Standards: National Council of Education Research and

Training Syllabus: Class IX

9.I Number Systems
9.I.1 Real Numbers
o 9.I.1.1 Review of representation of natural numbers, integers, rational numbers
on the number line. Representation of terminating/non-terminating recurring
decimals, on the number line through successive magnification. Rational
numbers as recurring/terminating decimals.
Classify numbers (Class IX - A.1)
Compare and order rational numbers (Class IX - A.2)
Number lines (Class IX - A.3)
Convert between decimals and fractions (Class IX - A.4)
Square roots (Class IX - A.5)
Cube roots (Class IX - A.6)
o 9.I.1.2 Examples of nonrecurring/non terminating decimals such as 2, 3, 5
etc. Existence of non-rational numbers (irrational numbers) such as 2, 3 and
their representation on the number line. Explaining that every real number is
represented by a unique point on the number line, and conversely, every point
on the number line represents a unique real number. Existence of x for a given
positive real number x (visual proof to be emphasized). Definition of nth root of
a real number.
Number lines (Class IX - A.3)
Roots of integers (Class IX - CC.1)
Roots of rational numbers (Class IX - CC.2)
Find roots using a calculator (Class IX - CC.3)
Nth roots (Class IX - CC.4)
o 9.I.1.3 Recall of laws of exponents with integral powers. Rational exponents
with positive real bases (to be done by particular cases, allowing learner to
arrive at the general laws).
Exponents with integer bases (Class IX - U.1)
Exponents with decimal and fractional bases (Class IX - U.2)
Negative exponents (Class IX - U.3)
Multiplication with exponents (Class IX - U.4)
Division with exponents (Class IX - U.5)
Multiplication and division with exponents (Class IX - U.6)
Power rule (Class IX - U.7)
Simplify expressions involving exponents (Class IX - U.8)
Evaluate rational exponents (Class IX - V.1)
Multiplication with rational exponents (Class IX - V.2)
Division with rational exponents (Class IX - V.3)
Power rule with rational exponents (Class IX - V.4)
Simplify expressions involving rational exponents I (Class IX - V.5)
Simplify expressions involving rational exponents II (Class IX - V.6)
o 9.I.1.4 Rationalisation (with precise meaning) of real numbers of the type (and
their combinations) 1/(a + bx) and 1/(x + y) where x and y are natural
numbers and a, b are integers.
Simplify radical expressions using conjugates (Class IX - CC.11)
9.II Algebra
9.II.1 Polynomials
o 9.II.1.1 Definition of a polynomial in one variable, its coefficients, with
examples and counter examples, its terms, zero polynomial. Degree of a
polynomial. Constant, linear, quadratic, cubic polynomials; monomials,
binomials, trinomials. Factors and multiples. Zeros/roots of a
polynomial/equation. State and motivate the Remainder Theorem with
examples and analogy to integers. Statement and proof of the Factor Theorem.
Factorisation of ax + bx + c, a 0 where a, b, c are real numbers, and of cubic
polynomials using the Factor Theorem.
Identify monomials (Class IX - Y.1)
Powers of monomials (Class IX - Y.5)
Polynomial vocabulary (Class IX - Z.1)
GCF of monomials (Class IX - AA.1)
Factorise out a monomial (Class IX - AA.2)
Factorise quadratics with leading coefficient 1 (Class IX - AA.3)
Factorise quadratics with other leading coefficients (Class IX - AA.4)
Factorise quadratics: special cases (Class IX - AA.5)
Factorise by grouping (Class IX - AA.6)
Factorise polynomials (Class IX - AA.7)
Characteristics of quadratic equations (Class IX - BB.1)
Solve a quadratic equation using square roots (Class IX - BB.3)
Solve an equation using the zero product property (Class IX - BB.4)
Solve a quadratic equation by factorising (Class IX - BB.5)
o 9.II.1.2 Recall of algebraic expressions and identities. Further identities of the
type: (x + y + z) = x + y + z + 2xy + 2yz + 2zx, (x y) = x y 3xy (x
y), x + y + z 3xyz = (x + y + z) (x + y + z xy yz zx) and their
use in factorization of polynomials. Simple expressions reducible to these
polynomials.
Factorise quadratics: special cases (Class IX - AA.5)
9.II.2 Linear Equations in Two Variables
o 9.II.2.1 Recall of linear equations in one variable. Introduction to the equation
in two variables. Prove that a linear equation in two variables has infinitely
many solutions, and justify their being written as ordered pairs of real numbers,
plotting them and showing that they seem to lie on a line. Examples, problems
from real life, including problems on Ratio and Proportion and with algebraic
and graphical solutions being done simultaneously.
