# of t)e prenancy .eca'se t)e partic'lar criminal
intention is to ca'se an a.ortion. T)erefore1 t)e offender m'st )a$e Hno#n of t)e prenancy for
ot)er#ise1 )e #o'ld not try an a.ortion.
"f t)e #oman t'rns o't not to .e prenant and someone performs an a.ortion 'pon )er1 )e is
lia.le for an impossi.le crime if t)e #oman s'ffers no p)ysical in/'ry. "f s)e does1 t)e crime #ill
.e )omicide1 serio's p)ysical in/'ries1 etc.
8nder t)e Article 4* of t)e Ci$il Code1 'irth determines personality. A person is considered .orn
at t)e time #)en t)e 'm.ilical cord is c't. 0e t)en ac@'ires a personality separate from t)e
mot)er.
?'t e$en t)o') t)e 'm.ilical cord )as .een c't1 Article 41 of t)e Ci$il Code pro$ides t)at if t)e
fet's )ad an intra4'terine life of less t)an se$en mont)s1 it m'st s'r$i$e at least 24 )o'rs after t)e
'm.ilical cord is c't for it to .e considered .orn.
"ll'stration5
A mot)er deli$ered an offsprin #)ic) )ad an intra4'terine life of se$en mont)s. ?efore t)e
'm.ilical cord is c't1 t)e c)ild #as Hilled.
"f it co'ld .e s)o#n t)at )ad t)e 'm.ilical cord .een c't1 t)at c)ild1 if not Hilled1 #o'ld )a$e
s'r$i$ed .eyond 24 )o'rs1 t)e crime is infanticide .eca'se t)at concei$ed c)ild is already
considered .orn.
"f it co'ld .e s)o#n t)at t)e c)ild1 if not Hilled1 #o'ld not )a$e s'r$i$ed .eyond 24 )o'rs1 t)e
crime is a.ortion .eca'se #)at #as Hilled #as a fet's only.
"n a.ortion1 the concealment of dishonor as a motive of the mother to commit the a'ortion upon
herself is mitigating. "t #ill also mitiate t)e lia.ility of t)e maternal randparent of t)e $ictim B t)e
mot)er of t)e prenant #oman B if t)e a.ortion #as done #it) t)e consent of t)e prenant
#oman.
156
If the a'ortion was done 'y the mother of the pregnant woman without the consent of the woman
herself1 e$en if it #as done to conceal dis)onor1 t)at circ'mstance #ill not mitiate )er criminal
lia.ility.
But if those who performed the a'ortion are the parents of the pregnant woman& or either of
them& and the pregnant woman consented for the purpose of concealing her dishonor1 t)e penalty
is t)e same as t)at imposed 'pon t)e #oman #)o practiced t)e a.ortion 'pon )erself .
<rustrated a'ortion is committed if t)e fet's t)at is e2pelled is $ia.le and1 t)erefore1 not dead as
a.ortion did not res'lt despite t)e employment of ade@'ate and s'fficient means to maHe t)e
prenant #oman a.ort. "f t)e means are not s'fficient or ade@'ate1 t)e crime #o'ld .e an
impossi'le crime of a'ortion. "n cons'mmated a.ortion1 t)e fet's m'st .e dead.
>ne #)o pers'ades )er sister to a.ort is a co4principal1 and one #)o looHs for a p)ysician to
maHe )is s#eet)eart a.ort is an accomplice. T)e p)ysician #ill .e p'nis)ed 'nder Article 25( of
t)e 3e$ised -enal Code.
Article 5'+
UNINTENTIONAL ABORTION
ELEMENTS#
1. That there is a pregnant woman.
2. That violence is #sed #pon s#ch pregnant woman witho#t intending an abortion.
'. That the violence is intentionall! e"erted.
4. That as a res#lt of the violence that fet#s dies, either in the womb or after having been
e"pelled therefrom.
Notes#
8nintentional a.ortion re@'ires p)ysical $iolence inflicted deli.erately and $ol'ntarily .y a t)ird
person 'pon t)e person of t)e prenant #oman. Mere intimidation is not eno') 'nless t)e
deree of intimidation already appro2imates $iolence.
"f t)e prenant #oman a.orted .eca'se of intimidation1 t)e crime committed is not 'nintentional
a.ortion .eca'se t)ere is no $iolence; t)e crime committed is li)t t)reats.
"f t)e prenant #oman #as Hilled .y $iolence .y )er )'s.and1 t)e crime committed is t)e
comple2 crime of parricide #it) 'nla#f'l a.ortion.
While there is no intention on the part of the accused to cause an abortion,
nonetheless, the violence that he employs on the pregnant woman must be
intentional. In other words, only the abortion is unintended.
1. 8nintentional a.ortion can also .e committed t)ro') nelience
8nintentional a.ortion may .e committed t)ro') nelience as it is eno') t)at t)e 'se of
$iolence .e $ol'ntary.
"ll'stration5
A @'arrel ens'ed .et#een A1 )'s.and1 and ?1 #ife. A .ecame so anry t)at )e str'cH ?1 #)o
#as t)en prenant1 #it) a soft drinH .ottle on t)e )ip. A.ortion res'lted and ? died.
Take note that while unintentional abortion appears to be a crime that should
be committed with deliberate intent because of the re5uirement that the
violence employed on the victim must be intentional, nevertheless, if the
circumstances of the case justifies the application of the other means of
committing a felony Flike culpaD, then the same should be applied but the
penalty will not be the penalty provided under ,rticle $1>. Instead, the
15%
offender shall be subject to the penalty prescribed for simple or reckless
imprudence under ,rticle .-1.
2. T)e acc'sed can only .e )eld lia.le if )e Hne# t)at t)e #oman #as prenant
3 DE?ATA?7E
"n US %& >ery. !' (hil& :4!. t)e A'preme Co'rt said t)at Hno#lede of prenancy of t)e
offended party is not necessary. "n (eo,le %& Carnaso. /eci/e/ on A,ril +. !4)". )o#e$er1 t)e
A'preme Co'rt )eld t)at Hno#lede of prenancy is re@'ired in 'nintentional a.ortion.
