Magnitude an indication of the strength of the relationship between two

variables

scatterplot A figure that graphically represents the relationship between two

variables

Causality The false assumption that a correlation indicates a causal relationship

between the two variables.

Directionality The mistaken inference made with respect to the direction of a

causal relationship between two variables

third variable problem the problem of a correlation between two variables

being dependent on another (third) variable

partial correlation A correlational technique that involves measuring three

variables and then statistically removing the effect of the third variable from the
correlation of the remaining two variables

restrictive range A variable that is truncated and has limited variability

person-who argument Arguing that a well-established statistical tren is

invalid because we know "a person who" went against the trend

Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (Pearson's r) The most

commonly used correlation coefficient when both variables are measured on an interval
or ratio scale. As a general rule of thumb when calculating a correlation coefficient, we
should have at least 10 particicpants per variable. Forumula: r = (Σ Zx*Zy) ÷ N

Coefficient of Determination (r2) A measure of the proportion of the variance

in one variale that is accounted by another variable; calculated by squaring the correlation
coefficient.

Spearman's Rank-order correlation coefficient The correlation

coefficient used when one (or more) of the variables is measured on an ordinal (ranking)
scale

Point-biserial correlation coefficient The correlation coefficent used when on

of the variables is measured on a dischotomous nominal scale, and hte other is measured
on an interval or ratio scale.

Phi coefficient The correlation coefficient used when both measured variables
are dichotomous and nominal.
Regression analysis A procedure that allows us to predict an individual's score
on one variable based on knowing one or more other varaibles.

Regression line The best-fitting straight line drawn through the center of a
scatterplot that indicates the relationship between varaibles. Formule = Y' = bX + a
where Y' = predicted value on the y variable, b = slope of the line, X = individual score
on x variable, a = y intercept. To get b; b = r * (σy ÷ σx) where σ is standard deviation.
To get a; a = Avg of Y - b *(avg of x)

multiple regression analysis Multiple regression anaysis involves combining

several predictor variables in a single regression analysis. Helps to assess the effects of
multiple predictor varaibles on the dependent measure.