A HANDBOOK FOR INTERPRETATION

OF SOIL AND PLANT ANALYSIS

SOIL AND PLANT SAMPLE COLLECTION, PREPARATION AND
INTERPRETATION OF CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
A TRAINING MANUAL AND GUIDE
Prepared by Dr K. Thiaa!i"a#
November 2000
for
Prepared by
AACM International
Project Managers and Consultants
Adelaide Australia
TA$LE OF CONTENTS
1.0 I"%r&d'(%i&" 1
2.0 S&i! A"a!y)i) * G'ide!i"e) +&r I"%erpre%a%i&" 1
2.1 Soil pH 2
2.2 Electrical Conductivity 3
2.3 Soil Organic Carbon and Nitrogen 4
2.4 Available phophorou !
2.! Cation E"change Capacity and E"changeable Cation !
2.# Sulphur $
2.$ %icronutrient &
2.& Concluion '
3.0 P!a"% A"a!y)i)* G'ide!i"e) +&r I"%erpre%a%i&" '
3.1 (ntroduction '
3.2 )unction o* nutrient in crop and pature 11
3.3 +ey to de*iciency y,pto, 13
4.0 Cri%i(a! Le,e!) %& I"%erpre% P!a"% A"a!y)i) 1!
+&r S&#e I#p&r%a"% Cr&p) &+ Pap'a Ne- G'i"ea.
4.1 -anana 1$
4.2 -roccoli 1$
4.3 Cabbage 1&
4.4 Cahe. 1&
4.! Caava 1'
4.# Coconut 1'
4.$ Cocoa 20
4.& Co**ee 20
4.' /uava 21
4.10 %ai0e 21
4.11 %ango 22
4.12 Oil 1al, 22
4.13 1eanut 23
4.14 1otato 23
4.1! 2ubber 24
4.1# S.eet 1otato 24
4.1$ 3ea 2!
4.1& 4inged -ean 2!
i
!.0 F&!iar A"a!y)i) Re)'!%) +r&# %he Na%i&"a! Ari('!%'ra! Che#i)%ry Lab&ra%&ry
2#
NARI, +&r Se!e(%ed Cr&p) i" Pap'a Ne- G'i"ea
!.1 Aibi5a 2#
!.2 Caava 2$
!.3 Carda,o, 2$
!.4 Cocoa 2&
!.! Co**ee 2&
!.# /uava 2'
!.$ %ango 2'
!.& 1epper 30
!.' 1eanut 30
!.10 S.eet potato 31
!.11 3ea 31
!.12 3aro 32
!.13 6a, 32

#.0 Re+ere"(e) 33
$.0 A(."&-!ede#e"%) 33
&.0 Appe"di/ 34
&.1 /uide *or oil a,ple collection and preparation 34
&.2 Soil a,ple collection in*or,ation *or, 3'
&.3 /uide *or plant a,ple collection and preparation 40
&.4 1lant a,ple collection in*or,ation *or, 4!
ii
0.1 INTRODUCTION
3hi handboo5 i prepared to ait oil che,it7 agrono,it7 plantation ,anager7
e"tenion o**icer7 oil cientit7 NA2( cadet and other client to collect and prepare
oil and plant a,ple and to interpret the oil and plant analye produced by the
National Agricultural Che,itry 8aboratory 9NA2(:. (t i a guide to interpreting oil and
plant analye *or o,e o* the i,portant crop in 1N/7 *or *ertili0er *or,ulation and
other re,edial action. (t i eential to ta5e into account other in*or,ation uch a
cli,ate7 crop pecie7 oil condition7 and oil type7 pat *ertili0er hitory or previou crop
gro.n be*ore uggeting any reco,,endation.
Crop production i a *unction o* genetic7 environ,ental and ,anage,ent *actor.
2eearcher have identi*ied that 1# nutrient ele,ent are neceary *or plant to gro. and
produce to *ull potential. 3hee ele,ent are derived *ro, air and .ater 9carbon7
hydrogen and o"ygen: and oil or *ertili0er 9nitrogen7 phophorou7 potaiu,7 calciu,7
,agneiu,7 ulphur7 ,anganee7 iron7 boron7 0inc7 copper7 ,olybdenu, and chlorine:.
So,e o* thee ele,ent are needed in large ;uantitie and are called ,acronutrient7
.hile other are needed in very ,all ;uantitie and are called ,icronutrient.
(n crop nutrition it i i,portant that .e undertand the inter<relationhip o* the di**erent
nutrient. 3he *ollo.ing inter<relationhip or balance are poible=
A high ;uantity o* phophorou in the oil or plant ,ay reult in a de*iciency o*
0inc.
A high a,ount o* potaiu, ,ay reult in a de*iciency o* ,agneiu, or high
a,ount o* ,agneiu, ,ay reult in a de*iciency o* potaiu,.
4hen .e add ,ore nitrogen .e create the need *or ,ore potaiu, becaue the
yield i greater and the plant .ill need ,ore potaiu,.
1lant7 li5e ani,al and hu,an7 need all the eential nutrient7 .ater7 light and energy
to ynthei0e *ood. (* any o* the 1# eential nutrient are not available or lo. in the oil7
the plant *unction .ill be upet and characteritic y,pto, .ill develop.
An e"perienced *ar,er or reearcher .ill ue certain rule to identi*y y,pto, and
diagnoe and correct the de*iciency. Ho.ever7 it i i,portant to be care*ul .ith viual
y,pto, becaue a nu,ber o* other *actor li5e ,oiture tre7 high alinity7 herbicide
da,age7 pet and dieae can caue y,pto, i,ilar to actual de*iciency y,pto,.
So,eti,e plant de*icient in a particular nutrient ,ay not e"hibit any de*iciency
y,pto, but .ill not produce to ,a"i,u, capacity. 3here*ore7 it i eential to analye
oil and plant a,ple to con*ir, y,pto, identi*ied viually.
2.1. SOIL ANALYSIS* G'ide!i"e) +&r i"%erpre%a%i&"

1
Soil provide thirteen o* the i"teen eential ele,ent neceary *or crop production.
Soil teting .ill provide in*or,ation on the level o* total or available nutrient and it i
poible to *or,ulate uitable *ertili0er reco,,endation to correct any nutrient
de*iciencie or a,end,ent to recti*y any to"icity proble,.
Soil tet are very ue*ul *or deter,ining .hether oil are acidic or al5aline and hould
reveal any to"icitie uch a e"ceive iron7 ,anganee and alu,iniu, that are har,*ul
to ,any crop and pature. Such tet .ill alo reveal e"ceive alinity due to high
odiu, in lo. rain*all area or irrigated oil .ith i,per*ect drainage. (t i i,portant to
analye the oil annually to deter,ine the nutrient upplying po.er o* the oil in order to
i,prove the oil under a conitent ,anage,ent yte,.
The #&)% i#p&r%a"% a)pe(%) &+ )&i! a"a!y)i) are %he )a#p!e (&!!e(%i&" a"d
prepara%i&". A de%ai!ed #e%h&d +&r (&!!e(%i&" a"d prepara%i&" i) pre)e"%ed i"
Appe"di/ 3. 0.
2.0 S&i! pH
Soil pH or oil reaction i a very i,portant ,eaure,ent .hich provide an eti,ate o*
acidity or al5alinity. 3he National Soil Che,itry 8aboratory 9NA2(:7 *or routine
deter,ination o* oil pH7 ue air dry oil in a 1=! oil= ditilled .ater upenion. 4hen
the pH i ,eaured in an electrolyte olution 9Calciu, chloride: uing i,ilar ratio the
pH .ill be higher than .hen ,eaured in ditilled .ater.
3he pH o* ,ot oil *all .ithin the range o* 4.! to &.! .ith value o* !.! to $.0 pre*erred
by ,ot crop and pature. -elo. pH !.!7 acid tolerant plant 9co**ee7 tea and .eet
potato: .ill gro. but a the pH decreae *ro, !.! to 4.! e"ceive alu,iniu,7 iron and
,anganee .ill uually be preent and .ill be to"ic to legu,e7 cereal and other crop.
(* the pH value are in e"ce o* &.! to '.07 thi .ill indicate high level o* e"changeble
odiu, and poor oil phyical condition. 3he rating o* pH are preented in 3able 1.
Tab!e 0* Ra%i") &+ )&i! pH 4i" di)%i!!ed -a%er5
De)(rip%i&" pH Ra%i"
E"tre,ely acid
Strongly acid
%oderately acid
Slightly acid
Neutral
Slightly al5aline
%oderately al5aline
Strongly al5aline
>ery trongly al5aline
? 4.!
4.#<!.!
!.#<#.0
#.1<#.!
#.#<$.2
$.3<$.&
$.'<&.4
&.!<'.0
@ '.0
>ery 8o.
8o.
%ediu,
%ediu,
High
High
>ery high
>ery high
>ery high
2
3he pH o* the oil can change under di**erent cli,atic and oil ,anage,ent practice
over a period o* 10 to 20 year. A good e"a,ple i that .hen ingle uper<phophate
i applied continuouly to legu,e pature it .ill reult in a lo.ering o* the oil pH.
3he *ollo.ing *actor .ill decreae oil pH=
1. Continuou leaching o* oil in high rain*all area.
2. Addition o* ulphur containing nitrogen *ertili0er 9e.g. a,,oniu, ulphate:.
3. %ini,u, tillage and the practice o* green ,anuring
4. Arainage o* acid ulphate oil.
!. 2e,oval o* calciu, by plant gro.th.

Soil pH igni*icantly in*luence the availability o* plant nutrient. At pH belo. !.!7 the
olubility o* alu,iniu,7 ,anganee7 iron7 0inc7 copper and boron .ill increae cauing
to"icity to plant and ,icro<organi,. (* the oil pH i high 9@ than &.!: trace ele,ent
0inc7 boron ,anganee and iron .ill be lo.. So,e oil type can a**ect the pH
,eaure,ent e.g. in calcareou oil7 a the ti,e o* contact bet.een the oil and e"tracting
olution increae7 the pH can increae due to diolution o* calciu, carbonate.
2.2 E!e(%ri(a! C&"d'(%i,i%y
Soil alinity i the ,eaure o* the concentration o* oluble alt preent in the oil. 3he
electrical conductivity that i obtained .hen a oil i upended in .ater 9oil= .ater ratio
o* 1= !: reult *ro, the diolution o* oluble alt. Sodiu, and chloride anion uually
caue ,ot o* the alinity proble,7 but o,eti,e oluble anion li5e ulphate7 nitrate7
bicarbonate and borate .ill contribute to alinity. (n coatal area alinity i aociated .ith
preence o* ,agneiu,. (n e,i<arid and arid area7 gypu, 9calciu, ulphate: ,ay be the
,aBor contributor to oil oluble alt.
Saline oil contain high accu,ulation o* oluble alt that .ill adverely a**ect plant
gro.th. Ho.ever7 thee oil contain lo. a,ount o* e"changeable odiu, and the oil
re,ain *locculated. A the level o* e"changeable odiu, increae7 the oil tend to
beco,e dipered and the pH .ill be greater than &.!. 3he *ollo.ing rating are ued *or
aeing oil conductivity 9oil= .ater ratio o* 1=!:.
Tab!e 2* E!e(%ri(a! (&"d'(%i,i%y ra%i") 4#S67(#5
Ra%i" 0*8 )&i! * -a%er ra%i&
>ery lo.
8o.
%ediu,
High
>ery high
? 0.1!
0.1!<0.4
0.4< 0.&
0.&<2.0
@2.0
C ,SD,illiie,en
3
2.9 S&i! &ra"i( #a%%er 4Carb&" a"d Ni%r&e"5
Organic ,atter i the 5ey to utainable agricultural production and it contribute
igni*icantly to the Cation E"change Capacity o* oil. (t i alo a torehoue *or carbon7
nitrogen7 phophorou and ulphur .hich are releaed by ,ineraliation. (t play a 5ey
role in aggregating oil particle and build up oil tructure. 3hi ait in oil aeration7
.ater ,ove,ent and the .ater holding capacity o* the oil.
3he rating o* carbon and nitrogen provide an indication o* the total organic ,atter in the
oil and the ratio bet.een carbon and nitrogen indicate the tate o* deco,poition. 4hen
the organic ,atter i .ell deco,poed and table it ha a CEN ratio o* about 10<12. 4hen
the CEN ratio are ,ore than 20 thi i an indication o* *rehly added organic ,atter or
that deco,poition ,ay have been retarded by .ater logging or lo. available nitrogen.