Model and solve equations using algebra tiles (Class IX - N.1)
Write and solve equations that represent diagrams (Class IX - N.2)
Solve one-step linear equations (Class IX - N.3)
Solve two-step linear equations (Class IX - N.4)
Solve advanced linear equations (Class IX - N.5)
Solve equations with variables on both sides (Class IX - N.6)
Identities and equations with no solutions (Class IX - N.7)
Solve linear equations: word problems (Class IX - N.8)
Solve linear equations: mixed review (Class IX - N.9)
Identify proportional relationships (Class IX - S.1)
Find the constant of variation (Class IX - S.2)
Graph a proportional relationship (Class IX - S.3)
Write direct variation equations (Class IX - S.4)
Write and solve direct variation equations (Class IX - S.5)
Identify linear equations (Class IX - T.1)
Write equations in standard form (Class IX - T.4)
Standard form: find x- and y-intercepts (Class IX - T.5)
Standard form: graph an equation (Class IX - T.6)
Equations of horizontal and vertical lines (Class IX - T.7)
Graph a horizontal or vertical line (Class IX - T.8)
Linear equations: solve for y (Class IX - T.13)
Linear equation word problems (Class IX - T.14)
Write an equation for a parallel or perpendicular line (Class IX - T.16)
9.III Coordinate Geometry
9.III.1 The Cartesian plane, coordinates of a point, names and terms associated
with the coordinate plane, notations, plotting points in the plane, graph of linear
equations as examples; focus on linear equations of the type ax + by + c = 0 by
writing it as y =mx + c and linking with the chapter on linear equations in two
variables.
o Graph a proportional relationship (Class IX - S.3)
o Find the slope of a graph (Class IX - T.2)
o Find slope from two points (Class IX - T.3)
o Write equations in standard form (Class IX - T.4)
o Standard form: find x- and y-intercepts (Class IX - T.5)
o Standard form: graph an equation (Class IX - T.6)
o Graph a horizontal or vertical line (Class IX - T.8)
o Slope-intercept form: find slope and y-intercept (Class IX - T.9)
o Slope-intercept form: graph an equation (Class IX - T.10)
o Slope-intercept form: write an equation from a graph (Class IX - T.11)
o Slope-intercept form: write an equation (Class IX - T.12)
o Slopes of parallel and perpendicular lines (Class IX - T.15)
o Write an equation for a parallel or perpendicular line (Class IX - T.16)
9.IV Geometry
9.IV.1 Introduction to Euclid's Geometry
o 9.IV.1.1 History Euclid and geometry in India. Euclid's method of formalizing
observed phenomenon into rigorous mathematics with definitions,
common/obvious notions, axioms/postulates, and theorems. The five
postulates of Euclid. Equivalent versions of the fifth postulate. Showing the
relationship between axiom and theorem.
9.IV.1.1.1 Given two distinct points, there exists one and only one line
through them.
Find slope from two points (Class IX - T.3)
9.IV.1.1.2 (Prove) Two distinct lines cannot have more than one point in
common.
9.IV.2 Lines and Angles
o 9.IV.2.1 If a ray stands on a line, then the sum of the two adjacent angles so
formed is 180 and the converse.
Identify complementary, supplementary, vertical, adjacent, and congruent angles
(Class IX - F.3)
Find measures of complementary, supplementary, vertical, and adjacent angles (Class
IX - F.4)
o 9.IV.2.2 If two lines intersect, the vertically opposite angles are equal.
Transversals: name angle pairs (Class IX - F.1)
Transversals of parallel lines: find angle measures (Class IX - F.2)
Identify complementary, supplementary, vertical, adjacent, and congruent angles
(Class IX - F.3)
Find measures of complementary, supplementary, vertical, and adjacent angles (Class
IX - F.4)
o 9.IV.2.3 Results on corresponding angles, alternate angles, interior angles
when a transversal intersects two parallel lines.
o 9.IV.2.4 Lines, which are parallel to a given line, are parallel.
o 9.IV.2.5 The sum of the angles of a triangle is 180.
Triangle angle-sum property (Class IX - G.2)
o 9.IV.2.6 If a side of a triangle is produced, the exterior angle so formed is equal
to the sum of the two interior opposite angles.
Exterior angle property (Class IX - G.3)
9.IV.3 Triangles
o 9.IV.3.1 Two triangles are congruent if any two sides and the included angle of
one triangle is equal to any two sides and the included angle of the other
triangle (SAS Congruence).
SSS, SAS, and ASA Theorems (Class IX - G.7)
o 9.IV.3.2 Two triangles are congruent if any two angles and the included side of
one triangle is equal to any two angles and the included side of the other
triangle (ASA Congruence).
SSS, SAS, and ASA Theorems (Class IX - G.7)
o 9.IV.3.3 Two triangles are congruent if the three sides of one triangle are equal
to three sides of the other triangle (SSS Congruence).
SSS, SAS, and ASA Theorems (Class IX - G.7)
o 9.IV.3.4 Two right triangles are congruent if the hypotenuse and a side of one
triangle are equal (respectively) to the hypotenuse and a side of the other
triangle.
Hypotenuse-Leg Theorem (Class IX - G.9)
o 9.IV.3.5 The angles opposite to equal sides of a triangle are equal.
Congruency in isosceles and equilateral triangles (Class IX - G.8)
o 9.IV.3.6 The sides opposite to equal angles of a triangle are equal.
Congruency in isosceles and equilateral triangles (Class IX - G.8)
o 9.IV.3.7 Triangle inequalities and relation between 'angle and facing side';
inequalities in a triangle.