Criticism#
8nder Article 41 pararap) 1 of t)e 3e$ised -enal Code1 any person committing a felony is
criminally lia'le for all the direct& natural& and logical conse*uences of his felonious acts although
it may 'e different from that which is intended$ T)e act of employin $iolence or p)ysical force
'pon t)e #oman is already a felony. It is not material if offender /new a'out the woman 'eing
pregnant or not$
"f t)e act of $iolence is not felonio's1 t)at is1 act of self4defense1 and t)ere is no Hno#lede of t)e
#omanFs prenancy1 t)ere is no lia.ility. "f t)e act of $iolence is not felonio's1 .'t t)ere is
Hno#lede of t)e #omanFs prenancy1 t)e offender is lia.le for 'nintentional a.ortion.
"ll'stration5
T)e act of p's)in anot)er ca'sin )er to fall is a felonio's act and co'ld res'lt in p)ysical
in/'ries. Correspondinly1 if not only p)ysical in/'ries #ere s'stained .'t a.ortion also res'lted1
t)e felonio's act of p's)in is t)e pro2imate ca'se of t)e 'nintentional a.ortion.
3. "f t)ere is no intention to ca'se a.ortion and neit)er #as $iolence e2erted1 arts
256 and 25! does not apply
;uestions A Answers
1. A pregnant woman decided to commit suicide$ .he 4umped out of a window of a
'uilding 'ut she landed on a passer'y$ .he did not die 'ut an a'ortion followed$ Is she lia'le for
unintentional a'ortionQ
=o. :)at is contemplated in 'nintentional a.ortion is t)at t)e force or $iolence m'st come
from anot)er. "f it #as t)e #oman doin t)e $iolence 'pon )erself1 it m'st .e to .rin a.o't
an a.ortion1 and t)erefore1 t)e crime #ill .e intentional a.ortion. "n t)is case1 #)ere t)e
#oman tried to commit s'icide1 t)e act of tryin to commit s'icide is not a felony 'nder t)e
3e$ised -enal Code. T)e one penaliIed in s'icide is t)e one i$in assistance and not t)e
person tryin to commit s'icide.
2. If the a'ortive drug used in a'ortion is a prohi'ited drug or regulated drug under
)residential 0ecree No$ :8+1 6The 0angerous 0rugs Act of 5GK+7& as amended& what are the
crimes committedQ
T)e crimes committed are (1) intentional a.ortion; and (2) $iolation of t)e Danero's
Dr's Act of 1(!2.
Article 5'2
ABORTION (RACTICE7 BY T8E 1OMAN 8ERSEL* OR BY 8ER (ARENTS
ELEMENTS #
1. That there is a pregnant woman who has s#ffered an abortion.
'. That the abortion is ca#sed b!
a. the pregnant woman herself
b. an! other person, with her consent, or
15&
c. an! of her parents, with her consent for the p#rpose of concealing her dishonor.
Notes#
1. 7ia.ility of t)e prenant #oman is mitiated if t)e p'rpose is to conceal )er
dis)onor. 0o#e$er1 t)ere is no Mitiation for t)e parents of t)e prenant #omen
e$en if t)eir p'rpose is to conceal t)eir da')terFs dis)onor
2. "n infanticide1 parents can a$ail of t)e mitiatin circ'mstance of concealin t)e
dis)onor of t)eir da')ter. T)is is not so for art 25%
Article 5'4
ABORTION (RACTICE7 BY A (8YSICIAN OR MI71I*E AN7 7IS(ENSING
O* ABORTI3ES
ELEMENTS#
1. That there is a pregnant woman who has s#ffered an abortion.
'. That the offender, who m#st be a ph!sician or midwife, ca#ses or assists in ca#sing the
abortion.
4. That said ph!sician or midwife ta%es advantage of his or her scientific %nowledge or s%ill.
Notes#
1. "t is not necessary t)at t)e p)armacist Hne# t)at t)e a.orti$e #o'ld .e 'sed to
ca'se a.ortion. %hat is punished is the act of dispensing an a'ortive without the
proper prescription. "t is not necessary t)at t)e a.orti$e .e act'ally 'sed
2. "f t)e p)armacist Hne# t)at t)e a.orti$e #o'ld .e 'sed to ca'se a.ortion and
a.ortion res'lts1 )e is lia.le as an accomplice
"f t)e a.ortion is prod'ced .y a p)ysician to sa$e t)e life of t)e mot)er1 t)ere is no lia.ility. T)is is
Hno#n as a therapeutic a!ortion. ?'t a.ortion #it)o't medical necessity to #arrant it is
p'nis)a.le e$en #it) t)e consent of t)e #oman or )er )'s.and.
"ll'stration5
A woman who is pregnant got sic/$ The doctor administered a medicine which resulted in
A'ortion$ T)e crime committed #as 'nintentional a.ortion t)ro') nelience or impr'dence.
;uestion A Answer
%hat is the lia'ility of a physician who a'orts the fetus to save the life of the motherQ
=one. T)is is a case of t)erape'tic a.ortion #)ic) is done o't of a state of necessity.
T)erefore1 t)e re@'isites 'nder Article 111 pararap) 41 of t)e 3e$ised -enal Code m'st .e
present. T)ere m'st .e no ot)er practical or less )armf'l means of sa$in t)e life of t)e mot)er
to maHe t)e Hillin /'stified.