3he organic ,atter o* ,ineral oil uually varie bet.een 1 and 10F depending on
cli,ate and drainage condition. Average organic ,atter contain !& F C7 ! F N7 0.! F
1 and 0.! F S. Organic carbon i the ,ain co,ponent o* organic ,atter and i reported
a F C. Soil organic carbon value o* le than 1.0 F .ill indicate proble, o* lo.
nutrient holding capacity. 3he carbon7 nitrogen and ulphur ratio o* the organic *raction
o* the oil i 12!= 10= 1.2
Soil organic ,atter i indirectly ,eaured by deter,ining oil organic carbon. A
converion *actor o* 1.$2 i ued.
Soil organic ,atter F D Soil organic carbon " 1.$2.
3he National Agricultural Che,itry 8aboratory 9NA2(: ,eaure nitrogen a total
nitrogen and thi i e"preed a F N. %ot o* the total nitrogen .ithin the organic ,atter
*raction i not i,,ediately available to plant. 3he converion o* organic nitrogen into
available nitrogen 9a,,oniu, and nitrate nitrogen: depend on the rate o* ,ineraliation
and i highly correlated .ith oil pH7 ,oiture7 te,perature and the preence o* nitri*ying
organi,. A guide to the rating *or carbon and nitrogen i preented in 3able 3.
Tab!e 9* Ra%i") +&r Carb&" a"d Ni%r&e"
Ra%i" Carb&" : T&%a! "i%r&e" : Ni%ra%e;N 4pp#5
>ery High
High
%ediu,
8o.
>ery 8o.
@ 20
10<20
4<10
2<4
? 2
@1.0
0.#<1.0
0.3<0.#
0.1<0.3
? 0.1
@ !0
2!<!0
1!<2!
!<1!
? !
4
2.< A,ai!ab!e ph&)ph&r&')
3he National Agricultural Che,itry 8aboratory 9NA2(: analye everal *or, o*
phophorou= 3otal 1 ,eaured in pro*ile a,pleG acid e"tractable and bicarbonate
9OlenH 1: e"tractable 1. 3he OlenH<1 ha given good correlation .ith plant upta5e and
i .idely ued in ,any countrie. A ,all proportion o* the total 1 in oil i i,,ediately
available to plant.
3he ,ain part o* the phophorou i preent in per,anently unavailable *or, or
potentially available *or, 9Organic 1G 1ri,ary 1 ,ineral li5e roc5 phophate:.
1hophorou i ,ade unavailable through *i"ation by clay ,ineral allophane7 .hich i
*ound in volcanic ah oil in .etter cli,ate. 3he *i"ation o* added phophorou i pH
dependent7 a acid oil .ith high iron and alu,iniu, .ill co,ple" the 1 and ,a5e it
unavailable. Acid oil .ill have the larget *i"ation and the lo.et availability o* added
phophorou.
Tab!e <* Ra%i") +&r a,ai!ab!e ph&)ph&r&')
Ra%i" O!)e";P 4#7.5
>ery high
High
%ediu,
8o.
>ery lo.
@ !0
30<!0
20<30
10<20
? 10

N.-. ,gE5g D pp,
)or ,ot crop the ade;uacy level *or phophorou i in the 20<30 pp, range 9Olen<1:.
Soil .ith lo. level are li5ely to give repone to 1 application and thi .ill depend on
the oil type7 organic ,atter content7 type o* crop and ,ethod o* application. One
e"a,ple i that legu,e need ,ore phophorou than grae. Soil .ith high level o*
available phophorou are not li5ely to ho. plant gro.th repone to added
phophorou. Soil .ith lo. to very lo. level are li5ely to give repone.
2.8 Ca%i&" E/(ha"e Capa(i%y a"d E/(ha"eab!e Ca%i&")
Cation E"change capacity 9CEC: i a ,eaure o* the total nu,ber o* ite available in a
oil *or the e"change o* cation. 3he ,aBority o* oil nutrient 9cation Ca7 %g7 + and
Na: are held on negatively charged ur*ace o* the clay and organic particle. (t i a
,eaure o* the general *ertility o* the oil and i .idely ued *or agricultural ae,ent.
3he actual value obtained *or CEC have a li,ited ue in interpreting oil propertie.
Ho.ever7 CEC can be ued to cro chec5 other propertie in .hich high CEC i
!
aociated .ith high pH7 at leat up to &.!7 and lo. CEC i aociated .ith lo. level o*
total 1 and +.
Calciu, i uually the ,ot abundant and do,inant cation7 *ollo.ed by ,agneiu,7 and
largely control the bae aturation and pH. Ae*iciency o* Ca a a nutrient i very rare and
occur only in the very lo. range. An e"ce o* one cation ,ay inhibit the upta5e o*
another7 *or e"a,ple .hen calciu, i do,inant in calcareou oil7 thi ,ay caue
,agneiu, de*iciency or vice vera. 3he deired rating *or CEC and the cation are
preented in 3able !.
Tab!e 8* Ra%i") +&r Ca%i&" E/(ha"e Capa(i%y a"d E/(ha"eab!e Ca%i&")
Ra%i" CEC 4#e70115 $a)e Sa%'ra%i&" E/(ha"eab!e
: Ca M K Na
#e7 011
>ery high @ 40 &0<100 @20 @ $ @1.2 @ 2
High 2!<40 #0<&0 10<20 3<$ 0.#<1.2 0.$<2
%ediu, 1!<2! 30<#0 2<10 1<3 0.3<0.# 0.3<0.$
8o. 10<1! 20<30 1<2 0.!<1 0.1<0.3 0.1<0.3
>ery lo. ?10 ? 20 ? 1 ? 0.! ? 0.1 ? 0.1
1lant uually contain ,ore potaiu, than any other nutrient e"cept N. Crop utilie
*ro, !0 to over 2005g o* potaiu, per hectare7 depending on the crop type and yield.
(n general *ield crop7 .ill repond to + application 94alh and -eaton7 1'$3: i* the
e"changeable + i=
8e than &! pp, or 0.20 ,.e. E 100g *or and and loa,y and.
8e than 100pp, or 0.20<0.30 ,.e E 100g *or andy loa, or loa,
8e than 12! pp, or 0.30<0.40 ,.e E 100g *or ilt loa, or clay
E"changeable calciu, in the oil can range *ro, 2!0< !000pp,. Calciu, de*iciency ha
been produced in a nu,ber o* crop .here e"ceive level o* + or Na alt have been
applied. (deal oil CEC i generally aturated .ith #! F Ca7 10F %g and !F + 913= 2=1:
(* the e"changeable ,agneiu, contitute le than #F o* the CEC7 crop are li5ely to
repond to ,agneiu, application. (* the ,agneiu, e"ceed !0F aturation7 plant
gro.th .ill be reduced. 4hen the e"changeable ,agneiu, level are=
0<2! pp, %g= Ae*iciency y,pto, are generally preent in ,ot o* *ield
crop7 vegetable and *ruit crop. Application o* ,agneiu, i advied.
2!< !0 pp, %g= Application o* ,agneiu, i advied *or *ruit crop. Cereal
crop .ill not repond to ,agneiu, application
#
!0<100pp, %g= Abolute de*iciency i not li5ely in *ield and vegetable crop.
(* y,pto, occur they are li5ely to be induced by other *actor uch a a .ide
+= %g ratio. 3he += %g ratio on an e;uivalent bai hould be le than 1.! *or
*ield crop7 1.0 *or vegetable and 0.# *or *ruit.
E"changeable Na level are ue*ul *or indicating poible alt e**ect in oil in coatal
area or thoe .ith alinity proble,. (* the percentage o* odiu, in the CEC e"ceed 12<
1!F7 diperion o* clay and brea5do.n o* oil tructure .ill occur.
2.= S'!ph'r
%ot o* the ulphur in oil i preent a part o* the oil organic ,atter. (t i not available
to plant in the organic *or, but .ill be converted into available ulphate ion through
bacterial action. 4hen the oil i ,oit7 .ar, and .ell aerated the releae o* ulphur i
increaed reulting in variation during the gro.ing eaon.
(n general7 crop re;uire the a,e a,ount o* S a 1. Cereal generally re,ove 1!5g S E
ha7 *orage crop 1!<3! 5g S Eha and crop belonging to the cruci*er *a,ily7 epecially the
braica 9cabbage7 broccoli:7 re;uire high S7 22<4! 5g S Eha. 8egu,e generally re;uire a
high level o* available ulphur. 2ating *or phophate e"tractable ulphur are preented in
3able #.
Tab!e =* Ra%i") +&r ph&)pha%e e/%ra(%ab!e )'!ph'r
Ra%i" S'!pha%e 4#7.5
>ery high
High
%ediu,
8o.
>ery lo.
@ 1!0
!0<1!0
1!< !0
!<1!
? !
(t i i,portant to conider the *ollo.ing .hen interpreting data *or ulphur. 4hen the pH
i lo. ,icrobial activity .ill be lo. and .ill lo. do.n the releae o* ulphur. Soil .ith
high 1 *i"ation capacity and lo. pH .ill have increaed ulphate adorption. Soil high in
ur*ace organic ,atter .ill have high total ulphur. 4hen the oil i .aterlogged7
ulphate ,ay be reduced to ulphide or tran*or,ed into hydrogen ulphide ga.
Application o* ele,ental S or gypu, .ill reduce oil pH and .ill poibly induce %o
de*iciency. Crop generally have an N= S ratio o* 1$=1. (* the ratio e"ceed 1$=1 it .ill
reult in the depletion o* available S and poible S de*iciency. 3ypically oil .ill have a
N= S ratio o* &=1.
$
2.> Mi(r&"'%rie"%)
%icronutrient are *ound in lo. concentration in the oil. 3he National Agricultural
Che,itry 8aboratory 9NA2(: ue the A31A ,ethod to deter,ine Iinc7 Copper7
%anganee and (ron and the hot .ater e"traction ,ethod *or -oron. A general guide to
critical level i preented in 3able $.
Tab!e* > A e"era! 'ide %& #i(r&"'%rie"% (ri%i(a! !e,e!)
Ra%i" $ ?" Fe C' M"
High 2<! !<1! < !<1! !0<!00
%ediu, 1<2 0.&<! @ 4.! 0.3<! 2<!0
8o. 0.!<1 0.3<0.& 2.!<4.! 0.1<0.3 1<2
>. lo. ?0.! ?0.3 ?2.! ?0.1 ?1.0

-oron availability decreae .ith increae in pH and high Ca level. 8o. Ca7 high pH
and high + level accentuate to"icity. -oron leache very rapidly through acid andy
loa,. -oron de*iciency i li5ely to occur in highly leached oil7 calcareou oil and
organic oil. (n 1N/7 - i generally de*icient in volcanic ah derived oil o* lo. pH in
the highland.
Iinc de*iciency i co,,on in high pH oil and high level 1 application .ill induce In
de*iciency. Iinc de*iciencie in crop are not co,,on in acid oil. (ncreae in hu,u
content increae In availability.
(ron interact .ith e"cee o* other ,icronutrient 9In7 Cu7 %o and %n: and iron
chloroi ,ay develop in plant. (ron de*iciency i alo co,,on in calcareou and high
pH oil and *oliar application .ill reduce the de*iciency.
(ncreaing hu,u and pH can decreae copper availability. 3o"icity i le li5ely to occur
in oil .ith high bu**ering capacity.
Soil .ith lo. pH ,ay contain high level o* ,anganee and thi can be aggravated by
poor aeration and .ater logging and in co,pacted and hot dry oil 9-ruce7 1'&&:.
(ncreaing pH reduce %n availability. Ae*iciencie o* %n are very rare at pH ? !.!7 but
i* thee oil have high natural ,anganee7 ,anganee to"icity ,ay develop. So,eti,e
overli,ing can create %n and other ,icronutrient de*iciencie. %anganee to"icity ,ay
be induced by the application o* acidi*ying nitrogen *ertili0er 9a,,oniu, ulphate:.
%olybdenu, availability i pH dependent. Ae*iciency occur in acid oil7 oil high in
*ree iron7 acidic organic oil and oil derived *ro, andtone. %olybdenu, i i,portant
*or nitrogen *i"ation and nodule *ro, %o de*icient legu,e are .hite or green in colour
&
co,pared .ith the red or pin5 colour in non<de*icient plant. >egetable crop belonging
to the cucurbit and braica group are enitive to %o de*iciency.
