TTTI5 Jmothy Icnoir and an \rch Cumbrcchi

CH7WLFMLWE, LW, NFEHEH

1!3 1 1
TranslateJ, uitlanIntroJuction,oy
G B C i i R B Y I rIH R C I-Y C D r G A r O m I C H A B L DI?
s IA r i C R O D r I NB R s I IY I R B s s
s IA r i C R O , C A L I i C R r I A
C QuOICaIICn C! IIs VCr Vas assIsICd Oy a suOs!dy !rCm nICr
^aIICnCs, DCnn
Lr1mObOUc, !tm, Jycurt!cr Vas CrI_Inay QuOIsCd In LCrman
In 1d6 as Lr1mmObOU !tm Jycurt!cr, C 1d6 DrInmann DCsC,
DCrIn
bIan!Crd \nIVCrsIIy rCss
bIan!Crd, LaI!CrnIa
C 1 Oy IC DCard C! rusICCs C! IC Cand bIan!Crd unICr \nIVCrsIIy
rInICd In IC \nIICd bIaICs C! PmCrICa
{11 daIa aQQCar aI IC Cnd C! IC OCC
1R7W5L71LR5 71KWLWLEOLIEW15
^ rransIarion by Oororhca vonNckc olKirrIcr`snrroducrionvashrsr
pubIishcd in ctooer q , p8;) : ot- 8. Jhc dccision ro producc our
ovn vcrsion docs nor impIy any criricism ol rhc ctooer rransIarion
,vhichvas olgrcarhcIp ro us) burmcrcIyrcLccrs our dccisionro bring
rhc nrroducrion in Iinc virhrhc buIk olrhc bookroproducc a sryIisri-
caIIycohcrcnrrcxr.
^II rransIarions olrhc primary rcxrs inrcrpoIarcd byKirrIcr arc our
ovn, virh rhc cxccprion ol rhc loIIoving: RiIkc, rimaI Sound, " has
bccn rcprinrcdlromRaincr Naria RiIkc, Se/ected Works, voI. 1 |rose,
rrans. G. Craig ousron ,Icv York: Icv Oirccrions, p6) , -6.
p6 byIcv Oirccrions ubIishing Corporarion, uscd virh pcrmis-
sion. Jhc rransIarion olcidcggcr`sIccrurconrhc rypcvrircr originaIIy
appcarcd in Narrin cidcggcr, |arnentdes, rrans. ^ndrc Schuvcr and
Richard Rojccvicz ,Ioomingron: ndiana \niv. rcss, ppz) , 8o-8 ,
8 -86.
Vc vouIdIikcroacknovIcdgcrhchcIpvchavc rcccivcd lrom|unc
K.hiIIips,SrclanSchcrcr, Candadai Scshachari, Shirin Shcnassa, Srcvcn
Jaubcncck,OavidJompson,JhccmingvayJrusrandrhcRcscarchand
rolcssionaIGrovrhCommirrccolVcbcrSrarc\nivcrsiry, andrhcnrcr-
Iibrary LoanOivisions arrhc\nivcrsiryolrirish CoIumbia andVcbcr
Srarc\nivcrsiry.
G..-Y.
N..
VII
1LW1EW15
Jranslarors`nrroducrion XI
rcIacc XXXX
nrroducrion
Gramophonc z
ilm 11_
Jypcvrircr t 8j
Iorcs z6;
ibliography zpp
1R7W5L71LR5
W1RLOU11LW: Irtedrtcb Kttt/er and Medta Dtscourse na/,sts
vas thc Gcrmans, thosc disastrouspcopc, vho hrstdiscovcrcdthat sag hcaps
and by-products might aso count as carning, butdoubtiIvc can bamc any
oncraccornationinparticuarIorscttingdumpsanddustbinsabovcthctrcasurc
cabinctsoIschoarship.
- H . G . W P11b g Jbc L1m[Ord VtStl1ltOU
mBOI A AAKBrI rGs . 1HB Ds DAL s Ds I B C1s
ncrobcr pjp,inrhchrsrlallol rhcvar,srudcnrsandinsrrucrorsar rhc
\nivcrsiry olJoronro abandoncd rhcir classcs ro Iisrcnro rhc cncmy. ^
loudspcakcrinsrallcdonasrrccrcIoscroVicroria Collcgcvasbroadcasr-
inga spccchby^dollirIcr,vhoinrhcvakcolGcrmany`svicroryovcr
oIand vas cxhorring rhosc sriIl dcIudcd cnough ro rcsisr him ro caII ir
quirs.^mongrhcaudicnccvasa mcsmcrizcdcIassicisr.
Jhc stridcnt, vchcmcnt, staccato scntcnccs cangcd out and rcvcrbcratcd and
chascd cach othcr aong, scrics aItcr scrics, Iooding ovcr us, battcring us, haI
drovning us,andyctkcptusrootcdthcrcistcningto a Iorcigntongucvhichvc
somchovcoudncvcrthccssimagincthatvcundcrstood.Jhisoralspchadbccn
transmittcdinthctvinkingoIancyc,acrossthousands oImics,hadbccnauto-
maticay pickcd up andampihcdand pourcd ovcrus. '
aIl a ccnrury larcr, Lric avclock-vhosc vork on rhc cllcnic shilr
lromoraIiryro carIyIircracyhad bccomc rcquircdrcadinglor mcdia and
communicarion hisrorians-rccounrcd hisvirclcssraprurcin anarrcmpr
rocxplainvhyrhccarlyp6osvirncsscdasuddcninrcrcsrinrhchirhcrro
XI
xn Trans/ators' ntroductton
ncglccrcdropicoloraliry. n tp6z-6j, hvcpromincnrrcxrsshcddinglighr
on rhc rolc oloral communicarion appcarcd virhin rvclvc monrhs. La
|ensee sautage , Claudc Lcvi-Srrauss) , Tbe Gutenoerg Ga/a, ,Narshall
NcLuhan), ntna/ Sjectes and to/utton ,Lrnsr Nayr) , Jhc Consc-
qucnccs olLircracy" ,|ack Goody and an Varr) , and avclock`s ovn
|rejace to |/ato. Vhar unircd rhcsc publicarions, avclock argucd, vas
rhclacrrharrhciraurhors bclongcd ro rhchrsrgcncrarionro bcshapcd by
avorldinvhich a prinr-biascd mcdia ccologyhad bccn alrcrcd byncv
vaysolrccording,sroring, andrransmirring sounds and voiccs, including
rhc radiogcnic^usrriandialccrola Gcrmandicraror. ndccd, hov could
a gcncrarionollisrcncrs acousrically nurrurcd onshorr-vavc broadcasrs
olhrcsidc chars, burning airships, Narrianinvasions, and calls lorroral
varnorgrovupropondcrrhcchangingrclarionshipbcrvccnspccchand
vriring: crc vas rhc moving mourh, rhc rcsonanr car, and norhing
morc, our scrvanrs, or our masrcrs, ncvcr rhc quicr hand, rhc rcllccrivc
cyc. crcvasoraliryindccdrcborn. "
Ncdia," rhc opcning linc olricdrich Kirrlcr`s Granojbone, It/n,
T,jeurtter srarcs virh milirary briskncss, dcrcrminc our siruarion"
,xxxix) . Jhcyccrrainlydcrcrmincourapprcciarionolrhcm.Jhcmcdiaol
rhcprcscnr inlIucncc hovvc rhink abourrhcmcdia olrhcpasror, lor
rharmarrcr,rhoscolrhclururc.Virhourphonographyandirsncvabiliry
ro lairhlullymanipularcrhc spokcn vordinvays rhar nolongcrrcquirc
rharspccchbcrranslarcdinrovriring,rhcrcvouldbcnoacadcmiccnrcr-
priscs aimcd arundcrsrandingrhc communicarivc houschold olculrurcs
virh lcvorno symbol-bascd cxrcrnal sroragc capacirics. ur rcborn"
or,rouscValrcrng`sbcrrcr-knovnphrasc, sccondary" oraliryrcrroac-
rivcly crcarcd rhc bygonc vord-ol-mourh vorld rharvas norycr arrhc
mcrcy olrhc quicrhand and rhc rclIccrivc cyc.` Ior surprisingly, many
mcdiahisroricsadhcrcroarriparrircsrrucrurcrharuscsrhcscrvooralirics
ro brackcr an inrcrim pcriod knovn asrhc Gurcnbcrg Galaxy" orrhc
^gcolrinr. " Suchlraming,hovcvcr,implicsrharrhc ,rc) discovcryola
pasr oraliry vill allccr rhc pcrccprionolourprcscnrlircracy, sincc cvcry
cxplorarionolrhc dynamics oloraliryisa rcncgoriarion olrhclimirs and
boundaricsollircracyandirsassociarcdmcdia ncrvorks.Vhy, rhcn,scp-
ararcrhcquanrumlcapinrhcrcscarchinrooralirylromrhccmcrgcnccol
rhcmorccomprchcnsivc arrcnrionrovardmcdialiryingcncral:Vc nccd
onlyaddro avclock`slisra couplc olcquallydivcrgcnrandinlIucnrial
conrcmporaryrirlcs-mosrpromincnrly,^ndrcLcroi-Gourhan`s Geste et
|aro/e , tp6q-6) andNcLuhan`s Understandtng Medta , tp6q) -ro rcal-
izcrharrhcvarcrshcdavclockhadinmindconccrncdmorcrhanqucs-
Trans/ators ' ntroduction XIII
rionsoloraliryvcrsuslircracy.^vidcsprcadinrcrcsrcurringacrossaIldis-
ciplinary boundarics srarrcdro locus onrhcmarcriaIirics olcommunica-
rion.^rarimcvhcnrhcrcrm mcdia"cirhcrvassrillmissinglrommany
dicrionarics or conjurcd up visions ol spiriruaIism, numcrous scholars
vcrcarrcmpringrobringinrolocusrhcmarcrialandrcchnologicalaspccrs
olcommunicarion and ro asscssrhc psychogcncric and sociogcncric im-
pacrolchangingmcdiaccologics. Sucharrcmprs scrrhcmsclvcsrhcrasks
olcsrablishingcrircrialorrhccxaminarionolsroragcandcommunicarion
rcchnoIogics,pondcringrhc rcIarionships amongmcdia, probingrhcirso-
cial,culrural,andpoIiricaIrolcs,and,ilpossiblc,providingguidclincslor
lururcusc.
lcourscrhcrcvcrcprcdcccssors, andsomcarcsrill bcing quorcd.
lrhc many lcarncd clichcs circularing in rhc vidcninggyrc ol mcdia
srudics,rhcmosrpcrsisrcnrmaybcrhcassuranccrharalIrhcnasryrhings
vccansayabourcompurcrsvcrcaIrcady spcllcdourinlaro`scririqucol
vriring in |baedrus. n rhis ccnrury, VaIrcr cnj amin`s lamous cssay
JhcVorkol^rrinrhc^gcolNcchanicalRcproducrion"vashrsrpub-
lishcdin pj 6,andaroIdnnis`snjire and Connunications andias
oj Connunication, rhc hrsr arrcmprsro conjugarc vorldhisrory accord-
ingrorhcvorkingsoldillcrcnrmcdiarcchnologics,appcarcdinpoand
p , rcspccrivcly. Jhc lisrolvorks publishcd bclorc p6ocould bccx-
pandcd,cspcciaIIyiloncvcrcroincludcrhcmanysinglc-mcdiumrhcorisrs
andcommcnrarors-suchasNinsrcrbcrg,^rnhcim,aIazs,andKracaucr
on hlm, or rcchr and Lazarslcld on radio-as vcII as rhc grovrh ol
Iorrh^mcricancommunicarion srudics, burmcdiarhcoryasvcknovir
rodayhrsrcmcrgcdinrhc p6os.
Nucholrhisvorkrcndsrogobygcncricnamcssuchas mcdiarhc-
ory" or mcdiasrudics. " Suchrcrmsarcsohospirablc asro bcridiculous,
asilrhccombincdrradcs,skills,anddiscipIincsolpapcrproducrion,book
binding,bibIiography,rcxruaIcriricism,Iircraryanalysis,andrhccconom-
ics olpubIishingvcrc ro bc labcIcd papcrrhcory. " urrhcirvagucncss
rcllccrs a gcnuinc divcrsiryolpossiblc approachcs, lor ar rhc cnd olrhc
rvcnricrhccnruryrhcsrudyolmcdiaisroughlyvhcrcrhcsrudyollircra-
rurcvasarirsbcginning.VhcnorisLichcnbaum,oncolrhcproponcnrs
olRussian lormalism, rricd ro dclcnd rhc lormal mcrhod" againsrrhc
groving cncroachmcnr olsrarc-sponsorcd Socialisr Rcalism, hc quorcd
rhcimparicnrcommcnrsolhislcIlovcriricRoman|akobsonroundcrIinc
rhcspccihciryandappropriarcncssolrhcirncvapproach:
Jhc objcct oIthc scicncc oIitcraturc is not itcraturc, but itcrarincss-that is,
thatvhichmakcsagivcnvork avork oIitcraturc.\ntinovitcraryhistorians
XIV Trans/ators' ntroduction
havcprcIcrrcdtoactikcthc poiccmanvho,intcndingto arrcstaccrtainpcrson,
voud,atany opportunity, scizc any and apcrsonsvhochanccdintothcapart-
mcnt, as vc as thosc vho passcd aong thc strcct. Jhc itcrary historian uscd
cvcrything-anthropoogy, psychoogy, poitics,phiosophy. !nstcadoIascicnccoI
itcraturc,thcycrcatcdacongomcrationoIhomcspundiscipincs.JhcysccmcdU
havc Iorgottcnthatthcir cssays straycd into rcatcd discipincs . . . andthatthcsc
coud righty usc itcrary mastcrpicccs ony as dcIcctivc, sccondarydocumcnts.`
Jhc samcimparicnccundcrIics ricdrichKirrIcr`scommcnrrhar mcdia
scicncc" ,Medienuissenscbajt) viIIrcmainmcrcmcdiahisrory" asIong
as rhc pracririoncrs olcuIruraI srudics knovhighcr marhcmarics onIy
lrom hcarsay. "' |usr as rhc lormaIisr srudy ol Iircrarurc shouId bc rhc
srudyolIircrarincss,"rhcsrudyolmcdiashouIdconccrnirscIlprimariIy
virh mcdiaIiry and nor rcsorr ro rhc usuaI suspccrs-hisrory, socioIogy,
phiIosophy, anrhropoIogy, and Iircrary and cuIruraI srudics-ro cxpIain
hov and vhy mcdia do vhar rhcy do. r is ncccssary ro rcrhink mcdia
virhancvanduncompromisingdcgrccolscicnrihcrigor,locusingonrhc
inrrinsic rcchnoIogicaI Iogic, rhc changing Iinks bcrvccn body and mc-
dium,rhcproccdurcslordaraproccssing,rarhcrrhancvaIuarcrhcmlrom
rhcpoinrolvicv olrhcirsociaIusagc.
Jhis ccnrcringupon mcdia isrcminisccnr olrhc vork olNarshaII
NcLuhan,and,norsurprisingIy,rhcgrovinginrcrcsrinrhcmcdia-rcIarcd
vork ol KirrIcr, ViIcm Iusscr, auI ViriIio, ^rrhur Krokcr, and Rcgis
Ocbray coincidcs virh NcLuhan`s rcsurrccrion as a criric olmodcrniry
vorrhy olbcing mcnrioncd inrhc samc brcarh as ^dorno, oucauIr, or
cidcggcr. Ouring NcLuhan`s Iilcrimc rhis rcspccrabiIiry vouId havc
amazcd many a criric, sincc hc appcarcd ro bc sccond ro nonc vhcn ir
camcro makingIilc casylor his dcrracrors: his qucsrionabIcpoIirics, his
casuaI and arrimcscynicaIdismissaI olsociaI issucs, his dcIighr inhob-
nobbingvirhrhccorporarcandpoIiricaIcIirc,norromcnrionrhcbrcczy
shaIIovncssolhisvorkloIIoving Understanding Media, aIIconspircdro
makc himand his SummaopoIogica"

avcII-pIaccdpunchingbag,cs-
pcciaIIylorrhcIcarncdLclr.NcLuhan`slocusonrcchnoIogics,mcdialor-
mars, and marcriaIirics olcommunicariondidnorhr casiIy virhin anin-
rcIIccruaI Iandscapcshapcdmorcbyqucsrions olmcdia ovncrship, audi-
cnccmanipuIarion,andsrrarcgics lorcommunicarivccmanciparion.
JhcinrcIIccruaILclr`sdismissaIolNcLuhanvascquaIIypronounccd
inGcrmany.navclI-knovnmcdiacssayoltp;t, ansNagnusLnzcns-
bcrgcr rcjccrcd him as a rcacrionary vcnrriIoquisr" lor rhc apoIiricaI
avanr-gardc, a charIaran"ignoranrolsociaIproccsscs vhoscconluscd
books scrvc as a quarryolundigcsrcd obscrvarionslorrhc mcdiaindus-
Trans/ators' ntroduction xv
rry. "' uilding on rcchr andcnj amin, Lnzcnsbcrgcr arrcmprcd ro Ior-
muIarc a sociaIisr srrarcgy" Ior rhc cmanciparory usc oI mcdia. ^nrici-
paringarhcmcoIgrcarimporranccinGranojbone, Ii/n, T,jeuriter ,al-
rhoughsrrippcdoIirspoIiricalovcrroncsinKirrIcr`sbook),hcpoinrcdour
rhar in principlc, rcchnoIogics such asrhc rransisror radio rccognizc no
conrradicrion bcrvccn rransmirrcr and rcccivcr. Rarhcr, rhcsc rcchnical
disrincrions rcllccr rhc social division oIIaborinro produccrs and con-
sumcrs andrhcrcIorc arc uIrimarcIy prcdicarcd onrhcconrradicrionbc-
rvccnrhcrulingandrulcdclasscs. Ipassivcconsumcrsvcrcro bccomc
acrivc cirizcnsand produccrs, rhcyvouIdhavc ro rakcchargc oIrhisun-
rappcd rcchnoIogicaI porcnriaI, insrall rhcmsclvcs as produccrs, and
rhcrcby "bringrhccommunicarionsmcdia,vhichupronovhavcnordc-
scrvcd rhc namc, inrorhcirovn. "
-
JhisnorionoIlibcraringmcdia "inrorhcir ovn" provokcdavociIcr-
ous rcsponsc Irom|can audrillard, vho in his cssay "Rcquicm Ior rhc
Ncdia" chargcd Lnzcnsbcrgcr virhrcgurgiraring rhc oldNarxisr dcIu-
sion rhar undcrncarh rhc capiraIisr vcnccr oI cxchangc valuc rcsidcs a
morcnarural usc valucvairingro bcuncovcrcd. rvas crroncous ro bc-
Iicvc, audriIIard argucd, rharmcdia arcncurraIrcchnoIogicaI sysrcms
vhosc sociaIimpacrdcpcndcduponvhouscsrhcmrosayvhar,rarhcr,ir
vas "inrhcirIormandvcryopcrarion" rharrhcyinduccdsocialrcIarions.
norhcrvords,mcdiaarc "norcoecients bure[ectors oIidcology"'
_
vhich vas audriIIard`s vay oI rcrminoIogicalIy updaring NcLuhan`s
manrrarharrhc mcdiumisrhc mcssagc. nshorr, mcdia donormcdiarc,
rhcy arc anri-mcdiarory and inrransirivc. Jhc "rcvolurionary" cvcnrs oI
Nay `68, audriIlardclaimcd, couldnorsurvivc rhcirmcdiarion bccausc
"rransgrcssionand subvcrsionncvcrgcr'onrhc air`virhourbcingsubrly
ncgarcdasrhcyarc,rransIormcdinromodcIs,ncurraIizcdinrosigns,rhcy
arc cvisccrarcdoIrhcirmcaning. "'`
nhisarrcmprro shovrharmcdia dcsrroyrhc auraoIan cvcnr, au-
drillardvas, incsscncc, rransIcrring srrucruralisr and scmioriccxpIana-
rions oIrhcproducrionand mainrcnancc oImcaningand idcologyIrom
rcxrs and signsro mcdia.Jo him, vriring in rancc in rhc carly tp;os, ir
vas clcarrhar "idcoIogy" couldnolongcrbcconsrrucrcdas ancsscnccoI
sociaIinrcrcsrs ormanipuIarivc inrcnrs Iabricarcdara hiddcnccnrcrand
rhcn channcIcd rhrough rhc mcdia. |usr as rcccnr scholarship had ana-
lyzcdidcologyandmcaningasrhcrcsulroIaninrcrplayoIsigns,amcdia
rhcoryinspircdbysrrucruralismandscmioricssavrhcmro bcinhcrcnrin
rhcvaysmcdia opcrarcd. "' Jhcmcdiumisrhcmcssagc` opcrarcs arrans-
Icr oI mcaning onro rhc mcdium irscII qua rcchnoIogical srrucrurc. "'
XVI Trans/ators` |ntroduction
ovcvcr lirrlc rhcy orhcrviscmayhavc incommon, rhcvork olKirrlcr
andaudrillardislocarcdonrhcsamcinrcllccrualrraj ccrory. orhrccon-
ccprualizc rhc mcdia issuc in rcrms ol rcccnr rhcorcrical dcvclopmcnrs
commonly groupcd rogcrhcr as "rcnch rhcory. " Supcrhcially, Kirrlcr`s
vorkcanbcsccnasamcrgcroloucaulr, Lacan, andNcLuhan,rharis,
a combinarion ol discoursc analysis, srrucruralisr psychoanalysis, and
hrsr-gcncrarion mcdia rhcory. Jo disringuish ir lrom rhc morc gcncric
rcrms "mcdia srudics" and "mcdia rhcory, " vc vill call ir "mcdia dis-
courscanalysis"'`andprcscnririnrhclollovingdiscussionasadisrincrly
Gcrman ollshoor ol posrsrrucruralism rhar can only bc undcrsrood
againsrrhc Gcrman rcccprion in rhc tp;os olrhc rcnchrriumvirarcol
Ocrrida,oucaulr,andLacan ,virhVirilioro bcaddcdlarcr).

LACArCAr ArO OBRRI OAOA

-
. IHB iRBrCH ACRC s s IHB RHI rB
Vhcn posrsrrucruralisr rhcorizing crosscd rhc Rhinc lrom rancc inro
Gcrmanyinrhclarc tp;os,irvasnorrcccivcdvirh opcn arms. rispcr-
hapsunsurprisingrharrhcharshcsrarracksagainsrirvcrcdirccrcdnorar
rhc naitre jenseurs rhcmsclvcs burarrhcirGcrmanadcprs. ncourspo-
kcncriricchasriscdrhcvorkolrhclarrcras "LacancanandOcrridada, "
an "uncondirional and lrcqucnrly uncrirical adaprarion ro rcnch rhco-
rics" alllicrcd bya "congcsrionollinguisric cxprcssivcncss" rhar "abovc
all dcsircs onc rhing-norro bc undcrsrood."'' nc no doubr can hnd
similarscnrimcnrsinrcacrionroIorrh^mcricanappropriarionsolposr-
srrucruralism, burroundcrsrandvharKirrlcrsays-andvhyhcchooscs
ro sayirvirha ccrrainpanachc-iris ncccssaryro dcscribcbricllyvhar
disringuishcs rhc Gcrman rcccprion olposrsrrucruralismlromirs Iorrh
^mcricancounrcrparrs. '
nGcrmanyrhcrcvasnosignarurc cvcnrsuchasOcrrida`sprcscnra-
rionol"Srrucrurc,Sign,andlayinrhcOiscourscolrhcumanScicnccs"
ar|ohns opkins, no "Yalc School," andno "dcconsrrucrion" ro spcak
ol.Jhcrcvasinsrcad,inRobcrrolub`svords, "acorcricolscholars"-
among rhcm Kirrlcr, rhc philosophcr Iorbcrr olz, and rhc Gcrmanisr
|ochcnrisch-vho had no "spirirual larhcr" or "inrcllccrual ccnrcr"
and ar somc poinr bccamc inrrigucd virh rcnch rhcory.'` Vhcrcas in
Iorrh^mcricarhcoryprohrcdlromalormolinrcllccrualRcaganomics,a
rricklc-dovn cllccr by vhich rhc vorkolrcpurablc scholars arallcgcdly
supcriorinsrirurionspcrcolarcddovnvard and ourvard, irs Gcrman rc-
ccprionrcndcdro srarr ar rhc acadcmic margins-virh srudcnrs, junior
laculry,rcadinggroups,smallpublishinghouscs-andrhcngradually,and
Trans/ators` ntroduction XVII
againsrnorablcrcsisrancc,movcinvardandupvard.Jo alargccxrcnrrc-
sisrancc camc Irom rhc LcIr, sincc vhar Ocrrida, Lacan, oucauIr, and
rhcir disciplcs hadro saysccmcd ar hrsrincomparibIcvirh posirions in-
spircd byNarxorrhcrankIurrSchool , unlikcroday,vhcrcsomuchrc-
scarchgocsinroshovinghovIikc-mindcdrhcyarc).^rrimcsrhcsrruggIc
rhar cnsucdvasmorivarcd lcss byrhcoryrhan bypovcr. ^s had alrcady
happcncdinranccinrhcvakcoIrhccvcnrsoItp68, rhccsrabIishcdLcIr
vas indangcroIlosinggroundvirhonc oIirs mosrimporranrconsrirucn-
cics. Isrrucruralisr andposrsrrucruraIisrcriricism oINarx and hisprog-
cnyprcvailcd, rhcn discnchanrcd srudcnrs, arrisrs, andinrcIlccruaIsmighr
no longcr bc arrhc morc-or-lcss cxcIusivc disposal oIrhc LcIr. Vho, Ior
cxampIc, couIdrakccrbcrrNarcusc`s sanguinc rcudian-Narxisr brcv
scriousIyaIrcrrcadingLacan:' 'accdvirhrhischaIlcngc,rhcLcIr,vhich
irsclIhadIaccdsriIIopposirionduringirshghrIor rccognirion, vasquick
ro rcsorr ro rhc ubiquirous rrationa/isnusioruurj-that is, ir accuscd
rcnch-inspircdrhcorizingoIdovnplayinghisrory,cradicaringrhcsubjccr,
and conjuringup impcrsonal, dcrcrminisr symboIicchains and ncrvorks
oIirrarionaIism. GivcnIarionalSocialism`smobiIizarionandcxpIoirarion
oIrhcsrronganrirarionalrradirioninGcrmanrhoughr, rhisrcproachcar-
ricsconsidcrablcvcighr inGcrmany. KirrIcr has acknovlcdgcd rhc chal-
lcngc.inarcccnrinrcrvicvhcdcscribcdhismagnumopus,Discourse Net-
uor/s, as "vrirrcn in blackincvcry scnsc."Jhis phrascnoronIyrcIcrs
ro rhc book`s rypographical appcarancc orro rhc Iacr rharirvasvrirrcn
inandIorrhc black acadcmic markcr ,rhar is, oursidc csrablishcdschools
andrrcnds) buraIso alludcsro rhc Gcrmanpolirical colorcodingrharas-
sociarcsblackvirhconscrvarism.
IorrharrhcRighrandCcnrcrvcrcanymorcvclcoming,dcspircrhc