Article 5)6
RES(ONSIBILITY O* (ARTICI(ANTS IN A 7UEL
Acts ,unishe/#
1. Dilling oneBs adversar! in a d#el
2. nflicting #pon the adversar! serio#s ph!sical in/#ries
15-
'. 6a%ing a combat altho#gh no ph!sical in/#ries have been inflicted
(ersons lia-le#
1. 'rincipals B person #)o Hilled or inflicted p)ysical in/'ries 'pon )is ad$ersary1 or
.ot) com.atants in any ot)er cases
2. Accomplices B as seconds
The person who killed or injured his adversary. If both survive, both will be
liable for the crime of duel as principals by direct participation. The seconds
will be held liable as accomplices.
Notes#
1. 7uel# a formal or re'lar com.at pre$io'sly concerted .et#een 2 parties in t)e
presence of 2 or more seconds of la#f'l ae on eac) side1 #)o maHe t)e
selection of arms and fi2 all t)e ot)er conditions of t)e fi)t
2. If death results1 t)e penalty is t)e same as t)at for )omicide
While the agreement is to fight to the death, the law will disregard the
intent to kill, if only physical in#uries is inflicted. The crime will not be
classified as attempted or frustrated homicide.
9f the accused and the deceased# after a +erbal heated argument in a bar# left the place at the same
time and pursuant to their agreement# $ent to the pla*a to fight each other to death $ith kni+es
$hich they bought on the $ay# the facts do not constitute the crime of dueling since there were no
seconds who fi!ed the conditions of the fight in a more or less formal manner. 9f one $as killed#
the crime committed $ould be 1omicide.
T)ere is no s'c) crime no#adays .eca'se people )it eac) ot)er e$en #it)o't enterin into any
pre4concei$ed areement. T)is is an o.solete pro$ision.
Article 5)!
C8ALLENGING TO A 7UEL
Acts ,unisha-le#
1. 3hallenging another to a d#el
2. nciting another to give or accept a challenge to a d#el
'. 2coffing at or decr!ing another p#blicl! for having ref#sed to accept a challenge to
fight a d#el
(ersons lia-le#
1. C)allener
2. "nstiators
If the challenge is only to fight, without the challenger having in mind a
formal combat to be agreed upon with the assistance of seconds as
contemplated under the law, the crime committed will only be grave or light
threat as the case may be.
"ll'stration5
If one challenges another to a duel 'y shouting BCome down& Olympia& let us measure your
prowess$ %e will see whose intestines will come out$ >ou are a coward if you do not come downC&
the crime of challenging to a duel is not committed. :)at is committed is t)e crime of li)t
t)reats 'nder Article 2%51 pararap) 1 of t)e 3e$ised -enal Code.
16.
(8YSICAL IN>URIES
Article 5)5
MUTILATION
Gin/s o Mutilation
1. "ntentionally m'tilatin anot)er .y depri$in )im1 totally or partially1 of some
essential oran for reprod'ction
2. "ntentionally maHin anot)er m'tilation1 i.e. loppin1 clippin off any part of t)e
.ody of t)e offended party1 ot)er t)an t)e essential oran for reprod'ction1 to
depri$e )im of t)at part of t)e .ody
Elements#
1. There be a castration i.e. m#tilation of organs necessar! for generation
2. 6#tilation is ca#sed p#rposel! and deliberatel!
Notes#
$utilation is t)e loppin or clippin off of some part of t)e .ody.
T)e intent to deli.erately c't off t)e partic'lar part of t)e .ody t)at #as remo$ed from t)e
offended party m'st .e esta.lis)ed. If there is no intent to deprive victim of particular part of
'ody& the crime is only serious physical in4ury.
T)e common mistaHe is to associate t)is #it) t)e reprod'cti$e orans only. #utilation includes
any part of the human 'ody that is not suscepti'le to grow again$
"f #)at #as c't off #as a reprod'cti$e oran1 t)e penalty is m'c) )i)er t)an t)at for )omicide.
T)is cannot .e committed t)ro') criminal nelience.

1. "n t)e first Hind of m'tilation1 t)e castration m'st .e made p'rposely. >t)er#ise1
it #ill .e considered as m'tilation of t)e second Hind
2. Mayhem# refers to any ot)er intentional m'tilation
Article 5):
SERIOUS (8YSICAL IN>URIES
8ow Committe/
1. .o#nding
2. :eating
'. Assa#lting
4. Administering in/#rio#s s#bstances
"n one case1 t)e acc'sed1 #)ile con$ersin #it) t)e offended party1 dre# t)e latterFs .olo from its
sca..ard. T)e offended party ca')t )old of t)e ede of t)e .lade of )is .olo and #o'nded
)imself. "t #as )eld t)at since t)e acc'sed did not #o'nd1 .eat or assa'lt t)e offended party1 )e
can not .e 'ilty of serio's p)ysical in/'ries.
1hat are serious ,hysical inIuries#
1. n/#red person becomes insane, imbecile, impotent or blind
161
2. n/#red person
a. loses the #se of speech or the power to hear or to smell, loses an e!e, a hand, foot,
arm or leg
b. loses the #se of an! s#ch member
c. becomes incapacitated for the wor% in which he had been habit#all! engaged
'. n/#red person
a. becomes deformed
b. loses an! other member of his bod!
c. loses the #se thereof
d. becomes ill or incapacitated for the performance of the wor% in which he had been
habit#all! engaged in for more than =; da!s
4. n/#red person becomes ill or incapacitated for labor for more than '; da!s &b#t not
more than =; da!s)
Notes#
T)e crime of p)ysical in/'ries is a crime of res'lt .eca'se 'nder o'r la#s t)e crime of p)ysical
in/'ries is .ased on t)e ra$ity of t)e in/'ry s'stained. Ao t)is crime is al#ays cons'mmated.
T)e reason #)y t)ere is no attempted or fr'strated p)ysical in/'ries is .eca'se t)e crime of
p)ysical in/'ries is determined on t)e ra$ity of t)e in/'ry. As lon as t)e in/'ry is not t)ere1 t)ere
can .e no attempted or fr'strated stae t)ereof.