2.3 C&"(!')i&"
(nterpretation o* a oil tet i not i,ple becaue ,any *actor other than the available
nutrient in the a,ple at the a,pling date a**ect the availability o* the oil and *ertili0er
nutrient to plant. So,e o* the *actor that a**ect oil tet interpretation are=
Soil a,ple collection and preparation techni;ue.
Cli,ate7 dieae7 .eed7 and ,anage,ent that deter,ine plant yield and nutrient
de,and.
Soil che,ical propertie that change .ith ti,e and depth o* oil 9,ineraliation7
*i"ation7 leaching:.
3he i,plet ,ethod to interpret your oil a,ple i to ue the accepted critical value
and ta5e into account other *actor a**ecting gro.th.
9.1 PLANT ANALYSIS* G'ide!i"e) +&r i"%erpre%a%i&"
9.0 I"%r&d'(%i&"
Crop and pature production are *unction o* environ,ental7 genetic and ,anage,ent
*actor. Juality and yield deter,ine the econo,ic value o* the crop. 3hee are in turn
controlled by the genetic potential o* the crop7 environ,ental *actor and ,anage,ent.
3he ,ineral nutrition o* the plant play a ,aBor role in deter,ining the yield and ;uality
o* the crop. 1lant nutrient other than C7 H and O are decribed a ,ineral nutrient. 3he
ele,ental co,poition o* plant dry ,atter i=
Carbon< 40<!0F
O"ygen< 42<44F
Hydrogen<#<$F
%ineral ele,ent < ? 10F
3he che,ical ubtance re;uired by crop are 5no.n a nutrient and their upply and
aborption *or gro.th and ,etaboli, i de*ined a nutrition. 2eearcher have identi*ied
that 1# ele,ent are eential *or plant gro.th and develop,ent. 3hree o* the ele,ent
9carbon7 hydrogen and o"ygen: are derived *ro, air and .ater and thirteen o* the,
9nitrogen7 phophorou7 potaiu,7 calciu,7 ,agneiu,7 ulphur7 iron7 ,anganee7
boron7 0inc7 copper7 ,olybdenu, and chlorine: are derived *ro, oil and *ertili0er.
3he ,ineral nutrition o* the plant play a ,aBor role in deter,ining the yield and ;uality
o* crop. (* any o* the 1# eential ele,ent are not available or are lo. in the oil the
'
plant *unction .ill be upet and characteritic y,pto, .ill develop. )ar,er and
cientit *or generation have ued viual de*iciency y,pto, to identi*y nutrient
de*iciencie. 4e have to be care*ul .ith viual de*iciency y,pto, becaue a nu,ber o*
*actor other than lo. nutrient can caue i,ilar y,pto, to nutrient. e. g. ,oiture
tre7 high alinity7 herbicide da,age or dieae caued by bacteria7 *ungu or virue
1lant analyi7 along .ith oil analyi and other upporting data i ued a a valuable
tool *or ,anaging the nutrition o* crop and pature. 3he ,ain purpoe o* plant analyi
i to=
1rovide in*or,ation on the nutrient tatu o* plant a a guide to nutrient
,anage,ent *or opti,al plant production.
Aiagnoe e"iting nutrient proble, and proble, li5ely to a**ect crop or pature
production.
%onitor crop nutrient tatu *or opti,al crop production.
(denti*y and ,onitor environ,ental proble, aociated .ith over *ertili0ation o*
crop and pature.
Ae the ;uality o* plant product.
Eti,ate overall nutrient tatu o* region7 ditrict or oil type.
Ae nutrient level in toc5 *eed and *ood *or hu,an conu,ption.
2eearcher7 e"tenion o**icer and other ue the relationhip bet.een nutrient
concentration and yield o* plant or plant part to ae plant nutrient tatu. 3he
tandard concentration ued *or diagnoing nutrient de*iciency or to"icity are baed upon
the concept o* @ Cri%i(a! "'%rie"% (&"(e"%ra%i&"K that *or, the bai o* ,ot ,ethod
o* plant analyi to ae plant nutrient tatu. (n real ituation it i not a ingle value
but it i a narro. range o* concentration above .hich the plant i ade;uately upplied
.ith nutrient or belo. .hich it i de*icient.
3hee value are generally obtained *ro, properly deigned and culture7 .ater culture7
green<houe or *ield e"peri,ent uing increaing level o* nutrient in a de*icient
gro.ing ,ediu,. An appropriate yield 9generally '0F o* ,a"i,u, yield: i elected
and the nutrient concentration in the elected plant part at thi yield i accepted a the
critical nutrient concentration 9)or detail re*er= 2euter and 2obinon7 1''$:. Critical
concentration *or peci*ic nutrient de*iciencie or to"icitie are derived through
e"peri,ent a contant value. Ho.ever7 in practice7 they vary .idely due to a nu,ber
o* environ,ental and other *actor. All thee *actor hould be ta5en into conideration
.hen interpreting any plant analyi data. So,e o* the *actor are=
1lant age and part o* plant a,pled= A the plant gro. change in nutrient
concentration ta5e place in the plant tiue. (n perennial7 the concentration o*
nutrient in leave and other organ *luctuate .ith eaonal *luhe o* hoot
gro.th and *ruit develop,ent. (t alo varie bet.een leave o* vegetative and
*ruiting hoot. 3here*ore it i neceary to de*ine gro.th tage at a,pling to
10
ait interpretation. A critical concentration vary .ith age o* plant part it i
eential that part o* the a,e phyiological age are ued7 irrepective o* degree
o* de*iciency. /enerally the younget *ully e"panded lea* i ued.

Critical nutrient concentration are *ound to be divere a,ong di**erent
genotype. Ho.ever7 .hen value are derived *ro, i,ilar tiue and plant o*
i,ilar phyiological age thi diverity i reduced. 9e. g. ulphur re;uire,ent o*
gra,inaceou crop are le than thoe *or legu,inou crop:.
Critical nutrient concentration *or diagnoi o* nutrient de*iciencie vary a a
reult o* interaction .ith light7 te,perature7 carbon dio"ide concentration7
dieae7 oil and other nutrient. Critical concentration *or to"icitie alo vary
.ith environ,ental *actor. (n a nu,ber o* pecie odiu, can ubtitute *or
potaiu,. 3here*ore the level o* odiu, in the oil can a**ect the critical
concentration o* potaiu,.
De%ai!ed i"+&r#a%i&" &" p!a"% )a#p!e (&!!e(%i&" a"d prepara%i&" i) pre)e"%ed i"
Appe"di/ 3.9.
9.2 F'"(%i&") &+ "'%rie"%) i" (r&p) a"d pa)%'re)*
All the eential nutrient are directly involved in the nutrition o* the plant. So,e are
re;uired in larger ;uantitie and are 5no.n a ,acronutrient .herea other are re;uired
in ,all ;uantitie and are called ,icronutrient or trace ele,ent. 3he *unction o* the
nutrient ele,ent are lited belo.=
Ni%r&e"*
3he nitrogen content o* plant dry ,atter generally range *ro, 1 to ! F. Ho.ever
occaionally it ,ay be either lo.er or higher than thi range. 1lant need a .ide range o*
protein to gro.7 develop and ,ature. 3he ,ain body o* protein i a,ino acid and
nitrogen i the ,aBor co,ponent o* a,ino acid. Nitrogen i alo preent in chlorophyll
9the green pig,ent .hich trap unlight:. Soil ,icro<organi, *eed on oil nitrogen
during brea5 do.n o* organic ,aterial. Nitrogen i,prove ;uality o* lea*y vegetable. (t
pro,ote rapid gro.th and i* the upply i out o* balance .ith other nutrient *lo.ering
and *ruiting ,ay be delayed.
Ph&)ph&r&')*
3he phophorou content in plant i uually bet.een 0.1 and 0.! F o* the dry ,atter.
1hophorou i,ulate early root *or,ation and gro.th7 give a rapid and vigorou tart
to plant and ti,ulate *lo.er and eed production. 1hophorou i needed in the genetic
coding ,aterial .hich control cell diviion.
11
P&%a))i'#*
3he potaiu, content in plant i uually bet.een 1<! F o* the dry ,atter. 1otaiu, i
eential *or e**icient .ater relationhip in the plant7 both *or controlling .ater content
in cell and ,ove,ent o* .ater through tiue7 and in the control o* the to,atal cell.
1otaiu, aid in providing ,echanical trength to plant and ait in the reitance to
dieae. 1otaiu, i alo aociated .ith the *or,ation and tranlocation o*
carbohydrate. (t i,prove the ;uality o* *ruit and help in the develop,ent o* tuber.
Ca!(i'#*
3he calciu, content o* plant i le than 1F. (t pro,ote early root hair *or,ation and
gro.th. Calciu, help to ,aintain trong cell .all in plant. (t alo neutralie poion
produced in the plant. (t encourage grain and eed production. 1lant .hich contain high
potaiu,7 epecially grae7 .ill contain le calciu,
Ma"e)i'#*
3he ,agneiu, content in plant dry ,atter i i,ilar to that o* 1 90.1<0.!F:. (t i the
eential co,ponent o* chlorophyll and act a a carrier o* 1 in plant. (t i neceary *or
the *or,ation o* ugar and pro,ote the *or,ation o* oil and *at.
S'!ph'r*
Sulphur i an eential co,ponent o* ,any protein. (t pro,ote nodule *or,ation in
legu,e and ti,ulate eed *or,ation. Sulphur play a 5ey role in chlorophyll
*or,ation.
$&r&"*
3he content o* boron in plant dry ,atter range bet.een 10 and 100<200 pp,. -oron
help in the ,anu*acture o* ugar and carbohydrate in crop. -oron i eential *or *ruit
develop,ent7 tranlocation o* ugar and the develop,ent o* eed and eed ;uality in
o,e crop li5e ,ungbean. -oron aid in the utiliation o* calciu,7 nitrogen and
phophorou. -oron i alo i,portant in the develop,ent o* young root and hoot.
?i"(*
1lant contain 20< 100 pp, o* Iinc in the dry ,atter. Iinc i an eential co,ponent o*
,any en0y,e7 including o,e plant gro.th hor,one. Iinc i alo eential *or
chlorophyll *or,ation. (t play a role in protein ynthei7 eed ,aturity and plant height
develop,ent.
12
C&pper*
3he copper content in plant range *ro, 1 to 20 pp, o* the dry ,atter. Copper i
eential *or nor,al eed etting in legu,e and cereal. (t i aociated .ith en0y,e
that convert nitrogen to protein. Copper i a contituent o* the chloroplat and aid in the
tability o* chlorophyll.
Ma"a"e)e*
1lant contain about 20<2!0 pp, %n on a dry .eight bai. (* the level e"ceed !00 pp,
to"icity y,pto, .ill appear. 1lant .ith a ,anganee level o* 1!<2! pp, .ill e"hibit
de*iciency y,pto,. (t play a peci*ic role in the *or,ation o* chlorophyll. %anganee
accelerate ger,ination and ,aturity.
Ir&"*
3he iron content o* healthy plant tiue range *ro, !0<200 pp, o* dry ,atter. (ron i
eential *or proper *unctioning o* chlorophyll.
M&!ybde"'#*
3he ,olybdenu, content o* plant ,aterial i uually le than 1 pp, in the dry ,atter.
%olybdenu, i i,portant in the proce o* nitrogen *i"ation by legu,e and alo in the
proce .here the plant ue nitrogen.
Ch!&ri"e*
3he chlorine content o* plant range *ro, 0.2 L2.0 F. (t i eential *or photoynthei.
(t i alo involved in the upta5e7 ,ove,ent and e**icient ue o* .ater in plant.
9.9 Key %& de+i(ie"(y )y#p%&#)*
Ni%r&e"*
1lant are generally light green and gro.th i tunted. 3he y,pto, .ill tart *ro, the
lo.er leave7 .hich .ill turn yello.7 *ollo.ed by a drying up o* the leave.
Ph&)ph&r&')*
3he plant .ill be ,all and tunted. (n ,any crop the leave .ill be dar5er green than
nor,al. Auring the early tage o* the gro.th leave7 or te, ,ay develop a reddih<
purplih colour. %aturity i delayed and the root yte, retricted. 1etiole7 lea* ,argin
and leave ,ay ta5e an up.ard direction.