IacrrharscvcraIoIrhc GcrmanposrsrrucruraIisrsvho larcrroscropromi-

ncncc bcgan rhcircarccrsundcrrhcrurcIagcoIvcIl-knovn rradirionaI lir-
crary scholars. , Kirrlcr, Ior insrancc, srarrcd as an assisranr ro Gcrhard
Kaiscr, oncoIrhcmorcpromincnrrcprcscnrarivcsoIrhchcrmcncuricrra-
dirion. ) ' nccagain,conlIicrvasprobablyunavoidabIc,andonccagain,
ir rook on a ccrrain cdgc bccausc rhc opposing parrics, dcspirc rhcir
vidclydiIIcringapproachcsandrcrminoIogics,vcrcnorrharIarrcmovcd
Irom onc anorhcr and vcrc IrcqucnrIy conccrncd virh idcnricaI is

ucs.
GcrmancriricsoIOcrrida,cspccialIyrhoscsrccpcdinrhchcrmcncuricrra-
dirion, havc rcpcarcdly claimcd rharhcisnorparricularIy original iIrcad
cIoscly. isindcbrcdncssrocidcggcrisvcllknovn,andycranassump-
rionpcrsisrs-cxpIorcdingrcardcrailinNanIrcdrank`ssrudyWbat s
Neostructura/isnr-that qucsrions rcgarding rhc mcdiarion oI rcIcrcncc
XVIII Trans/ators` ntroduction
andsubjccrivirybyandrhroughlanguagcvcrcalrcadyaddrcsscd,and ar
Icasr parrly solvcd, in rhc vrirings oI SchIcicrmachcr and scvcral posr-
Kanrian Gcrman idcalisr and Romanric phiIosophcrs. n shorr, vhar
vas good abour rcnchposrsrrucruralismvas nor ncv, and vhar vas
ncvvas norgood.
Jhc posrsrrucruraIisrs rcspondcd virh a rhrccIold approach. irsr,
lcavingasidcrhcpurporrcdinIcrioriryoIrcnchphiIosophcrsoItpo-8o
ro rhcir Gcrman counrcrparrs oI t;po-t8zo, rhcy argucdrharrhcvcry
Iacr rhar rcnch posrsrrucruralism vas posing rhc samc qucsrions and
dcaIingvirhrcIarcdissucsurgcdIorirsincrcascdrcccprionrarhcrrhanirs
dismissal. Sccond, insrcadoIncurraIizingrhcrcnchposrsrrucruralisrsby
rcIcrringrhcmbackro rhcirGcrmananrcccdcnrs,rhcyproposcdrharrhc
larrcrbcradicalizcdbyIocusingonrhoscinsranccsvhcrcrhcyanriciparcd
orcamccIoscrorhc soIurionspurIorvardbyrcnchrhcorisrs.Jhissrrar-
cgy vas adoprcd, Ior cxampIc, by risch, vho pIays oII rhc brash,
young,asirvcrc,proro-rcnch),anri hcrmcncuricSchIcicrmachcragainsr
rhccldcrIy, cryprohcrmcncuricalSchlcicrmachcrsodcarrorhccsrabIishcd
Gcrmanrradirion.` r also hclps ro cxplainvhy, sincc rhc tp;;publica-
rion oIrhc coIIccrion Urszenen, Gcrmanposrsrrucruralism has bccn so
dravnro"diIhculr" rcxrsandvrircrsoIrharcra.'IIdcrIin,KIcisr,or
cvcnrhcIongnovcIs oIGocrhcarcsccnasinspircdby,pIayingvirh, and
raking aparrrhc proro-rcnch acsrhcric andphiIosophic axioms oIrhcir
day, rhcn discoursc analysis, Lacanian rhcorizing, andOcrridcan dccon-
srrucrion bccomcrhcmorcappropriarcrooIsIordcalingvirhrhcm.`
JhcrhirdandmosrsrraighrIorvard approach consisrcdininIorming
rradirionaI hcrmcncuric scholars rharrhcyvcrc unablcroIaccrhcrrucdi-
mcnsions oI rhc rcnch rhcory oIIcrings, an obj ccrion rhar somcrimcs
rookrhcshapcoIgIccIullyordchanrlyconhrmingrhcirvorsrsuspicions
oIvharposrsrrucruraIismis up ro. n his cririquc oI Wbat s Neostruc-
tura/isnr Kirrlcrhoncdinonrank`sIcarIulassumprionrharrcnchrhc-
orisrsvcrcpromoringrhc "drcamoIasubj ccrIcssmachinc. "'Oiscussing
Lacan`s Iamous accounr oIhuman consciousncss as a camcra rhar cap-
rurcsandsrorcsimagcscvcnvhcnnobodyisaround,`rankhadargucd
rharLacan,inrhchnaIanalysis,couldnordovirhoursomckind oIsub-
jccrcndovcdvirhscII-rcllccrivcconsciousncss.Iorso,Kirrlcrrcspondcd:
rhis mcchanical olaroid consciousncss vas alI Lacan had in mind bc-
causc his rcchnological marcriaIism, jusr Iikc rcud`s, "rcasoncd onIy as
IarasrhcinIormarion machincs oIhis cra-nomorcand no lcss."