1. Aerio's p)ysical in/'ries may .e committed t)ro') recHless impr'dence or
simple impr'dence
2. T)ere m'st .e no intent to /ill
3. )mpotent s)o'ld incl'de ina.ility to cop'late and sterility
4. 1lindness re@'ires lost of $ision in .ot) eyes. Mere #eaHness in $ision is not
contemplated
5. #oss of power to hear m'st in$ol$e .ot) ears. >t)er#ise1 it #ill .e considered
as serio's p)ysical in/'ries 'nder par 3
6. #oss of use of hand or incapacity of usual wor. in par 2 m'st .e permanent
!. -ar 2 refers to principal mem.ers of t)e .ody. -ar 3 on t)e ot)er )and1 co$ers
any ot)er mem.er #)ic) is not a principal part of t)e .ody. "n t)is respect1 a front
toot) is considered as a mem.er of t)e .ody1 ot)er t)an a principal mem.er
&. 7eormity# means p)ysical 'liness1 permanent and definite a.normality. =ot
c'ra.le .y nat'ral means or .y nat're. "t m'st .e conspic'o's and $isi.le. T)'s1
if t)e scar is 's'ally co$ered .y a dress1 it #o'ld not .e conspic'o's and $isi.le
(. T)e loss of 3 incisors is a $isi.le deformity. 7oss of one incisor is not. 0o#e$er1
loss of one toot) #)ic) impaired appearance is a deformity
1*. Deformity .y loss of teet) refers to in/'ry #)ic) cannot .e impaired .y t)e action
of t)e nat're
162
11. 7oss of .ot) o'ter ears constit'tes deformity and also loss of t)e po#er to )ear.
Mean#)ile1 loss of t)e lo.'le of t)e ear is only a deformity
12. 7oss of t)e inde2 and middle finers is eit)er a deformity or loss of a mem.er1
not a principal one of )is .ody or 'se of t)e same
13. 7oss of t)e po#er to )ear in t)e ri)t ear is considered as merely loss of 'se of
some ot)er part of t)e .ody
14. "f t)e in/'ry #o'ld re@'ire medical attendance for more t)an 3* days1 t)e illness
of t)e offended party may .e considered as lastin more t)an 3* days. T)e fact
t)at t)ere #as medical attendance for t)at period of time s)o#s t)at t)e in/'ries
#ere not c'red for t)at lent) of time
15. 8nder par 41 all t)at is re@'ired is illness or incapacity1 not medical attendance
16. )n determining incapacity1 t)e in/'red party m'st )a$e an a$ocation at t)e time
of t)e in/'ry. :orH5 incl'des st'dies or preparation for a profession
1!. :)en t)e cateory of t)e offense of serio's p)ysical in/'ries depends on t)e
period of t)e illness or incapacity for la.or1 t)ere m'st .e e$idence of t)e lent)
of t)at period. >t)er#ise1 t)e offense #ill only .e considered as sli)t p)ysical
in/'ries
1%. T)ere is no incapacity if t)e in/'red party co'ld still enae in )is #orH alt)o')
less effecti$ely t)an .efore
1-. %erious physical in-uries is *ualified #)en t)e crime is committed aainst t)e
same persons en'merated in t)e article on parricide or #)en it is attended .y
any of t)e circ'mstances definin t)e crime of m'rder. 9owever1 serio's p)ysical
in/'ries res'ltin from e2cessi$e c)astisement .y parents is not @'alified serio's
p)ysical in/'ries
Ortega Notes#
Classiication o ,hysical inIuries#
(1) Between slight physical in4uries and less serious physical in4uries1 yo' )a$e a d'ration of
one to nine days if sli)t p)ysical in/'ries; or 1* days to 2* days if less serio's p)ysical
in/'ries. Consider t)e d'ration of )ealin and treatment.
T)e sinificant part )ere is .et#een sli)t p)ysical in/'ries and less serio's p)ysical
in/'ries. 9o' #ill consider not only t)e )ealin d'ration of t)e in/'ry .'t also t)e medical
attendance re@'ired to treat t)e in/'ry. Ao t)e )ealin d'ration may .e one to nine days1
.'t if t)e medical treatment contin'es .eyond nine days1 t)e p)ysical in/'ries #o'ld
already @'alify as less serio's p)ysical in/'ries. T)e medical treatment may )a$e lasted
for nine days1 .'t if t)e offended party is still incapacitated for la.or .eyond nine days1
t)e p)ysical in/'ries are already considered less serio's p)ysical in/'ries.
(2) Between less serious physical in4uries and serious physical in4uries1 yo' do not consider
t)e period of medical treatment. 9o' only consider t)e period #)en t)e offended party is
rendered incapacitated for la.or.
"f t)e offended party is incapacitated to #orH for less t)an 3* days1 e$en t)o') t)e
treatment contin'ed .eyond 3* days1 t)e p)ysical in/'ries are only considered less
serio's .eca'se for p'rposes of classifyin t)e p)ysical in/'ries as serio's1 yo' do not
consider t)e period of medical treatment. 9o' only consider t)e period of incapacity from
#orH.
(3) %hen the in4ury created a deformity upon the offended party& you disregard the healing
duration or the period of medical treatment involved. At once1 it is considered serio's
p)ysical in/'ries.
163
Ao e$en t)o') t)e deformity may not )a$e incapacitated t)e offended party from #orH1
or e$en t)o') t)e medical treatment did not o .eyond nine days1 t)at deformity #ill
.rin a.o't t)e crime of serio's p)ysical in/'ries.
0eformity re*uires the concurrence of the following conditions:
(1) T)e in/'ry m'st prod'ce 'liness;
(2) "t m'st .e $isi.le;
(3) T)e 'liness #ill not disappear t)ro') nat'ral )ealin process.
"ll'stration5
7oss of molar toot) B T)is is not deformity as it is not $isi.le.
7oss of permanent front toot) B T)is is deformity as it is $isi.le and permanent.