13
P&%a))i'#*
Sy,pto, appear in the lo.er leave a corching or burning along the lea* ,argin.
1oorly developed root yte, and .ea5 tal5 .ith lodging are co,,on. 1lant poe
a lo. reitance to dieae. (n legu,e7 y,pto, initially appear a .hite pot or
yello.ih dot along the lea* ,argin .hile later the edge turn yello. and the leave die.
Ca!(i'#*
3he leave ,ay be crin5led or cup haped7 the ter,inal bud deteriorate and the petiole
brea5 do.n. (n o,e horticultural crop 93o,ato:7 the bloo, end .ill rot and the *ruit
,ay brea5 do.n.
Ma"e)i'#*
Sy,pto, .ill appear on older leave .ith light yello. colour bet.een the vein .hile
vein .ill re,ain green 9inter<veinal chloroi:. (n o,e crop7 reddih purple colour
develop .ith green vein.
S'!ph'r*
1lant are pale green and loo5 very ,uch li5e nitrogen de*icient plant. 3he y,pto,
*irt appear on the upper leave .herea nitrogen de*iciency .ill ho. up on the lo.er
leave. So,eti,e the entire plant can ta5e on a light yello. colour. 8eave hrivel a the
de*iciency progree and te, thin. Sulphur de*iciency occur ,otly in andy oil lo.
in organic ,atter and in area .ith ,oderate to heavy rain*all. /enerally the y,pto,
appear early in the eaon and diappear .hen the plant root penetrate the uboil.
?i"(*
Sy,pto, appear on the younget leave and other plant part. (n ,ai0e7 young bud
,ay turn .hite or yello. .hile the leave ho. bleached band. (n legu,e7 bro.n pot
appear and there i yello.ing o* leave. )ruit tree .ill ho. y,pto, o* little lea*.
Ma"a"e)e*
Sy,pto, *irt appear in younger leave7 .ith yello.ing bet.een the vein and
o,eti,e blac5 pec5. 3he de*iciency i o,eti,e con*ued .ith ,agneiu,
de*iciency. Ho.ever7 the y,pto, *or ,agneiu, .ill appear in the lo.er and older
leave. (* the pH i above $ it i li5ely to be ,anganee de*iciency.
Ir&"*
(ron de*iciency y,pto, uually appear on younger leave in .hich the vein re,ain
green and the de*iciency appear in bet.een the vein. (n cae o* evere de*iciency7 the
entire plant .ill turn yello..
14
C&pper*
(n cereal7 de*iciency y,pto, tart a yello.ing o* tip o* the younget leave to
piralling leave7 giving a tunted7 buhy appearance to plant. Ear .ill have di**iculty in
e,erging7 have .hite tip and be devoid o* grain. Aiebac5 in citru can occur.
$&r&"*
-oron de*iciency i characteried by the death o* the apical gro.ing point o* the ,ain
te, and *ailure o* lateral bud to develop hoot. 8eave ,ay beco,e thic5ened and
o,eti,e they curl. See hollo. heart in peanut.
M&!ybde"'#* %olybdenu, i i,portant in nitrogen *i"ation in legu,e and a
de*iciency o* ,olybdenu, .ill ho. y,pto, i,ilar to nitrogen de*iciency. 3he
internal colour o* the nodule .ill be pale. /eneral yello.ing and tunting o* plant ,ay
occur. %olybdenu, de*iciency i co,,on in acid oil .here ,olybdenu, precipitate
.ith iron.
Ch!&ri"e*
Chlorine de*iciency y,pto, are rarely oberved in crop7 apart *ro, coconut.
Ho.ever7 under evere condition7 the *ollo.ing y,pto, are oberved=
1. 4ilting o* the entire plant.
2. Chloroi 9yello.ing:7 bron0ing and eventual necroi 9death o* tiue: o* lea* tip
and ,argin.
<.1 Cri%i(a! Le,e!) %& I"%erpre% P!a"% A"a!y)i) +&r S&#e I#p&r%a"% Cr&p) &+
Pap'a Ne- G'i"ea.
3here i very little in*or,ation available in 1apua Ne. /uinea on critical level *or
variou crop gro.n. 3here*ore ,ot o* the in*or,ation co,piled i *ro, overea .or5
preented in 2euter and 2obinon 91''$: and other tated ource. 3hi in*or,ation i
ued only a a guide to etablih level .hich are de*icient7 ade;uate or to"ic to crop.
3he nutrient are clai*ied .ith the *ollo.ing de*inition by 2euter and 2obinon7 1''$.
De+i(ie"%* 3hi i the range o* concentration in the peci*ied plant part .hich i
aociated .ith viible de*iciency y,pto, on the plant and everely reduce plant
gro.th and production. 4hen value are *ound .ithin or belo. the de*icient range it i
e"pected the plant .ill repond to *ertili0er application.
Cri%i(a! ,a!'e +&r de+i(ie"(y* Critical value *or de*iciency are de*ined e"peri,entally
and plant nutrient tatu hould be 5ept above the critical value. 3he critical concentration
*or a peci*ied plant part i that concentration o* the ingle nutrient at .hich gro.th or
production i *ound e"peri,entally to be a**ected. /enerally the nutrient concentration at
'0 or '! F ,a"i,u, yield i choen.
1!
AdeA'a%e= 3he concentration .ithin thi range in the peci*ied plant part .ill not reult
in any increae or decreae in gro.th or production. 3hi clai*ication i alo 5no.n a
nor,al or u**icient. 3hi i generally de*ined e"peri,entally or derived *ro, *ield
obervation.
Cri%i(a! !e,e! +&r %&/i(i%y* 3he critical value *or to"icity are de*ined e"peri,entally.
3he plant nutrient tatu hould be 5ept belo. the critical value.
1#
<.0* $a"a"a 4Musa spp5
P!a"% par%= 3
rd
younget lea*= 1!<20 c, .ide lea* blade trip *ro, each ide o* the
,idrib.
Gr&-%h )%ae* %ediu, i0e uc5er .ith broad leave during period o* active gro.th
N'%rie"% U"i% De+i(ie"% Cri%i(a! AdeA'a%e T&/i(
Ba!'e Ra"e
Nitrogen F ?2.# 2.# 2.&<4.0
1hophorou F ?0.13 0.2 0.2<0.2!
1otaiu, F ?2.! 3.0 3.1<4.0
Calciu, F ?0.! 0.! 0.&<1.2
%agneiu, F ?0.20 0.3 0.3<0.4#
Sulphur F ?0.1 0.23 0.23<0.2$
Chloride F 0. # 0.&<0.'
Iinc ,gE5g ? 14 1& 21<3!
-oron ,gE5g ? 10 11 20<&0 @ 300
(ron ,gE5g &0 $0<200
Copper ,gE5g ' $<20
%anganee ,gE5g ?10 1000<2200
%olybdenu, ,gE5g 1.!<3.2 @ 3.2

Source= 2euter and 2obinon7 1''$
(ncitec7 1'&'
<. 2* $r&((&!i 4Brassica oleracea var.italica5
P!a"% par%* 4rapper lea* 948:
Gr&-%h )%ae* Head
N'%rie"% U"i% De+i(ie"% Cri%i(a! AdeA'a%e T&/i(
Ba!'e Ra"e
Nitrogen F 3.2<!.!
1hophorou F 0.3<0.$
1otaiu, F 2.0<4.0
Calciu, F 1.2<2.!
%agneiu, F 0.23<0.4
Iinc ,gE5g 4!<'!
-oron ,gE5g ? 20 30<200
%anganee ,gE5g 2!<1!0
Copper ,gE5g 1.0<!.0
%olybdenu, ,gE5g ? 0.1 0.3<0.!
Source= 2euter and 2obinon7 1''$
1$
<.9* Cabbae 4Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata5
P!a"% par%* 4rapper lea* 948:
Gr&-%h )%ae* Head
N'%rie"% U"i% De+i(ie"% Cri%i(a! AdeA'a%e T&/i(
Ba!'e Ra"e
Nitrogen F 2.! 3.0<4.#
1hophorou F 0.2 0.2!<0.!0
1otaiu, F 2.0 3.0<4.0
Calciu, F 1.0 1.!<3.0
%agneiu, F 0.1! 0.20<0.#0
Iinc ,gE5g 1! 20<200
-oron ,gE5g 20 20<#0
(ron ,gE5g !0 #0<200
Copper ,gE5g ! !.2
%olybdenu, ,gE5g 0.2 0.3<0.!
Source= 2euter and 2obinon7 1''$
<. <* Ca)he- 4Anacardium occidentale L.5
P!a"% par%= %ot recently ,atured hardened lea* on an actively gro.ing hoot.
Gr&-%h )%ae= Auring the non<*lo.ering vegetative *luh
N'%rie"% U"i% De+i(ie"% Cri%i(a! AdeA'a%e T&/i(
Ba!'e Ra"e
Nitrogen F ?1.3& 2.40<2.!&
1hophorou F ? 0.14 0.1#<0.20
1otaiu, F ? 0.2# 1.10<1.2'
Calciu, F ? 0.11 0.24<0.$!
%agneiu, F ? 0.11 0.22<0.31
Sulphur F ? 0.0& 0.11<0.14
Iinc ,gE5g ? 12 @ 20
-oron ,gE5g ? 3' !#<#$
(ron ,gE5g ? '2 14&<1#!
%anganee ,gE5g ? 2# '1<204
Copper ,gE5g ? $ @$
Source= 2euter and 2obinon7 1''$
1&
<. 8* Ca))a,a 4Manihot esculenta:
P!a"% par%* 6ounget ,ature lea* blade
S%ae &+ r&-%h= 3<4 ,onth
N'%rie"% U"i% De+i(ie"% Cri%i(a! AdeA'a%e T&/i(
Ba!'e Ra"e
Nitrogen F ? 4.$ !.1 !.1<!.&
1hophorou F ? 0.30 0.3# 0.3#<0.!0
1otaiu, F ? 1.0 1.3 1.3<2.0
Calciu, F ? 0.#! 0.$! 0.$!<0.&!
%agneiu, F ? 0.2$ 0.2' 0.2'<0.31
Sulphur F ? 0.24 0.2# 0.2#<0.30
Iinc ,gE5g ? 2! 30 30<#0 @120
-oron ,gE5g ? 20 30 30<#0 @100
(ron ,gE5g ? 100 120 120<140 @200
%anganee ,gE5g ? 4! !0 !0<120 @2!0
Copper ,gE5g ? ! # #<10 @ 1!
Source= 2euter and 2obinon7 1''$
<. =* C&(&"'% 4Cocos nucifera5
P!a"% par%* 8ea*let *ro, the ,id<region o* the 14
th
lea* belo. the *irt *ully opened lea*
Gr&-%h )%ae= Northern he,iphere<%ay7 Southern he,iphere<Nove,ber
N'%rie"% U"i% De+i(ie"% Cri%i(a! AdeA'a%e T&/i(
Ba!'e Ra"e
Nitrogen F 1.4 1.4<1.$ 1.&<2.0
1hophorou F 0.1 0.1<0.12 @0.13
1otaiu, F 0.# 0.#<0.' 1.2<1.!
Calciu, F 0.2 0.2<0.4 @0.4
%agneiu, F ? 0.1$ 0.24 0.2!<0.30
Chloride F 0.30<0.40
Iinc ,gE5g ?10 @10
-oron ,gE5g ?10 @ 10
(ron ,gE5g 20 20<40 @40
%anganee ,gE5g 20 20<30 @30
Copper ,gE5g 2.! @ 2.!
Source= 2euter and 2obinon7 1''$
(ncitec7 1'&'
1'
<.>* C&(&a 9Theobroma cacao)
P!a"% par%* 3
rd
lea* *ro, recent hardened *luh
Gr&-%h )%ae* lea*
N'%rie"% U"i% De+i(ie"% Cri%i(a! AdeA'a%e T&/i(
Ba!'e
Nitrogen F ? 2.0 2.0 < 2.3 2.3<3.0
1hophorou F ?0.12 0.12 < 0.1# 0.1#<0.30
1otaiu, F ?1.1 1.1 < 1.# 1.#<2.#
Calciu, F ?0.! 0.! < 0.& 0.&<2.0
%agneiu, F ?0.3 0.3 < 0.4 0.4<1.0
Sulphur F ?0.02 0.02 < 0.03 0.03<0.1
Iinc ,gE5g ?20 20 < 30 @ 30
-oron ,gE5g ?1! 1!<2! @ 2!