y
cmphasizingLacan`s Ircqucnr rcIcrcnccs ro circuirs andIccdback,norro
mcnrion Lacan`srcIusalrodiscussrhc subjccroIlanguagcvirhanybody
Trans/ators' ntroduction XIX
nor vcrscd in cybcrncrics) , KirrIcr movcd Lacan our olrhc hcrmcncuri-
cally soilcd rcaIms olold-sryIc psychoanalysis, philosophy, and Iircrary
schoIarshipandinrorhclarmorcappropriarcposrhcrmcncuricdomainol
inlormarionrhcory. Iovadays,Kirrlcrnorcddisapprovingly, cvcnncvs-
papcrsrcgurgirarcLacan`slamousdicrumrharrhcunconsciousisrhcdis-
coursc olrhc orhcr, burrharrhisdiscoursc olrhc orhcris rhc discoursc
olrhccircuiriscircdbynoonc. " '
Joassociarcrcnchposrsrrucruralismvirhmodcrnmcdiarcchnology
has bccomc a commonpIacc incurrcnr Iorrh ^mcrican Iircraryrhcory.
Gcorgc Landov`s H,jertext, virh irs programmaric subrirlc, Tbe Con-
iergence oj Contenjorar, Critica/ Tbeor, and Tecbno/og,, asscrrsrhar
hypcrrcxr prcscnrs an almosr cmbarrassingly lircral cmbodimcnr" ol
Ocrrida`scmphasisondc-ccnrcringandarrhcs`sconccprionolrhc rcad-
crIyvcrsusrhcvrircrIyrcxr.` Grcgory\lmcrcIaimsrharrhc grammaro-
logical vorks olOcrrida aIrcady rcllccr an inrcrnalizarion olrhc clcc-
rro
_
ic mcdia, rhus marking vhar is rcaIIy ar srakc in rhc dcbarc sur-
roundingVcsrcrn mcraphysics."`' LugcncrovcnzoandNarkosrcr, in
rurn, Iink oucaulr`s analysis olsurvcilIancc rcchniqucsro darabascs and
clccrronicconrrolproccdurcs.` rnovappcarsrharrhcsc Iinks, anaIogics,
andcorrcspondcnccsalsocanbcprojccrcdbackinrimc.Vharhypcrrcxr
andhypcrmcdia arc ro posrsrrucruralism, cybcrncrics vas ro srrucruraI-
ismandscmiorics,andinborhinsranccsrhchumanimplicarionhasbccn
prolound.
ithoutpassingthroughinguistics ata,Porbcrticncr invcntoroIcybcrnct-
ics) hadarcadyascaryas tq8 dchncdmanvithoutrcIcrcncctointcriorityasa
communication machinc, a machinc Ior cxchanging inIormation vith his cnvi-
ronmcnt.Jhcidcathatarcaitymustbcbrokcnupinthchnaanaysisintoasct
oIrcations bctvccnccmcntscamctogcthcrbyancntircydiIIcrcntangcviththc
structura postuatc, imputingcvcrycIIcctoImcaningto a combination oImini-
ma units orpcrtincnttraits oIa dctcrminatc codc. hic rcsoutcy avarc oIit,
Ircnchscmioogyvasmctaphorizingand cuturaizing" thc^mcricanmcchanist
paradigm.``
n a chaprcr cnrirIcd Srrucrurcs-Oiscourscs-Ncdia" in his book
|bi/osojbie nacb ibren nde ,hiIosophyalrcr irs cnd), olz dcscribcs
rhc clcarparadigmscqucncc" rharhas ruIcdrcnchrhcoryproducrion
sincc Saussurc. irsr,Saussurc`sinsighrrharrhcmcaningolsignsisancl-
lccr oldillcrcnriaIarricularion rcappcars in Lcvi-Srrauss ro dcscribc rhc
human mind as a scrolmarriccs lorrhc cmcrgcncc olsrrucrurcs, vhiIc
Lacan, combining srrucruraI linguisrics virh cybcrncric rhcory, rrans-
xx Trans/ators' |ntroduction
lorms srrucruraI psychoanaIysis inro a mcdia rhcory ol rhc uncon-
scious. "`nrhcsccondsragc,oucaulrbuilds onrhislinkro dcscribcrhc
rclays and circuirs oldiscursivc pracriccs. inaIly, aulViriIio`s dromo-
logical" and chronopoliricaI" analyscs-vhichviIl bcolgrcar impor-
rancc ro rhc iIm" sccrion ol Granojbone, Ii/n, T,jeuriter|ink rhc
murarionolhuman pcrccprionro changcs in milirary mcdia rcchnology.
Srcp 1: Vcrccognizcrharvc arcspokcnby languagc. Srcp l: Vc undcr-
srandrharIanguagcisnorsomcncbuIouscnriryburappcarsinrhc shapc
olhisroricaIlyIimircddiscursivcpracriccs.Srcp :VchnaIlypcrccivcrhar
rhcsc pracriccs dcpcnd onmcdia. n shorr, srrucruraIism bcgor discoursc
anaIysis,anddiscourscanalysisbcgormcdiarhcory.
Ncdia,rhcn, arc ,ar) rhc cnd olrhcorybccauscin pracriccrhcyvcrc
alrcady rhcrc ro bcgin virh. ^ccordingIy, KirrIcr rics rhc cmcrgcncc ol
srrucruraIismro rhc inrroducrionolrhcrypcvrircr, andhccriricizcsou-
cauIrlorncirhcrrcIIccring onrhc mcdialiry olrhcdiscursivcpracriccshc
analyzcdnorgoing bcyond rhcconhncs olrhc GurcnbcrgGaIaxy. Jhus,
vhcrcas oucaulr`s archivcs arc bascd on rhc hcgcmony olvrirrcn lan-
guagc, onrhc silcnrassumprionrharprinrisrhcprimary ,ilnorrhc only)
carricrolsignihcarion,Kirrlcr`sarchcologyolrhcprcscnrsccksroincludc
rhc rcchnoIogicaI sroragc and communicarion mcdia ol rhc posr-prinr
agc, s) . Lvcnvriring irscll, bclorcircnds up inIibrarics, is a communi-
carionmcdium,rhcrcchnologyolvhichrhc archcologisr oucaulr| sim-
ply lorgor. r is lor rhis rcasonrhar aIl his anaIyscs cndimmcdiarclybc-
lorc rhar poinr in rimc ar vhich orhcr mcdia pcncrrarcd rhc library`s
sracks. OiscourscanaIysiscannor bc appIicdro soundarchivcsand rov-
crsolhlmrolIs" , ) .
Ncdia arcrhc alpha andomcgaolrhcory. lmcdia doindccd dcrcr-
minc our siruarion," rhcnrhcy no doubr aIso dcrcrminc, andhcncccon-
hgurc, our inrcIlccrual opcrarions. nc could casilyrcappropriarc Ocr-
rida`smuch-dclcrrcdpronounccmcnri/ n', a jas de bors-texte and sug-
gcsrrharrhc lundamcnraI prcmisc olmcdia discourscanaIysisis i/ n', a
jas de bors-nedia.
OI s C CDRs B rBTCRKs: IRCm mC1HBR 1CrGDBs 1C
mA11BRs Ci I rs CRI I1I Cr
Kirrlcr`s inrcllccrual carccr can bcbrokcn dovn inro rhrcc parrs, cach
roughlycovcring onc dccadc. n rhc p;os, hislocusvas on discoursc
analysis,inrhc tp8os,hcrurncdhisarrcnrionrorhcrcchnologizingoldis-
courscbycIccrricmcdia, andinrhc tppos, roirssubscqucnrdigirizarion.
Trans/ators' ntroduction xxi
cginning as a |riiatdozent inrciburg, hc dcalr virh rhc so-callcd^gc
ol Gocrhc , t ;;o-t 8jo) in mosr ol his carly vork, conccnrraring on
canonicalaurhorslikcLcssing,Schillcr,andGocrhchimscll.Jhcinllucncc
ol oucaulr and Lacan is obvious-his highly dcmanding rcading ol
L.J.^.ollmann`s Jhc Sandman" ranksas rhcmosrcomprcsscdand
programmaric olall applicarions olLacan"``-as is rhc arrcmpr ro lusc
rhc rvo. nc olhis principal goals is ro rclarc Lacanian norions olsub-
jccr ,dc)lormarion,spccihcallyvirhinrhclramcvork olrhcnuclcarlam-
ily rhar cmcrgcd inrhc sccond hall olrhc cighrccnrh ccnrury, ro rhc dis-
cursivcpracriccsrharcamcrorcgularcrhcncvrolcsandrclarionshipsol
morhcrs, larhcrs, andchildrcn onrhconchand andaurhorirics andsub-
jccrsonrhcorhcr. Looking back ar rhis carlyvork, Kirrlcr cmphasizcd
rharrhc nuclcar lamily bcrvccn rhc agcs olrhc Lnlighrcnmcnr and Ro-
manricismvas nor a lacr olsocial hisrory" bur a codc," a vcrirablc
discourscmachinc" rharproduccdallrhcsccrcrsandinrimacicsrharvcrc
subscqucnrlymisrakcnascsscnrialcomponcnrsolancquallycsscnrialhu-
mannarurc.cncc,rcxrssuchasLcssing`slamilydramasorGocrhc`si/-
dungsronane havc ro bc rcad as insranccs ola culrural inscriprion pro-
gram. Gcrmanlircrarurcaround t 8oo,soolrcnhailcdasrhcapcxolGcr-
manic culrural ourpur culminaring in rhc rvin pcaks ol Gocrhc and
Schillcr, bccomcs amcansolprogrammingpcoplc,parrolrhc ovcrallrc-
coding cnrcrprisc rhar ushcrcd inan agcrhar savnoronlyrhc sprcad ol
rhc nuclcar lamily bur also rhc grovrh ollircracy, rhc norionolaurhor-
shipasrhccxprcssionolincllablcindividualiryandnner/icb/eit, andrhc
prcindusrrial mobilizarion olrhc modcrnnarion srarc on all idcological,
adminisrrarivc,andmilirarylcvcls.`Jhcolhciallocusolproducrionlor
Gcrmanocrryvasrhcnuclcarlamily,scholarssavroirsmulriplicarion,
and a scicncc rhar claimcd rhc rirlc Scicncc providcd irs jusrihcarion."`
Jhc tp8os ,during vhich Kirrlcr movcd lrom rciburgroochum)
broughr a considcrablcbroadcning olhis inrcrcsrs and incrcasing lorays
inronon-Gcrman,andnon-Gcrmanisr,arcas.^lvaysaprolihcscholar,hc
produccdcssayson, amongorhcrs)Iicrzschc,inkloyd,crcrandkc,
Oashicll ammcrr, ram Srokcr, Richard Vagncr, and Jhomas yn-
chon.`` Norc imporranrly, mcdia"-avordrarcly uscd in rhc prcvious
dccadc-madc a grand cnrry, andvirhgood rcason. llircrarurcis pro-
gramming, hovcxacrly docs irprocccd: bviously, ir involvcs rhc pro-
ducrion, circularion, and consumprion olrcxrs. nrcrprcring rhosc rcxrs,
rhar is, isolaring and lorcingrhcmro rcvcal somcrhing bcyondrhcmarc-
rialirics and ordcrs ol communicarion rhar produccd rhcm in rhc hrsr
placc, vill bc ollirrlc hclp. nsrcad, discoursc analysis bcgins by simply
xxii Trans/ators' ntroduction
rcgisrcringrhcmasmarcrialcommunicarivccvcnrs inhisroricalIyconrin-
gcnr,inrcrdiscursivcncrvorksrharlinkvrircrs, archivisrs,addrcsscs,and
inrcrprcrcrs.`'n so doing, discoursc analysis docs nor dcny inrcrprcra-
rion,irmcrclyconccnrrarcsonsomcrhingmorcinrcrcsring.irsrolaIl, ir
locuscsonrhc brurclacrrharccrrainrcxrsuere produccd-rarhcr rhan
nor, and rarhcrrhan orhcrs. Sccond, ir shovs rharrhcscrcxrs, rcgardlcss
olrhc varicgarcd social pracriccs ro vhich rhcy may bc rclarcd, cxhibir
ccrrainrcgulariricsrharpoinrro spccihcruIcsprogrammingvharpcoplc
cansayandvrirc.
Jhird andpcrhapsmosr surprising, discoursc analysishighlighrs rhc
lacr rhar, givcn rhc groving sociaI compIcxiry and cxpanding commu-
nicarivcncrvorksolrhccarlyt 8oos,srandardizcdinrcrprcrarionappcars
rohavcbccnpossiblc and, indccd,vas cvcr morc dcsirablc. Jhc hcrmc-
ncuric masrcr pIan sccms ro havc bccn ro ollscr incrcasing sociaI com-
plcxiry virh inrcrprcrarivc homogcnizarion. Jhis pIan can only vork,
hovcvcr, il pcoplc arc rraincd ro vork virh languagc in srandardizcd
vays rhar dovnplay irs changing marcrialiry. or insrancc-ro choosc
onccxamplc olimporranccroKirrlcr-pcoplchavcrobcrraincdrorcad
rhcsmoorhandconrinuous IIov olinkonpapcrasrhcmanilcsrarion ol
ancqualIysmoorhandconrinuousIIovolpcrsonaIiry. ncgcl`s vords,
rhccsscnccolindividualiryhasirs appcaranccandcxrcrnaliry"inhand-
vriring.urpcoplc alsohavcro bcrraincdro disrcgardrhcchangc lrom
handvriring ro prinr.Jhis poinr, rhcn, is cruciaI. bcginning in rhc ^gc
olGocrhc-norcoincidcnraIIy onc ol rhc lormarivc pcriods olGcrman
hisrory-srablcculruralrclcrcnccssuchasaurhorship, originaIiry, individ-
ualiry,andGeist, alIacccssiblcbyvayolsrandardizcdinrcrprcrarionprac-
riccs, cur rhrough and homogcnizcd incrcasing sociaI complcxiry, rhis
couldonlyoccur,hovcvcr, bccausc anaruraIizcdlanguagcnovsccnasa
lucid carricr olmcaning currhrough and homogcnizcd rhc dillcrcnr mc-
dia. n shorr, pcoplc vcrc programmcd ro opcrarc upon mcdia in vays
rharcnablcdrhcmroclidcrhcmarcrialiricsolcommunicarion.urilrhcrc
is anyrrurh ro vhar mcdia rhcory, lolloving nnis, ng, andNcLuhan,
has bccnclaiminglor dccadcs, mcdiahavcrhcirovn biascs" and mcs-
sagcs"rharmusrbcrakcninro accounr.Jhcqucsrionolhovpcoplcop-
crarcuponmcdiarhushasrobccomplcmcnrcdbyrhccquallyimporranr
qucsrion ol hov mcdia opcrarc upon pcoplc. Subscqucnrly, discoursc
anaIysis has ro bc cxpandcd as vcll as suppIcmcnrcd by mcdia rhcory.
Scholars such as Kirrlcr, olz, and risch, as irvcrc, playcd Narx ro
oucaulr`scgcI. rhcy pullcddiscourscanalysisollirsrcxrual and discur-
sivchcadandscrironirsmcdia-rcchnologicallccr.
Trans/ators' ntroduction xxIiI
Jhc ncvdimcnsions olKirrlcr`s anaIysis arc conraincd in a nurshcll
in rhc imporranr cssay ^urorschalr und Licbc" , ^urhorship and lovc) ,
hrsrpublishcdintp8oasparrolavolumcpoIcmicalIyandprogrammari-
callycnrirIcdustreioung des Geistes aus den Geistesuissenscbajten |ro-
granne des |oststru/tura/isnus , LxpuIsion ol rhc Spirir lrom rhc hu-
manirics. programs olposrsrrucruralism). Jhc cssayis organizcdaround
rhc sharp conrrasr bcrvccn rvo vcry dillcrcnr body-mcdium links rhar
rcprcscnrrvovcrydillcrcnrvaysrharvrircrscvokcdandrcadcrscxpcri-
cnccd lovc. irsr, Kirrlcr prcscnrs aolo and ranccsca, Oanrc`s inlcrnal
coupIc, vhosc doomcd lovc drasricalIy shorr-circuirs rcxrs and bodics,
Icadingrhcmro physicaIly ,rc)cnacr rhc adulrcrous Iovc srory rhcyhad
bccn rcading our loud. ,Jhcir narrarivc, inrurn,managcsro physicaIIy
knock ourrhcir spclIboundlisrcncr. ) ^gainsrrhis KirrIcr scrs rhc cquaIly
iIl-larcdIovc rccordcd by Gocrhc olVcrrhcr and Lorrc,vhocclcbrarc a
lar Icss physicaI burno Icss dclirious communion by aIloving rhcir souIs
ro sharc rhc spirir olKIopsrock`s bclovcd pocrry.'' mpassioncd bodics
ccdcroycarningsouIs,namcIcssdcsircscommunicarcdbyananonymous
rcxr makc vay lor rhc spirir olaurhorship, and manuscriprs ro bcrcad
aloud inrhccompany olorhcrsarc rcplaccd byprinrcdbooksrobc dc-
vourcdinsoIirarysilcncc.rhcconrrasrivcrcchniquccmploycdhcrcisrcm-
inisccnr oloucaulr, vhoscprcscncc is cquallycvidcnr in rhc srrucruraI
macrolcvcl ol Discourse Netuor/s, hrsr pubIishcd in Gcrman in p8
,andnovinirsrhird,rcviscdcdirion) .
ndccd,i ndiscussingDiscourse Netuor/s KirrIcrconhrmcdrharou-
caulr, as rhcmosrhisroricaI" olrhcrcnchrriumvirarc, isrhc mosrim-
porranr ro him-morc imporranr rhan Lacan and lar morc rhan Ocr-
rida.'^sOavidVcllbcrypoinrsourinhiscxcclIcnrlorcvordrorhcLng-
Iish rranslarion, rhcrc arc subsranriaI alhnirics. n Tbe rder oj Tbings,
oucaulrpcriodizcs Luropcan conccprions ollilc,Iabor, and Ianguagc on
rhc basis olrhrcc gcncraIizcd cpisrcmcs" . rhc Rcnaissancc," rhc cIas-
sical, " and rhc modcrn. " Kirrlcr, inrurn,prcscnrsrhrcchisrorical mo-
mcnrscorrcspondingmorc orlcss ro oucaulr`s. rhc RcpubIic olSchol-
ars"isrhcapproximarccquivaIcnrrooucaulr`s Rcnaissancc" and clas-
sicaI" cpisrcmcs, rhc hisrorical darum t 8oo" corrclarcs roughIy ro
oucaulr`s modcrn" pcriod,and tpoo"dcsignarcsadiscourscncrvork
rhar marchcs oucaulr`s cmcrgcnr posrmodcrnism.'` n Kirrlcr`s usagc,
discourscncrvork"dcsignarcs rhc ncrvork olrcchnoIogics and insri-
rurions rhar aIIov a givcn cuIrurc ro scIccr, srorc, and producc rcIcvanr
dara. "'' Jhc rcrm is vcry cxrcnsivc. irarrcmprsro link physical, rcchno-
Iogical,discursivc,and sociaIsysrcmsinordcrro providccpisrcmicsnap-
xxIV Trans/ators' ntroduction
shors ola culrurc`s adminisrrarion olpovcr and knovlcdgc. Iorunlikc
rhcapproachrakcnin]onarhanGoldbcrg`sacclaimcdsrudy Writing Mat-
ter, rhc aim is ro combinc a "oucauldian" analysis olhisrorically con-
ringcnrrulcsandrcgularions,vhichallovorlorccpcoplcrospcakinccr-
rainvays,virhrhccxaminarionolcquallyconringcnrphysicalandmcn-
ral rraining programs and rhc analysis ol rhc conrcmporary mcdia
rcchnologicsrharlinkrhcrvo.
^lrhough Kirrlcrlcavcshis Rcpublic olScholars " largcly undcvcl-
opcd,rhcdiscursivchcldol 8oo"-rhcpcriodknovnasGcrmanClas-
sicism,Romanricism, orrhc^gcolGocrhc-isdcscribcdinrcrmsolrhc
spirirualizcdoralizarionollanguagc.Kirrlcrargucsrharrhcproccssolal-
phabcrizarioncamc ro bc associarcdvirhrhcNorhcras ancmbodimcnr
olIarurc-morc spccihcally, virh rhc Norhcr`s mourh," nov rccon-
ccprualizcd as ancroricorihcclinkingsound, lcrrcr, andmcaninginroa
primarylinguisricunirchargcdvirhplcasurc. Gcrmanchildrcn lcarncdro
rcadrhroughborhrhcphysicaland scxualimmcdiacyolandproximiryro
rhc Mutternund ,vhichinGcrmansignihcs borhrhc lircralmourholrhc
morhcr as vcll as rhc opcningolrhc urcrus). y associaring croric plca-
surcvirhrhcacrolcomposirionandrcrcading,andvirhNorhcrIarurc
morcgcncrally, vrircrsolrhcClassicalandRomanricpcriodsundcrsrood
languagc asa lorm oloriginary oraliry, a rransccndcnral inncr voicc su-
pcrior and anrcrior ro any lorm olvrirrcnlanguagc. n rhc samc vay,
Vomanvasconsrrucrcdasrhcprimordialsircollinguisric origin andin-
spirarion,vhichurgcdmalcvrircrs such as Gocrhc borhro scrvc assrarc
burcaucrars and ro producc rcxrs lor a prcdominanrly lcmalc audicncc.
^nd promincnr cducarors addrcsscd morhcrs as rhc primary rargcrs ol
childrcn`ssocializarioninrolanguagc,iniriaringpcdagogicalrclormsrhar
ccnrcrcdonrhc pronunciarion-bascdacquisirionolrcading and vriring.
riginaryoraliry, inrhar scnsc, vasrhccllccrola lccdback loop involv-
ing didacric rcchniqucs, mcdia rclorm, and a pcculiar surchargc ol rhc
marcrnalimago.
Jhc discourscncrvorkol 8oo dcpcndcd uponvriringasrhc solc,
lincarchanncllorproccssingandsroringinlormarion. orsighrs, sounds,
and orhcr dara oursidc rhc rradirional purvicv ol languagc ro bc rc-
cordcd,rhcyhadro bc squcczcd rhrough rhcsymbolicborrlcncckollcr-
rcrs, andro bcproccsscdinmcaninglulvaysrhcyhadro rclyonrhc cycs
and cars olhcrmcncuricallycondirioncdrcadcrs. Rcading, inrhar scnsc,
vas an cxcrcisc in scriprographically orrypographically induccd vcrbal
hallucinarions,vhcrcbylinguisricsignsvcrccommurcdinro soundsand
imagcs.Virhrhcadvcnr olphonography andhlm,hovcvcr, soundsand
Trans/ators' ntroduction xxv
picrurcsvcrcgivcnrhcirovn,larmorcappropriarcchanncls,rcsuIringin
a dillcrcnriarion oldara srrcams and rhcvirruaIaboIirion olrhc Gurcn-
bcrg GaIaxy. Languagc`s crsrvhilc hcgcmony vas dividcd among mcdia
rharvcrc spccihc ro rhc rypc olinlormarionrhcyproccsscd. Vriring, a
rcchnology olsymIolic cncoding,vas subvcrrcd byncvrcchnologics ol
sroring physical cllccrs in rhc shapc ollighr and sound vavcs. Jvo ol
Ldison`sdcvclopmcnrs-rhcphonographandrhckincroscopc-brokcrhc
monopolyolvriring,srarrcdanon-Iircrary ,burcquallyscrial) darapro-
ccssing,csrabIishcdan indusrryolhumancnginccring, andplaccdIircra-
rurcin rhc ccoIogicaI nichcvhich ,and norbychancc) Rcmingron`scon-
rcmporancousrypcvrircrhadconqucrcd."`
ur il, in rhc discourscncrvorkol t 8oo, Voman is consrrucrcd as
rhcsourccolpocricIanguagc, hovisrhisconsrrucr allccrcd by rhcncv
dillcrcnriarionoldaraproccssing:Jhcdiscourscncrvorkoltpoo,Kirrlcr
argucs, dcmysrihcs rhc animaringluncrionolVomanandrhcconccprion
olIanguagc as naruralizcd inncr voicc. Io longcr rcducibIc ro rhc nc
Voman or Iarurc, " rhc vomcn olrhc discoursc ncrvork ol tpoo arc
cnumcrablc singuIars,"rclcascdlromrhcir supplcmcnral luncrion ro
rhcmalccrcarivcproccss.IoIongcrdcsrincdro cngcndcrpocricacriviry
in malc vrircrs and subscqucnrlyro validarcrhc ,maIc) aurhor-luncrion
bymaking scnsc olrhcrcxrsvrirrcnlorrhcir consumprion, vomcnnov
bccomc produccrs rhcmsclvcs. VhiIc malc vrircrs, dcprivcd ola lcmalc
dccodingncrvork, dcvoIvcdlrominspircd pocrs ro simplcvordproccs-
sors, vomcn bcgun ro proccssrcxrsrhcmsclvcs. Jhc scxuaIlycloscd cir-
cuirsolrhcGurcnbcrgGaIaxy`soldboys`ncrvorkarcscvcrcd. Lxchang-
ingnccdIcvork lor rypcvrircrs and morhcrhood lor a univcrsiry cduca-
rion, vomcn commcnccd ro labricarc rcxrurcs ol a dillcrcnr clorh and
rhus asscrrcd cquaI acccss ro rhc producrion oldiscoursc. Ycr,vhilc rhc
rypcvrircrdidavayvirhcirhcrscx`snccdloravriringsrylus,andinrhc
proccss giving vomcn conrrol ovcr a vriring machinc-qua-phaIlus) , ir
rcinscribcdvomcn`ssubordinarionromcn.vomcnnoronlybccamcvrir-
crsburaIso bccamc sccrcraricsrakingdicrarion onrypcvrircrs, lrcqucnrIy
virhourcomprchcndingvharvas bcing dicrarcd.
^sa corrcIarcro rhc LdisonianspccihcarionolinscriprionrcchnoIo-
gics,vrircrsbccamcincrcasinglyavarcolrhcmarcrialiryollanguagcand
communicarion. Jhoughr olaround t8oo as a mysrcrious mcdium cn-
coding prclinguisric rrurh, vriring in rhc ^gc olLdison bcgan ro bc un-
dcrsroodasonlyoncolscvcralmcdiaposscsscdolanirrcduciblclacriciry.
n NalIarmc`ssuccincrphrasc, oncdocsnormakcpocrryvirhidcas,bur
virhuords," barcsignihcrsrharinvcrrcdrhcIogicolprinrasavchiclcol
xxVi Trans/ators ntroduction
linguisric communicarion and insrcad cmphasizcd "rcxrualiry as such,
rurningvordslrommcansrocnds-in-rhcmsclvcs. "`undamcnrally, rhcsc
vordsvcrcnorhingburmarksagainsra backgroundrharallovcdmcan-
ing ro occur on rhc basis ol dillcrcncc. Vhar rhc rypcvrircr had insri-
rurcd,namcly, rhc inscriprionol,srandardizcd) blacklcrrcrsonvhircpa-
pcr, vasrcplicarcdinrhcproccssing modcs olborhrhcgramophonc and
hlm.Jhcgramophoncrccordcdonacylindcrcovcrcdvirhvaxorrinloil,
andcvcnruallyonagraphircdisk,vhcrcashlmrccordcdoncclluloid,bur
borhrccordcdindiscriminarclyvharvasvirhinrhcrangcolmicrophoncs
or camcra lcnscs, and borh rhcrcby shilrcd rhc boundarics rhar disrin-
guishcd noisc lrom mcaninglul sounds, randomvisual daralrommcan-
inglulpicrurcscqucnccs,unconsciousanduninrcnrionalinscriprionslrom
rhcir conscious and inrcnrional counrcrparrs. Jhis alrcrnarion bcrvccn
lorcground and background, and rhc corrcsponding oscillarion bcrvccn
scnscandnonscnsconabasisolmcdialorhcrncss,a logicolpurcdillcr-
cnrialiry-vhich on a rhcorcrical lcvcl vas ro cmcrgc in rhc shapc ol
Saussurc`s srrucrural linguisrics-rypihcsrhc discourscncrvork ol lQOO.
Jhc rransccndcnral signihcdolClassicalandRomanricpocrshasccdcdro
rhc marcrialsignihcr olmodcrnism.
euundert iie/ und iie/ gescbo/ten ,much admircd and much ad-
monishcd). clcn`s iambic scll-diagnosis in rhc sccond parr olGocrhc`s
Iaust comcs ro mind vhcn asscssing rhc rcccprion ol Discourse Net-
uor/s. Josomc, iris morc rhana book olgcnius andinspiringbrcadrh,
ir is a varcrshcd bcyondvhichrhc srudy ollircrarurc and culrurc musr
lollov a dillcrcnrcoursc. n a discussion olIicrzschc, rhc mcchanizcd
philosophcrvhomorc rhan anyorhcrhcraldcdrhc posrhcrmcncuric agc
olrhcncvmcdia, Kirrlcrquorcsrhcpocr-docror Gorrlricdcnn. Iicrz-
schclcdusourolrhc cducarcdandcrudirc,rhcscicnrihc,rhclamiliarand
good-narurcd rhar in so many vays disringuishcd Gcrman lircrarurc in
rhcnincrccnrhccnrury. " ^lmosrcxacrlyonchundrcdycarslarcr,Kirrlcr`s
vork appcars ro somc, parricularly among rhc youngcr gcncrarion, as
vharis lcading usourolrhc similarly sragnanrpoolsolcrudirionandla-
miliariryrharhavccomcrodisringuishGcrman,andnoronlyGcrman,lir-
crary scholarship. Jo orhcrs ir is a sloppy mosaic rhar runs roughshod
ovcrmorcnuanccd,conrcxrualizcd,andacadcmicallyacccprablcrcscarch
undcrrakcninculruralsrudics,lircraryhisrory, andrhchisroryolscicncc,
nor ro mcnrion lcminism. Crirics mighr insrcad bcrcmprcdro applyrhc
sccondhallolcnn`ssrarcmcnr ,norquorcdbyKirrlcr)roKirrlcr`srolcin
conrcmporary scholarship. Iicrzschc lcdus. . . inroinrcllccrualrchnc-
mcnr, inrolormularionlorrhc sakc olcxprcssion, hc inrroduccd a con-
Trans/ators` ntroduction xxVi
ccprionolarrisrryinro Gcrmanyrhar hchadrakcnovcrlrom rancc."
^ndhnally,rhcrcisarhirdrcacrion,onccIcncouldnorcompIainol.rhc
bookismuch ignorcd. Jhis is, no doubr,parrlyducro rhc dilhcuIrics in-
volvcd,roanaudicnccoursidcolGcrmansrudics,rhccxclusivclyGcrman
locus olrhc hrsrparr, dcscribing rhc discoursc ncrvork ol t 8oo, poscs
considcrabIc probIcms. Granojbone, Ii/n, T,jeuriter, hovcvcr, is lar
morc acccssibIc by virruc ol irs locus on rhc Mediengrnderzeit-a
coinagc dcrivcd lromrhc hisroriographicalrcrm Griinderzeit, vhich dc-
norcsrhchrsrdccadcs olrhc Sccond Gcrman Lmpirc loundcd in t 8;t,
andvhich KirrIcr rcappropriarcs ro rclcrro rhc lounding agc" ol ncv
rcchnoIogicalmcdiapionccrcdbyLdisonandorhcrsduringrhcsamcrimc
pcriod.
mARs+ALL mCrI BT?s C+B: T+B AOVBrT CI T+B
B tBCTRI C TRI rI TY
^rhrsrgIancc, Granojbone, Ii/n, T,jeuriter appcars ro bcaIcngrhyad-
dcndum ro rhc sccond parr olDiscourse Netuor/s , tpoo") , providing
lurrhcrandmorc dcraiIcdaccounrs olrhcruprurcsbroughrabourbyrhc
dillcrcnriarion ol mcdia and communicarion rcchnologics. Jhc book
couId bc undcrsrood as a rclay srarion rhar mcdiarcs-Kirrlcr uscs rhc
morc rcchnical rcrm ierscba/ten ,ro virc) -various lorgorrcn or IirrIc-
knovn rcxrs onrhc ncvcIccrric mcdia and rhccondirion olprinr inrhc
agc olirs rcchnological obsoIcsccncc. Kirrlcr rcprinrs, in rhcir cnrircry,
Rilkc`s cssay rimal Sound," rhc vigncrrcs Gocrhc Spcaks inro rhc
honograph" and ara Norgana Nachinc" by Salomo ricdlacndcr
, a.k.a. Nynona), cidcggcr`s mcdirarion on rhc rypcvrircr, and Carl
Schmirr`squasiphilosophicaIcssayJhcuribunks, "amongorhcrs,pass-
inglrom oncroanorhcrrhrough hisovnrcxruaIpassagcs. nrharscnsc,
Granojbone, Ii/n, T,jeuriter iscnginccrcdro luncrion as a kind olin-
rcrrcxrual archivc, rcscuing unrcad rcxrs lrom obIivion. ccausc rhcsc
rcxrsvcrcvrirrcnbcrvccnrhc t 8posandrhc tpqos,rharis,inrhcimmc-
diarcprcscnccolachangingmcdiaccology, rhcyrcgisrcrcdvirhparricu-
IaracuiryrhcculruraIcllccrsolrhcncvrccordingrcchnologics,including
rhc crosion olprinr`s lormcrmonopoly. rinrrclIccrs,virhinrhcIimirs ol
irs ovnmcdium, onirs ovnmarginalizarion.
Jhc ovcrall arrangcmcnr is simpIc. ^s rhc rirlc indicarcs, rhc book
compriscs rhrcc parrs, cach dcdicarcd ro onc olrhc ncv inlormarion
channcls. Vhar disringuishcs rhc posr-Gurcnbcrg mcrhods oldara pro-
ccssinglromrhcoldaIphabcricsroragcandrransmissionmonopoIyisrhc
xxViIi Trans/ators' ntroduction
lacrrharrhcynolongcrrclyons,noo/ic nediation burinsrcad rccord,in
rhcshapcollighrandsoundvavcs,visualandacousricejjects oj tbe rea/.
Gramophonc" addrcsscs rhc impacr and implicarions olphonography,
ilm" conccnrrarcs on carly cincmarography, and Jypcvrircr" ad-
drcsscsrhcncv, rcchnologicallyimplcmcnrcdmarcrialiryolvriringrhar
nolongcrlcndsirscllro mcraphysicalsoul building. orrhoscmorcinrcr-
csrcd in rhcorcrical issucs, and rcchnological cxrcnsions ol posrsrruc-
ruralisminparricular,irvillbcimporranrrokccpinmindrharKirrlcrrc-
larcsphonography,cincmarography, andrypingroLacan`saxiomaricrcg-
isrcrs olrhc rcal, rhc imaginary, andrhc symbolic. n bricl, vriring in a
posrprinr cnvironmcnr is associarcd virh rhc symbolic, virh linguisric
signs rhar havc bccn rcduccd ro rhcir barc marcrialiry and rcchniciry"
and comprisc a linirc scr virhour raking inro accounr philosophical
drcams olinliniry" , t ) . Jhc imaginary, byconrrasr,is linkcdvirhrhc
rcchnologyolhlm,bccauscrhcscqucnrialproccssingolsinglclramcsinro
a projccrcd conrinuiry and vholcncss corrcsponds ro Lacan`s mirror
sragc-rhar is, rhc child`s cxpcricncc olirs impcrlccr body ,in rcrms ol
mororconrrolanddigcsrivcluncrion) asapcrlccrrcllccrion,animagincd
andimagisriccomposirioninrhcmirror.Jhcrcalisinrurnidcnrihcdvirh
phonography, vhich, rcgardlcss ol mcaning or inrcnr, rccords all rhc
voiccs and urrcranccs produccd bybodics,rhus scpararingrhc signilying
luncrionolvords ,rhc domain olrhcimaginary inrhcdiscourscncrvork
olt 8oo) asvcll asrhcirmarcrialiry ,rhc graphicrraccs corrcspondingro
rhcsymbolic)lromunsccablcandunvrirablcnoiscs.Jhc rcal lormsrhc
vasrcorrcsiducrhar ncirhcr rhc mirrorolrhc imaginary nor rhc grid ol
rhc symboliccan carch. rhc physiological accidcnrs and srochasricdisor-
dcr olbodics" , t6) . cncc,rhcdisrincrions olLacanianpsychoanalysis,
vharolzcallsa mcdiarhcoryolrhcunconscious," appcarasrhc rhc-
ory" or hisrorical cllccr" olrhc possibilirics olinlormarionproccssing
cxisrcnrsinccrhcbcginningolrhisccnrury.'
Rcadcrs vill hnd much rhar is lamiliar lrom Discourse Netuor/s.
Kirrlcrconrinucs ro pay susraincdarrcnrionro rhccoincidcnccolpsycho-
analysisandLdisonianrcchnology, andincludcsasuggcsrivcdiscussionol
psychoanalyric casc srudics, in spirc olrhcir vrirrcn lormar, as mcdia
rcchnologics" , 8p) , sincc rhcy adhcrc ro rhc ncv, rcchnological mcdia
logicposiringrharconsciousncssandmcmoryarcmuruallycxclusivc.c
lurrhcrdcvclopsrhcconrradicroryandcomplicarcdrclaysbcrvccngcndcr
and mcdia rcchnology, including a rcgisrcr" olrhis ccnrury`s lircrary
dcskcouplcs" , ztq)-couplcsvho, accordingro Kirrlcr, havccxchangcd
lovcmakinglorrcxrproccssing. ^nd oncc again,Kirrlcrqucsrionsa mor-
Trans/ators` ntroduction xxix
lcy crcv ollricndly and unlricndly virncsscs-among rhcm ^icrzschc,
rcud, Kalka, Rilkc, Lrnsr ]ngcr, Rogcr Varcrs, and Villiam ur-
roughs-ro asccrrain vhar cxacrly happcncd vhcn rhc inrimarc and
srarcly,rharis, incrcasingly quainrandcumbcrsomc) proccssingrcchnol-
ogy callcd vriring vas challcngcd, chcckcd, modihcd, and dcmorcd by
ncv sroragc and communicarion rcchnologics. ^icrzschc in parricular
rakcsonakcyrolcasrhchrsrphilosophcrrouscarypcvrircrandrhusas
rhchrsrrhinkcrrolullyrccognizcrharrhcorcricalandphilosophical spcc-
ularions arcrhccllccrs olrhc commcrccbcrvccn bodics andmcdiarcch-
nologics. ^icrzschc had rhis rccognirioninmind, Kirrlcrsuggcsrs,vhcn
hcobscrvcdinoncolhislcvrypcdlcrrcrsrhar urvriringroolsarcalso
vorking on our rhoughrs" , Unser Scbreiozeug aroeitet nit an unseren
Gedan/en) . Vhcn rhc progrcssivclymyopic rcrircdphilologisr bcganus-
inga rypcvrircr-aOanishvriring ball byNallinganscnrhardidnor
allovhimrosccrhclcrrcrimprinrcdarrhcmomcnrolinscriprion-hcnor
onlyanriciparcdecriture autonatique buralsobcganrochangchisvayol
vriringandrhinkinglromsusraincdargumcnrandprolongcdrclIccrionro
aphorisms, puns, and rclcgram srylc. "^lrcr abandoning his mallunc-
rioningmachinc,^icrzschcclcvarcdrhcrypcvrircrirscllro rhc srarus ol
aphilosophy, "suggcsringin n tbe Genea/og oj Mora/s rharhumaniry
hasshilrcdavaylromirsinbornlaculrics ,suchasknovlcdgc, spccch, and
virruous acrion) in lavor ol a mcmory machinc. Crouchcd ovcr his mc-
chanicallydclccrivcvriringball,rhcphysiologicallydclccrivcphilosophcr
rcalizcsrhar vriring . . . isnolongcranaruralcxrcnsionolhumansvho
bring lorrh rhcir voicc, soul,individualiry rhrough rhcir handvriring. n
rhc conrrary, . . . humans changc rhcir posirion-rhcy rurn lrom rhc
agcncyolvriringro bccomc aninscriprionsurlacc" 2lO, .
^icrzschc-or, bcrrcr, rhis rcchnologically inlormcd, posrsrrucrural-
isr rcading ol^icrzschc-poinrs ro anclcmcnrary rropc govcrning Kir-
rlcr`s narrarivc. Rcgardlcss ol irs convicrions or idcological dirccrion,
posrsrrucruralismclaims ro rcvcal manykcy conccprs ,such asrhc Sub-
jccr,^urhorship,Jrurh,rcscncc, so-callcdNan," andrhc Soul)ro bca
kindolconccprualvapororcllccrrharariscs lrom,andprocccdsro covcr
up,undcrlyingdiscursivc opcrarions andmarcrialirics.nposrhcrmcncu-
ric scholarship such asKirrlcr`s, rhcsc cllccrs arc nor so much dcnicd as
brackcrcdrhroughashilrollocusrovardccrraincxrcrnalpoinrs-inpar-
ricular, bodics, margins, " povcr srrucrurcs, and, incrcasingly, mcdia
rcchnologics-in rhc inrcrsriccsolvhichrhoscphanrasms hadcomcro
lilcin rhc hrsrplacc. Jhus, borh^icrzschc`s and Kirrlcr`s inrcllccrual ca-
rccrs consisr in pushingrhc brackcrs rogcrhcr, unril cvcryrhing rhar had
xxx Trans/ators` ntroduction
lroIickcd bcrvccnrhcm is squcczcd our olcxisrcncc.Vhcn a camcra ,as
inLacan`scxampIc)docsaIIrhcrcgisrcring,sroring,anddcvcIopingonirs
ovn, rhcrc is no nccd lor aninrcrvcning Subjccrand irs ccIcbrarcd Con-
sciousncss, vhcn rhc inspiringmarcrnaI imago olVoman rurns inro a
sccrcrary, rhcrcisnonccdlor binding Lovc, vhcnrhcphonographmcrci-
IcssIysrorcs aIIrharpcopIchavcro sayandrhcnsomc,rhcrcmighrbcan
unconsciousburnomcdiraringSouI. JhcsadspccracIcolrhcaIIcgcdIyin-
sancIicrzschcinrhcIasrrcnycarsolhisIilc, scrcaminginarricuIarcIy, "
mindIcssIyhIIingnorcbooksvirhsimpIc vriringcxcrciscs, " and 'happy
in his cIcmcnr` as Iong as hc had pcnciIs, "`
is vhcrc rhc convcrging
brackcrsmccr.ris, asirvcrc,rhcgroundzcro olaIIhcrmcncuricaIIyin-
cIincdrhcorizing.onrhconchand,abodyinaIIirsvuIncrabIcnakcdncss,
onrhcorhcr,mcdiarcchnoIogicsinaIIrhcirmindIcssimparriaIiry,andbc-
rvccnrhcmnorhingburrhccxchangcolnoiscrharonIyaccrrainamounr
ollocuscd dcIusion canarrangcinro dccpcr mcanings.
urasvcknovonIyroovcII,rhcsvirchlromrhcGurcnbcrgGaIaxy
ro Ldison`s\nivcrsc has bccn loIIovcdbyrhc morcrcccnrmovc inrorhc
Juring VorId. Virh obcdicncc ro rhis succcssion, Granojbone, Ii/n,
T,jeuriter bcgins virh Ldison`s phonograph and cnds virh Juring`s
CLSS\S,amovc aIrcadyhinrcd arinrhc hrsrparagraphol Gramo-
phonc. " Shilring lrom rinloiI and paralhn papcr ro chargc-coupIcd dc-
viccs,surlacc-vavc hIrcrs, anddigiraIsignaIproccssors,rhcbook movcs
avaylrom rcchnoIogicaI mcdia" such asrhc gramophonc and kincro-
scopcrorhccompurcr,andirrhussignaIsrhcbcginningolrhcrhirdsragc
inKirrIcr`s inrcIIccruaIcarccr , duringvhichhcvasinsraIIcdasrolcssor
ol^csrhcricsandNcdiaisroryarcrIin`sumboIdr\nivcrsiry) . lKirr-
Icr`spassagclromrhc p;osro rhc p8os,virhhisprogrcssivcgrounding
oldiscoursc in rhc marcriaIirics olcommunicarion, is anaIogous ro rhc
svirchlromrhc symboI-bascd discoursc ncrvorkol 8oororhcrcchnoI-
ogy-bascd discourscncrvorkolpoo,rhcnhispassagc lromrhc p8osro
rhc pposapproximarcsrhcsvirchlromrhccIccrricdiscourscncrvorkol
poo ro ancIccrronic sysrcms ncrvork zooo, "virh irs rcinrcgrarion ol
lormcrIy dillcrcnriarcd mcdiarcchnoIogics and communicarionchanncIs
byrhccompurcr,rhcmcdiumro cndaIImcdia. nccagain,hiscssayssig-
naI an incrcasingmovcmcnr olinrcrcsrrovardcompurcr hardvarc and
solrvarc,rhc archcoIogyolrhc digiraIrakcovcr,KirrIcrcdircdandinrro-
duccdrhcGcrmanrransIarionol^IanJuring`svorks),andmiIiraryrcch-
noIogy and srrarcgy.`'^II olrhis hrsr appcars, luIIy orchcsrrarcd, inrhc
concIudingpassagcs olGranojbone, Ii/n, T,jeuriter.
inaIIy, avord aboursryIc.^ book onrhcmarcriaIirics olcommuni-
Trans/ators` ntroduction XXXI
carioncanhardlybc obIivious ro irsovn marcriaIirics andhisroricaIsiru-
arcdncss, so ir comcs asno surprisc rhar Granojbone, Ii/n, T,jeuriter
irscllcarrics rhcimprinrolrhc mcdia olvhichirspcaks.Jhcmosaic-likc
qualirics olmuch olrhc rcxr, lor insrancc, rhc somcrimcs suddcn shilrs
lrom onc passagc orparagraph ro anorhcr and, alrcrnarcly, rhc graduaI
ladc-ourslromKirrlcr`s ovnrcxrsrorhoscolhisprcdcccssors,dcrivcs,in
borhrhcoryand pracricc, lrom rhc j ump-curring andsplicingrcchniqucs
lundamcnralro cincma. urmcdiarcchnologicscouldalso bcinvokcdro
cxpIainKirrlcr`s idiosyncraric srylisrics onrhc micro-lcvcI olrhc individ-
ual scnrcncc orparagraph. Long srrcrchcs arc characrcrizcd by a quaIiry
ollrcc associarion-norrosay,auromaricvriring-rharonccagaincould
bclabclcd cincmaric,virh onc idca succccding rhc orhcr,srrungrogcrhcr
byascricsolIcirmorils. ncsuchIcirmorilisrhcalorcmcnrioncddicrum
by Iicrzschc, ur vriring rooIs arc aIso vorking on our rhoughrs, "
vhich Kirrlcr quorcs rcpcarcdly, suggcsringccrrain srylisric and inrcllcc-
rualalhniricsvirhhismcchanizcdprcdcccssor. ,^ndvhocouldqucsrion
rhcir simiIarirics: Iicrzschcvas rhc hrsr Gcrman prolcssor olphiloIogy
ro usca rypcvrircr, KirrIcr is rhc hrsr Gcrman prolcssor ollircrarurcro
rcach compurcr programming. ) CcrrainIy, Kirrlcr`s prosc is somcvhar
Iicrzschcan in rhar synracric cohcrcncc lrcqucnrIy yiclds ro apodicric
apcpus,susraincdargumcnrroaphorisricimprcssion,andrcasoncdlogic
ro scxysound bircs. Jhis cnigmaric prosc is lurrhcr cxaccrbarcd by sryI-
isric pcculiarirics all KirrIcr`s ovn. Nosr noriccablc among rhcsc is rhc
lrcqucnr usc oladvcrbs oradvcrbial consrrucrions such as einjacb, ein-
jacb nur, oe/annt/icb, se/ostredend, ornicbts a/s ,variousIyrranslarcdas
mcrcly, " simply," onIy, " asisknovn, "andnorhingbur" ) , asinrhis
cxplanarionolrhccompurcrizcd rccordingolphoncmcs. JhcanaIogsig-
nal is simply digirizcd, proccsscd rhrougha rccursivchIrcr, and irs auro-
corrcIarion coclhcicnrs calcularcd and cIccrronicalIy srorcd" , ; ) . Such
scnrcnccs ,calIrhcmKirrIcr`s]usrSoSrorics) arc,virhcasual hypcrbolc,
mcanrro suggcsrrhc obvious, birs olcommonknovlcdgcrhar don`rrc-
quirc any claborarion, cvcnrhough , or prcciscly bccausc) rhcir dilhculr
subjccrs vould urgc rhc opposirc. Similarly, KirrIcr is londolscpararing
consccurivc clauscs ,in rhc Gcrman original, rhcy rcnd ro lcad ollvirh
uesuegen) lromrhcirmainclauscs, asin rhis cxplanarionolrhc physio-
Iogical bascs olrhcrypcvrircr. lindncss and dcalncss, prccisclyvhcn
rhcyallccrspccchorvriring,yicldvharvouIdorhcrviscbcbcyondcach.
inlormariononrhchumaninlormarionmachinc.VhcrcuponirsrcpIacc-
mcnrbymcchanicscanbcgin" , 8p) . OcspircrhcircasuaI, osrcnsiblyun-
poIishcd,convcrsarionalqualirics,rhcscclauscsalmosraIvaysrclcrroim-
XXXIi Trans/ators` ntroduction
porranr poinrs. Vhich is vhy scnrcnccs Iikc rhis simpIy dcscrvc spcciaI
arrcnrion.
Ior surprisingIy, KirrIcr`s rhcroricaI bravado has dravn sharp criri-
cism. nc criric arrriburcd rhc paradox rharKirrIcr conhdcnrIy cmpIoys
vriringro lcrrcr our supcrior and morc advanccd mcdia rcchnoIogics ro
sryIisricmcansconsciousIyuscdlorrhcproducrion olrhcorcricaIlanrasy
Iircrarurc. "`JoRobcrroIub,rhc
singcmostdisturbingIactor oI!ittcr`sprosc jisj thcstyc invhichit isvrittcn.
Joo oItcn argumcnts sccm obscurc and privatc. Lnc Ircgucnty has thc imprcs-
sionthatitsauthorisvritingnottocommunicatc,buttoamuschimscI.!istcxt
consists oIa tapcstryoIcitmotiIs,puns, andcrypticpronounccmcnts, vhich at
timcs makcsIorIascinatingrcading, buttoo oItcnrcscmbcs Ircc association as
muchasitdocsscriousschoarship.
`
^s virhNcLuhan, KirrIcr`s prosc carrics a lIashy dcxrcriry rhar makcs
many cIaims sccm invuIncrabIcro subsranrivccririqucprcciscIy bccausc
olrhcirsnappyandcIcganrphrasing.Jo rhisIiranyonccouIdaddKirrIcr`s
pcnchanrlor mancuvcring bcrvccncnginccringparIancc andmcdicaIj ar-
gon, as vcII as his usc ola vhoIc rcgisrcr ol spcciaIizcd rcrminoIogics
rhar,inoIub`scsrimarion,suggcsr ascmbIanccolprolundiry"`burdo
noruIrimarcIy conrriburcroa susraincd argumcnr. Jo ropir oll, agrov-
ing numbcr olyoungcr schoIars havc modcIcd rhcir vriring on KirrIcr`s
vcrypcrsonaIsryIc. ro rhc dcIighrolconnoisscurs olGcrman acadcmcsc,
Kitt/erdeutscb isaIrcadyasdisrincranidiomasrhccquaIIyunmisrakabIc
dornodeutscb.
RarhcrrhanrakcKirrIcrrorasklorhisvirruosopIayonrhckcyboard
olposrsrrucruraIisrrhcroric,vc vouId urgc considcrarion olhisvriring
sryIc in rhc Iargcr conrcxr olrhc rradirion hc vrircs in-and, morc im-
porranr, againsr. CIcarIy, hc cuIrivarcs a cooI, lIippanr, andpIayluI sryIc
ro subvcrr rhcacadcmic ducrus olGcrman univcrsiry prosc, aronguc-in-
chcckrhcroricro rhumb his nosc arrhc acadcmiccsrabIishmcnr. lsryIc,
asOcrrida rcminds us ,nor coincidcnraIIy, in his anaIysis olIicrzschc`s
vriring)isaIvays rhcqucsrionolapoinrcdobj ccr. . . somcrimcsonIya
pcn, burjusr asvcIIa sryIcr, orcvcnadaggcr, "``rhcnKirrIcrisccrrainIy
rvisring his ovn sryIus inro rhc body olGcrman inrcIIccruaI discoursc,
vhich has kcpr aIivc lor lar roo Iong vhar hc lccIs ro bc rhc obsoIcrc
hcrmcncuric rradirion. Jo counrcracr rhc vidcsprcad usc ol srill and
Iugubrious acadcmic prosc, hc induIgcs in sryIisricouissance, a spirircd
pIayluIncssmcanrro assauIr and shockconvcnrionaIschoIarIy scnsibiIi-
rics.^ndindccd,vharbcrrcrvayisrhcrcro dcbunkhighlaIurinrhcorics
Trans/ators' ntroduction xxxi
rhan avry rccoursc ro rhc marcrialirics olcomunicarion:`'IoIcssrhan
rhc philosophcrvirh a hammcr ola ccnrury ago, vho smashcd norions
olscllhoodandlorgcdasrylcolhisovnbyhammcringonrhckcysolhis
vriring baII, KirrIcr plays rhc enjant terrio/e olrhc Gcrman humanirics
vhopummclslircrary-criricaIrradirionsvirh arhcroricaIlrccsrylcalIhis
ovn.ndccd,ro paraphrascIicrzschc,rhcinscriprionrcchnologicsolrhc
prcscnr havcconrriburcdro KirrIcr`srhinking.
CrLY C CrrBCT. T+BCRY I r T+B AGB Ci I rTBL L I GBr1 mAC+I rBs
ur ricdrichIicrzschci s nor rhc rcalhcrool Granojbone, Ii/n, T,je-
uriter. JharparrgocsroJhomas^lvaLdison,acasringdccisionrharKirr-
lcr bcIicvcsvilI appcalro a Iorrh ^mcrican audicncc. Ldison . . . is an
imporranr hgurc lor ^mcrican cuIrurc, Iikc Gocrhc lor Gcrman culrurc.
ur bcrvccn Gocrhc andmyscllrhcrc is Ldison. "``ndccd, KirrIcrcrcdirs
his sojourns in CaIilornia-inparricular,rhc rcquircmcnrrharhc lurnish
Sranlord undcrgraduarcsvirh updarcd, shorrhand summarics olGcrman
hisrory-virh providing rhc impcrus ro locus on rcchnological issucs.
Nuchcould bc saidabourrhchisrorybchindrhisallcgcddichoromy bc-
rvccnrhc\nircd Srarcs and Gcrmany, or olrhcimplicd disrincrion bc-
rvccn rcchnology and cuIrurc, bur rhcrc can bc no doubr rhar Iorrh
^mcrican rcadcrsvilI hnd much olinrcrcsr in Granojbone, Ii/n, T,je-
uriter. JhcyvilI,hovcvcr, aIsohndcausclorirrirarion bcyondrhcqucs-
rionolsrylc.nconcIusion,vcvillbriclIypoinrrohvcparricuIarlypromis-
ingorprobIcmaric issucs lorrhcIorrh^mcrican rcccprion olKirrIcr.
J. ac/ to tbe ends oj Man. ^lrcrycarsol anrihumanisr"rhcroric,
aluIl appcars ro bcscrrIingin.^spirirolcompromiscisaloorinrhc hu-
manirics, and subjccrs" arc bcing rcadmirrcd inro scholarly discoursc,
providcdrhcybchavcrhcmsclvcsanddonorsullcranyscIl-aggrandizing
Carrcsian or Kanrian rclapsc. n rhc lacc ol such immincnr harmony,
Kirrlcr`s rhcroric may sccm likc a rhrovbackro rhc hcady days olmiIi-
ranranrihumanism.isvorknodoubrinvircsrhcpIorringolahisrorical
graphinvhichrhchumanbcingis rcduccdlromirs originalluncrion as
bono jaoer roanacccssoryinasccnarioolrcchnologicalapocalypsc,in
vhichrhc omniporcnccolinrcgrarcdcircuirs" villIcadro ahnc-runing
ol rhc scll-rcplicaring Juring machinc rhar rclcgarcs human ingcnuiry
and idcalism ro rhc j unkyard ol hisrory. mpIicir in much ol Grano-
jbone, Ii/n, T,jeuriter is rhc bcIiclrhar so-callcd Nan" ,der soge-
nannte Menscba mocking phrasc rcpcarcd Iikc a manrra rhroughour
xxxIV Trans/ators' ntroduction
rhcbook)isabourro disappcarasacognirivcandscIl-dcrcrminingagcnr
,ilsuchanagcnrcvcrcxisrcd) andbcsubsumcd byrhcmarcholrcchno-
logical auro-sophisricarion.Vcarc laccdvirhrhcujbeoung olhuman
proccsscs inro silicon microproccssors, rhc dissolurion ol human solr-
varc inro compurcr hardvarc, lorilcompurcrrcchnologics, bcginning
virhrhccarIicsrsroragclacilirics,ulrimarcIysubsrirurc lorphysiological
impairmcnrs andcxrcndrhc scnsory appararus, rhcnrcchnology`spros-
rhcricluncrion could aIlovlorrhccomplcrc rcpIaccmcnrolrhc human.
cidcggcr`snorionolrcchnoIogyasGeste//, asupporrivclramingolhu-
man bcing, rurns our ro bc ancnrirc rsatz lor human bcing. urrhcr-
morc, ir is noronly a qucsrion olso-caIIcdNan disappcaring nou, c
vas ncvcrrhcrc ro bcgin virh, cxccpr as a ligmcnrolculruraI imagina-
rion bascd on mcdia-spccilic hisrorical undcrpinnings. Jo appropriarc
NaxVcbcr`s lamous rcrm, KirrIcr`s vorkconrriburcs inradicallashion
ro rhcongoingproccss olntzauoerung, ordiscnchanrmcnr.
^s vc havc aIrcady indicarcd, somc olKirrIcr`s rhcroric ol ejater
/`bunaniste oourgeois musrbcsccnagainsrrhcbackgroundolspccihcaIly
Gcrmanposrsrrucruralisrdcbarcs, burvcvouIdnoncrhcIcss invirc rcad-
crsroconsidcrrhcpossibiIiryrharKirrlcr,cspccialIyvhcnvicvcdincon-
j uncrion virhIorrh ^mcrican discussions ol subjccr lormarion undcr
cIccrroniccondirions,ishighIighring a crucialpoinr. rharrhc qucsrion ol
rhc subjccrhasnorbccnansvcrcdycr,loraslongasvcarcnoraddrcss-
ingirinirsmcdia-rcchnologicalconrcxr,vcarcnorcvcnabIcrocomcup
virhrhcrighrqucsrion.
2. Tbe stoj and go oj bistor,. Ior surprisingIy, KirrIcr has bccn
chargcd virh a cavalicr arrirudc rovard rhc vicissirudcs ol hisrorical
changc.nsrcadolrracingandassigningvalucrorhcagcncicsandconrin-
gcncics rhar cxplain rhc unloIding rranslormarion lrom onc hisrorical
momcnrro anorhcr, his broadrypologics rcnd ro obscurc rhosc subrcr-
rancandisrurbanccsrharcanbuildinroaparadigmshilr. "`` is dcscrip-
rivc andnoncvoIurionarymodcI lavoring suddcnruprurcs andrranslor-
marionsarrhccxpcnscolgcncriccausaliricsisdcrivcdlromoucaulr,bur
irrakcsonaccrraincdgcbccausccpisrcmoIogicalbrcaksarcricdro rcch-
nologicalruprurcs.Jhccmphasisondisconrinuiry, hovcvcr, islcssprob-
Icmaricrhan rhc obvious rcchnological dcrcrminism. ^sJimorhy Lcnoir
has norcd, Kirrlcr cxpIicirIy rcjccrs any characrcrizarion olhis vork as
'ncvhisroricism` orsocioIogyollircrarurc, "opringinsrcadrodcscribc
hisprojccrinrcrmsrharlrcqucnrIyinvokcNcLuhan`s dcrcrminisricmc-
diarhcorics."`'
Trans/ators' ntroduction xxxv
Ccrrainly, Kirrlcr`s cmphasis on rcchnological brcakrhroughs ro rhc
cxclusion olorhcrcausarivc lacrors isindicarivc olasomcrimcslacilc nc-
glccr olrhc dynamic complcxirics oldcvclopmcnr and cvolurion-rcch-
nologicalororhcrvisc. urrhcrc arcimporranrcxccprions,mosrnorably
hisingcniousdcscriprionolrhc discourscncrvorkolToOO asrhcconlIu-
cnccolsocialpracriccs,suchasrhcrolc olspcakingmorhcrsinrhcsocial-
izarionolchildrcn,rhcpubliclymandarcdmcrhodologicsollanguagcac-
quisirion,rhcrrainingolcivilscrvanrs, andrhc bcginningolhcrmcncuric
lircrary criricism, among orhcrs. Jhc mcdia cnvironmcnr ol 1oOO rhcrc-
lorc,parricularlyinrhclormsolvriringandinrcrprcrarion,isclcarlysccn
asahisroricallyspccihcconringcncy,irisnor,asNcLuhanircsvouldhavc
ir, parrolrhc makcup olrhc Gurcnbcrg Galaxybydclaulr. Ncdia dcrcr-
minc our siruarion, bur ir appcars rhar our siruarion, in rurn, can do irs
sharc ro dcrcrmincourmcdia. n somc olhis morc rcccnr cssays, Kirrlcr
argucs rharrhc discourscncrvork ol 1 oOO irscllprcparcd rhc groundlor
rhc rcchnologicaldcvclopmcnrs associarcdvirh irs succcssor. "Romanric
lircrarurc asa virrual mcdia rcchnology, asirvas supporrcd byrhc com-
pliciry bcrvccnaurhor,rcadcr, and hcro, conrriburcd irscllro rhc subvcr-
sion olrhc unchallcngcdmonopoly olprinr in Luropc and ro rhc changc
olguards lrom imagc-bascd lircrarurcro rhc mass mcdia olphorography
and hlm."' crc Kirrlcr appcars ro rcrracc rhc vcll-knovn rhcorcrical
loorsrcps ol Valrcr cnjamin, vho obscrvcd rhar cvcry hisrorical cra
"shovscriricalcpochsinvhichaccrrainarrlormaspircsrocllccrsvhich
couldbclullyobraincdonlyvirhachangcdrcchnicalsrandard."''^rrhc
riskolovcrsimplilying marrcrs, vc could sayrharKirrlcr cspouscsarypc
olrcchnomarcrialism rhar, albcir only ona lormal lcvcl, bcars somc rc-
scmblanccroNarxism`shisroricalanddialccricalmarcrialism. urolrhc
dialccricalcxchangcbcrvccnrhcmcdia-rcchnological "basc"andrhcdis-
cursivc "supcrsrrucrurc" arisc conIIicrs and rcnsions rhar sooncr or larcr
rcsulrinrranslormarions ar rhc lcvcl olmcdia. ^r a givcn poinr inrimc,
rharis,duringrhc discoursc ncrvorkoll oOO avidclyuscdsroragcrcch-
nology-rhcprinrcd book-lorms rhcmarcrial basis lorncv, hcrmcncu-
ricallyprogrammcdrcadingrcchniqucsrharcnablcrcadcrs ro cxpcricncc
an "inncrmovic", subscqucnrly, adcsircariscsinrhcscrcadcrsro invcnr,
orar lcasr immcdiarcly sclccr, rhc ncvcincmarographic rcchnology rhar
providcsimagcslor rcal.
_ . rns and no Man. ncclcmcnrrharmaysrrikcsomc rcadcrs as
disrurbing is Kirrlcr`svirrual lcrishism olrcchnological innovarions pro-
duccdbymilirary applicarions, spin-olls rharovcrhcircxisrcnccro mil-
xxxVi Trans/ators' ntroduction
irarycombar.^longvirhaulVirilio andIorbcrrolz, Kirrlcrdcrivcs a
vcrirablc gcncalogyolmcdia invhich var luncrions asrhc larhcr olall
rhingsrcchnical.nGrano[bone, Ii/n, T,[euriter and rclarcd cssays,hc
argucs rhar rhc hisrory ol lilm coincidcs vrh rhc hisrory ol auromaric
vcaponsrcchnology, rharrhcdcvclopmcnrolcarlyrclcgraphyvasrhcrc-
sulr ola milirarynccd lor rhc quick rransmission olcommands and in-
rclligcncc, rhar rclcvision is a by-producr olradar rcchnology, and rhar
rhc compurcr cvolvcd in rhc conrcxr olrhc SccondVorldVarand rhc
nccd borh ro cncrypr and dccodc milirary inrclligcncc and ro compurc
missilcrrajccrorics. Nodcrnmcdiaarcsulluscdvirhvar,andrhchisrory
olcommunicarion rcchnologics rurns ourro bc a scrics olsrrarcgic cs-
calarions. "'Iccdlcssrosay,humansasrhc subjccrsolrcchnological in-
novarions arc as imporranrasrhcindividual soldicr inrhc masscarnagc
olrhc irsrVorldVar orrhchigh-rcchvidcovars olrhc prcscnr. lvc
had ro namc rhc book rhar comcs closcsr ro Kirrlcr in rhis rcspccr, ir
vould bcNanucl OcLanda`s cmincnrly rcadablc War in tbe ge oj n-
te//igent Macbines, ahisroryolvarrcchnologyvrirrcnlromrhcpoinrol
vicv ol a lururc robor vho, lor obvious rcasons, has lirrlc inrcrcsr in
vharrhisorrharhumanhasconrriburcdrorhccvolurionolrhcmachinic
phylum.'`
ur such a unilarcralvar-bascdhisroryolmcdia rcchnologyvould
normccrvirhrhcapprovalolallhisroriansandrhcorisrsolcommunica-
rion.]amcscnigcr,lorcxamplc,hasargucdrharrhcscicnccolcybcrncr-
icsandirsarrcndanrrcchnologics-rhcgcncsisolvhichKirrlcrlocarcsin
rhccommunicarivcvicissirudcsolrhc SccondVorldVar-is ulrimarcly
rhc rcsulr olrhc crisis olconrrol andinlormarionproccssingcxpcricnccd
inrhccarlyhcydayolrhcndusrrialRcvolurion.nrhcvakcolcapiralisr
cxpansionolproducriviryandrhcdisrriburionolgoods, cnginccrshadro
invcnr cvcr-morc rchncd lccdback loops and conrrol mcchanisms ro cn-
surcrhcsmoorhllovolproducrsro rhcir consumcrs, andmorcgcncrally
rorcgularcrhcIlovoldarabcrvccnmarkcrnccdsanddcmands ,vharcy-
bcrncrics vould call ourpur andinpur) . Nicroproccssors andcompurcr
rcchnologics, conrrary ro currcnrly lashionablc opinion, arc nor ncv
lorccs onlyrcccnrlyunlcashcduponanunprcparcdsocicry. " nrhccon-
rrary, many ol rhc compurcr`s major conrriburions vcrc anriciparcd
along virh rhc hrsr signs ol a conrrol crisis in rhc mid-nincrccnrh ccn-
rury. "' uilding upon cnigcr, ]ochcn Schulrc-Sassc lor onc has rakcn
Kirrlcr ro rask lor conIlaring rhchisroryolcommunicarionrcchnologics
virhrhchisroryolvarlarcvhilc ignoringrhcncrvorkolcnablingcon-
dirionsrcsponsiblclorbrcakrhroughsinrcchnologicalinnovarions.'`
Trans/ators' ntroduction xxxVii
q. Hai/ tbe conquering engineer. Kirrlcr`svorkrcndsrochampiona
spccial class olrcchnologisrs rhar madc borh rhc lounding agc and rhc
digiral agc olmodcrn mcdia possibIc. rhc cnginccr. Ldison, Nuybridgc,
Narcy,rhcLumicrc brorhcrs,Juring,andvonIcumannhavcIclrbchind
a vorld-or rarhcr, havc nade a vorld-in vhich rcchnoIogy, inmorc
scnscsrhan onc,rcigns suprcmc. ^nd onc olrhcirhcrionaIcounrcrparrs,
Nynona`s ingcnious rolcssorschorr, cvcn managcs ro bcar" Gocrhc
andgcrrhc girIinrhc shorrsrory GocrhcSpcaksinrorhchonograph. "
^s vc havc mcnrioncd, Kirrlcr conrrasrs his ^mcrican" arrirudc ro rhc
purporrcdrcchnophobia olGcrman acadcmics, burirmay scrvc rcadcrs
vcllropoinrourrharKirrlcrisspcakinglrom alongGcrmanrradirionol
cnginccr vorship rcaching as lar back as rhc sccond parr ol Gocrhc`s
Iaust and including immcnscly succcssluI scicncc hcrion novcIs by Oo-
minikandKclIcrmann,rhcconsrrucrionolrhccnginccrasalcadcrinroa
ncv vorId in Iarc-nincrccnrh- and carly-rvcnricrh-ccnrury rcchnocraric
uropias , incIuding Jhca von arbou`s Metrojo/is, , and, abovc all, rhc
aporhcosisolrhccnginccrarrhcconclusionolsvaIdSpcngIcr`sDec/ine
oj tbe Vest.'' n rurn, KirrIcr`s somcvhar quainr porrrayal olrhc\nircd
Srarcs as a havcn olrcchnophiIia aIso has casily rccognizabIc Gcrman
roors. irharks backro rhcboisrcrous ^mcricanism" olrhcVcimarRc-
pubIic rhar sav a ordisr and Jaylorizcd \nircd Srarcs as a modcI lor
ovcrcomingrhc backwardncssolrhc IdVorId.
_. eactionar, jostnodernisnr Jhc ordism ol rhc Vcimar Rc-
publicvasrclarcdro aculruraIcurrcnrrharvasro havcconsidcrabIcin-
lIucncconconscrvarivc and, subscqucnrly, Iaziidcology. Labclcd rcac-
rionarymodcrnism" by]cllrcycrl,irvas anarrcmprrorcjccrLnIighr-
cnmcnr valucs vhilc cmbracing rcchnoIogy in ordcr ro rcconcilc rhc
srrong anrimodcrnisr Gcrman rradirion virh rcchnological progrcss. n
spirc olaII rhc unrcsr and disoricnrarion causcd by rhc rapid modcrni-
zarion ol Iarc nincrccnrh-ccnrury Gcrmany, rhc rcacrionary modcrnisrs
claimcdrharGcrmanycouIdbcootb rcchnoIogicalIyadvanccdand rruc
ro irs soul . "'` nc olrcacrionary modcrnism`s kcy componcnrs vas ro
scvcrrhc rradirional-and rradirionallyunqucsrioncd-Iink bcrvccn so-
cialandrcchnoIogicalpro
}
rcss.IoIongcrcnsnarcdbyrhchumanisridc-
oIogyolrhcLnlighrcnmcnr, rhcrcchnologicalachicvcmcnrs olrhc mod-
crnagccouldbcmadcro cnrcramurualIybcnchciaIunionvirhprcmod-
crnsocicraIsrrucrurcs.^mongrhcmosrimporranrrhinkcrsroconrriburc
ro rhis disrincrlyGcrman rcacrionro rhcrravaiIs olmodcrnizarionvcrc
svaldSpcnglcr, CarlSchmirr, Lrnsr]ingcr,VcrncrSombarr, andNar-
xxxViIi Trns/ators' ntroduction
rincidcggcr,somcolvhomhgurcpromincnrlyinrhcvriringsolKirrlcr
and olz. Jo bc surc, vriring abour rhc likcs ol]ngcr, cnn, and ci-
dcggcrisanyrhingbursynonymousvirhcndorsingrhccxrrcmisrpolirical
idcologicsrhcymayhavchcldaroncrimcoranorhcr. Icvcrrhclcss,rcad-
crsolGranojbone, Ii/n, T,jeuriter andKirrlcr`srclarcdcssaysmighrbc
lclrvirhrhcimprcssionrharin spircolall disrancingmancuvcrs,Kirrlcr
sccms ro lccl a ccrrain rcvcrcncc, ilnor lorrhc vrircrs rhcmsclvcs, rhcn
ccrrainly lor rhcir largcly unqucsrioning admirarion ol ,mcdia-)rcchno-
logical innovarions.]ngcr-vholcarurcspromincnrly in ilm"-is a
casc inpoinr.rhcvayinvhichrhcvorkcrs andsoldicrsolhis carly nov-
clsand cssays arcdvarlcdbyproducrionsandvcapons rcchnologicsrhar
dissolvc rhcir nner/icb/eit, orinncr cxpcricncc olbcing, inro a spray ol
mcdiacllccrsisdisrincrlyrcminisccnrolKirrlcr`sposrsrrucruralisrcrasurc
olrhc subjccr.
lcourscrhcrcisamajordillcrcncc.Kirrlcrisaslarrcmovcdasonc
canbclromrhcrradirionalrighr-vingrhcroricolsoul," \o//" andrhc
narional body", ilrhcsc or rclarcd rcrms appcar, rhcy do so only as cx-
amplcs olrhccrudchisroricalconccprualizarions olrhcgrovingconncc-
riviryandcommunicarion spaccs csrablishcd bymodcrnmcdia rcchnolo-
gics. ur rhc qucsrionrcmainsvhcrhcr ccrrainalhniricscxisrrharmighr
suggcsrrharsomcolKirrlcr`svork bclabclcda posrmodcrn" varianrol
rhc oldrcacrionarymodcrnism-mosrpromincnrly, rhc dcrcrminarionro
scvcr rhc connccrion bcrvccn rcchnological and social advanccmcnr, ro
j crrison rhc larrcr inlavorolrhc lormcr and insrall, asirvcrc, Jcchnol-
ogyasrhcncv,aurhcnricsubjccr olhisrory. Vhargivcs rhis approachan
addirionalcdgc,hovcvcr,isrhcgrovingavarcncssolrhcdcgrccrovhich
rhcrcnchposrsrrucruralisrs lromvhomKirrlcrrakcshiscucvcrcrhcm-
sclvcsinllucnccdbyrhcscrighr-vingGcrmanrhinkcrs. '' ,Iarurally, ci-
dcggcrcomcsromind, buroncshouldnorundcrcsrimarc]ngcr. ) urilir
is rruc rhar rhc anrihumanisrs" olrcnchposrsrrucruralism ovc a lasr-
ingdcbrroIicrzschcasvcllasro rhcVcimarrhinkcrs olrhcRighr,rhcn
Kirrlcr`smcdiadiscourscanalysis,virhirsinsisrcnccrharmcdiadcrcrminc
oursiruarion andrharoursiruarionchangcd dccisivcly duringrhcMedi-
engriinderzeit, cxposcs rhcir inrcllccrual origins as vcll as rcchnological
marrixrharshapcdrhcm.
FREF71E
Japmy hcad andmikcmy brain,
Stickthatnccdcin my vcin.
1 L A 1 b V 3 P L 1 L P
Ncdia dcrcrminc our siruarion, vhich-in spirc orbccausc ol ir-dc-
scrvcsa dcscriprion.
Siruarion conlcrcnccs vcrc hcld by rhc Gcrman GcncralSrall,grcar
oncsaroundnoonandsmalIcroncsinrhccvcning.inlronrolsandrablcs
and maps, in var and so-callcd pcacc. \nril Or. Gorrlricd cnn, vrircr
and scnior army docror, chargcdIircrarurc and Iircrary criricism asvcll
virhrhcraskolrakingsrockolrhc siruarion. israrionalc ,in a lcrrcr ro
alricnd) . ^s youknov, sign. n bchallol rhc Chiclol rhc ^rmyigh
Command. Or. cnn. "
'
ndccd.in lQq1 virhrhc knovlcdgc olhlcs andrcchnoIogics,cncmy
posirions and dcploymcnr plans, and Iocarcd ar rhc ccnrcr olrhc ^rmy
igh Command in crlin`s cndIcrsrraLc, irmay sriIl havc bccn possiblc
rorakcsrockolrhcsiruarion.

