Basic Stability Guide 1

Basic Stability Guide 1Terms and abbreviations
Welcome Stability Terms Density Flotation Centre of Gravity

Welcome to Ship Stability at Master 4 level
This study guide is set up as follows:

Guide 1 (this guide)
Terms and Abbreviations
Density and Specific Gravity
Laws of Flotation
Centre of Gravity and Centre of Buoyancy

Guide 2 ( the second guide in this series)
This topic will cover Stability Calculations

Guide 3 (the third and final guide in this series)
This topic will cover stability calculations using
MV Twosuch , an excerpt from a ships stability
booklet used for examination purposes only

Home Page
1
by Lance Cunningham
by daver6
TDMMA1207B

This unit involves the skills and knowledge required
to manage the stress and dynamic factors affecting
the stability of a small commercial vessel using basic
stability criteria.

By the end of the course you will be able to
interpret basic stability criteria
carry out required stability calculations
correlate and interpret calculated stability data
manage stability and stress conditions within
safety parameters
communicate the stability information to others
as required
2
by cseeman
Stability Terms
Your chosen career requires you to converse with
many professionals in the area of Ship Stability and
as such you will be expected to speak the
language.
Terms and abbreviations are commonplace within
many industries including the Maritime industry.
What follows is a glossary of common terms and
abbreviations that you will become familiar with
during this course and will provide you with a
common language used within the Maritime
industry, specifically in the field of Ship Stability.

Click the forward button to see more
glossary entries

AP
After Perpendicular:The vertical line of
reference that coincides with the after end of
the stern post or if no stern post the turning
axis of the rudder.
Stability Terms A to B
BG
Longitudinal separation of the centres of
buoyancy and gravity
Aft Draft Marks
The set of draft marks, closest to the stern
Baseline
A horizontal line drawn the length of the ship at
the top of the keel
3
Stability Terms B to D Stability Terms D
BMo
Height of the initial transverse metacentre
above the centre of buoyancy B
Breadth Moulded
A transverse measurement taken amidships at
the point of maximum internal width
Centre of Gravity
The point of a body through which the total
weight of the body may be considered to act
Deadweight
The weight of cargo plus fuel,stores,water
ballast, fresh water, crew, passengers and
baggage. The difference between the light and
loaded displacements.
Depth Moulded
A measurement taken from the baseline
amidships to the heel of the upper deck beam
at the ship's side.
Displacement
The total weight of the vessel often abbreviated
to 'W'
Draft
Sometimes written as "Draught"
The measurement of "how deep the vessel sits
in the water"
This is measured at specific points of the
vessel...eg. the forward draft or after draft.