(ron ,gE5g ?30 30<!0 @ !0
%anganee ,gE5g ?1! 1!<30 @ 30
Copper ,gE5g ? 4 4 < # @ #
Source= )ah,y ).N.7 Aepart,ent o* 1ri,ary (ndutry7 1apua Ne. /uinea
(nternational oil Con*erence7 +uala 8u,pur7 %alayia7 1'$$.
<.3* C&++ee 9Coffea arabica:
P!a"% par%* 3
rd
or 4
th
pair o* leave *ro, the tip o* actively gro.ing and bearing branche
9Ao not count the ter,inal pair o* leave le than !0,, long:
Gr&-%h )%ae* (n 1N/ a,pling i reco,,ended in )ebruary<April or Septe,ber<
October= Collect a,ple be*ore 11a,.
N'%rie"% U"i% De+i(ie"% S'b"&r#a! N&r#a! E/(e))
Nitrogen F ? 2.00 2.00<2.#0 2.#1<3.!0 @3.!0
1hophorou F ? 0.10 0.10<0.1! 0.1#<0.20 @0.20
1otaiu, F ?1.!0 1.!0<2.10 2.11<2.#0 @2.#0
Calciu, F ? 0.40 0.40<0.$! 0.$#<1.!0 @1.!0
%agneiu, F ? 0.10 0.10<0.2! 0.2#<0.40 @0.40
Sulphur F ? 0.10 0.10<0.1! 0.1#<0.2! @0.2!
Iinc ,gE5g ? 10 10<1! 1#<30 @ 30
-oron ,gE5g ? 2! 2!<40 41<'0 @ '0
(ron ,gE5g ?40 40<$0 $1<200 @ 200
%anganee ,gE5g ?2! 2!<!0 !1<100 @100
Copper ,gE5g ?3 3<$ &<20 @ 20
Alu,iniu, ,gE5g @ #0
%olybdenu, ,gE5g ?0.! 0.!<0.&
Source= 4illon7 1'&!
20
<.C* G'a,a 9Psidium guajava5
1lant part= 3
rd
pair o* *ully developed leave *ro, tip o* *ruiting ter,inal hoot
9eentially ,id hoot leave:. 4ah the leave t.ice in ditilled .ater
/ro.th tage= Nov<Aec
N'%rie"% U"i% De+i(ie"% Cri%i(a! AdeA'a%e T&/i(
Ba!'e
Nitrogen F 1.4<1.#
1hophorou F 0.14<0.1#
1otaiu, F 1.3<1.&
Calciu, F 0.'<1.!
%agneiu, F 0.2!<0.40
Iinc ,gE5g 2&<32
(ron ,gE5g 144<1#2
%anganee ,gE5g 202<3'&
Copper ,g.E5g 10<1#
Source= 2euter and 2obinon7 1''$
<.01* MaiDe 4Zea mays)
P!a"% par%= Ear lea*
Gr&-%h )%ae* Early il5ing
N'%rie"% U"i% De+i(ie"% Op%i#'#
Nitrogen F ? 2.00 2.2!<3.30
1hophorou F ? 0.1! 0.1&<0.32
1otaiu, F ? 1.2! 1.$1<2.2!
Calciu, F ? 0.10 0.21<0.!0
%agneiu, F ? 0.10 0.13<0.24
Sulphur F ? 0.10 0.13<0.2!
Iinc ,gE5g ? 10 21<$0
-oron ,gE5g ? 2 #<20
(ron ,gE5g ? 10 20<2!0
Copper ,gE5g ? 2 #<20
%anganee ,gE5g ? 1! 20<1!0
Source= Aaly and 4aini;olo7 1''3
21
<. 00* Ma"& 4Mangifera indica5
P!a"% par%* 3here i no one accepted a,pling procedure. 8eave *ro, non<bearing
branche.
Gr&-%h )%ae* Sa,pling i,,ediately a*ter *lo.ering
O%her (&"di%i&")* A dilute acetic acid .ah and ditilled .ater rine uggeted
N'%rie"% U"i% De+i(ie"% L&- Op%i#'# Hih
Nitrogen F 1.0<1.!
1hophorou F 0.0&<0.1&
1otaiu, F ? 0.2! 0.3<1.2
Calciu, F 2.0<3.! 9acid oil:
3.0<!.0 9al5aline oil:
%agneiu, F 0.2<0.4
Iinc ,gE5g 20<1!0
-oron ,gE5g !0<100
(ron ,gE5g $0<200
%anganee ,gE5g #0<!00
Copper ,gE5g 10<20
Source= Aaly and 4aini;olo.1''3
<. 02* Oi! Pa!# 4Elaeis guineensis5
P!a"% par%* )rond 1$7 about # lea*let 9e;ual nu,ber *ro, upper and lo.er ran5:. 3he
central 1!c, o* each lea*let ub<a,pled.
Gr&-%h )%ae* %ature
N'%rie"% U"i% De+i(ie"% Cri%i(a! AdeA'a%e T&/i(
Ba!'e Ra"e
Nitrogen F 2.$<2.&
1hophorou F 0.1&<0.1'
1otaiu, F 1.3
Calciu, F 0.#
%agneiu, F 0.3<0.3!
Iinc ,gE5g 1!<20
-oron ,gE5g 10<20
Copper ,gE5g !<&
%anganee ,gE5g 1!0<200
%olybdenu, ,gE5g 0.!<1.0
Source = 2euter and 2obinon7 1''$
22
<.09* Pea"'% 4Arachis hypogaea5
P!a"% par%* 6ounget %ature 8ea* 96%8:
Gr&-%h )%ae* 1re<*lo.ering to )lo.ering
N'%rie"% U"i%) De+i(ie"% Cri%i(a! AdeA'a%e T&/i(
Ba!'e
Nitrogen F 1.3<2.! 3.!<!.0
1hophorou F 0.13<0.1! 0.2!<0.!!
1otaiu, F 1.#<3.0
Calciu, F 1.2<2.4
%agneiu, F 0.3<0.&
Sulphur F 0.2<0.3!
Iinc ,gE5g 2!<&0
-oron ,gE5g 2!<#0
(ron ,gE5g !0<300
%anganee ,gE5g !0<300 @$00
Copper ,gE5g #<30
Source= 2euter and 2obinon7 1''$
<.0<* P&%a%& 9Solanum tuberosum5
P!a"% par%= 6ounget ,ature lea*
Gr&-%h )%ae= Early *lo.ering
N'%rie"% U"i% De+i(ie"% Cri%i(a! AdeA'a%e T&/i(
Ba!'e
Nitrogen F ? 4.2 4.2<4.' !.0<#.!
1hophorou F ? 0.23 0.30 0.30<0.!!
1otaiu, F ? 3.3 3.3<3.' 4.0<#.!
Calciu, F ? 0.# 0.&<2.0
%agneiu, F ?0.22 0.22<0.24 0.2!<0.!0
Sulphur F ? 0.20 0.3<0.!
Iinc ,gE5g ? 1! 20<!0
-oron ,gE5g ? 1! 30<#0
(ron ,gE5g !0<1!0
%anganee ,gE5g ? 20 !0<300 @&00
Copper ,gE5g ? 3 !<20
Source= 2euter and 2obinon7 1''$.
23
<.08* Spe(ie)* R'bber 9Hevea brasiliensis:
P!a"% par%* %ature leave< 9lo. hade leave:
Gr&-%h )%ae* %ature tree
N'%rie"% '"i% De+i(ie"% Mari"a! AdeA'a%e T&/i(
Nitrogen F ?3.00 3.00<3.30 3.31<3.'0
1hophorou F ? 0.1$ 0.1$<0.1' 0.20<0.2$
1otaiu, F ?1.20 1.21<1.3# 1.3$<1.&!
Calciu, F 0.#<1.00
%agneiu, F ?0.1& 0.1&<0.20 0.21<0.2$
Sulphur F 0.01!
%anganee ,gE5g ?!0 !1<100 101<200 @!00
-oron ,gE5g ?20
Iinc ,gE5g 1!
(ron ,gE5g #0
%anganee ,gE5g ?!0 !1<100 101<200
Source= 2euter and 2obinon7 1''$
National Agricultural Che,itry 8aboratory7 NA2(7 1N/
<.0= Spe(ie)* S-ee% p&%a%& 4pomoea batatas5
P!a"% par%= 6ounget ,ature blade
Gr&-%h )%ae= 2& day a*ter tranplanting 9AA3:
N'%rie"% U"i% De+i(ie"% Cri%i(a! AdeA'a%e T&/i(
De+i(ie"(y
Nitrogen F 4.2 4.3<4.!
1hophorou F 0.22 0.2#<0.4!
1otaiu, F 4.0 4.$<#.0
Calciu, F 0.$# 0.'0<1.20
%agneiu, F 0.12 0.1!<0.3!
Sulphur F 0.34 0.3!<0.4!
Iinc ,gE5g 11 12<40 &!
-oron ,gE5g 40 !0<200 220<3!0
(ron ,gE5g 33 4!<&0
%anganee ,gE5g 1' 2#<!00 1#00
Copper ,gE5g 4<! !<14
%olybdenu, ,gE5g 0.2 0.!<$
Source= 2euter and 2obinon7 1''$
OHSullivan et al.7 1''$
24
<.0>* Spe(ie)* Tea 9Camellia sinensis:
P!a"% par%= %ature leave
Gr&-%h )%ae= At pluc5ing
N'%rie"% U"i% De+i(ie"% Cri%i(a! AdeA'a%e T&/i(
Ba!'e
Nitrogen F ? 2.# 3.0
1hophorou F ? 0.1 0.1#
1otaiu, F ? 0.& 1.0
Calciu, F ? 0.# 0.'
%agneiu, F ? 0.2 0.24
Sulphur ,gE5g ? 200 300
Iinc ,gE5g ? 3 !
-oron ,gE5g ? & 12
(ron ,gE5g ? #0 120
%anganee ,gE5g ? !0 100
Copper ,gE5g ? ' 12
Source= 2euter and 2obinon7 1''$
<.03 Spe(ie)* Ei"ed $ea" 9Psophocarpus tetragonolobus5
P!a"% par%= 4hole hoot
Gr&-%h )%ae= 42 day a*ter o.ing
N'%ri%i&" U"i% De+i(ie"% AdeA'a%e
Nitrogen F 1.$2<1.'2 2.!!<4.02
1hophorou F 0.2$<0.3#
1otaiu, F 3.33<3.#&
Calciu, F 0.3$<0.!#
%agneiu, F 0.1!<0.1&
Iinc ,gE5g $#<113
(ron ,gE5g #0<$#
%anganee ,gE5g 2'<4'
Copper ,gE5g 12<1!
%olybdenu, ,gE5g !<10
Source= 2euter and 2obinon7 1''$
2!
8.1* C&#pi!a%i&" &+ F&!iar A"a!y)i) Re)'!%) +r&# %he Na%i&"a! Ari('!%'ra!
Che#i)%ry Lab&ra%&ry, NARI, +&r )e!e(%ed (r&p) i" Pap'a Ne- G'i"ea.
3hi ection i included to provide o,e idea o* the level o* nutrient preent in crop
that are i,portant to 1N/. 3he ,aBor di**iculty in co,piling thi in*or,ation i that a
nu,ber o* a,ple ent to the Che,itry 8aboratory did not provide ade;uate
in*or,ation uch a the e"act tage o* gro.th or plant part. 3he reaon *or including thi
in*or,ation in thi ection i to provide o,e training ,aterial to point out the
i,portance o* providing the correct in*or,ation to the che,it .hen ending a,ple *or
analyi.
8.0* Aibi.a 9Abelmoschus manihot)
P!a"% par%* 6ounget ,ature blade
Gr&-%h S%ae* %ature plant 91t crop 3<4 ,onth:
N'%rie"% U"i% Ra"e Mea"
Nitrogen F 3.&2<4.'! 4.2$
1hophorou F 0.2!<0.40 0.3!
1otaiu, F 1.4$<3.1' 2.4'
Calciu, F 1.$4<4.23 2.!&
%agneiu, F 0.&#<1.21 0.''
Sulphur F 0.12<0.40 0.2!