7oss of milH front toot) B T)is is not deformity as it is $isi.le .'t #ill .e nat'rally replaced.
;uestion A Answer
The offender threw acid on the face of the offended party$ %ere it not for timely medical
attention& a deformity would have 'een produced on the face of the victim$ After the plastic
surgery& the offended party was more handsome than 'efore the in4ury$ %hat crime was
committedQ In what stage was it committedQ
T)e crime is serio's p)ysical in/'ries .eca'se t)e pro.lem itself states t)at t)e in/'ry #o'ld
)a$e prod'ced a deformity. T)e fact t)at t)e plastic s'rery remo$ed t)e deformity is
immaterial .eca'se in la# what is considered is not the artificial treatment 'ut the natural
healing process$
In a case decided 'y the .upreme Court& accused was charged with serious physical in4uries
'ecause the in4uries produced a scar$ 9e was convicted under Article +:2 687$ 9e appealed
'ecause& in the course of the trial& the scar disappeared. "t #as )eld t)at acc'sed can not .e
con$icted of serio's p)ysical in/'ries. 0e is lia.le only for sli)t p)ysical in/'ries .eca'se t)e
$ictim #as not incapacitated1 and t)ere #as no e$idence t)at t)e medical treatment lasted for
more t)an nine days.
%erious physical in-uries is punished with higher penalties in the following cases:
(1) "f it is committed aainst any of t)e persons referred to in t)e crime of parricide 'nder
Article 246;
(2) "f any of t)e circ'mstances @'alifyin m'rder attended its commission.
T)'s1 a fat)er #)o inflicts serio's p)ysical in/'ries 'pon )is son #ill .e lia.le for @'alified serio's
p)ysical in/'ries.
Re,u-lic Act No& 26"4 <The Anti=8aDing Law@
8aDing 44 T)is is any initiation rite or practice #)ic) is a prere@'isite for admission into
mem.ers)ip in a fraternity or sorority or any oraniIation #)ic) places t)e neop)yte or applicant
in some em.arrassin or )'miliatin sit'ations or ot)er#ise s'./ectin )im to p)ysical or
psyc)oloical s'fferin of in/'ry. T)ese do not incl'de any p)ysical1 mental1 psyc)oloical testin
and trainin proced're and practice to determine and en)ance t)e p)ysical and psyc)oloical
fitness of t)e prospecti$e re'lar mem.ers of t)e .elo#.
>raniIations incl'de any cl'. or A+-1 -=-1 -MA or officer or cadet corps of t)e CMT or CAT.

Aection 2 re@'ires a written notice to school authorities from the head of the organi(ation seven
days prior to the rites and should not exceed three days in duration$
Aection 3 re@'ires supervision 'y head of the school or the organi(ation of the rites$

164
Aection 4 *ualifies the crime if rape1 sodomy or m'tilation res'lts t)erefrom1 if t)e person
.ecomes insane1 an im.ecile1 or impotent or .lind .eca'se of s'c)1 if t)e person loses t)e 'se of
speec) or t)e po#er to )ear or smell or an eye1 a foot1 an arm or a le1 or t)e 'se of any s'c)
mem.er or any of t)e serio's p)ysical in/'ries or t)e less serio's p)ysical in/'ries. Also if t)e
$ictim is .elo# 121 or .ecomes incapacitated for t)e #orH )e )a.it'ally enaes in for 3*1 1*1 14(
days.
"t )olds t)e parents1 sc)ool a't)orities #)o consented or #)o )ad act'al Hno#lede if t)ey did
not)in to pre$ent it1 officers and mem.ers #)o planned1 Hno#inly cooperated or #ere present1
present al'mni of t)e oraniIation1 o#ner of t)e place #)ere s'c) occ'rred lia.le.
#a/es presence a prima facie presumption of guilt for such$
Article 5)"
A7MINISTERING IN>URIOUS SUBSTANCES OR BE3ERAGES
ELEMENTS#
1. That the offender inflicted #pon another person an! serio#s ph!sical in/#r!
2. That it was done %nowingl! administering to him an! in/#rio#s s#bstances or
beverages or b! ta%ing advantage of his wea%ness of mind of cred#lit!
'. 9e had no intent to %ill
Notes#
The article under consideration does not deal with a crime. It refers to means
of committing serious physical injuries.
1. "t is fr'strated m'rder #)en t)ere is intent to Hill
2. Administering means introd'cin into t)e .ody t)e s'.stance1 t)'s t)ro#in of
t)e acid in t)e face is not contemplated
Article 5)'
LESS SERIOUS (8YSICAL IN>URIES
ELEMENTS#
1. That the offended part! is incapacitated for labor for 1; da!s or more &b#t not more
than '; da!s), or needs medical attendance for the same period of time
2. That the ph!sical in/#ries m#st not be those described in the preceding articles
Notes#
!& Circumstances $ualiying the oense#
a. #)en t)ere is manifest intent to ins'lt or offend t)e in/'red person
.. #)en t)ere are circ'mstances addin inominy to t)e offense
c. #)en t)e $ictim is eit)er t)e offenderFs parents1 ascendants1 'ardians1
c'rators or teac)ers
165
d. #)en t)e $ictim is a person of ranH or person in a't)ority1 pro$ided t)e crime
is not direct assa'lt
2. "t falls 'nder t)is article e$en if t)ere #as no incapacity .'t t)e medical treatment
#as for 13 days
In this article, the offended party is incapacitated from work for ten F!:D days
or more but not more than thirty F.:D days. If the injury causes the illness of
the victim, the healing duration must be more than nine FBD days but not
more than thirty F.:D days.