Jhc prcscnr siruarion is morc obscurc. irsr, rhc pcrrincnr hlcs arc
kcpr in archivcs rhar vill all rcmain classihcd lor cxacrly asmany ycars
asrhcrcrcmainsadillcrcnccbcrvccnhlcsandlacrs,bcrvccnplanncdob-
jccrivcs and rhcir rcalizarion. Sccond, cvcn sccrcr hIcs sullcr a Ioss ol
povcrvhcnrcalsrrcamsoldara,bypassingvriringandvrircrs,rurnour
mcrcIyrobcunrcadablcscricsolnumbcrscircularingbcrvccnncrvorkcd
compurcrs. Jcchnologicsrharnoronly subvcrrvriring, burcnguIlir and
carry iroll aIong virh so-caIIcd Nan, rcndcr rhcir ovn dcscriprion im-
possiblc. ncrcasingly, dara lIovs oncc conhncd ro books and Iarcr ro
rccordsand hIms arc disappcaringinro blackholcsandboxcsrhar,as ar-
rihcialinrclIigcnccs,arcbiddinguslarcvcllonrhcirvayronamclcsshigh
commands.nrhissiruarionvcarclclronlyvirhrcminisccnccs,rharisro
say,virhsrorics.ovrharvhichisvrirrcninnobookcamcropassmay
xxxIx
xl |rejace
srilI bclorbooksrorccord.ushcdrorhcirmarginscvcnobsoIcrcmcdia
bccomc scnsirivc cnough ro rcgisrcr rhc signs and cIucs ol a siruarion.
Jhcn, asinrhccascolrhcsccrionalplancolrvoopricaImcdia,parrcrns
andmoirescmcrgc:myrhs, hcrions olscicncc, oracIcs . . .
Jhis bookis a srory madc up olsuch srorics. r collccrs, commcnrs
upon,andrcIayspassagcs andrcxrsrharshovhovrhcnovclryolrcchno-
logicaImcdia inscribcdirscllinrorhc oldpapcrolbooks.Nanyolrhcsc
papcrsarcoIdorpcrhapscvcnlorgorrcn,burinrhcloundingagcolrcch-
nological mcdiarhcrcrror olrhcirnovclryvas soovcrvhclmingrharlir-
crarurcrcgisrcrcdirmorcacurclyrhaninroday`sallcgcdmcdiapIuralism,
in vhich anyrhinggocs providcd ir docs nor disrurb rhc assumprion ol
gIobal dominancc by SiIicon VaIlcy. ^n inlormarion rcchnoIogy vhosc
monopolyisnovcomingroancnd,hovcvcr,rcgisrcrsrhisvcryinlorma-
rion. an acsrhcrics olrcrror. Vhar vrircrs asronishcd by gramophoncs,
hIms, and rypcvrircrs-rhc hrsrrcchnoIogicalmcdia-commirrcd ro pa-
pcrbcrvccn 8 8oandtpzoamounrs,rhcrclorc,roaghosrlyimagcolour
prcscnraslururc.`Jhosc carlyandsccminglyharmlcssmachincscapablc
olsroringandrhcrclorcscpararingsounds,sighrs,andvriringushcrcdin
arcchnoIogizingolinlormarion rhar, inrcrrospccr,pavcdrhcvaylorro-
day`s scll-rccursivcsrrcamolnumbcrs.
bviously,sroricsolrhiskindcannorrcplaccahisroryolrcchnoIogy.
Lvcn il rhcy vcrc counrlcss rhcy vould rcmain numbcrlcss and rhus
vouIdlailrocaprurcrhcrcaluponvhichaIlinnovarionsarcbascd.Con-
vcrscIy, numbcr scrics, blucprinrs, and diagrams ncvcr rurn back inro
vriring, onlyinromachincs.cidcggcrsaidasmuchvirhhishncsrarc-
mcnrrharrcchnoIogyirscIlprcvcnrsanycxpcricncc olirs csscncc.`ov-
cvcr,cidcggcr`srcxrbook-Iikcconlusionolvriringandcxpcricnccnccd
nor bc,inIicu olphilosophicaIinquirics inro csscncc, simpIc knovIcdgc
villdo.
Vc canprovidcrhcrcchnoIogicalandhisroricaIdarauponvhichhc-
rionalmcdiarcxrs, roo,arc bascd. nlyrhcnvillrhcoldandrhcncv,
books and rhcirrcchnologicaI succcssors, arrivc as rhc inlormarion rhcy
arc. \ndcrsrandingmcdia-dcspircNcLuhan`srirlc-rcmainsanimpos-
sibiliry prcciscly bccausc rhc dominanr inlormarion rcchnologics olrhc
day conrroI aIl undcrsranding and irs ilIusions. ur blucprinrs and dia-
grams,rcgardIcss olvhcrhcrrhcyconrrolprinringprcsscs ormainlramc
compurcrs, may yicId hisrorical rraccs olrhc unknovn calIcd rhc body.
Vhar rcmains olpcoplcis vharmcdiacan srorcand communicarc.Vhar
counrs arc nor rhc mcssagcs or rhc conrcnr virh vhich rhcy cquip so-
callcd souls lorrhc durarion ola rcchnoIogicaI cra, bur rarhcr , and in
|rejace xli
srricr accordancc virh NcLuhan) rhcir circuirs, rhc vcry schcmarism ol
pcrccpribiIiry.
Vhosocvcr is ablcro hcar or scc rhc circuirs in rhc synrhcsizcd sound
olCOs orin rhc lascr srorms ola disco hnds happincss. ^ happincss bc-
yond rhcicc, as Iicrzschc vouldhavcsaid. ^rrhcmomcnr olmcrcilcss
submissionroIavsvhosccascsvcarc,rhcphanrasmolmanasrhccrcaror
olmcdia vanishcs. ^nd ir bccomcs possiblcro rakcsrock olrhc siruarion.
n tpq , inrhc haIl-burncd, rypcdminurcs olrhc ^rmy igh Com-
mand`shnalconlcrcnccs, varvas alrcadynamcdrhclarhcrolaIlrhings.
in a vcrylrccparaphrasc olcracIirus, ir spavnsmosr rcchnological in-
vcnrions.' ^nd sincc tp;, vhcn1homas ynchon`s Graiit,'s ainoou
vaspubIishcd,irhasbccomcclcarrharrcalvarsarcnorloughrlorpco-
plcorlarhcrlands, burrakc placcbcrvccndillcrcnr mcdia, inlormarion
rcchnologics, daralIovs.arrcrnsandmoircsolasiruarionrharhaslor-
gorrcnus. . .
ur no marrcr vhar. virhour rhc rcscarch and conrriburions olRoIand
aumannrhis bookvouIdnorhavc bccnvrirrcn.^ndirvouIdhavcnor
havc comc abour virhour cidi cck, Iorbcrr olz, Rdigcr Campc,
CharIcs GrivcI, ^nron ,1ony) Kacs,VollKirrIcr, 1horsrcn Lorcnz,]ann
Narlock, NichaclNIIcr, CIcmcns ornschIcgcl, ricdhcImRong,Voll-
gang Schcrcr, Nanlrcd Schncidcr, crnhard Sicgcrr, Gcorg Chrisroph
, SrollcI) 1hoIcn, soldc 1rndlc-^zri, ^nrjc Vcincr, Oavid L. VcIlbcry,
RaimarZons, and ^gia Galini.
I..
SEPTENBER tp8
LR7ILFMLWE, FLI, 1XFEWR1ER
W1RLOU11LW
jtica/ joer netuor/s. coplcvill bc hookcd ro an inlormarion channcl
rhar canbc uscd lor any mcdium-lorrhc hrsrrimc inhisrory, orlor irs
cnd. nccmovics and music, phonc calls andrcxrs rcachhouscholds via
oprical hbcr cablcs, rhclormcrly disrincr mcdia olrclcvision, radio, rclc-
phonc, and mailconvcrgc, srandardizcd byrransmission lrcqucncics and
bir lormar. Jhc oproclccrronic channcl in parricular vill bc immunc U
disrurbanccsrharmighr randomizc rhcprcrrybir parrcrns bchind rhcim-
agcsandsounds.mmunc,rharis,rorhcbomb.^sisvcllknovn,nuclcar
blasrsscndanclccrromagncric pulsc ,LN) rhroughrhc usualcoppcrca-
blcs, vhichvouldinlccralconnccrcdcompurcrs.
Jhccnragoniscngagcdinlarsighrcdplanning.onlyrhcsubsrirurion
ol oprical hbcrs lor mcral cablcs can accommodarc rhc cnormous rarcs
andvolumcsolbirsrcquircd,spcnr,andcclcbrarcdbyclccrronicvarlarc.
^ll carly varning sysrcms, radar insrallarions, missilc bascs, and army
sralls inLuropc,rhc opposirccoasr,'hnallyvillbcconnccrcdrocompur-
crs salclromLN and rhus vill rcmain opcrarional in varrimc. n rhc
mcanrimc, plcasurc isproduccdas aby-producr. pcoplc arclrccro chan-
ncl-surl among cnrcrrainmcnr mcdia. ^lrcr all, hbcr oprics rransmir all
mcssagcsimaginablcsavc lorrhconcrharcounrs-rhc bomb.
clorcrhc cnd,somcrhingiscomingro ancnd. Jhc gcncraldigiriza-
rionolchannclsandinlormarioncrascsrhcdillcrcnccsamongindividual
mcdia. Sound and imagc, voicc and rcxr arc rcduccd ro surlacc cllccrs,
knovnroconsumcrsasinrcrlacc. Scnsc andrhc scnscsrurninrocycvash.
Jhcirmcdia-produccdglamorvillsurvivcloraninrcrimasa by-producr
ol srrarcgic programs. nsidc rhc compurcrs rhcmsclvcs cvcryrhing bc-
comcsanumbcr.quanriryvirhourimagc,sound,orvoicc.^ndonccop-
ricalhbcrncrvorksrurnlormcrlydisrincrdaralIovs inro asrandardizcd
1
z ntroduction
scricsoldigirizcdnumbcrs, anymcdiumcanbcrranslarcdinroanyorhcr.
Virh numbcrs, cvcryrhing gocs. Nodularion, rranslormarion, synchro-
nizarion, dclay,sroragc, rransposirion, scrambling, scanning, mapping-
aroralmcdialinkonadigiralbascvillcrascrhcvcryconccprolmcdium.
nsrcad olviring pcoplc and rcchnologics, absolurc knovlcdgc villrun
asancndlcssloop.
urrhcrc srillarcmcdia,rhcrc srilliscnrcrrainmcnr.
1oday`s srandard compriscs parriallyconnccrcdmcdia links rhararc
srill comprchcnsiblc in NcLuhan`s rcrms. ^ccording ro him, onc mc-
dium`sconrcnris alvays orhcr mcdia. hlm and radioconsrirurcrhc con-
rcnrolrclcvision,rccordsand rapcsrhcconrcnrolradio, silcnrhlms and
audiorapc rhar ol cincma, rcxr, rclcphonc, and rclcgram rhar ol rhc
scmi-mcdia monopoly ol rhc posral sysrcm. Sincc rhc bcginning olrhc
ccnrury, vhcnrhc clccrronic rubc vas dcvclopcd byvon Licbcn in Gcr-
many and Oc orcsr in Calilornia, ir has bccn possiblc ro amplily and
rransmirsignals.^ccordingly,rhclargcmcdiancrvorks,vhichhavcbccn
incxisrcnccsinccrhcrhirrics,havcbccnablcrolallbackonallrhrccsror-
agc mcdia-vriring, hlm, and phorography-ro link up and scnd rhcir
signalsarvill.
urrhcsclinks arcscpararcd byincompariblcdarachannclsanddil-
lcringdaralormars.Llccrricsdocsnorcqualclccrronics.Virhinrhc spcc-
rrum olrhc gcncral dara Ilov, rclcvision, radio, cincma, and rhc posral
scrviccconsrirurc individualandlimircdvindovslorpcoplc`s scnscpcr-
ccprions. nlrarcd radiarions orrhcradiocchocs olapproachingmissilcs
arc srill rransmirrcd rhrough orhcrchanncls, unlikc rhc oprical hbcr ncr-
vorks ol rhc lururc. ur mcdia sysrcms mcrcly disrriburc rhc vords,
noiscs,andimagcspcoplccanrransmirandrcccivc.urrhcydonorcom-
purc rhcsc dara. 1hcy do nor producc an ourpur rhar, undcr compurcr
conrrol, rranslorms anyalgorirhminro any inrcrlacccllccr,ro rhc poinr
vhcrcpcoplcrakclcavcolrhcirscnscs.^rrhispoinr,rhconlyrhingbcing
compurcdis rhc rransmissionqualiryolsroragcmcdia,vhich appcarin
rhcmcdialinksasrhcconrcnrolrhcmcdia.^compromiscbcrvccncngi-
nccrsandsalcspcoplcrcgularcshovpoorrhcsoundlroma1Vscrcanbc,
hovluzzymovicimagcscanbc,orhovmuchabclovcdvoicconrhcrclc-
phonc can bc hlrcrcd. ur scnsc pcrccprions arc rhc dcpcndcnrvariablc
olrhiscompromisc.
^ composirc ollacc and voicc rhar rcmains calm, cvcn vhcn laccd
during a rclcviscd dcbarc by an opponcnr namcd Richard N. Iixon, is
dccmcd rclcgcnic and may vin a prcsidcnrial clccrion, as in Kcnncdy`s
ntroduction
casc.Voiccs rhar an oprical cIosc-up vouId rcvcaI as rrcachcrous, hov-
cvcr, arccalIcdradiogcnicandruIcovcrrhcVL o:, rhc \o//senjjanger
ol rhc Sccond Vorld Var. or, as rhc cidcggcr disciplc among Gcr-
many`s carly radio cxpcrrs rcalizcd, dcarh is primarily a radio ropic. "
ur rhcsc scnsc pcrccprions had ro bc labricarcd hrsr. or mcdia ro
link up and achicvc dominancc, vc nccd a coincidcncc in rhc Lacanian
scnsc. rharsomcrhingccascsnorrovrircirscll.riorrorhcclccrrihcarion
olmcdia, andvcIl bclorcrhcirclccrroniccnd,rhcrcvcrcmodcsr, mcrcly
mcchanical appararuscs. \nabIcroampIilyorrransmir,rhcyncvcrrhcIcss
vcrcrhc hrsrro srorc scnsory dara: siIcnrmovics srorcd sighrs, and Ldi-
son`s phonograph,vhich, unIikc crlincr`s Iarcr gramophonc, vas capa-
bIcborholrccordingandrcproducing) srorcd sounds.
nOcccmbcr 6, 8;;, Ldison,lordolrhchrsrrcscarchIaboraroryin
rhc hisrory olrcchnoIogy, prcscnrcdrhc prororypc olrhc phonograph ro
rhcpubIic. ncbruaryzo, : 8,z, rhcsamcIab inNcnIoark,ncarIcv
York) addcd rhc so-callcd kincroscopc. Jhrcc ycars larcr, rhc Lumicrc
brorhcrs in rancc and rhc SkIadanovsky brorhcrs in Gcrmany mcrcIy
hadro adda mcans olprojccrionro rurn Ldison`s invcnrioninrocincma.
Lvcrsinccrharcpochalchangcvchavcbccninposscssionolsroragc
rcchnoIogics rharcan rccordandrcproduccrhcvcryrimcllovolacousric
and oprical dara. Lars and cycs havc bccomc auronomous. ^nd rhar
changcd rhc srarc ol rcaIiry morc rhan lirhography and phorography,
vhich ,accordingro cnjamin`srhcsis) in rhchrsrrhird ol rhc nincrccnrh
ccnrurymcrcIy propcIlcdrhc vork olarrinrorhc agc olirs rcchnicaI rc-
producibiIiry. Ncdia dchncvharrcaIlyis",`rhcyarcalvaysalrcadybc-
yond acsrhcrics.
Vhar phonographs and cincmarographs, vhosc namcs nor coinci-
dcnralIydcrivclromvriring,vcrcabIcro srorcvasrimc. rimcas amix-
rurc ol audio lrcqucncics inrhc acousricrcalm and asrhc movcmcnr ol
singlc-imagcscqucnccsinrhcoprical.Jimc dcrcrmincsrhcIimirolaIlarr,
vhichhrsrhasro arrcsrrhcdaiIydaralIovinordcrro rurnirinroimagcs
or signs. Vhar is callcd srylc in arr is mcrcly rhc svirchboard ol rhcsc
scanningsand sclccrions. Jhar samc svirchboardalsoconrroIsrhosc arrs
rharuscvriringas a scrial, rhar is, rcmporaIlyrransposcd, daralIov. Jo
rccordrhc sound scqucnccs olspccch, lircrarurc has ro arrcsrrhcm in a
sysrcm ol z6 lcrrcrs, rhcrcby carcgorically cxcluding aIl noisc scqucnccs.
Ior coincidcnrally, rhis sysrcm also conrains as a subsysrcm rhc scvcn
norcs,vhosc diaronics-lrom^ro G-Iormrhc basis oloccidcnraImu-
sic.olIovingasuggcsrionmadcbyrhcmusicologisrvonornbosrcl,iris
possiblcro hxrhcchaos olcxoricmusicassailingLuropcancars byhrsr
ntroduction
= - * 6
C = = = = = =
- 16 8 4 6
' '