Iinc ,gE5g 23<$! 40
-oron ,gE5g 2#<3! 2'
(ron ,gE5g 223<41$ 2'1
Copper ,gE5g '<1!0 1$
Source= National Agricultural Che,itry 8aboratory7 NA2(
Mohn So.ei7 National 2eearch (ntitute7 1N/
2#
8.2* Ca))a,a 9Manihot esculanta:
P!a"% par%* leave
Gr&-%h )%ae* Not 5no.n
N'%ri%i&" U"i% C&"(e"%ra%i&" Mea"
Ra"e
Nitrogen F 2.13<2.2! 2.21
1hophorou F 0.1#<0.24 0.1'
1otaiu, F 1.1&<1.!2 1.41
Calciu, F 0.34<2.#1 1.#3
%agneiu, F 0.2&<0.42 0.34
Iinc ,gE5g 1'<42 2&
(ron ,gE5g 20<$4 !!
%anganee ,gE5g 14<'$ #&
Copper ,gE5g #<$ #
Source= National Agricultural Che,itry 8aboratory7 NA2(
8.9* Carda#&# 9Elettaria cardamom)
P!a"% Par%* 8ea*7 Ste, and 2hi0o,e
Gr&-%h )%ae* 3
rd
lea* or the inde" lea*
N'%rie"% U"i% C&"(e"%ra%i&"
Lea+ S%e# RhiD&#e
Nitrogen F 2.13 0.&# 1.2#
1hophorou F 0.1! 0. 10 0.10
1otaiu, F 1.3! 2.00 2.!0
Calciu, F 1.#0 0.40 0.40
%agneiu, F 0.34 0.3& 0.#0
Iinc ,gE5g 3$ $0 110
(ron ,gE5g 3' 30 41
%anganee ,gE5g 3!0 !' &1
Copper ,gE5g 1! 13 14
Source= National Agricultural Che,itry 8aboratory7 NA2(
2$
8.<* C&(&a 9Theobroma cacao:
P!a"% par%* leave
Gr&-%h )%ae* Nn5no.n
N'%rie"% U"i% C&"(e"%ra%i&"
Kera,a% P&p&"de%%a
Nitrogen F 1.'2 1.'0
1hophorou F 0.1' 0.1'
1otaiu, F 1.$' 1.4#
Calciu, F 1.1# 1.43
%agneiu, F 0.3$ 0.4!
Sulphur F 0.1# <
Iinc ,gE5g 4! &2
-oron ,gE5g 2! <
(ron ,gE5g 4$ #0
%anganee ,gE5g 34 &'
Copper ,gE5g ' !
Source= National Agricultural Che,itry 8aboratory7 NA2(
8.8* C&++ee 9Coffee arabica:
P!a"% par%* 3
rd
pair o* leave *ro, the tip o* actively gro.ing and bearing branche
S%ae &+ )a#p!e* %arch
N'%rie"% U"i% Ra"e Mea"
Nitrogen F 1.1&<3.0 2.32
1hophorou F 0.11<0.4! 0.21
1otaiu, F 0.$4<2.3! 1.4!
Calciu, F 0.!1<1.2# 0.&3
%agneiu, F 0.1#<0.$1 0.3!
Iinc ,gE5g 1.#<1$ &.!
-oron ,gE5g 1$<3$ 2!
(ron ,gE5g $&<21$ 130
%anganee ,gE5g 30<442 201
Copper ,gE5g 1$<41 24
Source= National Agricultural Che,itry 8aboratory7 NA2(
2&
8.=* G'a,a 9Psidium guajava:
P!a"% par%* 8eave
Gr&-%h )%ae= Nn5no.n
N'%rie"% U"i% C&"(e"%ra%i&"
Nitrogen F 1.&'
1hophorou F 0.2#
1otaiu, F 1.!4
Calciu, F 1.$$
%agneiu, F 0.20
Sulphur F 0.24
Iinc ,gE5g 22
(ron ,gE5g !3
%anganee ,gE5g 2$
Copper ,gE5g 11
Source= National Agricultural Che,itry 8aboratory7 NA2(
8.>* Ma"& !Mangifera indica5
P!a"% par%= leave
Gr&-%h )%ae* un5no.n
N'%ri%i&" U"i% C&"(e"%ra%i&" Mea"
Ra"e
Nitrogen F 1.3!<1.&# 1.#2
1hophorou F 0.14<0.33 0.2$
1otaiu, F 0.&'<1.42 1.2$
Calciu, F 0.22<1.0& 1.11
%agneiu, F 0.22<0.34 0.2$
Iinc ,gE5g 22<3! 2#
(ron ,gE5g 42<113 &'
%anganee ,gE5g !1<113 $4
Copper ,gE5g &<' '
Source= Sa,ple collected *ro, 8alo5i in 1''4 and ued a re*erence ,aterial by -rian
Aally. National Agricultural Che,itry 8aboratory7 NA2(
2'
8.3* Pepper !Piper nigrum:
P!a"% par%* 8eave< 3
rd
and 4
th
leave *ro, top o* the branche
Gr&-%h )%ae* Not peci*ied
N'%rie"% Hea!%hy Y&'" !ea,e)
-i%h M"
)y#p%&#)
O!d !ea,e)
-i%h )e,ere
M" )y#p%&#)
Y&'" !ea,e)
-i%h #i!d M
)y#p%&#)
O!d !ea,e)
-i%h )e,ere
M )y#p%&#)
N F
1 F
+ F
Ca F
%g F
S F
%n pp,
)e pp,
In pp,
Cu pp,
- pp,
2.#
0.21
1.$3
2.00
0.1'
0.0$
!1
#!
21
11
1'
3.1#
0.23
2.42
1.34
0.20
0.04
43
#1
22
1!
1&
2.32
0.1!
2.20
2.00
0.1'
0.0&
1'
123
22
'
20
2.00
0.13
1.'&
2.00
0.10
0.0&
4'
103
20
&
20
1.$#
0.1!
2.1!
2.0
0.0#
0.0&
&0
@200
1'
&
21
Source= National Agricultural Che,itry 8aboratory7 NA2(
8.C* Pea"'%) 9Arachis hypogaea:
P!a"% par%= lea*
Gr&-%h S%ae= Not 5no.n
N'%ri%i&" U"i% C&"(e"%ra%i&"
Nitrogen F 4.!'
1hophorou F 0.33
1otaiu, F 2.1&
Calciu, F 1.31
%agneiu, F 0.#2
Iinc ,gE5g !'
(ron ,gE5g 11'
%anganee ,gE5g '&
Copper ,gE5g 11
Source= National Agricultural Che,itry 8aboratory7 NA2(
30
8.01* S-ee% p&%a%& 9pomea batatas:
P!a"% par%* 4
th
lea* *ro, ter,inal lea* and vine
Gr&-%h )%ae* Harvet
N'%rie"% U"i% Lea,e) Bi"e
Ra"e #ea" ra"e #ea"
Nitrogen F 2.!&<3.!1 3.10 0.'3<2.11 1.4!
1hophorou F 0.13< 0.3# 0.21 0.10<0.3# 0.14
1otaiu, F 0.'&<!.1 2.31 0.&1<3.## 1.!3
Calciu, F 0.'2<1.'2 1.3& 0.#3<1.0$ 0.&#
%agneiu, F 0.!<1.3 0.$1 0.2&<0.!$ 0.4#
Iinc ,gE5g 1#<3& 24 4<!0 20
(ron ,gE5g 1'2<23#4 $&0 102<4$0 2&'
%anganee ,gE5g '4<4#& 23# 40<300 110
Copper ,gE5g &<1$ 12 10<22 14
Source= National Agricultural Che,itry 8aboratory7 NA2(
8.00 Tea !Camellia sinensis:
P!a"% par%* 4
th
leave
Gr&-%h )%ae* 1luc5ing
N'%ri%i&" U"i% C&"(e"%ra%i&"
Ra"e Mea"
Nitrogen F 2.23<3.$2 3.0&
1hophorou F 0.13<0.33 0.23
1otaiu, F 0.40<1.!0 0.'!
Calciu, F 0.$2<2.'! 0.'!
%agneiu, F 0.21<0.4# 0.33
Sulphur F 0.20<0.4! 0.31
Iinc ,gE5g 10<120 20
(ron ,gE5g $3<!1# 1!#
%anganee ,gE5g 1030<4!&0 2!'&
Copper ,gE5g 1<1& $
Source= National Agricultural Che,itry 8aboratory7 NA2(
31
8.02* Tar& 9Colocasia esculanta:
P!a"% Par%* 3uber
Gr&-%h )%ae* Harvet
N'%rie"% U"i% C&"(e"%ra%i&" Pr&%ei"
Nitrogen F 0.!& 3.#
1hophorou F 0.24
1otaiu, F 1.33
Calciu, F 0.20
%agneiu, F 0.0'
Sulphur F 0.03
Iinc ,gE5g 4!
-oron ,gE5g #
(ron ,gE5g &3
%anganee ,gE5g &
Copper ,gE5g $
Source= National Agricultural Che,itry 8aboratory7 NA2(
8.09 Ya# 9!iascoria spp:
P!a"% par%* 8eave 93hree *ully opened leave:
Gr&-%h S%ae= 3<! ,onth 9Chloroi:
N'%rie"% U"i% C&"(e"%ra%i&"
Nitrogen F 2.0'
1hophorou F 0.3!
1otaiu, F 3.42
Calciu, F 0.$'
%agneiu, F 0.2!
Sulphur F 0.1$
Iinc ,gE5g !&
-oron ,gE5g 23
(ron ,gE5g #'
%anganee ,gE5g 1&
Copper ,gE5g '
Source= National Agricultural Che,itry 8aboratory7 NA2(
Sa,ple ub,itted by Aavid %itchell
32
=.1 Re+ere"(e)*
1. -ruce7 2.C. 91'&& b:. Soil acidity and li,ing. (n (.). )ergu 9Ed:7 Nndertanding oil
and oil data" Australian Society of Soil Science ncorporated# $ueensland %ranch"
%risbane# Australia&
2. Aaly7 -.+ and 4aini;olo7 M.8. 91''3:. /uide to (nterpretation o* Agricultural Sa,ple
Analyi 2eultG Soil7 1lant7 Ani,al )eed7 (rrigation .ater and Other. 'iji
Agricultural Chemistry (aboratory Technical )eport *+&
3. (ncitec7 8td7 91'&':. 1.O.-o" 1427 %orningide7 Jueenland.
4. %engel7 + and +ir5by7 E.A. 91'&$:. 1rinciple o* 1lant Nutrition& nternational
Potash nstitute# P, %o-# CH./*+0 1orblaufen.%ern2 S3it4erland&
!. National Agricultural Che,itry 8aboratory7 NA2(7 1O -o" &2$$7 -oro5o7 National
Capital Aitrict7 1apua Ne. /uinea.
#. OHSullivan7 M.N7 Aher7 C.M and ).1.C -la,ey 91''$:. Nutrient diorder o* S.eet
1otato. ACA) Monograph 5o +0&
$. 1everil7 +.(.7 Sparro.7 8.A and 2euter7A.M.91''':.Soil Analyi= An (nterpretation
,anual. CS(2O 7 1.O.-o" 113'7 Coling.ood7 >ictoria7 Autralia.
&. 2euter7 A.M and 2obinon7 M. -.91''$:. 1lant Analyi= an (nterpretation %anual7
CS),# Autralia.
'. 4alh7 8.% and -eaton7 M.A. 1'$3. Soil 3eting and 1lant Analyi. Soil Science
Society of America
10. 4illon7 +.C 91'&!:. %ineral nutrition and *ertilier need. (n= Co**ee< botany7
bioche,itry and production o* bean and beverage= 13!<1!#. Ed.Cli**ord %.N and
4illon +.C. Croo, Hel,7 8ondon.
>.1 A(."&-!ede#e"%)*
4e .ih to ac5no.ledge the upport and encourage,ent given by %r. >alentine
+a,bori7 Airector /eneral and %r. 1. Corbett7 Chie* Che,it7 National Agricultural
Che,itry 8aboratory7 NA2(. Ar. A. Juarter,ain *or revie.ing the ,anucript and the
valuable co,,ent.
33
3.1 APPENDIF
3.0.GUIDELINES FOR SOIL SAMPLE COLLECTION AND PREPARATION
FOR CHEMICAL ANALYSIS.