Article 265 is an e2ception to Article 4% in relation to comple2 crimes as t)e latter only taHes place
in cases #)ere t)e 3e$ised -enal Code )as no specific pro$ision penaliIin t)e same #it) a
definite1 specific penalty. 0ence1 t)ere is no comple2 crime of slander .y deed #it) less serio's
p)ysical in/'ries .'t only less serio's p)ysical in/'ries if t)e act #)ic) #as committed prod'ced
t)e less serio's p)ysical in/'ries #it) t)e manifest intent to ins'lt or offend t)e offended party1 or
'nder circ'mstances addin inominy to t)e offense.
Article 5))
SLIG8T (8YSICAL IN>URIES
: Gin/s#
1. That which incapacitated the offended part! for labor from 1C= da!s or re,#ired
medical attendance d#ring the same period
2. That which did not prevent the offended part! from engaging in his habit#al wor% or
which did not re,#ire medical attendance &e". :lac%Ce!e)
'. llCtreatment of another b! deed witho#t ca#sing an! in/#r! &e". slapping b#t witho#t
ca#sing dishonor)
T)is in$ol$es e$en ill4treatment #)ere t)ere is no sin of in/'ry re@'irin medical treatment.
Alappin t)e offended party is a form of ill4treatment #)ic) is a form of sli)t p)ysical in/'ries.
?'t if t)e slappin is done to cast dis)onor 'pon t)e person slapped1 t)e crime is slander .y
deed. "f t)e slappin #as done #it)o't t)e intention of castin dis)onor1 or to )'miliate or
em.arrass t)e offended party o't of a @'arrel or aner1 t)e crime is still ill4treatment or sli)t
p)ysical in/'ries.
T)e crime is sli)t p)ysical in/'ry if t)ere is no proof as to t)e period of t)e offended partyFs
incapacity for la.or or of t)e re@'ired medical attendance.
Re,u-lic Act No& +)!6 <S,ecial (rotection o Chil/ren against Chil/ A-use.
EF,loitation an/ 7iscrimination Act@. in relation to m'rder1 m'tilation or in/'ries to a
c)ild
T)e last pararap) of Article &" of 3ep'.lic Act =o. !61*1 pro$ides5
E+or p'rposes of t)is Act1 t)e penalty for t)e commission of acts p'nis)a.le 'nder Articles 24%1
24(1 262 (2) and 263 (1) of Act =o 3%151 as amended of t)e 3e$ised -enal Code for t)e crimes
of m'rder1 )omicide1 ot)er intentional m'tilation1 and serio's p)ysical in/'ries1 respecti$ely1 s)all
.e recl'sion perpet'a #)en t)e $ictim is 'nder t#el$e years of ae.G
T)e pro$isions of 3ep'.lic Act =o. !16* modified t)e pro$isions of t)e 3e$ised -enal Code in so
far as t)e $ictim of t)e felonies referred to is 'nder 12 years of ae. T)e clear intention is to
p'nis) t)e said crimes #it) a )i)er penalty #)en t)e $ictim is a c)ild of tender ae. "ncidentally1
t)e reference to Article 24( of t)e Code #)ic) defines and penaliIes t)e crime of )omicide #ere
t)e $ictim is 'nder 12 years old is an error. Cillin a c)ild 'nder 12 is m'rder1 not )omicide1
.eca'se t)e $ictim is 'nder no position to defend )imself as )eld in t)e case of 'eople v.
anohon/ 3F; %C(A D43.

166
+or m'rder1 t)e penalty pro$ided .y t)e Code1 as amended .y 3ep'.lic Act =o. !65(1 is
recl'sion perpet'a to deat) B )i)er t)an #)at 3ep'.lic Act no. !61* pro$ides. Accordinly1
insofar as t)e crime is m'rder1 Article 24% of t)e Code1 as amended1 s)all o$ern e$en if t)e
$ictim #as 'nder 12 years of ae. "t is only in respect of t)e crimes of intentional m'tilation in
pararap) 2 of Article 262 and of serio's p)ysical in/'ries in pararap) 1 of Article 263 of t)e
Code t)at t)e @'oted pro$ision of 3ep'.lic Act =o. !16* may .e applied for t)e )i)er penalty
#)en t)e $ictim is 'nder 12 years old.
RA(E
ART 5))=A
RA(E
The AntiC0ape Law of 1==) &0A 5'1') now classified the crime of rape as 3rime Against
Persons incorporated into Title 5 of the 0P3 to be %nown as 3hapter '
ELEMENTS#
Ra,e is committe/
1. :! a man who have carnal %nowledge of a woman #nder an! of the following
circ#mstances7
a. thro#gh force, threat or intimidation
b. when the offended part! is deprived of reason or otherwise #nconscio#s
c. b! means of fra#d#lent machination or grave ab#se of a#thorit!