Triangle Inequality Theorem (Class IX - G.5)
9.IV.4 Quadrilaterals
o 9.IV.4.1 The diagonal divides a parallelogram into two congruent triangles.
o 9.IV.4.2 In a parallelogram opposite sides are equal and conversely.
Properties of parallelograms (Class IX - H.2)
Proving a quadrilateral is a parallelogram (Class IX - H.3)
o 9.IV.4.3 In a parallelogram opposite angles are equal and conversely.
Properties of parallelograms (Class IX - H.2)
Proving a quadrilateral is a parallelogram (Class IX - H.3)
o 9.IV.4.4 A quadrilateral is a parallelogram if a pair of its opposite sides is
parallel and equal.
Properties of parallelograms (Class IX - H.2)
Proving a quadrilateral is a parallelogram (Class IX - H.3)
o 9.IV.4.5 In a parallelogram, the diagonals bisect each other and conversely.
o 9.IV.4.6 In a triangle, the line segment joining the mid points of any two sides
is parallel to the third side and (motivate) its converse.
Midsegments of triangles (Class IX - G.6)
9.IV.5 Review concept of area, recall area of a rectangle.
o 9.IV.5.1 Parallelograms on the same base and between the same parallels have
the same area.
Area of rectangles and squares (Class IX - J.2)
Area of parallelograms and triangles (Class IX - J.3)
Area and perimeter mixed review (Class IX - J.8)
o 9.IV.5.2 Triangles on the same base and between the same parallels are equal
in area and its converse.
Area of parallelograms and triangles (Class IX - J.3)
9.IV.6 Through examples, arrive at definitions of circle related concepts, radius,
circumference, diameter, chord, arc, subtended angle.
o 9.IV.6.1 Equal chords of a circle subtend equal angles at the centre and
(motivate) its converse.
Arcs and chords (Class IX - L.6)
o 9.IV.6.2 The perpendicular from the centre of a circle to a chord bisects the
chord and conversely, the line drawn through the centre of a circle to bisect a
chord is perpendicular to the chord.
Arcs and chords (Class IX - L.6)
o 9.IV.6.3 There is one and only one circle passing through three given non-
collinear points.
o 9.IV.6.4 Equal chords of a circle (or of congruent circles) are equidistant from
the centre(s) and conversely.
Arcs and chords (Class IX - L.6)
o 9.IV.6.5 The angle subtended by an arc at the centre is double the angle
subtended by it at any point on the remaining part of the circle.
Central angles (Class IX - L.2)
o 9.IV.6.6 Angles in the same segment of a circle are equal.
Arc measure and arc length (Class IX - L.3)
o 9.IV.6.7 If a line segment joining two points subtends equal angle at two other
points lying on the same side of the line containing the segment, the four points
lie on a circle.
Arcs and chords (Class IX - L.6)
o 9.IV.6.8 The sum of the either pair of the opposite angles of a cyclic
quadrilateral is 180 and its converse.
9.IV.7 Constructions
o 9.IV.7.1 Construction of bisectors of a line segment and angle, 60, 90, 45
angles etc, equilateral triangles.
o 9.IV.7.2 Construction of a triangle given its base, sum/difference of the other
two sides and one base angle.
o 9.IV.7.3 Construction of a triangle of given perimeter and base angles.
9.V Mensuration
9.V.1 Area of a triangle using Heron's formula (without proof) and its application
in finding the area of a quadrilateral.
o Heron's formula (Class IX - J.9)
9.V.2 Surface areas and volumes of cubes, cuboids, spheres (including
hemispheres) and right circular cylinders/cones.
o Introduction to surface area and volume (Class IX - K.1)
o Surface area of prisms and cylinders (Class IX - K.2)
o Surface area of cones (Class IX - K.3)
o Volume of prisms and cylinders (Class IX - K.4)
o Volume of cones (Class IX - K.5)
o Surface area and volume of spheres (Class IX - K.6)
o Surface area and volume review (Class IX - K.7)
9.VI Statistics and Probability
9.VI.1 Statistics
o 9.VI.1.1 Introduction to Statistics: Collection of data, presentation of data
tabular form, ungrouped/ grouped, bar graphs, histograms (with varying base
lengths), frequency polygons, qualitative analysis of data to choose the correct
form of presentation for the collected data. Mean, median, mode of ungrouped
data.
Interpret bar graphs, line graphs and histograms (Class IX - O.1)
Create bar graphs, line graphs and histograms (Class IX - O.2)
Circle graphs (Class IX - O.3)
Interpret stem-and-leaf plots (Class IX - O.4)
9.VI.2 Probability
o 9.VI.2.1 History, Repeated experiments and observed frequency approach to
probability. Focus is on empirical probability. (A large amount of time to be
devoted to group and to individual activities to motivate the concept; the
experiments to be drawn from real-life situations, and from examples used in
the chapter on statistics).
Theoretical probability (Class IX - EE.1)
Experimental probability (Class IX - EE.2)
Compound events: find the number of outcomes (Class IX - EE.3)
Identify independent and dependent events (Class IX - EE.4)
Probability of independent and dependent events (Class IX - EE.5)