.
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.
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8 9 *
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V
AmtM.
4 O r*.
A .. b.
M = -
^
P
inrcrpolaringaphonograph,vhichisablcro rccordrhischaosinrcalrimc
and rhcn rcplay irin slov morion. ^srhc rhyrhms bcgin U IIag and in-
dividual mcasurcs, cvcn individual norcsrcsound on rhcir ovn, " occi-
dcnraIaIphabcrism virh irs sralls canprocccdro an cxacr norarion. "
Jcxrs and scorcs-Luropchadnoorhcrmcans olsroringrimc. orh
arc bascd on a vriringsysrcmvhoscrimcis ,in Lacan`s rcrm) symbolic.
\singprojccrionsand rcrricvaIs,rhisrimcmcmorizcsirscll-Iikc achain
olchains. Icvcrrhclcss,vharcvcrran asrimc on a physical or ,again in
Lacan`srcrms)rcaIIcvcl,bIindlyandunprcdicrably, couldbynomcansbc
cncodcd. Jhcrclorc, alI daraIlovs,providcdrhcyrcaIlyvcrcsrrcamsol
dara,hadropassrhroughrhcborrIcncckolrhcsignihcr. ^Iphabcricmo-
nopoly, grammarology.
l rhc hIm calIcdhisrory rcvinds irscll, ir rurns inro an cndIcss Ioop.
Vharvill sooncndinrhcmonopolyolbirsandhbcr opricsbcganvirh
rhc monopoIy olvriring. isrory vas rhc homogcnizcd hcld rhar, as an
acadcmic subjccr, onIy rook accounr ol lircrarc culrurcs. Nourhs and
graphisms vcrc rcIcgarcd ro prchisrory. rhcrvisc, srorics and hisrorics
, borh dcrivinglrombistoria, couIdnorhavc bccn Iinkcd. ^llrhc ordcrs
andj udgmcnrs, announccmcnrs and prcscriprions , miIiraryand lcgal,rc-
ligiousandmcdicaI)rharproduccdmounrains olcorpscsvcrccommuni-
carcd aIongrhc vcry samc channclrharmonopoIizcdrhc dcscriprions ol
ntroduction _
Jhc odcst dcpiction oIa printshop, :q-asa dancc oIdcath.
rhoscmounrains olcorpscs. Vhich isvhyanyrhingrharcvcr happcncd
cndcdupinlibrarics.
^nd oucaulr, rhc Iasrhisrorian orhrsr archcoIogisr, mcrcly hadro
Iookrhings up.Jhc suspicionrharallpovcr cmanarcslromand rcrurns
ro archivcs couId bc briIlianrIy conhrmcd, ar Icasr virhin rhc rcalms ol
lav,mcdicinc,andrhcology. ^raurologyolhisrory, orirscalvary. orrhc
libraricsinvhichrhcarchcoIogisrlound somuchrichmarcrialcoIlccrcd
and caralogucd papcrs rhar had bccn cxrrcmcly divcrsc in rcrms ol ad-
drcsscc,disrriburionrcchniquc,dcgrccolsccrccy, andvriringrcchniquc-
oucauIr`s archivcasrhccnrropyolaposrolhcc.`Lvcnvriringirscll, bc-
Iorcircndsupinlibrarics,isacommunicarionmcdium,rhcrcchnoIogyol
vhich rhc archcoIogisr simpIy lorgor. r is lor rhis rcason rhar aIl his
analyscscnd immcdiarcIybclorcrharpoinrinrimcarvhichorhcrmcdia
pcncrrarcdrhc library`s sracks. Oiscoursc analysis cannor bc appIicd ro
soundarchivcs orrovcrsolhImrolls.
^slongasirvasmovingalong,hisroryvasindccdoucauIr`s vavc-
Iikcsucccssion olvords. "'Norc simpIy, burno lcss rcchnicalIy rhanro-
morrov`s hbcr opric cablcs, vriringluncrioncd asa univcrsalmcdium-
6 ntroduction
Jccphonc incs,Pcv`ork, 888.
i nrimcsvhcnrhcrcvasnoconccprol mcdium.Vharcvcrclscvasgoing
ondroppcdrhroughrhchlrcrollcrrcrsoridcograms.
Lircrarurc, " Gocrhc vrorc, is a lragmcnr ollragmcnrs, onIy rhc
smalIcsr proporrion olvhar rook placc and vharvas said vas vrirrcn
dovn, vhilc onlyrhc smallcsr proporrion olvharvasvrirrcn dovnhas
survivcd."`
^ccordingIy, oralhisroryrodayconlronrsrhchisrorians` vriringmo-
nopoly, accordingIy, a mcdia rhcorcrician Iikc rhc]csuirpricsrVaIrcr].
ng, vho musr havc bccnconccrncd virh rhc spirir olrhc cnrccosraI
mysrcry,couldcclcbrarcaprimaryoraliryolrribalcuIrurcsasopposcdro
rhc sccondaryoraliryol ourmcdiaacousrics.Suchrcscarchrcmaincdun-
rhinkablc aslongasrhcopposirc olhisrory" vassimplyrcrmcd, again
ntroduction ;
lolloving Gocrhc) "lcgcnd. "` rchisrory vas subsumcd by irs myrhical
namc,Gocrhc`sdchnirionollircrarurcdidnorcvcnhavcromcnrionopri-
cal oracousric dara llovs. ^nd cvcn lcgcnds, rhosc oralizcd scgmcnrs ol
bygonccvcnrs,onlysurvivcdinvrirrcnlormar,rharis,undcrprcrcchno-
logical burlircrarycondirions. ovcvcr, sincc irhas bccomcpossiblcro
rccordrhc cpicsolrhc lasromcric bards,vhounrilrcccnrlyvcrcvan-
dcringrhrough Scrbia and Croaria, oralmncmorcchnics orculrurcshavc
bccomc rcconsrrucriblc in a complcrcly dillcrcnr vay.' Lvcn omcr`s
rosy-hngcrcdLoschangcslroma Goddcssinroapicccolchromiumdiox-
idc rhar vas srorcd in rhc mcmory olrhc bard and could bc combincd
virhorhcrpicccsinrovholccpics. "rimaryoraliry" and "oral hisrory"
camc inro cxisrcncc only alrcr rhc cnd olrhc vriring monopoly, as rhc
rcchnologicalshadovsolrhc appararuscsrhardocumcnrrhcm.
Vriring, hovcvcr, srorcdvriring-nomorc and no lcss. Jhcholy books
arrcsrrorhis.Lxodus,chaprcrlO conrainsacopyolvharYahvch`sovn
hngcr originally had vrirrcn on rvo sronc rablcrs. rhc lav. ur olrhc
rhundcrandlighrning,olrhcrhickcloudandrhcmighryrrumpcrvhich,
according ro scriprurc, surroundcd rhis hrsr acr ol vriring on Nounr
Sinai,rharsamciblccouldsrorcnorhingburmcrcvords. '
Lvcnlcssishandcddovnolrhcnighrmarcsandrcmprarionsrharal-
llicrcd a nomad callcdNohammcdlollovinghislighrro rhcholymoun-
rain olira.JhcKoran docs norbcginunrilrhconcGodrakcsrhc placc
olrhc many dcmons. Jhc archangcI Gabricl dcsccnds lromrhc scvcnrh
hcavcnvirh a roll olscriprurc and rhc commandro dcciphcrrhc scroll.
"Rcjoicc in rhc namc olrhc Lordvhocrcarcd-crcarcdman lrom clors
ol blood. Rccirc! Your Lord is rhc Nosr ounrilul nc, vho by pcn
raughrmanvharhcdidnorknov. "' '
Nohammcd, hovcvcr, ansvcrs rhar hc, rhc nomad, can`r rcad, nor
cvcn rhc divinc mcssagc abour rhc origin ol rcading and vriring. Jhc
archangclhasrorcpcarhiscommandbclorcanillircrarccanrurninrorhc
loundcr ola book-bascdrcligion. or soon, or all roo soon, rhc illcgiblc
scroll makcs scnsc and prcscnrs ro Nohammcd`s miraculouslyalphabcr-
izcdcycsrhcvcry samc rcxrrharGabriclhadalrcadyurrcrcdrviccasan
oralcommand.Nohammcd`silluminarionsbcgan,accordingrorradirion,
virhrhis p6rh sura-in ordcr rhcnro bc "mcmorizcdbyrhc lairhlul and
vrirrcn dovn on primirivc surlaccs such as palm lcavcs, sroncs, vood,
boncs, andpicccsollcarhcr, androbc rccircd, againandagain,byNo-
hammcdandsclccrbclicvcrs,cspcciallyduringRamadan. "'
Vriring rhcrclorc mcrclysrorcsrhclacrolirs aurhorizarion. rcclc-
8 ntroduction
brarcs rhc sroragc monopoly olrhc God vho invcnrcd ir. ^nd sincc rhc
rcaImolrhis Godconsisrsolsignsrharonlynonrcadcrscan`rmakcscnsc
ol,aIlbooksarc books olrhcdcad,IikcrhcLgyprianoncsvirhvhichlir-
crarurcbcgan.'`Jhc bookirscllcoincidcsvirhrhcrcalmolrhcdcadbc-
yondaII scnscsinrovhich irlurcs us.Vhcnrhc Sroic philosophcrZcno
askcdrhc oracIcarOcIphihovhcshouIdbcsrlcadhislilc,hcvasgivcn
rhc ansvcr rhar hc should marcvirh rhc dcad. c undcrsrood rhis ro
mcanrharhcshouldread rhcancients. "
'

Jhc srory olhov rhc divinc insrrucrions ro usc quills cxrcndcd bc-
yondNoscsandNohammcdandrcachcdsimplcrandsimpIcrpcoplcisa
Icngrhy onc rharnobodycanvrirc, bccausc ir vouId bc hisrory irscll. n
muchrhcsamcvay,rhcsroragccapaciricsolourcompurcrs vill soonco-
incidcvirhcIccrronicvarlarcand,gigabyrcupongigabyrc,cxcccdalIrhc
proccssingcapaciricsolhisrorians.
Sulhcc ir ro say rhar onc day-in Gcrmany, rhis may havc alrcady
bccn rhc casc during rhc agc ol Gocrhc-rhc homogcnous mcdium ol
vriringalsobccamc homogcnous inrhcsocialsphcrc. Compulsory cdu-
carioncngullcdpcopIcinpapcr.JhcyIcarncdavayolvriringrhar,asan
abusc ol Ianguagc" , according ro Gocrhc), no longcr had ro srrugglc
virhcrampcdmuscIcsandindividuallcrrcrs,burrarhcrprocccdcdinrap-
rurc or darkncss. Jhcy lcarncd ro rcad silcnrlyro onc`s scll, " a sorry
subsrirurclorspccch"'`rharconsumcdIcrrcrsvirhourcllorrbybypassing
oraI organs. Vharcvcr rhcy cmirrcd and rcccivcd vas vriring. ^nd bc-
causc onlyrharcxisrs vhich can bc posrcd,bodicsrhcmsclvcs lclI undcr
rhc rcgimc olrhc symboIic. Vhar is unrhinkabIc rodayvas oncc rcaIiry.
no hIm srorcd rhc movcmcnrs rhcy madc or sav, no phonograph, rhc
noisc rhcy madc or hcard. or vharcvcr cxisrcd lailcd bclorc rimc. Sil-
houcrrcsorpasrcIdravingshxcd laciaI cxprcssions, and scorcs vcrcun-
abIcrosrorcnoisc.uronccahandrookholdolapcn,somcrhingmirac-
uIous occurrcd. rhc body, vhich did nor ccasc nor ro vrirc irscIl, Iclr
srrangclyunavoidablcrraccs.
!'m ashamcdtotc oI it. !`m ashamcd oImy handvriting. !t cxposcs mc in a
my spiritua nakcdncss. ^y handvriting shovsmc morc nakcd than ! amvith
mycothcsoII. Po cg,no brcath,no cothcs,no sound.PcithcrvoiccnorrcIcc-
tion. ^ ccancd out. !nstcad, a vhoc man`s bcing, shrivccd and misshapcn,
ikc his scribbc-scrabbc. !is incs arc athat`scItoIhim, as vc as his scI-
propagation. Jhc uncvcntracings oIhispcncionpapcr, sominimathata bind
man`s hngcrtips voud hardy dctcct thcm, bccomc thc mcasurc oI thc vhoc
Icov.
Io
ntroduction Q
Joday,rhis shamc, vhich ovcrcomcs rhchcro oIorho Srrauss`s lasrlovc
srory, Dedication, vhcncvcrhc sccs his handvriring, is nomorc rhanan
anachronism. Jhc Iacrrharrhc minimal uncvcnncss bcrvccn srrokc and
papcr cansrorc ncirhcr avoiccnoranimagcoIa bodyprcsupposcsinirs
cxclusion rhc invcnrion oIphonography and cincma. cIorc rhcir invcn-
rion, hovcvcr, handvriring alonc could guaranrcc rhcpcrIccrsccuring oI
rraccs. rvrorcandvrorc,inancncrgcric and idcally uninrcrruprcdllov.
^s cgcl socorrccrlyobscrvcd, rhc alphabcrizcdindividual had his ap-
pcaranccandcxrcrnaliry"'`inrhisconrinuousllovoIink orlcrrcrs.
^nd vhar applicd ro vriring also applicdro rcading. Lvcn iIrhc al-
phabcrizcdindividualknovnasrhc aurhor" hnallyhadroIallIromrhc
privarccxrcrioriryoIhandvriringinrorhcanonymouscxrcrioriryoIprinr
inordcrro sccurc allrhar`slcIroIhim,asvcllashissclI-propagarion"-
alphabcrizcdindividualsknovnasrcadcrs"vcrcablcrorcvcrscrhiscx-
rcriorizarion. I oncrcadsinrhcrighrvay, " Iovalis vrorc, rhc vords
vill unIold in us a rcal,visiblc vorld. "'
^nd his Iricnd Schlcgcl addcd
rhar oncbclicvcsrohcarvharoncmcrclyrcads. "' 'crIccralphabcriza-
rion vas ro supplcmcnr prcciscly rhosc oprical and acousric dara llovs
rhar, undcr rhc monopoly oIvriring, did nor ccasc nor ro vrirc rhcm-
sclvcs. LIIorrhadbccnrcmovcdIromvriring,andsoundIromrcading, in
ordcr ro naruralizc vriring. Jhc lcrrcrs rhar cducarcd rcadcrs skimmcd
ovcrprovidcdpcoplcvirhsighrsand sounds.
^idcdbycompulsorycducarionandncvalphabcrizarionrcchniqucs,
rhc book bccamc borh hlm and rccord around 8oo-nor as a mcdia-
rcchnological rcaliry, burin rhc imaginary oI rcadcrs` souls. ^s a surro-
garcoIunsrorablcdaralovs, books camcro povcrandglory.
In: ;; ancdirorbyrhc namc oIGocrhccommirrcdhandvrirrcnlcr-
rcrs or Sorrous oj Young Wertber ro prinr. Jhc namclcss rhrong" ,ro
quorcrhcdcdicarionoIIaust), roo,vasrohcarancarlysong" rhar,likc
somc old halI-Iadcd song," rcvivcd old gricIs" and old Iricnds."
'
Jhisvasrhcncvlircrary rccipcIorsucccss: rosurrcpririously rurn rhc
voicc or handvriring oIa soul inro Gurcnbcrgiana. n rhc lasr lcrrcr hc
vrorcand scalcdburdidnorscndoIIbcIorccommirringsuicidc,Vcrrhcr
gavchisbclovcdrhcvcrypromiscoIpocrry:duringhcrliIcrimcshcvould
havc ro rcmain virh ^lbcrr, hcr unlovcd husband, bur aIrcrvards shc
vouldbcunircdvirhhcrlovcr inrhcsighroIrhcnhnirc ncincrcrnal
cmbraccs. " ndccd. rhc addrcsscc oI handvrirrcn lovc lcrrcrs, vhich
vcrc rhcn publishcd by a mcrc cdiror, vas ro bc rcvardcd virh an im-
morraliry inrhc shapc oIrhc novcl irsclI. r alonc vas ablc ro crcarc rhc
:o ntroduction
bcaurilulrcaIm"

