Proofs

Will Price
November 6, 2012
Part I
Maths
1
Chapter 1
Geometry
1.1 Circle Theorems and Triangles
1.1.1 Sumof Angles in a Triangle
ACB

=B

CA
ABC =BCA

Lemma 1.1.1 Angles on a straight line add to 180 degrees.

B

CA+ACB +BCA

=180
ABC +CAB +BCA =180
Theorem1.1.1 Angles in a triangle at up to 180 degrees.
1.1.2 Circle Properties
Two isosceles triangles are formed.
2a +2b =360
a +b =90
Theorem1.1.2 The angle between two chords joining two ends a the diameter of a circle and meeting at the circumfer-
ence is always 90 degrees.
Summing the angles in each separate triangle gives:
2w+x =180
2q +z =180
Since the angles in a circle sum to 360:
a +x +z =360
360(2w+2q) +a =360
3602w2q +a =360
a =2(w+q)
Theorem1.1.3 The angle subtended at the center is twice the angle subtended at the circumference.
2a =c =2b
Theorem1.1.4 Two angles in the same segment are equal.
2
1.1.3 Pythagoras
The difference between the areas of the two squares equals the area of the triangles.
(a +b)
2
c
2
=2ab
= a
2
+2ab +b
2
c
2
=2ab
= a
2
+b
2
=c
2
Theorem1.1.5 The square of the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle is equal to the sum of squares of the other two
sides.
3
Chapter 2
Vector Spaces
4
Chapter 3
Matrices
5
Chapter 4
Trigonometry and Hyperbolic Functions
4.1 Sine and Cosine Rule
Sine rule:
CP =bsinA
CP =asinB
bsinA =asinB

sinA
a
=
sinB
b
Also
AR =c sinB
AR =bsinC
bsinC =c sinB

sinC
c
=
sinB
b
Theorem4.1.1 (Sine Rule)
sinA
a
=
sinB
b
=
sinC
c
Cosine rule:
b
2
=CP
2
+AP
2
a
2
=CP
2
+(c AP)
2
=CP
2
+c
2
2c.AP +AP
2
a
2
=b
2
+c
2
2c.AP
Theorem4.1.2 (Cosine Rule)
a
2
=b
2
+c
2
2cbcos A
4.2 Trigonometric Identities
4.2.1 Sine, Cosine and Tangent Relation
sin =
b
h
cos =
a
h

sin
cos
=
b/h
a/h
=
b
a
=tan
6
4.2.2 Addition Formula I
Consider a unit circle as in the diagram above. We know:
OP =1 PQ =sin OQ =cos
sin=
AQ
OQ
AQ =sincos
Also
cos=
PR
PQ
PR =cossin
So
sin(+) =PB =RB +PR = AQ+PR =sincos+cossin
Similarly.
OP =1 OA =OQcos BA =PQsin
So
OB =cos(+) =OABA
=OQcosPQsin
=coscossinsin
4.2.3 Addition Formula II
e
i
=cos+i sin (4.1)
Therefore.
e
i (+)
=cos(+) +i sin(+)
=e
i
e
i
=(cos+i sin)(cos+i sin)
=(coscossinsin) +i (sincos+sinbet acos)
Equating real and imaginary parts:
cos(+) =coscossinsin]
and
sin(+) =sincos+sincos
4.2.4 Pythagoras Identity I
Case 1
[0, /2]
From Pythagoras:
a
2
+b
2
=h
2
a =hcos b =hsin
So
h
2
cos
2
+h
2
sin
2
=h
2
cos
2
+sin
2
=1
Case 2
[/2, ]
sin() =sin() cos =cos()
So
sin
2
() +(cos())
2
=1
7
sin
2
+cos
2
=1
Case 3
[, 3/2]
cos =cos() sin =sin()
cos
2
=cos
2
() sin
2
=sin
2
()
cos
2
+sin
2
=cos
2
() +sin
2
() =1
Case 4
[3/2, 2]
cos =cos(2) sin(2) =sin
sin
2
+cos
2
=cos
2
(2) +sin
2
(2) =1
4.2.5 Pythagoras Identity II
From equation 2.1.
cosx =
e
i x
+e
i x
2
(4.2)
sinx =
e
i x
e
i x
2i
(4.3)
Therefore
cos
2
x =
e
2i x
+2+e
2i x
4
And
sin
2
x =
e
2i x
2+e
2i x
4
QED
sin
2
x +cos
2
x =
e
2i x
+2+e
2i x
e
2i x
+2e
2i x
4
=1
4.2.6 Pythagoras Identity III
sin
2
x =

k=1
(1)
k
(2
1+2k
x
2k
(2k)!
(4.4)
cos
2
x =1+

k=1
(1)
k
(2
1+2k
x
2k
(2k)!
(4.5)
QED
sin
2
x +cos
2
x =1+

k=1
(1)
k
(2
1+2k
x
2k
(2k)!

k=1
(1)
k
(2
1+2k
x
2k
(2k)!
=1
4.2.7 Tangent Addition Formula
tan(+) =
sin(+)
cos(+)
=
sincos+sincos
coscossinsin
Dividing by coscos gives.
tan(+) =
tan+tan
1tantan
8
Chapter 5
Series
9
Chapter 6
Calculus
10
Chapter 7
Multivariable Calculus
11
Part II
Physics
12
Chapter 8
Mechanics
13
Chapter 9
Thermodynamics
14
Chapter 10
Fluid Mechanics
15
Chapter 11
Electricity
16
Chapter 12
QuantumMechanics
17
Part III
Chemistry
18