d. when the offended part! is #nder 12 !ears of age or is demented, even tho#gh none
of the circ#mstances mentioned above be present
2. :! an! person who, #nder an! of the circ#mstances mentioned in par 1 hereof, shall
commit an act of se"#al assa#lt b! inserting
a. his penis into another personBs mo#th or anal orifice, or
b. an! instr#ment or ob/ect, into the genital or anal orifice of another person
Ra,e committe/ un/er ,ar ! is ,unisha-le -y#
3. reclusion perpetua
5& reclusion ,er,etua to 7EAT8 when
a. $ictim .ecame insane .y reason or on t)e occasion of rape
'$ the rape is attempted and a homicide is committed 'y reason or on the occasion
thereof
4. 9"AT+ when
a. )omicide is committed
.. $ictim 'nder 1% years and offender is5
i. parent
16%
ii. ascendant
iii. step4parent
i$. 'ardian
+. relati$e .y consan'inity or affinity #it) t)e 3
rd
ci$il deree or
$i. common la# spo'se of parent of $ictim
c. 'nder t)e c'stody of t)e police or military authorities or any law enforcement or
penal institution
d. committed in f'll $ie# of t)e spouse1 parent or any of t)e c)ildren or ot)er
relati$es #it)in t)e 3
rd
deree of consan'inity
e. $ictim is a reliio's engaged in legitimate religious vocation or calling and is
personally /nown to 'e such 'y the offender 'efore or at the time of the
commission of the crime
f. a c)ild .elo# ! years old
g. offender Hno#s )e is afflicted #it) 9I? or A"DA or any other sexually
transmissi'le disease and the virus is transmitted to the victim
h. offender; mem.er of t)e A+-1 or para3military units thereof1 or t)e -=-1 or any
la# enforcement aency or penal institution& when the offender too/ advantage
of his position to facilitate the commission of the crime
i. $ictim s'ffered permanent p)ysical m'tilation or disa'ility
4$ the offender /new of the pregnancy of the offended party at the time of the
commission of the crime- and
/$ when the offender /new of the mental disa'ility& emotional disorder andAor
physical handicap or the offended party at the time of the commission of the
crime
Ra,e committe/ un/er ,ar 5 is ,unisha-le -y#
3. prision mayor
2. prision mayor to reclusion temporal
a. 'se of deadly #eapon or
.. .y t#o or more persons
3. reclusion temporal B #)en t)e $ictim )as .ecome insane
4. reclusion temporal to reclusion pepetua B rape is attempted and )omicide is
committed
5. reclusion perpetua B )omicide is committed .y reason or on occasion of rape
6. reclusion temporal B committed #it) any of t)e 1* ara$atin circ'mstances
mentioned a.o$e
Notes#
!& 7i%i/ing age in ra,e#
a. less t)an ! yrs old1 mandatory deat)
.. less t)an 12 yrs old1 stat'tory rape
c. less t)an 1% yrs old and t)ere is relations)ip (e.. parent etc); mandatory deat)
&ecause of this amendment which reclassified rape as a crime against
persons, an impossible crime may now be committed in case of rape# that is,
16&
if there is inherent impossibility of its accomplishment or on account of the
employment of inade5uate or ineffectual means.
The case of People vs. -rita F;.3. o. 66>$/, ,pril ., !BB:D, laid a new doctrine
in 0hilippine penal law insofar as the crime of rape is concerned, as it finally
did away with frustrated rape and allowed only attempted rape and
consummated rape to remain in our statute books.
The act of 8touching should be understood as inherently part of the entry of
the penis into the labia of the female organ and not the mere touching alone
of the mons pubis or the pudendum. <urisprudence dictates that the labia
ma#ora For he outer lips of the female organD must be entered for rape to be
consummated, and not merely for the penis to stroke the surface of the
female organ. Thus, grazing of the surface of the female organ or touching
the mons pubis of the pudendum is not sufficient to constitute rape. & Pp vs.
3amp#han)
Classiication o ra,e
(1) Traditional concept under Article 44< B carnal Hno#lede #it) a #oman aainst )er
#ill. T)e offended party is al#ays a #oman and t)e offender is al#ays a man.
(2) %e5ual assault 4 committed #it) an instr'ment or an o./ect or 'se of t)e penis #it)
penetration of mo't) or anal orifice. T)e offended party or t)e offender can eit)er .e
man or #oman1 t)at is1 if a #oman or a man 'ses an instr'ment on anal orifice of male1
s)e or )e can .e lia.le for rape.
Aince rape is not a pri$ate crime anymore1 it can 'e prosecuted even if the woman does not file a
complaint$
If carnal /nowledge was made possi'le 'ecause of fraudulent machinations and grave a'use of
authority& the crime is rape$ T)is a.sor.s t)e crime of @'alified and simple sed'ction #)en no
force or $iolence #as 'sed1 .'t t)e offender a.'sed )is a't)ority to rape t)e $ictim.
8nder Article 2664C1 the offended woman may pardon the offender through a su'se*uent valid
marriage& the effect of which would 'e the extinction of the offender@s lia'ility. Aimilarly1 t)e leal
)'s.and may .e pardoned .y fori$eness of t)e #ife pro$ided t)at t)e marriae is not $oid a.
initio. >.$io'sly1 'nder t)e ne# la#1 t)e )'s.and may .e lia.le for rape if )is #ife does not #ant
to )a$e se2 #it) )im. "t is eno') t)at t)ere is indication of any amo'nt of resistance as to maHe
it rape.
)ncestuous rape #as coined in A'preme Co'rt decisions. "t refers to rape committed 'y an
ascendant of the offended woman$ "n s'c) cases1 t)e force and intimidation need not .e of s'c)
nat're as #o'ld .e re@'ired in rape cases )ad t)e acc'sed .een a straner. Con$ersely1 t)e
A'preme Co'rt e2pected t)at if the offender is not /nown to the woman1 it is necessary t)at t)ere
.e e$idence of affirmati$e resistance p't 'p .y t)e offended #oman. Mere Eno1 noG is not eno')
if t)e offender is a straner1 alt)o') if t)e rape is incest'o's1 t)is is eno').
T)e new rape law also re*uires that there 'e a physical overt act manifesting resistance1 if t)e
offended party #as in a sit'ation #)ere )e or s)e is incapa.le of i$in $alid consent1 t)is is
admissi.le in e$idence to s)o# t)at carnal Hno#lede #as aainst )is or )er #ill.
:)en t)e victim is 'elow 5+ years old& mere sexual intercourse with her is already rape. E$en if it
#as s)e #)o #anted t)e se2'al interco'rse1 t)e crime #ill .e rape. T)is is referred to as
statutory rape.
9f the +ictim ho$e+er is e5actly t$el+e /120 years old /she $as raped on her birthday0 or
more# and there is consent# there is no rape. 1o$e+er# 3epublic !ct Fo. %61.# ec. 5 /b0
pro+ides that8 4+en if the +ictim is o+er t$el+e /120 year old and the carnal act $as $ith
her consent as long as she falls under the classification of a child e5ploited in prostitution
and other se5ual abuse# the crime is rape.