`invhichrhclovcrsolGocrhc`s/ectite jjnities, ac-

cordingrorhchopc olrhcirnarraror,viIIvakcnrogcrhcronccmorc. "
Srrangclycnough, Lduard and rrilic hadoncandrhc samchandvriring
during rhcir lilcrimc. Jhcir dcarh clcvarcd rhcm ro a paradiscrhar undcr
rhc sroragcmonopoly olvriringvas calIcd pocrry.
^nd maybc rhar paradisc vas morc rcal rhan our mcdia-conrrollcd
scnscscanimaginc. RcadinginrcnrIy, Vcrrhcr`ssuicidalrcadcrsmayvcIl
havc pcrccivcd rhcir hcro in a rcal, visiblcvorId. ^ndrhc Iovcrs among
Gocrhc`s lcmalc rcadcrs, Iikc crrina rcnrano, mayvcll havc dicd virh
rhchcroinc olhis /ectite jjnities onIyro bc rcbornin amorc bcauri-
lulyourh"rhroughGocrhc`sgcnius. "`Naybcrhcpcrlccrlyalphabcrizcd
rcadcrs ol : 8oo vcrc a living ansvcrro rhc qucsrion virh vhich Chris
NarkcrconcIudcshishlmcssaySans So/ei/.
Lostatthccnd oIthcvord on my isIand, Sa, in thccompanyolmydogs strut-
ting around, rcmcmbcrthat]anuaryinJokyo, orrathcr!rcmcmbcrthc imagcs
!hlmcdinJokyoin]anuary.Jhcyhavc novputthcmscvcsinpaccoImymcm-
ory, thcyaremymcmory. !vondcrhovpcopcvhodonot hm,takcphotos, or
rccordtapcsrcmcmbcr, hovhumankind uscd to go about rcmcmbcring.
risrhcsamcvirh languagc, vhichonlylcavcs usrhcchoiccolcirhcr
rcrainingvordsvhilc losingrhcirmcaningor, vicc vcrsa, rcraining mcan-
ingvhiIc Iosingrhc vords. nccsroragc mcdiacan accommodarc opri-
cal and acousric dara, human mcmory capaciry is bound ro dvindlc. rs
libcrarion"`is irscnd.^s longasrhc bookvas rcsponsiblc loralI scrial
darallovs,vordsquivcrcdvirhscnsualiryandmcmory.rvasrhcpassion
olalIrcadingro hallucinarcmcaning bcrvccnIincs andIcrrcrs: rhcvisiblc
andaudiblcvorldolRomanricpocrics.^ndrhcpassion olallvriringvas
,inrhcvordsolL.J.^.ollmann)rhcpocr`sdcsircrodcscribc"rhchaI-
lucinarcd picrurcinonc`s mindvirhalIirsvividcoIors, rhcIighrandrhc
shadc, "inordcrro srrikc rhc] gcnrlc rcadcrIikcancIccrric shock. " '
Llccrriciryirscllpurancndro rhis. ncc mcmorics and drcams,rhc dcad
and ghosrs, bccomc rcchnically rcproduciblc, rcadcrs and vrircrs no
longcrnccdrhcpovcrsolhallucinarion. urrcalmolrhcdcadhasvirh-
dravnlromrhc books invhichirrcsidcdlorsolong.^s OiodorolSicily
onccvrorc, irisnoIongcronlyrhroughvriringrharrhcdcadrcmainin
rhcmcmoryolrhc living. "
Jhc vrircr aIzac vas alrcady ovcrcomc bylcar vhcn laccd virh
phorography, ashcconlcsscdroIadar,rhcgrcarpionccrolphorography.
l ,accordingro aIzac) rhc human body consisrs olmany inhnircIy rhin
Spiritphotography, 1Cq.
ntroduction 11
laycrs oIspccrcrs,"andiIrhchumanspirircannorbccrcarcd Iromnorh-
ingncss, rhcn rhc dagucrrcorypc musr bca sinisrcr rrick: ir hxcs, rhar is,
srcals,onclaycraIrcrrhcorhcr,unrilnorhingrcmainsoIrhcspccrcrsand
rhc phorographcd body.` horo albums csrablisha rcalm oIrhc dcad in-
hnircly morc prccisc rhan alzac`s compcring lircrary cnrcrprisc, rhc Co
nedie bunaine, couldcvcrhopcrocrcarc.nconrrasrrorhc arrs, mcdia
donorhavcromakcdovirhrhcgridoIrhcsymbolic.Jharisrosay,rhcy
rcconsrrucrbodicsnor only in a sysrcm oIvords orcolors or sound in-
rcrvals. Ncdia and mcdia only Iulhll rhc high srandards" rhar ,accord-
ingroRudolI^rnhcim)vccxpccrIrom rcproducrions"sinccrhcinvcn-
rionoIphorography:"Jhcyarcnoronlysupposcdrorcscmblcrhcobjccr,
z ntroductton
burrarhcrguaranrcc rhis rcscmblancc by bcing, asirvcrc, a producr ol
rhc objccrinqucsrion,rharis, bybcingmcchanicalIyproduccdbyir-jusr
as rhc illuminarcd obj ccrs ol rcaliry imprinrrhcir imagc on rhc phoro-
graphicIaycr, "`'orrhclrcqucncycurvcs olnoiscs inscribcrhcirvavclikc
shapcs onrorhcphonographicpIarc.
^rcproducrion aurhcnricarcd by rhc objccr irscIlis onc olphysical
prccision. rrclcrsro rhc bodilyrcaI,vhicholncccssirycscapcs all sym-
boIic grids. Ncdia alvays alrcady providc rhc appcaranccs olspccrcrs.
or, accordingroLacan,cvcnrhcvord "corpsc" is acuphcmisminrcl-
crcnccrorhcrcal.`
^ccordingIy, rhc invcnrion ol rhc Norsc alphabcr in 8; vas
promprIy loIlovcd by rhc rapping spccrcrs olspiririsric scanccs scnding
rhcir mcssagcs lrom rhc rcalm ol rhc dcad. romprly as vcll, phoro-
graphicplarcs-cvcn and cspcciaIlyrhosc rakcnvirhrhc camcra shurrcr
closcd-lurnishcdrcproducrionsolghosrs orspccrcrs, vhoscbIack-and-
vhircluzzincssonIyscrvcdroundcrscorcrhcpromiscolrcscmblancc.i-
naIly,oncolrhcrcnapplicarionsLdisoncnvisioncdlorhisncvIyinvcnrcd
phonograph in rhc Nortb nertcan etteu , 8;8) vas ro rccord "rhc
Iasrvordsoldyingpcrsons. "
rvas only a smalIsrcp lrom sucha "lamilyrccord, "`` virh irs spc-
cial considcrarion ol rcvcnanrs, ro lanrasics rhar had rclcphonc cablcs
Iinkingrhc living andrhc dcad.VharLcopoldIoomin U/,sses couId
only wish lor in his OubIin gravcyard mcdirarions had aIrcady bccn
rurncdinroscicncchcrion byValrcrRarhcnau,rhc^LGchairmanolrhc
boardandlururisr vrircr.`n Rarhcnau`s srory "Rcsurrccrion Co. , "rhc
ccmcrcry adminisrrarion olIccropoIis, Oacora/\S^, lolloving a scrics
olscandaIousprcmarurcburialsin 8,8, lounds adaughrcrcompanycn-
rirIcd "OacoraandCcnrralRcsurrccrionJclcphonccllCo. " virhacap-
iralsrockol$;yo,ooo. rs solcpurposci sro makcccrrainrharrhcinhab-
iranrs ol gravcs, roo, arc connccrcd ro rhc public rclcphonc ncrvork.
Vhcrcupon rhc dcad avail rhcmscIvcs olrhc opporruniry ro provc, Iong
bclorc NcLuhan, rharrhc conrcnr olonc mcdium isalvays anorhcr mc-
dium-in rhis concrcrc casc, adejornatton jrojesstone//e.`
Jhcsc days, paranormaI voiccs on rapc or radio, rhc likcs olvhich
havcbccnspiririsricaIlyrcscarchcdsincc ,y, andprcscrvcdinrockmu-
sic sincc Lauric ^ndcrson`s ,8z rclcasc tg Sctence,' inlormrhcir rc-
scarchcrs ol rhcir prclcrrcd radio vavcIcngrh. Jhis alrcady occurrcd
in 8,8, in rhc casc olScnarc rcsidcnr Schrcbcr. vhcn a paranormal,
bcaurilully auronomous "basc or ncrvc Ianguagc" rcvcalcd irs codc as
vclIasirschanncls,``mcssagcandchanncIbccamconc. "Youjusrhavcro
ntroductton l
choosc a middlc-, shorr-, or long-vavc ralk-shov srarion, or rhc 'vhirc
noisc` bcrvccnrvo srarions, orrhc ']rgcnson vavc,`vhich, dcpcnding
onvhcrcyou arc, is locarcd around qoro t6oo kz bcrvccnVicnna
andNoscov."`

lyourcplayarapcrharhasbccnrccordcd ollrhcradio,
you vill hcar all kinds olghosr voiccs rhar do nor originarc lrom any
knovnradiosrarion, burrhar,likc allolhcialncvscasrcrs,indulgcinra-
dio scll-advcrriscmcnr. ndccd, rhc locarion and cxisrcncc olrhar ]ir-
gcnson vavc" vaspinpoinrcd by nonc orhcrrhan ricdrich]rgcnson,
rhcIcsror olvocalrcscarch. "`'
Jhcrcalmolrhcdcadisascxrcnsivcasrhcsroragcandrransmission
capabilirics ol a givcn culrurc. ^sKlaus Jhcvclcir norcd, mcdia arc al-
vays llighr appararuscs inro rhc grcar bcyond. l gravcsroncs srood as
symbols ar rhc bcginning olculrurc irscll, our mcdia rcchnologycanrc-
rricvcallgods. Jhc oldvrirrcnlamcnrsabourcphcmcraliry,vhichmca-
surcdnomorcrhandisranccbcrvccnvriringandscnsualiry,suddcnlylall
silcnr. n ourmcdiascapc, immorrals havc comcro cxisragain.
War on tbe Mtnd isrhcrirlcolanaccounrolrhcpsychologicalsrrarc-
gics harchcd byrhc cnragon. r rcporrs rharrhc sralls planning rhc clcc-
rronic var, vhich mcrcly conrinucs rhc arrlc ol rhc ^rlanric, havc
alrcadycompilcd a lisr olrhc propirious andunpropiriousdays in orhcr
culrurcs. Jhislisrcnablcsrhc!.b.^ir orcc rorimc irsj bombingcam-
paignsrocoincidcvirhunpropiriousdays,rhus'conhrming`rhclorccasrs
ollocal gods. "^s vcll, rhc voiccs olrhcsc godshavc bccn rccordcd on
rapc ro bc broadcasr lrom hclicoprcrs ro kccp rribcs in rhcir villagcs. "
^ndhnally,rhccnragonhasdcvclopcdspccialhlmprojccrorscapablcol
projccring rhosc gods onro lov-hanging clouds.' ^ rcchnologically im-
plcmcnrcdbcyond. . .
lcourscrhccnragondocsnorkccpahandvrirrcnlisrolgoodandbad
days.lhccrcchnologykccpsupvirhmcdiarcchnology. Cincmaandrhc
phonograph, Ldison`srvo grcar achicvcmcnrsrharushcrcd inrhcprcscnr,
arccomplcmcnrcdbyrhc rypcvrircr. Sincc t 86 , accordingro Luropcan
accounrs) or 868 , accordingro ^mcrican oncs),vriringhas no longcr
bccnrhcink orpcncilrraccola bodyvhoscopricaland acousricsignals
vcrc irrcrricvably losr,onlyrorcappcar ,inrcadcrs` minds) inrhc surro-
garc scnsualiry ol handvriring. n ordcr ro srorc scrics ol sighrs and
sounds, ldLuropc`sonlysroragcrcchnologyhrsrhadro bcmcchanizcd.
ans NagnusNallinganscnin Copcnhagcn and ChrisrophcrLarham
SholcsinNilvaukccdcvclopcdmass-produciblcrypcvrircrs. Ldisoncom-
mcnrcdposirivclyonrhcinvcnrion`sporcnrialvhcnSholcsvisircdhimin
ntroductton
Icvark ro dcmonsrrarc his ncvIy parcnrcd modcl and ro invirc rhc man
vho hadinvcnrcdinvcnrionrocnrcraj oinrvcnrurc.
ur Ldison dcclincd rhc ollcr-as il, alrcady in 868, rhc phono-
graphandkincroscopc prcoccupicdrhcirlururcinvcnror. nsrcad,rhcol-
lcrvas grabbcd by an armsmanulacrurcrsullcringlromdvindlingrcv-
cnucs in rhc posr-Civil Var slump. Rcmingron, nor Ldison, rook ovcr
Sholcs`sdiscourscmachincgun.
Jhus,rhcrcvasnoNarvclous nclromvhoscbrovsprangaIlrhrcc
mcdiarcchnologicsolrhcmodcrnagc. nrhcconrrary, rhcbcginningol
ouragcvas markcdbyscpararionordillcrcnriarion.` nrhconchand,
vc havc rvo rcchnological mcdia rhar, lor rhc hrsrrimc, hx unvrirabIc
dara lIovs, on rhc orhcr, an 'inrcrmcdiarc` rhing bcrvccn a rool and a
machinc, "ascidcggcrvrorcsoprcciscIy abourrhcrypcvrircr.nrhc
onc hand, vc havc rhc cnrcrrainmcnr indusrry virh irs ncv scnsuaIirics,
onrhc orhcr, avriringrharalrcadyscpararcspapcrandbodyduringrcx-
rual producrion, nor hrsr during rcproducrion , as Gurcnbcrg`s movabIc
rypcs had donc) . romrhc bcginning, rhc lcrrcrs and rhcir arrangcmcnr
vcrc srandardizcdinrhcshapcsolrypc andkcyboard,vhilcmcdiavcrc
cngullcdbyrhcnoiscolrhcrcal-rhcluzzincss olcincmaricpicrurcs,rhc
hissingolrapcrccordings.
In srandardizcd rcxrs, papcr and body, vriring and soul laIl aparr.
Jypcvrircrs donorsrorcindividuaIs,rhcirlcrrcrsdo norcommunicarc a
bcyond rhar pcrlccrly alphabcrizcdrcadcrs can subscqucnrIy haIlucinarc
asmcaning. Lvcryrhingrharhas bccnrakcnovcrbyrcchnologicaImcdia
sinccLdison`sinvcnrionsdisappcarslromrypcscriprs.JhcdrcamolarcaI
visiblcoraudiblcvorIdarisinglromvordshascomcro ancnd.Jhchis-
roricalsynchroniciry olcincma,phonography, andrypcvriringscpararcd
oprical, acousric, and vrirrcn dara llovs, rhcrcby rcndcring rhcm au-
ronomous.Jharclccrricorclccrronicmcdiacanrccombincrhcmdocsnor
changcrhclacrolrhcirdillcrcnriarion.
n t 8 6o,hvc ycars bclorcNaIlinganscn`s mcchanicaIvriringbalI
,rhc hrsr mass-produccd rypcvrircr) , GorrlricdKcllcr`s Nisuscd Lovc
Lcrrcrs" sriIl proclaimcdrhc ilIusion olpocrryirscll: lovc islclrvirhrhc
impossiblcalrcrnarivcsolspcakingcirhcrvirh blackink" orvirh rcd
blood."` uronccryping, hIming, andrccording bccamc cqualIy vaIid
oprions, vriring losr such surrogarc scnsuaIirics. ^round t 88o pocrry
rurncd inro lircrarurc. Srandardizcd lcrrcrs vcrc no longcr ro rransmir
KcIlcr`s rcd bIood or ollmann`s inncr lorms, burrarhcr a ncv and clc-
ganrraurologyolrcchnicians.^ccordingroNaIlarmc`sinsranrinsighr,Iir-
crarurc is madcupolno morc andnoIcssrhanrvcnry-sixlcrrcrs.'
ntroductton : y
Lacan`s mcrhodological disrincrion"` among rhc rcal, rhc imagi-
nary, andrhcsymbolicisrhcrhcory , ormcrclyahisroricalcllccr) olrhar
dillcrcnriarion. Jhc symbolic nov cncompasscs linguisric signs in rhcir
marcrialiry andrcchniciry. Jharisro say, lcrrcrs and ciphcrs lormahnirc
scr virhour raking inro accounr philosophical drcams olinhniry. Vhar
counrsarcdillcrcnccs,or, inrhclanguagcolrhcrypcvrircr,rhcspaccsbc-
rvccn rhc clcmcnrs ola sysrcm. or rhar rcason, Lacan dcsignarcs rhc
vorldolrhc symbolic as| rhcvorldolrhc machinc."

Jhc imaginary, hovcvcr, comcs abour asrhcmirrorimagcola body

rhar appcars ro bc, inrcrms olmororconrrol,morcpcrlccrrhan rhc in-
lanr`sovnbody,lorinrhcrcalcvcryrhingbcginsvirhcoldncss,dizzincss,
andshorrncssolbrcarh.Jhus,rhcimaginaryimplcmcnrsprccisclyrhosc
oprical illusions rharvcrc bcing rcscarchcd inrhc carly days olcincma.
^dismcmbcrcdor ,inrhccascolhlm) cur-upbodyis laccdvirhrhcillu-
sionaryconrinuiryolmovcmcnrsinrhcmirrororonscrccn.risnocoin-
cidcnccrharLacanrccordcdinlanrs`jubilanrrcacrionsrorhcirmirrorim-
agcsinrhclormoldocumcnrarylooragc.
inally, olrhc rcal norhingmorc can bc broughrro lighr rhanvhar
Lacan prcsupposcd-rharis, norhing. r lorms rhc vasrc orrcsiduc rhar
6 ntroductton
ncirhcr rhc mirror oI rhc imaginary nor rhc grid oI rhc symbolic can
carch:rhcphysiologicaIaccidcnrsandsrochasricdisordcroIbodics.
JhcmcrhodologicaIdisrincrionsoImodcrnpsychoanalysisclcarlyco-
incidcvirhrhcdisrincrions oImcdiarcchnoIogy. Lvcryrhcoryhasirshis-
roricalapriori.^ndsrrucruralisrrhcorysimplyspcllsourvhar, sinccrhc
rurnoIrhcccnrury, hasbccncomingovcrrhcinIormarionchanncls.
nIy rhc rypcvrircr providcs vriring as a scIccrion Irom rhc hnirc
and arrangcd srock oI irs kcyboard. r IircraIIy cmbodics vhar Lacan
illusrrarcd using rhc anriquarcd Icrrcr box. n conrrasr ro rhc llov oI
handvriring, vc novhavcdiscrcrccIcmcnrsscpararcd by spaccs. Jhus,
rhc symboIic has rhc srarus oIbIock lcrrcrs. ilm vas rhc hrsr ro srorc
rhosc mobilc doublcs rhar humans, unIikc orhcr primarcs, vcrc ablc ro
,mis)pcrccivc as rhcir ovn body. Jhus, rhc imaginary has rhc srarus oI
cincma. ^nd onIy rhcphonograph can rccord aIl rhc noiscproduccd by
rhcIarynx prior ro any scmioric ordcr and linguisric mcaning. Jocxpcri-
cnccpIcasurc,rcud`sparicnrsnoIongcrhavcrodcsircvharphilosophcrs
considcr good. Rarhcr, rhcy arc Ircc ro babblc.` Jhus, rhc rcal-cspc-
ciaIly in rhc ralking curc knovn as psychoanalysis-has rhc srarus oI
phonography.
nccrhcrcchnoIogical diIIcrcnriarion oIoprics, acousrics, and vrir-
ingcxpIodcd Gurcnbcrg`svriringmonopoIyaround 88o, rhcIabricarion
oIso-calIcdNan bccamcpossiblc. is csscncc cscapcs inro appararuscs.
Nachincs rakc ovcr Iuncrions oI rhc ccnrral ncrvous sysrcm, and no
Iongcr,asinrimcspasr,mcrclyrhoscoImusclcs. ^ndvirhrhisdiIIcrcnri-
arion-andnorvirhsrcamcngincsandrailroads-aclcar division occurs
bcrvccn marrcr and inIormarion, rhc rcal and rhc symboIic. Vhcn ir
comcs ro invcnringphonographyand cincma, rhc agc-old drcams oIhu-
mankindarcnoIongcrsuIhcicnr.JhcphysioIogyoIcycs,cars,andbrains
havcro bccomc objccrs oIscicnrihc rcscarch. ormcchanizcdvriringro
bcoprimizcd,onccannoIongcrdrcamoIvriringasrhccxprcssionoIin-
dividuals or rhc rracc oI bodics. Jhc vcry Iorms, diIIcrcnccs, and Irc-
qucncics oIirs lcrrcrs havc ro bcrcduccd ro Iormulas. So-caIIcd Nan is
splirupinrophysiologyandinIormarionrcchnoIogy.
Vhcncgclsummcdup rhc pcrIccralphabcrismoIhisagc,hc calIcd
ir Spirir. Jhc rcadabiliryoI alIhisroryand all discourscs rurncdhumans
orphilosophcrsinro God. Jhc mcdiarcvolurionoI 88o, hovcvcr, laid
rhcgroundvork Ior rhcorics andpracriccsrharnoIongcrmisrakcinIor-
marion Ior spirir. Jhoughr is rcpIaccd by a oolcan aIgcbra, and con-
sciousncss by rhc unconscious, vhich , ar lcasr sincc Lacan`s rcading)
makcsoIoc`s urIoincdLcrrcr" a NarkoIIchain.`' ^ndrharrhc sym-
lntroJuction t;
boIic i scaIIcd rhc vorId olrhc machinc undcrmincs Nan`s dcIusion ol
posscssing a qualiry" callcd consciousncss," vhich idcnrihcs him as
somcrhingorhcrand bcrrcrrhan a calcuIaringmachinc. "orborhpco-
plcandcompurcrsarcsubjccrrorhcappcalolrhcsignihcr",rharis,rhcy
arc borh run byprograms. ^rc rhcsc humans, "Iicrzschcalrcadyaskcd
himscIlin t 8;q,cighrycarsbclorcbuyingarypcvrircr, orpcrhapsonIy
rhinking,vriring, and spcaking machincs: " `