I"%r&d'(%i&"
Soil i one o* the ,aBor co,ponent o* the natural reource bae *or agricultural
production and it i eential to care*ully ,anage it to ,aintain utainable production.
Soil not only upport crop gro.th but alo act a a *ilter7 cleaning air and .ater. Soil
nutrient level change .ith crop and oil ,anage,ent practice and7 there*ore7 it i
eential to have the oil teted periodically *or e**icient econo,ic and environ,ental
,anage,ent.
(* the oil beco,e degraded7 ,ore reource are neceary in ter, o* agricultural input
to ,aintain tability and utainability. A .e 5no. the oil play a ,aBor role in
providing a phyical7 che,ical and biological environ,ent *or *ertility ,aintenance and
crop production. 3here*ore it i eential to ,onitor the change that ta5e place .ith
agricultural practice through care*ul a,pling and tudy o* the phyical7 che,ical and
biological propertie o* the oil in order to achieve e**icient7 econo,ic and utainable
,anage,ent.
3a5ing inappropriate a,ple .ill reult in ,a5ing inaccurate *ertili0er or other
reco,,endation *or land and crop ,anage,ent. Appropriate a,pling techni;ue .ill
enable reliable analyi and correct reco,,endation.
Eha% i) %he p'rp&)e &+ )&i! )a#p!i"G
3o deter,ine the phyical7 che,ical and biological propertie o* oil7 e.g.= oil
te"ture7 organic ,atter7 nutrient ele,ent.
3o diagnoe o* oil nutrient proble, and ae the ;uality o* oil *or upporting
gro.th in plant
3o deter,ine the level o* available nutrient eential *or plant gro.th and to
*or,ulate e**icient and econo,ic *ertili0er reco,,endation.
3o deter,ine any che,ical nutrient de*iciencie or to"icitie7 e.g. lo. or high
level iron7 boron7 ,anganee and 0inc.
3o ,onitor o* oil nutrient or other related proble, caued by other activitie.
34
3o upport deciion relating to land utiliation7 environ,ental protection and
hu,an health.
3o ,eaure variability a,ong *ar, and ,onitor long ter, *ertility trend.
3o identi*y and decribe the ,ain proble, o* oil degradation 9e.g. oil
acidi*ication: and ugget olution.
3o ae the preent tate o* oil ;uality and predict *uture trend.
3o identi*y oil type and deter,ine it inherent oil propertie.
3o elect uitable crop *or peci*ic environ,ent.
3o ait in developing ,anage,ent trategie *or *uture i,prove,ent7 .here
area o* lo. productivity are identi*ied.
Ehe" %& (&!!e(% )&i! )a#p!e) +&r (r&p pr&d'(%i&"*
Soil a,ple ,ay be collected at the *ollo.ing tage o* crop production.
1. -e*ore o.ing a crop
2. Auring the early develop,ent o* the crop
3. Auring the period o* ,a"i,u, nutrient conu,ption7 e.g. at *lo.ering
4. At harvet
4hen diagnoing a oil nutrient proble,.
Eha% )h&'!d -e d& be+&re %a.i" a )&i! )a#p!e.
Survey the area viually and decide on the boundarie o* the a,pling area a illutrated
in )igure 1. 3he land area teted ,ut be divided according to uni*or,ity.
1repare a oil a,pling plan a illutrated in )igure 17 baed on the di**erence in the
*ar, or *ar, bloc5. . Sa,ple *ro, each area hould be 5ept eparate *or a,ple
preparation and analyi
)igure 1. Aivide the *ar, bloc5 into everal a,pling area
3!
3he i0e o* the a,pling area depend on the intenity o* cropping and hould not be
larger than 1!<20 hectare.
(* the a,pling area i uni*or, in relation to oil te"ture7 colour7 organic ,atter7 lope7
pat ,anage,ent and crop to be gro.n7 one or t.o a,ple ,ay be collected in a 1!<20
hectare area. Ho.ever7 i* the variation are greater .ith repect to thee characteritic7
the area hould be divided accordingly and ,ultiple a,ple collected.
2oad ite7 burnt area7 .et pot7 area .here ani,al have been penned or patche o*
good gro.th hould be avoided or a,pled eparately.
S&i! )a#p!i" %&&!) a"d &%her #a%eria!)*
Select proper and good a,pling tool .hich hould have the *ollo.ing propertie=
1. Eay to clean
2. Adaptable to dry and ,oit oil condition
3. 1rovide uni*or, core or lice o* e;ual volu,e at all pot .ithin the
co,poite area.
4. Aurable and rut reitant. 3ool are generally ,ade out o* tainle teel7
other.ie they ,ay caue conta,ination.
The +&!!&-i" )a#p!i" %&&!) (a" be ')ed*
1. Soil a,pling tube= Open ided7 plain cylinder7 contricted tip and uni*or,
bore. 3hi type o* a,pling tool i ,ot accurate.
2. Soil auger. 3hi type o* tool i alo accurate.
3. Spade7 hovel. 3hee ,ay not reult in accurate a,ple.
The +&!!&-i" are a!)& "e(e))ary +&r )&i! )a#p!i"*
1. -uc5et to ,i" the oil
2. 1latic bag
3. 8abelling ,aterial7 i.e. ,ar5er pen7 label
4. 2ecording heet to record in*or,ation on the ite.
Eha% dep%h d& -e "eed %& )a#p!e*
3#
3hi .ill depend on the crop or pature pecie and the purpoe 9,onitoring the leaching
o* nutrient ,ean deeper pro*ile:. Nor,ally ta5e oil a,ple to the depth o* the root
0one o* the crop7 pature or plant to be gro.n.
0. Pa)%'re ra))e) a"d !e'#e)* A a,pling depth o* 0<$.! c, or 0<10c, i ued.
2. Cr&p)* A a,pling depth o* 0<10 c,7 0<1!c, or 0<20c, i ued. 3o deter,ine
,ove,ent o* nutrient 9nitrate nitrogen7 potaiu,: it i better to ta5e a,ple at 0<
30c,7 0<#0c,7 0<100 c, and in the tropic 0<1!0c,. )or ,ot o* the crop ub<oil
a,pling i done only .hen re;uired.
9. Or(hard)* A a,pling depth o* 0<1! c, and 1!<30 c, or 0<10 c,7 10<20 c, and
20<30c, i ued. )or orchard or plantation crop7 the pattern o* a,pling .ill vary
according to planting deign7 under canopy and bet.een ro. oil ,anage,ent7 *ertili0er
place,ent7 tree age and plant root ditribution. 3he general principle *or a,pling
deign and the pattern decribed *or pature and crop can be ued *or plantation
Pr&(ed're) +&r (&!!e(%i" )&i! )a#p!e)*
8ocate the a,ple ite
Scrape a.ay ur*ace litter
3a5e a,ple to the deired depth 9e.g. 0<10c, *or pature: uing pre*erably a
oil tube or an auger. S,all i0e core .ill re;uire larger nu,ber o* a,ple. )or
a pature and cropping ituation7 ta5e a ur*ace a,ple *ro, 0<10c, or 0<1!c,
*ro, at leat 30 di**erent pot at regular interval over the bloc5 or *ar,
according to the pattern ho.n belo. in *igure 2a7 2b7 2c and 2d.
2a. Iig Iag pattern 2b. Orchard
2c. 3ranect pattern 2d. Syte,atic trip
3$
Source= 1everill et al7 1'''
3horoughly ,i" the oil to *or, one a,ple. 3a5e a ub<a,ple *ro, the buc5et and
place it in a labelled platic bag. Ao not place a paper label inide the bag .ith the oil. (*
you do not have a proceing *acility you hould end the a,ple a oon a poible to
the NA2( Agricultural Che,itry 8aboratory. Ao not 5eep the, too long.
Clean oil a,pling tool and buc5et eparately be*ore ta5ing another a,ple
*ro, a di**erent ite7 bloc5 or *ar,.
Pr&(ed're) +&r pr&(e))i" )&i! )a#p!e)*
-e*ore ending a a,ple to the che,itry laboratory7 air dry it in a dut *ree
environ,ent or dry it in a dehydrator or oven at a te,perature o* <1 deree)
(e"%irade. D& "&% dry ab&,e %hi) %e#pera%'re. (* analyi i re;uired *or
a,,onia7 the a,ple hould be analyed i,,ediately or *ro0en. %anganee and
(ron increae .hen drying te,perature i increaed.
A*ter drying7 ieve the a,ple to pa through a 2## )ie,e. All oil clod hould
be cruhed by uing a ,otar and petle or a rolling pin and ieved. /ravel and
concretion hould be e"cluded.
1lace the a,ple in a labelled platic bag or bottle and ub,it the a,ple to the
Chie* Che,it7 National Agricultural Che,itry 8aboratory7 NA2(7 1O -o"
&2$$7 -oro5o7 National Capital Aitrict. 3elephone= 3212#'07 32130''.
)aci,ile= 3202411
1leae provide the *ollo.ing in*or,ation on a eparate heet o* paper or *ill the *or,
provided by the National Agricultural Che,itry 8aboratory.
1. Na,e and addre o* the a,ple o.ner.
2. 8ocation o* the a,ple collected.
3. Aate o* collection
4. Aepth o* a,ple
!. 1reviou ite hitory i.e. crop7 pature7 rotation7 *ertili0er.
#. 1urpoe o* a,pling= Aiagnotic7 *ertili0er ,anage,ent or other
$. 1ropoed crop or pature
&. Any other relevant in*or,ation7 ie. Altitude7 oil type7 cli,ate7 lope
3&
3.2 SOIL SAMPLE COLLECTION INFORMATION FORM
1. Na,e o* peronE organiation .ho too5 the a,ple<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
2. Addre=<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
3. 3elephone=<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< )aci,ile=<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<E<,ail<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
4. Ha thi area been a,pled previoulyO 6e= 9 : No= 9 :
!. Na,e o* the *ar, E bloc5E e"peri,ent<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<.
#. Nearet to.nE AitrictE 1rovince or locality o* the *ar,=<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
$. Aepth oil a,ple .a ta5en *ro,= <<<<<<<<<<<<<7<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<7<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
&. Nu,ber o* pot a,pled= <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
'. Aate o* a,pling=<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
FARM 7$LOCK DETAILS.
10. -loc5E )ar, i0e9ha: Arainage 3opography Annual 2ain*all9,,:
Nnder one hectare 9 : 1oor 9 : )lat 9 : under 1!00 9 :
1<! hectare Average 9 : Slope 9 : 1!00<2!00 9 :
#<20 hectare /ood 9 : Hilly 9 : 2!00<4000 9 :
over 20 hectare 2000<3000 9 :
11. )ertilier7 li,e7 ,anure hitory 9 (nclude rate o* application:
12. Cropping hitoryG include *allo. period7 rotation i* any7 previou crop including any
legu,e.
13. Analyi 2e;uired = N7 17 +7 Ca7 %g7 S7 In7 -7 %n7 Cu7 )e7 %o
Soil pH7 Organic Carbon7 Electrical Conductivity7 CEC
1article i0e analyi.
Other E Special ,ethod 9e.g. other 1 ,eaure,entG 1 *i"ation:
3'
3.9 GUIDELINES FOR PLANT SAMPLE COLLECTION AND
PREPARATION FOR NUTRIENT ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION
Soil *ertility decline and nutrient tre are one o* the ,aBor natural contraint to *ood
and co,,odity crop production in 1apua Ne. /uinea. (n order to practice e**icient and
econo,ical crop production7 in*or,ation i needed about the nutrient tatu o* your crop
3he econo,ic return *ro, a crop i largely deter,ined by it yield 9production:7 ;uality
and gro.ing cot7 all o* .hich are directly related to it nutrient tatu.
1lant analyi .ill provide in*or,ation about poible de*iciencie or to"ic level o*
eential nutrient. (t ,eaure the concentration o* eential nutrient ele,ent in plant
tiue and provide a i,ple7 *at and relatively ine"penive ,ean o* evaluating the
nutrient tatu o* crop. 1lant analyi i baed on the concept that the concentration o* a
nutrient ele,ent in a plant or part o* a plant i an indication o* the upply o* the ele,ent
*ro, the oil to the plant. -y re*erence to etablihed tandard it i poible to Budge
.hether the nutrient in the crop *all into the nor,al7 to"ic or de*icient range or i* there i
an i,balance bet.een nutrient.