continued

4
DWL
Designed Waterline
Forward Draft Marks
The set of draft marks closest to the stem of the
vessel
ContinuedDraft can be the mean draft, the
forward draft and after drafts added together
and divided by 2.
Draft can be the draft measured at the
longitudinal centre of floatation, known as the
LCF Draft
By measuring the LCF draft, we can obtain the
Displacement of the vessel
Stability Terms D to F
FP
Forward Perpendicular: This is vertical line of
reference that intersects the Summer Load
waterline at the forward edge of stem when the
vessel is on an even keel
Freeboard
The vertical distance from the waterline to the
freeboard deck taken at the ship's side
Freeboard Deck
The uppermost complete deck open to the
weather and sea which has a permanent means
of closing all openings
Stability Terms F
DWA
Dock Water Allowance
5
Free Surface Effect
The movement of liquid within a ship's tanks
when the tanks are partially filled.
Has the effect of reducing the vessel's righting
lever (GZ) causing a reduction in the stability of
the vessel
Fresh Water Allowance
The number of millimetres by which the mean
draft will change when a vessel moves from
fresh water to salt water.
Stability Terms F
FSC
Free Surface Correction. Calculated as the total
free surface moment divided by the
displacement.
This value is added to the calculated height of
the transverse centre of gravity KG solid (KG),to
obtain the centre of gravity of the vessel
corrected for free surface effect, KG fluid (KGf)
Stability Terms F to G
GfMo
Initial transverse metacentric height corrected
for free surface known as the metacentric
height
6
GfZ
The transverse righting lever being the shortest
distance from G (corrected for free surface
effect) to the line of action of B the centre of
buoyancy
KG
Height of the centre of gravity of the ship above
the baseline , sometimes referred to as KG solid.
No account taken for Free Surface Effect.
KGf
Height of center of gravity, corrected for free
surface above the base line. Sometimes referred
to as KG fluid
KN
The righting lever with the ship heeled to any
angle when the centre of gravity of the vessel is
assumed to be at the baseline
LBP
Length between perpendiculars. The length
between the forward and aft perpendiculars
measured horizontally
LCB
Longitudinal centre of buoyancy, the point
where the force of Buoyancy will act upwards in
the longitudinal plane of the vessel.
Stability Terms G to K Stability Terms K to L
7
LCF
Longitudinal centre of flotation, the centre of
the waterplane area in the longitudinal plane,
around which the vessel will trim .
Stability Terms L
LCG
Longitudinal centre of gravity, The point in the
longitudinal plane , where the centre of gravity
may be considered to act.
Lightship Displacement
The weight of the vessel in it's constructed
form. Hull, fittings and components only.
LOA
Length Overall. The extreme length of the vessel
Stability Terms L to M
Load Displacement
The weight of the ship's hull and its contents,
machinery, cargo, liquids, stores (everything on
board) when floating at its summer marks
Load Line
A marking on the hull indicating the maximum
depth a vessel can load to under seasonal
conditions. Allocated by a classification society
or authorised government body.
MCTC
Moment to change trim 1cm over the length
between perpendiculars.
8
Stability Terms L to U
Mean Draft
The mean draft is the arithmetical mean of the
fore and aft drafts. That is the fore and aft
drafts added together and divided by 2.
Mo
Initial transverse metacentre
TPC
Tonnes per centimetre immersion, the amount
of weight in tonnes required to change the draft
of the vessel by 1 cm
USK
Underside of the keel.
Stability Terms V
VCB
The height of the vertical centre of buoyancy
above the baseline
VCG
Vertical Centre of Gravity. Obtained by dividing
the sum of the vertical moments by the
displacement. Often referred to as the KG solid
9
Density
Density is defined as Mass per unit Volume and uses
units of tonnes per cubic metre
1. Fresh Water can be considered to have a
density of 1 tonne per cubic metre
2. Salt Water can be considered to have a density
of 1.025 tonnes per cubic metre

Relative Density
Relative density is a pure number no units
attached. This is the ratio of one substance
compared to Fresh Water

Specific Gravity
Specific Gravity is just another term for Relative
Density. It is usually abbreviated to SG
Example
Calculate the density and relative density of a
block of timber. The timber measures:
3.0m x 0.5m x 0.8m and weighs 0.8 tonnes
=

=
0.8
3 0.5 0.8

= 0.67
3

=

=
0.67 /
3
1.0 /
3

= 0.67
10
Flotation
Archimedes determined a principle that a vessel will
displace its own mass when immersed in a fluid.

A solid block of steel weighing 6 tonnes and having
a cubic capacity of 2m is put into fresh water,.
What would you expect to occur?

Case 1: We know that the block will displace 2 cubic
meters of fresh water that will weigh 2,000kg. Think
of this acting upwards.
The weight of the steel block is 6,000kg acting
downwards.
The resultant of 6 tonnes acting downwards and 2
tonnes acting upwards is 4 tonnes acting
downwardsthe result is the block will sink.

Case 2: If the steel is hammered out so that it makes
a box of 12 cubic metres, it will still weigh 6 tonnes
but now we have an upward force of 12,000kg and a
downward force of 6,000kg the box will float.

Solid block sinks
Hammered out box floats
6t
6t
2m
12m
Case 1
Case 2
11
Centres of Forces
We have come across two forces in our study of Flotation:

1. The force of Gravity
2. The force of Buoyancy

These forces act at defined points within the vessel

The force of gravity acts vertically downwards at the centre
of gravity of the vessel
The distance of the centre of gravity measured from the keel
is defined as KG

The force of buoyancy acts vertically upwards at the centre
of the underwater volume
The distance of the centre of buoyancy measured from the
keel is defined as KB

KB
KG
K = Keel
12
You have covered the following topics in this guide
Terms and Abbreviations
Density and Specific Gravity
Laws of Flotation
Centre of Gravity and Centre of Buoyancy

Guide 2 ( the second guide in this series) will cover

Conclusion
13
Loadline, Fresh Water Allowance
Dock Water Allowance
Draft, Mean Draft, Trim
Displacement and Block Coefficient
Hydrostatic Tables, TPC
Movement of G in the transverse plane
Movement of G in the longitudinal plane
Free Surface and Loll
by Lance Cunningham
by Daver6

Basic Stability Guide 1

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Basic Stability Guide 1Terms and abbreviations

Welcome Stability Terms Density Flotation Centre of Gravity

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