n lQjO ^IanJuring, rhc pracririoncr among Lngland`s marhcmaricians,

gavc rhc ansvcr ro Iicrzschc`s qucsrion. c obscrvcd, virh lormal clc-
gancc, rharrhcrc is no qucsrionro bcginvirh. Joclarily rhc issuc, Jur-
ing`s cssay Compuring Nachincry and nrcIIigcncc"-appcaring in, ol
alIplaccs,rhcphilosophicalpcriodicaIIinJ-proposcd an cxpcrimcnr,
rhc so-callcdJuringgamc.^compurcr andhuman cxchangcdaravia
somckindolrcIcvrircrinrcrlacc.Jhccxchangcolrcxrsismonirorcdbya
ccnsor C, vho also onIy rcccivcs vrirrcninlormarion. and borhprc-
rcndro bchuman,and C hasro dccidcvhicholrhcrvoissimularingand
vhichmcrcIyisIicrzschc`srhinking,vriring, andspcakingmachinc.ur
rhcgamcrcmainsopcn-cndcd, bccausccachrimcrhcmachincgivcsirscll
avay-bc irbymakingamisrakc or,morc IikcIy, bynormakingany-ir
viIl rchnc irs program by lcarning.`` nrhcJuring gamc, Nan coincidcs
virhhissimularion.
^ndrhisis, obviousIy, alrcadysobccauscrhc ccnsor C rcccivcspIor-
rcr prinrours and rypcscriprs rarhcr rhan handvrirrcn rcxrs. lcoursc,
compurcr programs could simuIarc rhc individualiry" ol rhc human
hand, virh irs rourincs and misrakcs, burJuring, asrhc invcnror olrhc
univcrsal discrcrc machinc, vas a rypisr. Jhough hcvasn`rmuc
_
bcrrcr
orskiIlcdarirrhanhisromcarJimorhy, vhovasalIovcdro jumpacross
rhc kcyboard in Juring`s chaoric sccrcr scrvicc olhcc,` ir vas ar lcasr
somcvhar lcss carasrrophic rhan his handvriring. Jhc rcachcrs ar rhc
honorablc ShcrborncSchooIcouIdhardIy lorgivc" rhcirpupiI`schaoric
Iilcsrylc and mcssy vriring. c gor Iousy gradcs lor briIlianr cxams
in marhcmarics onIy bccausc his handvriring vas rhc vorsr . . . cvcr
sccn."``airhlully, schoolsclingro rhciroIdduryollabricaringindividu-
als ,in rhc lircral scnsc olrhcvord) by drilling rhcm in a bcaurilul, con-
rinuous, and individual handvriring. Juring, a masrcr in subvcrring aII
cducarion, hovcvcr, dodgcd rhc sysrcm, hc madc plans lor an cxcccd-
inglycrudc" rypcvrircr.`'
Iorhing camc olrhcsc plans. urvhcn, onrhc mcadovs olGranr-
chcsrcr, rhc mcadovs olalI Lnglish pocrry lromrhc Romanrics ro ink
: 8 ntroductton
loyd, hc hir upon rhc idca oIrhc univcrsal discrcrc machinc, his carly
drcamsvcrcrcalizcdandrransIormcd.Sholcs`srypcvrircr,rcduccdroirs
Iundamcnralprinciplc,hassupporrcdusU rhisday. Juringmcrclygorrid
oIrhcpcoplcandrypisrsrhar Rcmingron SonnccdcdIor rcadingand
vriring.
^nd rhis ispossiblcbccausc a Juring machinc is cvcnmorc cxcccd-
ingIycrudcrhanrhc ShcrborncpIanIorarypcvrircr. ^Ilirvorksvirhis
apapcrsrriprharis borhirsprogram andirsdaramarcrial,irs inpurand
irsourpur.Juringslimmcd dovnrhccommonrypcvrircrpagcro rhislir-
rlc srrip. ur rhcrc arc cvcn morc cconomizarions: his machinc docsn`r
nccdrhcmanyrcdundanrIcrrcrs,ciphcrs,andsignsoIa rypcvrircr kcy-
board, ir can do virh onc sign andirs abscncc, 1 and o. Jhis binary in-
Iormarion can bc rcad or ,in Juring`s rcchnospcak) scanncd by rhc ma-
chinc.rcanrhcnmovcrhcpapcrsrrip oncspaccrorhcrighr, oncrorhc
IcIr, or nor ar all, moving in a jcrky ,i. c. ,discrcrc) Iashion Iikc a rypc-
vrircr,vhich in conrrasr ro handvriring has block caps, a back spaccr,
and a spacc bar. , rom a lcrrcr ro Juring: "ardon rhc usc oIrhc rypc-
vrircr: havc comc ro prcIcr discrcrc machincs ro conrinuous oncs. " ) `
JhcmarhcmaricaI modcl oItpj 6 is no longcra hcrmaphrodirc oIa ma-
chincand a mcrc rooI. ^s aIccdbacksysrcmirbcars allrhc Rcmingrons,
bccausc cach srcp is conrroIIcd by scanning rhc papcr srrip Ior rhc sign
or irs abscncc, vhich amounrs ro a kind oIvriring. ir dcpcnds on rhis
rcading vhcrhcr rhc machinc kccps rhc sign or crascs ir, or, vicc vcrsa,
vhcrhcr irkccps a spacc blank orrcpIaccs irvirha sign, and so on and
soIorrh.
Jhar`s aIl. ur no compurcrrharhas bccn builrorcvcrviIl bc builr
candomorc.LvcnrhcmosradvanccdVonIcumannmachincs ,virhpro-
gramsroragcandcompuringunirs) , rhoughrhcyopcrarcmuchIasrcr,arc
in principlc nodiIIcrcnrIrom Juring`sinhnircIysIovmodcl. ^Iso,vhiIc
nor aII compurcrs havc ro bcVon Icumann machincs, all conccivablc
dara proccssing machincs arc mcrcly a srarc n oIrhc univcrsal discrcrc
machinc. Jhis vas provcd marhcmarically by ^lanJuringin pj 6, rvo
ycars bcIorc Konrad ZuscincrlinbuiIrrhchrsrprogrammablc compurcr
IromsimplcrcIays. ^ndvirhrharrhcvorldoIrhc symbolicrcaIlyrurncd
inrorhcvorIdoIrhcmachinc.``
\nlikcrhchisroryrovhich irpurancnd,rhcmcdiaagcprocccdsin
jcrks, jusrIikc Juring`s papcrsrrip.romrhc Rcmingron via rhc Juring
machinc ro microclccrronics, Irommcchanizarion and auromarizarion ro
rhc impIcmcnrarion oIa vriring rhar is only ciphcr, nor mcaning-onc
ccnruryvascnoughro rransIcrrhcagc-oldmonopoIyoIvriringinrorhc
ntroduction :,
omniporcncc oIinrcgrarcdcircuirs. IorunlikcJuring`s corrcspondcnrs,
cvcryoncis dcscrring anaIog machincs inIavor oldiscrcrconcs. Jhc CO
digirizcsrhcgramophonc,rhcvidcocamcradigirizcsrhcmovics.^lIdara
srrcams lIov inro a srarc n olJuring`s univcrsaI machinc, Romanricism
norvirhsranding, numbcrs and hgurcs bccomc rhc kcy ro all crcarurcs.
LR7ILFMLWE
"ulIo! " Ldison scrcamcd inro rhc rclcphonc mourhpiccc. Jhc vibraring
diaphragmscrinmorionasrylusrharvrorconroamovingsrripolparal-
hn papcr. n]uIy 8;;, 8 : ycars bclorcJuring`s movingpapcr srrip,rhc
rccording vas srilI analog. \pon rcplaying rhc srrip and irs vibrarions,
vhich in rurn scr in morion rhc diaphragm, a barcly audibIc "uIIo! "
could bchcard. '
Ldisonundcrsrood.^monrhlarcrhccoincda ncvrcrm lorhisrcIc-
phonc addirion. phonograph. nrhc basis olrhis cxpcrimcnr, rhc mc-
chanicKrucsivasgivcnrhcassignmcnrro buildanappararusrharvould
crch acousric vibrarions onro a roraring cylindcr covcrcd virh rinloil.
VhiIchc orKrucsivasrurningrhc handlc, Ldisononcc againscrcamcd
inro rhc mourhpiccc-rhis rimc rhc nurscry rhymc "Nary ad a Lirrlc
Lamb. " Jhcn rhcy movcdrhc nccdIc back, lcrrhc cyIindcr run a sccond
rimc-andrhchrsrphonographrcpIaycdrhc scrcams.Jhccxhausrcdgc-
nius,invhoscphrascgcniusis 1 pcrccnrinspirarionand ,, pcrccnrpcr-
spirarion,slumpcdback.Ncchanicalsoundrccordinghadbccninvcnrcd.
"Spccchhas bccomc, asirvcrc,immorral . "`
IrvasOcccmbcr6, 8;;. Lighrmonrhscarlicr, CharlcsCros,aari-
sian vrircr, bohcmian, invcnror, and absinrhc drinkcr, had dcposircd a
scalcd cnvclopcvirh rhc ^cadcmy olScicnccs. r conraincd an cssay on
rhc "roccdurc lor rhc Rccording and Rcproducrion ol hcnomcna ol
^cousric crccprion" ,|rocede d'enregistrenent et de rejroduction des
jbenonnes jerus jar /'oue) . Virh grcar rcchnological clcgancc rhis
rcxr lormuIarcd aIIrhcprinciplcsolrhc phonograph, burovingro aIack
ollunds Cros hadnorycrbccn ablcro bring abourirs "pracricaIrcaliza-
rion. " "Jorcproducc" rhcrraccs ol"rhcsounds and noiscs" rharrhc "ro
z
zz Grnojbone
andlro" olan acousricaIIy vibraring diaphragm" Icavcs on a roraring
disk-rharvasaIsorhcprogramolCharIcs Cros.
uroncchchadbccnprcccdcdbyLdison,vhovasavarcolrumors
olrhcinvcnrion,rhings soundcddillcrcnr. "nscriprion" isrhcrirIcolrhc
pocm virh vhich Cros crccrcd a bcIarcd monumcnr ro honorhis invcn
rions, vhich incIudcd an auromaric rcIcphonc, coIor phorography, and,
abovcaII,rhcphonograph:
Commccstraitsdans cscamccs
]`ai vouuquccsvoixaimccs
Soicntun bicnqu`ongardc a jamais,
ItpuisscntrcpctcrIcrcvc
^usica dc I`hcurc trop brvc;
LctcmpsvcutIuir, jc Ic soumcts.
LikcthcIaccsincamcos
!vantcdbcovcdvoiccs
Jo bc aIortuncvhichonc kccps Iorcvcr,
^nd vhich can rcpcatthc musica
LrcamoIthctooshorthour;
JimcvoudIcc, subduc it.
`
Jhc program ol rhc pocr Cros, in his capaciry as rhc invcnror ol rhc
phonograph, vas ro srorcbcIovcd voiccs and aII-roo-briclmusicaI rcvcr-
ics. JhcvondrousIyrcsisranrpovcrolvriringcnsurcsrharrhcpocmhas
no vords lor rhc rrurhabourcompcring rcchnoIogics. CcrrainIy, phono-
graphs can srorc arricuIarcvoiccs andmusicaI inrcrvaIs, bur rhcy arc ca-
pabIcolmorc and dillcrcnrrhings. Crosrhc pocrlorgcrsrhcnoiscsmcn-
rioncdinhisprcciscproscrcxr.^ninvcnrionrharsubvcrrsborhIircrarurc
and music , bccausc ir rcproduccs rhc unimaginabIc rcaI rhcy arc borh
bascd on) musr havc srruck cvcn irs invcnror as somcrhing unhcard ol.
cncc, irvas norcoincidcnraI rhar Ldison, nor Cros, acruaIIy buiIr
rhc phonograph. is "uIIo! " vas no bcIovcdvoicc and "Nary ad a
LirrIc Lamb" no musicaI rcvcric. ^nd hc scrcamcd inro rhc bcII-mourh
nor onIy bccausc phonographs havc no ampIihcrs bur aIso bccausc Ldi-
son,loIIovingayourhluIadvcnrurcinvoIvingsomcconducror`shsrs,vas
haIl-dcal. ^ physicaI impairmcnr vas ar rhc bcginning ol mcchanicaI
soundrccording-jusrasrhchrsrrypcvrircrshadbccnmadcbyrhcbIind
lorrhc bIind, and CharIcs Cros had raughr ar a schooI lorrhc dcal and
murc. '
Vhcrcas ,according ro Ocrrida) ir is characrcrisric olso-caIIcd Nan
andhis consciousncssU hcar himscIlspcakand scchimscIlvrirc, mcdia
Granojbone z
Jhchrsttakihgmachinc, buitby!rucsi.
dissolvc such lccdback loops. Jhcy avair invcnrors likc Ldison vhom
chancc hascquippcdvirha simiIar dissoIurion. andicaps isolarcandrhc-
marizc scnsorydara srrcams. Jhcphonographdocsnorhcarasdocarsrhar
havc bccn rraincd immcdiarcly ro hlrcr voiccs, vords, and sounds our ol
noisc,irrcgisrcrs acousric cvcnrsassuch. ^rricularcncssbccomcs asccond-
ordcr cxccprion in a spccrrum olnoisc. n rhc hrsr phonograph lcrrcr ol
posraIhisrory, Ldisonvrorcrhar rhcarricularion" olhisbaby vasloud
cnough, jusrabirindisrincr. . . norbadlorahrsrcxpcrimcnr. "`
Vagncr`s Gesantkunstuerk, rharmonomaniacalanriciparionolmod-
crn mcdiarcchnologics,'had alrcady rransgrcsscd rhc rradirional bound-
arics olvords and music ro do jusricc ro rhc unarricuIarcd. n Tristan,
ranganc vas alIovcd ro urrcr a scrcam vhosc norarion cur srraighr
rhroughrhc scorc. 'Iorro mcnrion |arsija/'s Kundry, vhosullcrcdlrom
a hysrcrical spccchimpairmcnrsuchasrhosc vhich vcrc soonro occupy
rhcpsychoanalysrrcud.shcgivcsaIoudvailolmiscry, rharsinksgrad-
ualIyinroIovacccnrs ollcar, " urrcrs a drcadlul cry, " and is rcduccdro
hoarscandbrokcn,"rhoughnoncrhcIcsslulIycomposcd,garbIing.Jhis
laborcdinccprion ollanguagchasnorhingro dovirh opcras and dramas
z Granojbone
rharrakcirlorgranrcdrharrhcirhgurcscan spcak. Composcrs ol: 8 8o,
hovcvcr, arcalIicdvirh cnginccrs.Jhcundcrmining olarricularion bc-
comcsrhcordcrolrhcday.
n Vagncr`s casc rhis applicsro borh rcxr and music. Jhc btnego/d
prcIudc, virh irs inhnirc svcIIing ola singlc chord, dissolvcs rhc L-IIar
major rriad inrhc hrsrhorn mcIody asilirvcrcnora marrcr olmusicaI
harmonyburoldcmonsrraringrhcphysicaIovcrronc scrics. ^ll rhc har-
monicsolL-Iarappcaroncalrcrrhcorhcr,asilinaouricranaIysis,only
rhc scvcnrh is missing, bccausc ircannor bc playcd by Luropcan insrru-
mcnrs. ' lcoursc, cach olrhc horn sounds is an unavoidabIc ovcrronc
mixrurcolrhckind onlyrhc sincroncs olconrcmporary synrhcsizcrscan
avoid.Icvcrrhclcss,Vagncr`smusico-physiologicaIdrcam'`arrhcourscr
olrhc rcrraIogysounds Iikc a hisroricaI rransirionlrominrcrvals ro lrc-
qucncics, lrom a logicro a physics olsound. y rhc rimc Schocnbcrg, in
tpo, produccd rhc Iasr analysis ol harmony in rhc hisrory ol music,
chordshadrurncdinropurcacousrics. orSchocnbcrgasvcllaslorsci-
cncc,rhcphysicaIbasis invhichhcisrryingrogroundaIlphcnomcnais
rhc ovcrroncscrics. "'
vcrroncs arc lrcqucncics, rhar is, vibrarions pcr sccond. ^nd rhc
groovcsolLdison`s phonograph rccordcdnorhingburvibrarions.1nrcr-
valsandchords,byconrrasr, vcrc rarios, rharis,lracrionsmadcup olin-
rcgcrs. Jhc Icngrh ol a srring ,cspccially on a monochord) vas subdi-
vidcd,andrhclracrions,rovhichyrhagorasgavcrhcproudnamc/ogot,
rcsuIrcd in ocravcs, hlrhs, lourrhs, and so on. Such vas rhc logic upon
vhichvasloundcdcvcryrhingrhar,in IdLuropc,vcnr byrhcnamcol
music. hrsr,rhcrcvasanorarionsysrcmrharcnabIcdrhcrranscriprionol
clcarsounds scpararcdlromrhcvorId`s noisc, and sccond, aharmonyol
rhcsphcrcsrharcsrabIishcdrharrhcrariosbcrvccnpIancraryorbirs,Iarcr
humansouls) cquaIcdrhoscbcrvccnsounds.
Jhc nincrccnrhccnrury`sconccprollrcqucncybrcaksvirhalI rhis.
Jhc mcasurcollcngrhis rcplaccd byrimcasanindcpcndcnrvariablc. r
is a physicaI rimc rcmovcd lrom rhc mcrcrs and rhyrhms ol music. r
quanrihcs movcmcnrs rhar arc roo lasr lor rhc human cyc, ranging lrom
zo ro :6,ooo vibrarions pcr sccond. Jhc rcalrakcsrhcpIacc olrhc sym-
bolic. Ccrrainly, rclcrcnccs can also bc csrablishcd ro link musical inrcr-
vaIs and acousric lrcqucncics, bur rhcy only rcsrily ro rhc disrancc bc-
rvccn rvo discourscs. n lrcqucncy curvcs rhc simplc proporrions ol
yrhagorcan music rurn inro irrarional, rhar is, Iogarirhmic, luncrions.
Convcrscly, ovcrronc scrics-vhich in lrcqucncycurvcs arc simpIy inrc-
Granojbone zy
gral mulriplcs ol vibrarions and rhc dcrcrmining clcmcnrs ol cach
sound-sooncxplodcrhc diaronicmusicsysrcm.Jharisrhcdcprholrhc
gull scpararing ld Luropcan alphabcrism lrom marhcmarical-physical
norarion.
Vhichisvhyrhchrsrlrcqucncynorarionsvcrcdcvclopcdoursidcol
music.irsrnoiscirscllhadro bccomcanobjccrolscicnrihcrcscarch,and
discourscs "a privilcgcd carcgory olnoiscs. "''^ compcririon sponsorcd
byrhcSainrcrcrsburg^cadcmyolScicnccsint ;8omadcvoiccdsounds,
andvovclsinparricular, anobjccrolrcscarch,'`andinaugurarcdnoronly
spccchphysiologyburalsoallrhc cxpcrimcnrsinvolvingmcchanicallan-
guagc rcproducrion. nvcnrors likc Kcmpclcn, Naclzcl, and Nical builr
rhc hrsr auromara rhar, by srimularing and hlrcring ccrrain lrcqucncy
bands, could simularcrhc vcry sounds rhar Romanricism vas simulranc-
ouslycclcbraringasrhclanguagcolrhcsoul: rhcirdollssaid "Nama" and
"apa" or "h, " likc ollmann`s bclovcd auromaron, lympia. Lvcn
Ldison`s 8;8 arriclc onphonography inrcndcd suchroy mourhs voicing
z6 Granojbone
rhcparcnrs`namcs as Chrisrmasprcscnrs.` Rcmovcdlrom aII Romanri-
cism, apracricaIknovIcdgc olvovcIlrcqucncicscmcrgcd.
Conrinuing rhcsc cxpcrimcnrs, ViIIis madc a dccisivc discovcry in
t 8 zp. cconnccrcdcIasricrongucsro acogvhccIvhosccogsscrrhcmvi-
braring.^ccordingro rhc spccd olirs rorarion, high orIovsoundsvcrc
produccd rhar soundcd Iikcrhc dillcrcnr vovcIs, rhusprovingrhcir lrc-
qucncy. or rhc hrsr rimc pirch no Iongcr dcpcndcd on Icngrh, as virh
srringorbrass insrrumcnrs, irbccamc avariabIcdcpcndcnronspccdand,
rhcrclorc,rimc.ViIIishadinvcnrcdrhcprororypcolaIIsquarc-curvcgcn-
crarors,ranginglrom rhc boId vcrsc-rhyrhmcxpcrimcnrs olrhc rurn ol
rhcccnrury''roKontakte, Srockhauscn`shrsrcIccrroniccomposirion.
JhcsynrhcricproducrionollrcqucncicsisloIIovcdbyrhciranaIysis.
ouricr had aIrcadyprovidcd rhc marhcmaricaI rhcory, bur rhar rhcory
had ycrro bc impIcmcnrcd rcchnoIogicaIIy. n t 8o,ViIhcImVcbcrin
Grringcn had a runing lork rccord irs ovn vibrarions. c arrachcd a
pig`s brisrIc ro oncolrhc rongucs, vhich crchcd irslrcqucncy curvcs inro
soorygIass. Such vcrcrhchumbIc,oranimaI,origins olourgramophonc
nccdIcs.
rom Vcbcr`s vriring runing lork Ldouard Lcon Scorr, vho as a
arisian prinrcr vas, norcoincidcnraIIy, aninhabiranr olrhc Gurcnbcrg
GaIaxy, dcvcIopcd his phonaurograph, parcnrcd in t 8 ;. ^ bcII-mourh
ampIihcd incoming sounds and rransmirrcd rhcm onro a mcmbranc,
vhichinrurnuscdacoarscbrisrIcrorranscribcrhcmonroasoor-covcrcd
cyIindcr. Jhus camc inro bcing aurographs or handvrirings ol a dara
srrcamrharhcrcrolorchadnor ccascd norro vrircirscIl. ,nsrcad, rhcrc
vashandvriring.)Scorr`sphonaurograph,hovcvcr,madcvisibIcvhar,up
ro rhis poinr, had onIy bccn audibIc and had bccn muchroo lasrlor iII-
Granojbone z;
cquippcd human cycs. hundrcds olvibrarions pcrsccond. ^ rriumph ol
rhcconccpr ollrcqucncy. allrhcvhispcrcd or scrcamcd noiscs pcoplc
cmirrcdlromrhcirlarynxcs,virhorvirhourdialccrs,appcarcdonpapcr.
honcrics and spccchphysiology bccamc arcaliry.

Jhcy vcrc cspcciallyrcalinrhc casc ol cnry Svccr, vhosc pcrlccr

Lnglishmadchimrhc prororypc olallcxpcrimcnralphoncrics asvcllas
rhc hcro ol a play. Rccordcd by rolcssor ! C. Oondcrs ol \rrcchr,'
Svccr vasalso dramarizcd by Gcorgc crnard Shav, vho rurncd him
inroamodcrnygmalion ourroconqucrallmourhsrhar,hovcvcrbcau-
rilul,vcrcmarrcdbydialccr.Jo rccordanddisciplincrhcdrcadluldialccr
olrhcllovcrgirlLlizaOoolirrlc, iggins`slaborarory" boasrs "aphono-
graph,alaryngoscopc, and] arovolrinyorganpipcsvirhabcllovs. "
nrhc vorld olrhc modcrn|,gna/ton, mirrors and srarucs arc unncccs-
sary, soundsroragcmakcsir possiblc "roinspccronc`sovnspccchordis-
coursc asin a mirror, rhus cnabling us ro adopr a crirical srancc rovard
ourproducrs."`Jo rhcgrcardclighrolShav,vhosavhismcdiumorhis
rcadabiliryrcchnologicallyguaranrccdro allLnglishspcakcrs,machincs
casily solvc a problcm rhar lircrarurc had nor bccn ablc ro racklc on irs
ovn, or had only bccn ablc ro racklc rhrough rhc mcdiarion ol pcda-
gogy.`rodrillpcoplcingcncral,andllovcrgirlsinparricular,roadopra
pronunciarion purihcdbyvrirrcnlanguagc.
Ircomcs as no surprisc rharLliza Ooolirrlc, all olhcr lovc norvirh-
sranding, abandons hcr ygmalion , Svccr, a. k. a. iggins) ar rhc cnd ol
rhc play in ordcrro lcarn "bookkccpingandrypcvriring" ar shorrhand
schools and polyrcchnic classcs. "'Vomcnvho havc bccn subjccrcdro
phonographsandrypcvrircrsarcsouls no longcr,rhcycanonlycndupin
musicals. RcnamingrhcdramaM, Iatr Lad,, Rodgcrs andammcrsrcin
villrhrovShav`s|,gna/ton amongroadvayrourisrsandrccordlabcls.
nrhc SrrccrVhcrcYouLivc" issound.
nanycvcnr,Ldison,anccsrorolrhcrccordindusrry,onlynccdcdrocom-
binc, asis soolrcnrhc cascvirhinvcnrions. ^Villis-rypc machinc gavc
him rhc idca lor rhc phonograph, a Scorr-rypc machinc pushcd him ro-
vard irs rcalizarion. Jhc synrhcric producrion ol lrcqucncics combincd
virhrhciranalysisrcsulrcdinrhcncvmcdium.
Ldison`s phonograph vas a by-producr olrhc arrcmpr ro oprimizc
rclcphonyandrclcgraphybysavingcxpcnsivccoppcrcablcs. irsr,Ncnlo
ark dcvclopcd a rclcgraph rhar indcnrcd a paralhn papcr srrip virh
Norscsigns,rhusallovingrhcmrobcrcplaycdlasrcrrhanrhcyhadbccn
z8 Granojbone
rransmirrcd by human hands. Jhc cllccr vas cxacrly rhc samc as in
ViIIis`scasc.pirchbccamcavariabIcdcpcndcnronspccd. Sccond,NcnIo
ark dcvcIopcd a rclcphonc rcccivcr virh a nccdlc arrachcd ro rhc di-
aphragm. y rouching rhc nccdIc, rhc hcaring-impaircd Ldison couId
chcckrhcampIirudc olrhcrclcphonc signal.Lcgcnd has irrharonc day
rhc nccdIc drcv blood-and Ldison "rccognizcd hov rhc lorcc ol a
mcmbranc movcd by a magncric sysrcm could bcpurro vork. " "n cl-
lccr,hchadlound avayrorranslcrrhcluncrionsolhiscarrohisscnscol
rouch. "
^ rclcgraph as an arrihciaI mourh, a rcIcphonc as an arrihcial car-
rhc sragcvas scr lor rhc phonograph. uncrions olrhc ccnrral ncrvous
sysrcm had bccn rcchnoIogicaIIy implcmcnrcd. Vhcn, alrcr a ;z-hour
shilr cnding carly in rhc morning ol]uIy 6, 8 8 8 , Ldison had hnaIly
complcrcdaralkingmachincrcadylorscrialproducrion, hcposcdlorrhc
hasrilysummoncdphorographcrinrhcposc olhisgrcaridol. Jhcrcnch
cmpcror, alrcr aII, is said ro havc obscrvcd rharrhc progrcss olnarional
vcIlarc , or milirary rcchnology) can bc mcasurcd by rransporrarion
cosrs. ^ndnomcans olrransporrarionarcmorccconomicalrhanrhosc
vhich convcy inlormarion rarhcr rhan goods and pcopIc. ^rrihciaI
mourhsandcars,asrcchnoIogicalimpIcmcnrarionsolrhcccnrralncrvous
sysrcm,curdovnonmaiImcnandconccrrhalls.VharngcaIlsourscc-
ondary oraliryhas rhc cIcgancc olbrainluncrions. JcchnoIogical sound
sroragcprovidcsahrsrmodcIlordarasrrcams,vhicharcsimulrancousIy
bccoming objccrs olncurophysiologicaI rcscarch. clmholrz, as rhc pcr-
lccrcrolvovclrhcory,isalIicdvirhLdison,rhcpcrlccrcrolmcasuringin-
srrumcnrs.Vhichisvhysoundsroragc,inirialIyamcchanicaIlyprimirivc
allaironrhc IcvcI olVcbcr`spig brisrIc, could nor bc invcnrcd unril rhc
soul lcIl prcy ro scicncc. Omy hcad, myhcad, my hcad, " groans rhc
phonographinrhcproscpocm^llrcd]arrydcdicarcdro ir. "^Ilvhircun-
dcrncarhrhc siIk sky. Jhcy havc rakcn my hcad, my hcad-and purmc
inroarcarin! "'
Vhich is vhyViIIicrs dcl`slc-^dam,rhcsymboIisrpocrandaurhor
olrhchrsrolmanyLdison novcIs, ismisrakcn vhcn,in Tonorrou`s te,
hchasrhc grcarinvcnrorpondcr hisdclay.
hat is most surprising in history, amost unimaginabc, is that among a thc
grcatinvcntorsacrossthcccnturics, notoncthoughtolthc!honograph!^ndyct
most ol thcm invcntcd machincs a thousand timcs morc compicatcd. Jhc
!honographis so simpc that its construction ovcs nothingto matcrias olsci-
cntiliccomposition. ^braham might havc buit it, and madc a rccording olhis
Granojbone z,
caing Irom on high. ^ stcc styus, a caI oI sivcr IoiI or somcthing ikc it, a
cyindcr oIcoppcr, and onc coud h a storchousc vith a thc voiccs oI!cavcn
andIarth.`
Jhisccrrainlyapplicsro marcrials andrhcirproccssing, burirmisscs
rhc hisroricala priori olsound rccording. Jhcrc arc alsoimmarcrialsol
scicnrihcorigin,vhicharcnorsocasyrocomcbyandhavcro bcsupplicd
by a scicncc ol rhc soul. Jhcy cannor bc dclivcrcd by any olrhc posr-
^brahamcandidarcsvhomVillicrsdcl`slc-^damsuspccrsolbcingablc
roinvcnrrhcphonograph:ncirhcr^risrorlc, Luclid,nor^rchimcdcscould
havcundcrvrirrcnrhcsrarcmcnrrhar "Jhcsoulisa norcbookolphono-
graphicrccordings" ,bur rarhcr, ilar all, a rabula rasa lorvrirrcnsigns,
vhichinrurnsignilyacrsolrhcsoul) . nlyvhcnrhcsoulhasbccomcrhc
ncrvoussysrcm,andrhcncrvoussysrcm, accordingroSigmundLxncr,rhc
grcarVicnncscncurophysiologisr)somanylacilirarions ,abnungen) , can
Oclbocul`s srarcmcnr ccasc ro bc scandalous. n t 8 8o, rhc philosophcr
Guyaudcvorcd a commcnraryro ir. ^ndrhishrsrrhcoryolrhc phono-
graph arrcsrs likc no orhcrro rhc inrcracrions bcrvccn scicncc andrcch-
nology. Jhanksrorhcinvcnrionolrhcphonograph,rhcvcryrhcoricsrhar
vcrc irs hisrorical a priori can nov oprimizc rhcir analogous modcls ol
rhc brain.
o Granojbone
) BAr- mARI B GDYAD,