1lant tiue analyi i only one o* the diagnotic tool ued in nutritional proble,
olving or adviing. /enerally it hould be ued in conBunction .ith oil analyi7 care*ul
,onitoring o* the crop7 ae,ent o* environ,ental condition and in*or,ation about
the previou crop7 ite or *ar, hitory. 3he National Agricultural Che,itry 8aboratory
at +ila +ila provide a plant analyi ervice but cientit7 e"tenion o**ice7 *ar,er and
other ,ut undertand and *ollo. certain procedure .hen collecting and preparing
a,ple to enable achieve,ent o* accurate reult.
The P'rp&)e) &+ P!a"% A"a!y)i)*
1. 3o diagnoe or con*ir, viual de*iciency y,pto, or to"icity proble,.
2. 3o identi*y de*iciencie .here nutrient level are lo. enough to reduce potential yield
but not lo. enough to produce de*iciency y,pto,.
3. 3o ,aintain or i,prove the balance o* di**erent nutrient.
4. 3o provide a bai *or the co,pilation o* *ertili0er reco,,endation.
!. 3o ,onitor the outco,e o* *ertili0er application and the appropriatene o* *ertili0er
reco,,endation.
#. 3o predict .hether nutrient de*iciencie are li5ely to occur in the current or
ucceeding crop.
$. 3o eti,ate the re,oval o* 5ey nutrient by a crop .ith a vie. to replacing the, and
,aintaining *ertility.
&. 3o eti,ate the nutritional value o* a crop to an ani,al or hu,an conu,er.
40
H&- y&' )h&'!d )a#p!e=
1lant tiue analyi i done on .hole plant a,ple or *ro, plant part 9petiole7 te,7
lea*:. (* the analyi i done at an early tage o* gro.th it .ill be ue*ul to correct any
current de*iciency. Ho.ever7 i* done at *lo.ering and harvet the in*or,ation .ill be
ue*ul *or the ne"t eaon crop. 3he a,ple collected hould repreent the crop
treat,ent area or *ar, bloc5. 3he peron a,pling hould collect ade;uate nu,ber or
;uantitie o* plant or plant part to repreent the total plant population 920 L 100 leave
or plant:.
)or diagnotic a,ple i* a de*iciency i upected7 eparate a,ple hould be collected
*ro, the Pde*icientK and Pnor,alK or Pnon<de*icientK area. 4here a crop i uni*or,ly
a**ected7 one a,ple repreenting the a**ected area i u**icient. (t i i,portant to collect
the a,ple .hen the de*iciency y,pto, are *irt oberved. )or crop nutrient
,onitoring on the *ar,7 the area hould be roughly divided into ection and each ection
hould be a,pled yte,atically a illutrated in diagra, a and b7 c and d.
Sa,ple area
)ield

Sa,ple
area

9a: 9c:

9b: 9d:
Source= 2euter and 2obinon71'''
41
3he ;uality o* the a,ple collected and ub,itted to the Che,itry 8aboratory .ill
directly a**ect the ;uality o* the analyi and the advice you receive *or interpretation to
the *ar,er. 3here*ore a,ple ,ut be repreentative o* the *ield condition7 una**ected
by thing that ,ay produce puriou reult and upple,ented .ith in*or,ation that
*acilitate interpretation o* reult. (t i i,portant to conider and record the *ollo.ing
*actor be*ore a,pling=
1. Aecribe the crop pecie and variety7 oil type7 a,pling ite location7 oberved
y,pto,7 previou crop and *ertili0er hitory.
2. Ao not collect plant or plant part that are dry or dead7 ,echanically da,aged or
a**ected by inect and dieae.
3. Ao not a,ple .hen the plant are under tre7 e.g.= .hen plant are e"poed to dry
pell or .hen day te,perature are high.
4. Collect a,ple bet.een & and 11 oHcloc5 in the ,orning.
!. Ne glove or clean hand to avoid conta,ination o* a,ple until placed in a clean
bag or other container7 e.g.= e5y.
#. Avoid collecting a,ple near road7 cattle pad or ca,p7 tree7 .ater logged area
or other abnor,al ite.
$. Avoid collecting a,ple *ro, plant that have been recently prayed .ith *ungicide
etc. (* thi cannot be avoided then note i* pray have been recently applied.
Ehe" a"d -ha% y&' )h&'!d )a#p!e
A the crop develop7 change occur in the concentration o* nutrient in the .hole plant
and it part. 3here*ore7 in order to accurately interpret the reult o* the plant analyi7 it
i eential to record the tage o* crop gro.th .hen the a,ple .a collected. Sa,ple
are generally collected at tandard7 de*ined tage o* crop gro.th or phyiological age.
1lant a,ple *ro, ,ot o* the *ield crop *or ,onitoring hould be collected at the
active vegetative tage 9generally 4 .ee5 a*ter o.ing *or *ield crop li5e orghu,7
,ai0e7 peanut: or at *lo.ering. Stage o* gro.th and plant part *or a,ple collection *or
o,e *ield and co,,odity crop are a ho.n in the 3able 1.
42
Tab!e 0* S%ae &+ Gr&-%h a"d P!a"% Par%) +&r )a#p!e C&!!e(%i&" +&r )e!e(%ed (r&p)
r&-" i" Pap'a Ne- G'i"ea.
Cr&p Gr&-%h S%ae P!a"% par% %& )a#p!e
1. Avocado April<%ay 2ecently ,atured *ully e"panded
lea* *ro, non<*ruiting ter,inal
2. -anana %ediu, i0ed uc5er 3
rd
younget lea*7 cut trip o* lea*
blade 1!<20 c, .ide *ro, each ide
o* ,idrib
3. -roccoli Head 48D4rapper lea*
4. Cahe. Non *lo.ering vegetative
*luh
%ot recently ,atured hardened lea*
on an actively gro.ing hoot.
!. Caava 3<4 ,onth 6ounget ,ature lea* blade 96%-:
i.e. lea* 4 and !
#. Coconut %ay 9Northern he,iphere:
Nove,ber 9Southern
he,iphere:
8ea*let *ro, the ,id<region o* the
14
th
*rond
$. Cocoa %ature plant 3
rd
lea* *ro, recent hardened *luh
&. Co**ee )ebruary<April or
Septe,ber<October
3
rd
or 4
th
pair o* leave *ro, the
actively gro.ing and bearing
branche
'. /uava Nove,ber<Aece,ber 3
rd
pair o* *ully developed leave
*ro, tip o* *ruiting ter,inal hoot
10. %ai0e >egetative
3aelling
Sil5ing
4hole plant
Ear lea* or -O-C
Ear lea* or -O-C 9blade oppoite
and belo. cob:
11. %ango Sa,pling *ro, the latet
,ature *luh
8eave *ro, non<bearing branche
12. Oil 1al, %ature 1$
th
)rond<about # lea*let
13. 1eanut 42 day a*ter o.ing
1re<*lo.ering
8ate *lo.ering
6ounget ,ature lea*
6ounget ,ature lea*
6ounget ,ature lea*
14. 1otato 2!<3! day a*ter planting
Early *lo.ering
4hole plant
1!. 2ubber %ature tree 6ounget ,ature lea*
%ature leave<lo. hade leave
1#. S.eet potato 2& day a*ter tranplanting
Harvet
6ounget ,ature blade
1$. 3ea At pluc5ing 4hole plant or 4
th
lea* *ro,
ter,inal7 1
t
lea* Q bud7 3
rd
lea* or
,ature leave
N.-. *or crop not lited pleae en;uire
43
H&- %& prepare y&'r p!a"% )a#p!e
3he plant a,ple .ill need to be properly proceed be*ore it i ub,itted *or che,ical
analyi. 2e,e,ber it i till alive and can be eaily conta,inated or the che,ical
co,poition o* o,e ele,ent changed. 3he *ollo.ing tep are re;uired=
1. 1lace the collected a,ple in a labelled7 open paper bag and place it in an e5y or
cool container7 car *ridge or .ater tight bag. Ao not leave a,ple in open bag
or in the car *or longer period than abolutely neceary and get the, to the
cloet laboratory or area *or proceing .ithin 24 hour. -e care*ul that the
correct a,ple i placed in the correct bag. Aouble chec5 thi a ,ita5en identity
.ill invalidate the tet and .ate your ti,e and the che,it e**ort.
2. (* poible7 .ah the a,ple .ith ditilled7 deionied or rain .ater and re,ove
e"ce .ater .ith a paper to.el. Special .ahing techni;ue are neceary *or
certain nutrient7 epecially ,icronutrient7 and *or duty and dirty a,ple.
Contact your che,it or crop nutrition agrono,it *or detail. (* the plant a,ple
are clean and .ithout any conta,ination there i no need *or .ahing the a,ple
.ith .ater.
3. 1lace the .ahed a,ple in a labelled bag and dry the a,ple at #! degree in a
*orced draught oven *or 24 to 4& hour. 1rolonged drying at te,perature ,ore
than &0 degree centigrade .ill reult in brea5do.n o* tiue and lo o* o,e
volatile nutrient.
4. Arying *reh a,ple at a,bient te,perature or at te,perature belo. 40 degree
centigrade or above &0 degree centigrade i not reco,,ended. Any large a,ple
hould be chopped or ground in a ha,,er ,ill to ,all piece and ub a,ple
collected to grind in a tainle teel ,ill.
!. /rind the a,ple in a tainle teel ,ill *itted .ith a creen le than 1,, in
dia,eter. /enerally a 0.!,, ieve i ued. Collect the a,ple in a platic
container or bag. Sea,e and 1eanut eed a,ple ,ay be ground in a co**ee
grinder o that the *inal ground product i *ree *lo.ing and not clu,py.
#. Sub,it the a,ple to the Che,itry 8aboratory *or che,ical analyi. Speci*y
the analyi to be conducted and any other relevant in*or,ation to the laboratory
9 ee attached in*or,ation *or,:
44
3.<* PLANT SAMPLE COLLECTION INFORMATION FORM
A. Per)&"a! de%ai!)*
1. Na,e= <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< 3elephone=<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
0. Addre= <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
)aci,ile=<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< E<,ail addre <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
3. Na,e o* the peron Eorgani0ation .ho too5 the a,ple <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
4. Ha thi area been a,pled previoulyO 6e =<<<<<<<<<<<<< No =<<<<<<<<<<<<<
!. Na,e o* the *ar,E bloc5E e"peri,ent<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
#. Nearet 3o.n or 8ocality o* the *ar, 9Aitrict7 >illage7 Cenu Aiviion:
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
$. Aate o* a,pling <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
$. Si%e De%ai!)
&. -loc5E)ar, i0e 9hectare: Arainage 3opography 2ain*all 9,,:
Nnder one hectare 9 : 1oor 9 : )lat 9 : Nnder 1!00 9 :
1<! hectare 9 : Average 9 : Slope 9 : 1!00<2!00 9 :
#<20 hectare 9 : /ood 9 : Hilly 9 : 2!00<4000 9 :
over 20 hectare 9 : above 4000 9 :
C. Sample Description:
Crop<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< Specie<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >ariety<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
AgeE Aate o.n<<<<<<<<<<<<< 1reviou crop<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
Stage o* /ro.th= Seedling 9 : >egetative 9 : )lo.ering 9 : HarvetE)ruiting 9 :
Other
1lant part ub,itted = 4hole plant 9 : 8ea* -lade 9 : Ste, 9 : 1etiole 9 : /rainE )ruit 9 :
4!
Aecription o* crop y,pto, i* any =
Are the y,pto, on= Old leave 9 : 6oung leave 9 : 3er,inal ne. leave 9 :
Ha the crop been ubBected to= 4aterlogging 9 : Arought 9 : 1et 9 : Aieae 9 :
(* ye decribe the ituation or y,pto,=
Ho. do you rate the crop vigour O /ood 9 : Average 9 : 1oor 9 :
D. Cr&p r&%a%i&" a"d b!&(. hi)%&ry +&r %he !a)% +i,e year) =
6ear=
2otation=
Crop 6ield=
)ertilierE%anure ued=
)allo. hitory=
Any other in*or,ation you thin5 ,ay be ue*ul=
E. A"a!y)i) reA'ired*
1. 3otal N7 17 +7 Ca7 %g7 S7 In7 -7 )e7 %n7 Cu7 %o7 Cl
2. Any other ele,ent or co,pound
3. )ibre
4. Ether e"tract
!. Other analyi re;uired
4#