"n ot)er cases1 there must 'e force& intimidation& or violence proven to have 'een exerted to 'ring
a'out carnal /nowledge or the woman must have 'een deprived of reason or otherwise
unconscious$
16-
9t is not necessary that the force or intimidation employed be so great or of such character as
could not be resisted ? it is only necessary that it be sufficient to consummate the purpose $hich
the accused had in mind. (People vs. 3anada, 21' 230A 2))).
Carnal kno$ledge $ith a $oman $ho is asleep constitutes 3ape since she $as either depri+ed of
reason or other$ise unconscious at that time. (People vs. 3aballero, 81 Phil. =;;).
e5ual intercourse $ith an insane# deranged or mentally deficient# feeble(minded or idiotic
$oman is 3ape pure and simple. The depri+ation of reason contemplated by la$ need not be
complete2 mental abnormality or deficiency is sufficient.
:)ere t)e victim is over 5+ years old1 it m'st .e s)o#n t)at t)e carnal Hno#lede #it) )er #as
o.tained aainst )er #ill. "t is necessary t)at t)ere .e e$idence of some resistance p't 'p .y t)e
offended #oman. "t is not1 )o#e$er1 necessary t)at t)e offended party s)o'ld e2ert all )er efforts
to pre$ent t)e carnal interco'rse. "t is eno') t)at from )er resistance1 it #o'ld appear t)at t)e
carnal interco'rse is aainst )er #ill.
Mere initial resistance1 #)ic) does not indicate ref'sal on t)e part of t)e offended party to t)e
se2'al interco'rse1 #ill not .e eno') to .rin a.o't t)e crime of rape.
=ote t)at it )as .een )eld t)at in t)e crime of rape1 conviction does not re*uire medico3legal
finding of any penetration on the part of the woman$ A medico4leal certificate is not necessary or
indispensa.le to con$ict t)e acc'sed of t)e crime of rape.
"t )as also .een )eld t)at alt)o') t)e offended #oman #)o is t)e $ictim of t)e rape failed to
add'ce e$idence reardin t)e damaes to )er .y reason of t)e rape1 t)e co'rt may taHe /'dicial
notice t)at t)ere is s'c) damae in crimes aainst c)astity. T)e standard amount given now is )
1,&,,,$,,& with or without evidence of any moral damage$
An accused may 'e convicted of rape on the sole testimony of the offended woman. "t does not
re@'ire t)at testimony .e corro.orated .efore a con$iction may stand. T)is is partic'larly tr'e if
t)e commission of t)e rape is s'c) t)at t)e narration of t)e offended #oman #o'ld lead to no
ot)er concl'sion e2cept t)at t)e rape #as committed.
"ll'stration5
Da')ter acc'ses )er o#n fat)er of )a$in raped )er.
Alleation of se$eral acc'sed t)at t)e #oman consented to t)eir se2'al interco'rse #it) )er is a
proposition #)ic) is re$oltin to reason t)at a #oman #o'ld allo# more t)an one man to )a$e
se2'al interco'rse #it) )er in t)e presence of t)e ot)ers.
"t )as also .een r'led t)at rape can .e committed in a standin position .eca'se complete
penetration is not necessary. The slightest penetration ; contact with the la'ia ; will
consummate the rape$
>n t)e ot)er )and1 as long as there is an intent to effect sexual cohesion& although unsuccessful&
the crime 'ecomes attempted rape$ 9owever& if that intention is not proven& the offender can
only 'e convicted of acts of lasciviousness$
The main distinction 'etween the crime of attempted rape and acts of lasciviousness is the intent
to lie with the offended woman$
"n a case #)ere t)e acc'sed /'mped 'pon a #oman and t)re# )er to t)e ro'nd1 alt)o') t)e
acc'sed raised )er sHirts1 t)e acc'sed did not maHe any effort to remo$e )er 'nder#ear.
"nstead1 )e remo$ed )is o#n 'nder#ear and placed )imself on top of t)e #oman and started
performin se2'al mo$ements. T)ereafter1 #)en )e #as finis)ed1 )e stood 'p and left. T)e
crime committed is only acts of lasci$io'sness and not attempted rape. T)e fact t)at )e did not
remo$e t)e 'nder#ear of t)e $ictim indicates t)at )e does not )a$e a real intention to effect a
penetration. "t #as only to satisfy a le#d desin.
The ne$ la$# 3.!. &353# added ne$ circumstance ? that is# when carnal "nowledge was had by
means of fraudulent machinations or grave abuse of authority. 9t $ould seem that if a $oman of
ma6ority age had se5ual intercourse $ith a man through the latterDs scheme of pretending to
marry her $hich is the condition upon $hich the $oman agreed to ha+e se5 $ith him#
manipulating a sham marriage# the man $ould be guilty of 3ape under this ection. o also# a
1%.
prostitute $ho $illingly had se5ual congress $ith a man upon the latterDs assurance that she
$ould be paid handsomely# may be guilty of 3ape if later on he refuses to pay the said amount.
! person in authority $ho maneu+ered a scheme $here a $oman landed in 6ail# and $ho
upon promise of being released after ha+ing se5 $ith the officer# $illingly consented to the se5ual
act# may also be found guilty of 3ape under this ne$ section.
n 0ape cases, co#rt m#st alwa!s be g#ided b! the following principles7
1. !n accusation of rape can be made $ith facility2 it is difficult to pro+e# but more difficult for
the person accused# though innocent# to dispro+e2
2. 9n +ie$ of the intrinsic nature of the crime $here only t$o persons are usually in+ol+ed# the
testimony of the complainant must be scrutini*ed $ith e5treme caution2 and
3. The e+idence for the prosecution must stand or fall on its o$n merits# and cannot be allo$ed
to dra$ strength from the $eakness of the e+idence for the defense. &People vs. 0icafort)
1%1

Elements and Notes in Criminal Law Book II by RENE CALLANTA: Title One

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