mBmCRY ArO I HCrC GRAIH

-
, 8 8 o )
CasOnIny by anaOyy Is O COnsIdCrabC ImpOrIanCC IO sCICnCC; IndCCd, In as
ar as II Is InC prInCIpC O InduCIIOn II may VC Orm InC basIs O a pnysI-
Ca and psyCnOpnysICa sCICnCCs. IsCOVCrICs rCguCnIy sIarI VIIn mCIa-
pnOrs. nC IynI O InInKIny COud nardy a In a nCV dIrCCIIOn and IumI-
naIC darK COrnCrs VCrC II nOI rC!!CCICd by spaCCs arCady IumInaICd. \ny
InaI VnICn rCmInds us O sOmCInIny CsC maKCs an ImprCssIOn, aInOuyn and
prCCIsCy bCCausC II dICrs rOm II. O undCrsIand Is IO rCmCmbCr, aI CasI In
parI.
^any sImICs and mCIapnOrs naVC bCCn usCd In InC aIICmpI IO undCr-
sIand mCnIa abIIIICs Or unCIIOns. CrC, In InC as yCI ImpCrCCI sIaIC O sCI-
CnCC, mCIapnOrs arC absOuICy nCCCssary: bCOrC VC knou VC naVC IO sIarI
by tnagtntng sOmCInIny. nus, InC numan braIn nas bCCn COmparCd IO a
KInds O ObCCIs. CCOrdIny IO opCnCCr II snOVs a CCrIaIn anaOyy IO InC mC-
CnanICa pIanOs InaI Can rCprOduCC an InHnIIC numbCr O mCOdICs. aInC
maKCs O InC braIn a KInd O prInI snOp InaI InCCssanIy prOduCCs and sIOrCs
InnumCrabC CICnCs. ACI a InCsC sImICs appCar sOmCVnaI sKCICny. \nC
nOrmay dCas VIIn InC braIn aI rCsI; IIs ImayCs arC pCrCCIVCd IO bC HXCd,
stereot,jed; and InaI Is ImprCCIsC. nCrC Is nOInIny HnIsnCd In InC braIn, nO
rCa ImayCs; InsICad, VC sCC Ony VIrIua, pOICnIIa ImayCs VaIIIny Or a sIyn
IO bC IransOrmCd InIO aCIuaIIy. OV InIs IransOrmaIIOn InIO rCaIIy Is
rCay aCnICVCd Is a maIICr O spCCuaIIOn. nC yrCaICsI mysICry O braIn
mCCnanICs nas IO dO VIIn dynamICsnOI VIIn sIaIICs. C arC In nCCd O a
COmparaIIVC ICrm InaI VI aOV us IO sCC nOI Ony nOV an ObCCI rCCCIVCs
and sIOrCs an ImprInI, buI asO nOV InIs ImprInI aI a yIVCn IImC Is rCaCII-
VaICd and prOduCCs nCV VIbraIIOns VIInIn InC Ob CCI. IIn InIs In mInd, InC
mOsI rCHnCd InsIrumCnI bOIn rCCCIVCr and mOIOr In OnC) VIIn VnICn InC
numan braIn may bC COmparCd Is pCrnaps dIsOns rCCCnIy InVCnICd pnOnO-
yrapn. Or sOmC IImC nOV naVC bCCn VanIIny IO draV aIICnIIOn IO InIs
COmparIsOn, CVCr sInCC CamC aCrOss a Casua ObsCrVaIIOn In CbOCus asI
arIICC On mCmOry InaI COnHrmCd my InICnIIOns: nC sOu Is a nOICbOOK O
pnOnOyrapnIC rCCOrdInys.
\pOn spCaKIny InIO a pnOnOyrapn, InC VIbraIIOns O OnCs VOICC arC
IransCrrCd IO a pOInI InaI CnyraVCs InCs OnIO a mCIa paIC InaI COrrCspOnd
IO InC uIICrCd sOundsunCVCn urrOVs, mOrC Or Css dCCp, dCpCndIny On InC
naIurC O InC sOunds. I Is guIIC prObabC InaI In anaOyOus Vays, InVIsIbC
Granojbone
InCs arC InCCssanIy CarVCd InIO InC braIn CCs, VnICn prOVIdC a CnannC Or
nCrVC sIrCams. , aICr sOmC IImC, InC sIrCam CnCOunICrs a CnannC II nas a-
rCady passCd InrOuyn, II VI OnCC ayaIn prOCCCd aOny InC samC paIn. nC
CCs VIbraIC In InC samC Vay InCy VIbraICd InC hrsI IImC; psyCnOOyICay,
InCsC sImIar VIbraIIOns COrrCspOnd IO an CmOIIOn Or a InOuynI anaOyOus IO
InC OryOIICn CmOIIOn Or InOuynI.
nIs Is prCCIsCy InC pnCnOmCnOn InaI OCCurs VnCn InC pnOnOyrapns
sma COppCr dIsK, nCd ayaInsI InC pOInI InaI runs InrOuyn InC yrOOVCs II
nas CICnCd, sIarIs IO rCprOduCC InC VIbraIIOns: IO Our Cars, InCsC VIbraIIOns
Iurn baCK InIO a VOICC, InIO VOrds, sOunds, and mCOdICs.
InC pnOnOyrapnIC dIsK nad sC-COnsCIOusnCss, II COud pOInI OuI
VnIC rCpayIny a sOny InaI II rCmCmbCrs InIs parIICuar sOny. nd VnaI ap-
pCars IO us as InC CCCI O a raInCr sImpC mCCnanIsm VOud, guIIC prOba-
by, sIrIKC InC dIsK as a mIraCuOus abIIIy: mCmOry.
CI us add InaI II COud dIsIInyuIsn nCV sOnys rOm InOsC arCady
payCd, as VC as nCV ImprCssIOns rOm sImpC mCmOrICs. ndCCd, a CCrIaIn
COrI Is nCCCssary Or hrsI ImprCssIOns IO CICn InCmsCVCs InIO mCIa Or
braIn; InCy CnCOunICr mOrC rCsIsIanCC and, COrrCspOndInyy, naVC IO CXCrI
mOrC OrCC; and VnCn InCy rCappCar, InCy VIbraIC a InC sIrOnyCr. uI VnCn
InC pOInI IraCCs arCady CXIsIIny yrOOVCs InsICad O maKIny nCV OnCs, II VI
dO sO VIIn yrCaICr CasC and yIdC aOny VIInOuI appyIny any prCssurC. nC
tnc/tnatton O a mCmOry Or rCVCrIC nas bCCn spOKCn O; IO pursuC a mCmOry,
In aCI: IO smOOIny yIdC dOVn a sOpC, IO VaII Or a CCrIaIn numbCr O
COmpCIC mCmOrICs, VnICn appCar OnC aICr InC OInCr, a In a rOV and VIIn-
OuI snOCK. nCrC Is, InCrCOrC, a sIynIhCanI dICrCnCC bCIVCCn ImprCssIOns
In InC rCa sCnsC and mCmOry. mprCssIOns ICnd IO bCOny IO CIInCr O IVO
CassCs: InCy CIInCr pOssCss yrCaICr InICnsIIy, a unIguC snarpnCss O OuIInC
and hXIIy O InC, Or InCy arC VCaKCr, mOrC burrCd and ImprCCIsC, buI nCV-
CrInCCss arranyCd In a CCrIaIn OrdCr InaI ImpOsCs IIsC On us. O recogntze
an ImayC mCans IO assIyn II IO InC sCCOnd Cass. \nC jee/s In a Css OrCCu
Vay and Is aVarC O InIs CmOIIOn. mCmOry COnsIsIs In InC aVarCnCss,
hrsI, O InC dImInIsnCd InICnsIIy O an ImprCssIOn, sCCOnd, O IIs InCrCasCd
CasC, and InIrd, O InC COnnCCIIOns II CnICrIaIns VIIn OInCr ImprCssIOns. )usI
as a IraInCd CyC Can sCC InC dICrCnCC bCIVCCn a COpy and InC OrIyIna, VC
Carn IO dIsIInyuIsn mCmOrICs rOm ImprCssIOns and arC Inus abC IO rCCOy-
nIzC a mCmOry CVCn bCOrC II nas bCCn OCaICd In IImC and spaCC. C prOCCI
InIs Or InaI ImprCssIOn baCK InIO InC pasI VIInOuI KnOVIny VnICn parI O
InC pasI II bCOnys IO. nIs Is bCCausC a mCmOry rCIaIns a unIguC and dIsIIn-
yuIsnIny CnaraCICr, muCn IKC a sCnsaIIOn COmIny rOm InC sIOmaCn dICrs
rOm an aCOusIIC Or VIsua ImprCssIOn. n a sImIar mannCr, InC pnOnOyrapn
2 Granojbone
Is InCapabC O rCprOduCIny InC numan VOICC In a IIs sIrCnyIn and VarmIn.
nC VOICC O InC apparaIus VI rCmaIn snrI and COd; II nas sOmCInIny Im-
pCrCCI and absIraCI abOuI II InaI sCIs II aparI. InC pnOnOyrapn COud nCar
IIsC, II VOud Carn IO rCCOynIzC InC dICrCnCC bCIVCCn InC VOICC InaI CamC
rOm InC OuIsIdC and OrCCd IIsC OnIO II and InC VOICC InaI II IIsC Is brOad-
CasIIny and VnICn Is a sImpC CCnO O InC HrsI, OOVIny an arCady yrOOVCd
paIn.
urInCr anaOyy bCIVCCn InC pnOnOyrapn and Our braIn CXIsIs In InaI
InC spCCd O InC VIbraIIOns ImprCssCd On InC apparaIus Can nOIICCaby
CnanyC InC CnaraCICr O InC rCprOduCCd sOunds Or rCCaCd ImayCs. CpCnd-
Iny On VnCInCr yOu InCrCasC Or dCCrCasC InC rOIaIIOn O InC pnOnOyrapnIC
dIsK, a mCOdy VI bC IranspOsCd rOm OnC OCIaVC IO anOInCr. yOu Iurn
InC nandC asICr, a sOny VI rIsC rOm InC dCCpCsI and mOsI IndIsIInCI nOICs
IO InC nIynCsI and mOsI pICrCIny. OCs nOI a sImIar CCCI OCCur In InC braIn
VnCn VC OCus Our aIICnIIOn On an InIIIay burrCd ImayC, InCrCasIny IIs
CarIIy sICp by sICp and InCrCby mOVIny II, as II VCrC, up InC sCaCr nd
COud InIs pnCnOmCnOn nOI bC CXpaInCd by InC InCrCasCd Or dCCrCasCd
spCCd and sIrCnyIn O InC VIbraIIOns O Our CCs: C naVC VIInIn us a KInd
O sCaC O ImayCs aOny VnICn InC ImayCs VC COnurC up and dIsmIss InCCs-
sanIy rIsC and a. I IImCs InCy VIbraIC In InC dCpIns O Our bCIny IKC a
burrCd pCda ; aI IImCs InCIr sOnIC unCss radIaICs abOVC a OInCrs. s
InCy dOmInaIC Or rCCCdC, InCy appCar IO bC COsCr Or arInCr aVay rOm us,
and sOmCIImCs InC CnyIn O IImC sCparaIIny InCm rOm InC prCsCnI mOmCnI
sCCms IO bC VanIny Or VaXIny. KnOV O ImprCssIOns rCCCIVCd ICn yCars
ayO InaI, undCr InC In!uCnCC O an assOCIaIIOn O IdCas Or sImpy OVIny IO
my aIICnIIOn Or sOmC CnanyC O CmOIIOn, suddCny sCCm IO daIC rOm yCs-
ICrday. n InC samC Vay sInyCrs CrCaIC InC ImprCssIOn O dIsIanCC by OVCr-
Iny InCIr VOICC; InCy mCrCy nCCd IO raIsC II ayaIn IO suyyCsI InC ImprCssIOn
O apprOaCnIny.
nCsC anaOyICs COud bC muIIpICd. nC prInCIpa dICrCnCC bCIVCCn
InC braIn and InC pnOnOyrapn Is InaI InC mCIa dIsK O dIsOns sII raInCr
prImIIIVC maCnInC rCmaIns dCa IO IIsC; InCrC Is nO IransIIIOn rOm mOVC-
mCnI IO COnsCIOusnCss. I Is prCCIsCy InIs VOndrOus IransIIIOn InaI KCCps OC-
CurrIny In InC braIn. I rCmaIns an CICrna mysICry InaI Is Css asIOnIsnIny
Inan II appCars, nOVCVCr. CrC InC pnOnOyrapn abC IO nCar IIsC, II VOud
bC ar Css mysIIyIny In InC Hna anaysIs Inan InC IdCa O Our nCarIny II.
uI IndCCd VC dO: IIs VIbraIIOns rCay Iurn InIO ImprCssIOns and InOuynIs.
C InCrCOrC naVC IO COnCCdC InC IransOrmaIIOn O mOVCmCnI InIO InOuynI
InaI Is aVays pOssIbCa IransOrmaIIOn InaI appCars mOrC IKCy VnCn II
Is a maIICr O InICrna braIn mOVCmCnI Inan VnCn II COmCs rOm InC OuI-
Granojbone
sidc.romrhispoinrolvicvirvouldbc ncirhcrvcryimprcciscnorvcry
disconccrringro dchnc rhc brain asan inhnircly pcrlccrcdphonograph-a
consciousphonograph.
rdocsn`rgcranyclcarcrrhanrhar.Jhcpsychophysicalscicnccs,rovhich
rhc philosophcr Guyau has abscondcd, cmbracc rhc phonograph as rhc
only suirablc modcl lor visualizing rhc brain or mcmory. ^ll qucsrions
conccrningrhoughrasrhoughrhavcbccnabandoncd,loririsnovamar-
rcr ol implcmcnrarion and hardvarc. Jhus mcmory, around t 8oo a
vholly "subordinarcinncrpovcr, "`'movcsro rhclorccighryycars larcr.
^nd bccausc cgcl`s spirir is rhcrcby ousrcd lrom rhc srarr, rhc rcccnrly
invcnrcdphonograph, norycrcvcnrcadylor scrialproducrion,issupcrior
ro all orhcr mcdia. \nlikc Gurcnbcrg`s prinring prcss orLhrlich`s auro-
maric pianos in rhc brain mcraphors olJainc and Spcnccr, ir alonc can
combincrhcrvoacrionsindispcnsablcro anyunivcrsalmachinc,discrcrc
ornor.vriringandrcading,sroringand scanning, rccordingandrcplay-
ing.nprinciplc,cvcnrhoughLdisonlorpracricalrcasonslarcrscpararcd
rccordingunirslromrcplayingoncs,irisoncandrhcsamcsrylusrharcn-
gravcs andlarcrrraccsrhcphonographicgroovc.
Vhich is vhy all conccprs ol rracc, up ro and including Ocrrida`s
grammarologicalur-vriring, arcbascdonLdison`ssimplcidca.Jhcrracc
prcccdingallvriring,rhcrraccolpurcdillcrcnccsrillopcnbcrvccnrcad-
ingandvriring, issimplyagramophoncnccdlc.avingavayandrcrrac-
inga parhcoincidc. Guyau undcrsrood rhar rhc phonograph implcmcnrs
mcmoryandrhcrcbymakcsirunconscious.
r is only bccausc no philosophcr, norcvcn oncvhohas abandoncd
philosophy lor psychophysics, can rid himscllolhis prolcssional dclu-
sions rhar Guyau arrcmprs ro crovn or surpass rhc unconscious mnc-
moniccapabilirics olrhcphonographarrhc cndolhiscssaybyconrrasr-
ing rhcm virh conscious human abilirics. urconsciousncss, rhc qualiry
rharGuyauascribcsrorhcbraininordcrro cclcbrarcrhclarrcrasaninh-
nircly pcrlccrcd phonograph, vould rcsulr in an inhnircly inlcrior onc.
Rarhcrrhanhcaringrhcrandomacousriccvcnrslorcingrhcirvayinrorhc
bcll-mourhin allrhcirrcal-rimc cnrropy, Guyau`sconscious phonograph
vould arrcmpr ro undcrsrand` and rhus corrupr rhcm. ncc again, al-
lcgcd idcnrirics or mcaning or cvcn luncrions ol consciousncss vould
comc inro play. honographs do nor rhink, rhcrclorc rhcy arc possiblc.
Granojbone
Jradcmark, riting^ngc . `
Guyau`s ovn, possiblyunconscious cxamplc alludcs ro rhc impura-
rionolconsciousncssand inncrlilc.ilaphonographrcallyposscsscdrhc
consciousncss arrriburcdro ir and vcrc ablcropoinrourrharirrcmcm-
bcrcd a song, ir vould considcr rhis a miraculous abiliry. ur imparrial
and cxrcrnal obscrvcrs vould conrinuc ro scc ir as rhc rcsulr ola lairly
simplc mcchanism.Vhcn Guyau, vho had obscrvcd rhc brainsimplyas
a rcchnical appararus, rurns his cxpcrimcnralgazc invard, hclalls shorr
olhisovnsrandards.rvas, alrcrall,ancxrcrnalgazcrharhadsuggcsrcd
rhcbcaurilulcomparisonbcrvccnarrcnrionandplayback spccd. lrhclo-
cusing olblurrcdmcnral imagcsbyvay olarrcnrion amounrs ro norhing
morc orlcss rhanchangingrhcrimc axisolacousriccvcnrs by incrcasing
playback spccdorindulginginrimcaxismanipularion ,J^N) , rhcnrhcrc
isnorcasonrocclcbrarcarrcnrionormcmoryasmiraculous abilirics.Ici-
rhcr gramophonc nccdlcs nor brain ncurons nccd anyscll-consciousncss
ro rcrracc a groovc Iasrcr rhan ir vas cngravcd. n borh cascs ir boils
dovn ro programming. or rhar rcason alonc rhc diligcnr hand ol rhc
phonographuscr,vhoinLdison`srimchaddilhculricssrickingrorhccor-
rccrrimcvhilcrurningrhchandlc,couldbcrcplaccd byclockvorksand
clccrronicmororsvirhadjusrablc spccd. Jhc salcs caralogucs ol^mcri-
canrccordcompanicsvarncdrhcircusromcrsolrhclricndvho "comcs
royouandclaimsrharyourmachincis roo slovorroo lasr. Oon`rlisrcn
rohim! cdocsn`rknovvharhcisralkingabour. "``
ursrandardizarionisalvays uppcr managcmcnr`s cscapclromrcch-
nologicalpossibilirics. nscriousmarrcrs such asrcsrproccdurcs ormass
Granojbone y
cnrcrrainmcnr, J^N rcmains rriumphanr. Jhc Ldison Spcaking hono-
graph Company, loundcdrvomonrhsalrcr Ldison`s primirivc prororypc
ol Occcmbcr t 8;;, did irs hrsr busincss virh rimc axis manipularion:
virhhisovnhandrhcinvcnrorrurncdrhchandlclasrcrrhanhchaddur-
ingrhc rccordingin ordcrro rrcarIcv York ro rhc scnsarional plcasurc
ollrcqucncy-modularcdmusical picccs. Lvcnrhcmodcsrcorncrolaccr-
rainLcvyacquircdbrillianccandrcmpcramcnr.`adhcbccnamongrhc
dclighrcd Icv Yorkcrs, Guyau vould havc lound cmpirical proolrhar
lrcqucncymodularionisindccdrhcrcchnologicalcorrclarivcolarrcnrion.
l coursc Luropc`s vrirrcn music had alrcady bccn ablc ro movc
roncs upvardordovnvard, asrhcrcrm "scalc" irscllimplics.urrrans-
posirion docsn`r cqual J^N. lrhc phonographic playback spccd dillcrs
lrom irs rccording spccd, rhcrc is a shilr nor only in clcar sounds bur in
cnrircnoiscspccrra.Vharismanipularcdisrhc rcal rarhcrrhanrhcsym-
bolic. Long-rcrm acousric cvcnrs such as mcrcr and vord lcngrh arc al-
lccrcd as vcll. Jhis isprccisclyvhar von ornbosrcl, albcirvirhourrcc-
ognizingvhardisringuishcdirlromrransposirion,praiscdasrhc "spccial
advanragc" olrhc phonograph. "r can bc playcd ar lasrcr and slovcr
spccds, allovingusro lisrcnro musical picccs vhosc original spccdvas
roo lasrar a morc scrrlcd pacc, and accordinglyrransposcd, in ordcr ro
analyzcrhcm. "``
Jhc phonograph is rhus incapablc ol achicving rcal-rimc lrcqucncy
shihs. or rhis vc nccd rock bands virh harmonizcrsrhar arc ablcro rc-
vcrsc-virhconsidcrablcclccrroniccllorr-rhcincvirablcspccdchangcs,
arlcasrro dcccivablchumancars. nlyrhcnarcpcoplcablcro rcrurnsi-
mulrancouslyandinrcalrimclromrhcirbrcakingvoiccs,andvomcncan
bcmcnandmcncanbcvomcnagain.
Jimc axis rcvcrsal, vhich rhc phonograph makcs possiblc, allovs
cars ro hcar rhc unhcard-ol. rhc srccp arrack olinsrrumcnralsounds or
spokcnsyllablcsmovcsrorhccnd,vhilcrhcmuchlongcrdccaymovcsro
rhc lronr. Jhc carlcs arc saidro havc uscd rhis rrick on "Rcvolurion p"
rovhispcrrhcsccrcrolrhcirglobalsucccssrorhcrapclrcaksamongrhcir
lans:`' rharaul NcCarrncyhad bccn dcad lor a longrimc, rcplaccd on
album covcrs, sragc, and in songs by a mulrimcdia doublc. ^s rhc Co-
lumbiahonographCompanyrccognizcdint 8po,rhcphonographcanbc
uscd as machinc lor composing music simply byalloving consumcrs ro
playrhcir lavorirc songs backvards: "^ musiciancould gcr onc popular
mclodycvcrydaybycxpcrimcnringinrharvay. "``
J^Naspocrry-burpocrry rharrransgrcsscs irs cusromary bound-
arics. Jhc phonographcannordcnyirs rclcgraphic origin. Jcchnological
6 Granojbone
mcdiarurnmagicinroadaiIyrourinc.Voiccsrharsrarrromigrarcrhrough
lrcqucncyspccrra andrimcaxcsdonorsimpIyconrinuc oIdIircraryvord-
gamc rcchniqucs such as paIindromcs or anagrams. Jhis Icrrcr-bcnding
hadbccomcpossibIc onIyonccrhcprimarycodc, rhcaIphabcrirscIl,had
rakcncllccr.JimcaxismanipuIarion,hovcvcr,allccrsrhcravmarcriaIol
pocrry, vhcrcmanipuIarionhad hirhcrro bccnimpossibIc.cgcIhadrc-
lcrrcd ro "rhc sound" as "adisappcaringolbcing in rhcacr olbcing, "
subscqucnrIyccIcbraringi rasa "sarurarcd cxprcssion olrhc manilcsra-
rionolinvardncss."`

VharvasimpossibIcro srorccouIdnorbcmanip-
uIarcd.RiddingirscIlolirsmarcriaIiryorcIorhcs,irdisappcarcd andprc-
scnrcdinvardncssasascaIolaurhcnriciry.
uronccsroragcand manipuIarion coincidcinprincipIc,Guyau`srhc-
sis Iinking phonography and mcmorymay bcinsulhcicnr. Sroragc laciIi-
rics,vhich accordingro his ovn insighrarccapabIc olaIrcringrhc char-
acrcr olrhc rcpIaycd sounds , rhanks ro rimc manipuIarion), sharrcr rhc
vcryconccpr olmcmory. RcproducrionisdcmorcdonccrhcpasrinaIIirs
scnsuous dcraiIisrransmirrcd byrcchnicaI dcviccs. CcrrainIy, hi-h mcans
"high hdcIiry" and is supposcd ro convincc consumcrs rhar rccord com-
panics rcmain IoyaI ro musicaI dcirics. ur ir is a rcrm olappcascmcnr.
Norcprcciscrhanrhcpocricimaginarionol 8oo,vhoscaIphabcrismor
crcariviryconlronrcdancxcIusivcIyrcproducrivcmcmory,rcchnoIogyIir-
craIIymakcsrhcunhcard-olpossibIc. ^noIdinkIoydsongspcIIsirour.
hcnthatodIat sunin thc sky'sIaing
Summcrcv`ning birds arccaing
SummcrSundayand aycar
Jhc soundoImusicin my car
Listantbcs
Pcvmovngrass smcs
Songs svcct
bythc rivcr hodinghands.
^nd ilyou scc,don`tmakcasound
ickyourIcctupoIIthcground
^nd iIyou hcarasthc vanightIas
Jhc sivcrsoundoIatongucso strangc,
Singtomc singtomc.

'
Jhc IircraIIy unhcard-ol is rhc sirc vhcrc inlormarion rcchnoIogy and
brainphysioIogycoincidc.Jomakcno sound, ro pickyourlccrupollrhc
ground, andro IisrcnrorhcsoundolavoiccvhcnnighrislaIIing-vcaII
doirvhcnvcpurona rccord rharcommands suchmagic.
^nd vharrranspircsrhcn is indccd a srrangcand unhcard-olsiIvcr
Granojbone ;
noisc. Iobody knovs vho is singing-rhc voicc callcd Oavid Gilmour
rharsingsrhcsong,rhcvoicc rclcrrcdro byrhc song, ormaybcrhcvoicc
olrhc lisrcncrvho makcs no sound and is noncrhclcss supposcdro sing
oncc allrhc condirions olmagichavc bccn mcr. ^nunimaginablc closc-
ncssolsoundrcchnologyandscll-avarcncss,asimulacrumolalccdback
looprclayingscndcrandrcccivcr.^songsingsro alisrcningcar,rcllingir
ro sing.^silrhcmusicvcrcoriginaringinrhcbrainirscll,rarhcrrhancm-
anaringlromsrcrco spcakcrsorhcadphoncs.
Jhar is rhc vholc dillcrcncc bcrvccn arrs and mcdia. Songs, arias,
andopcrasdonorrclyonncurophysiology. Voiccshardlyimplodcinour
cars, nor cvcn undcr rhc rcchnical condirions ol a conccrr hall, vhcn
singcrs arc visiblc andrhcrclorc disccrniblc. or rhar rcason rhcirvoiccs
havc bccnrraincdro ovcrcomc disranccs and spaccs. Jhc "soundolmu-
sicinmy car" cancxisr only oncc mourhpicccs and microphoncs arc ca-
pablcolrccordinganyvhispcr. ^silrhcrcvcrcnodisranccbcrvccnrhc
rccordcdvoiccandlisrcningcars, asilvoiccsrravclcdalongrhcrransmir-
ring boncs ol acousric scll-pcrccprion dirccrly lrom rhc mourh inro rhc
car`slabyrinrh, hallucinarions bccomcrcal.
^ndcvcnrhcdisranrbcllsrharrhcsonglisrcnsroarcnormcrclysig-
nihcrsorrclcrcnrs olspccch.^s a lormollircrarurc, lyric hadbccnablc
roprovidcasmuchandnomorc.Counrlcssvcrscsuscdvordsroconjurc
up acousriccvcnrs as lyrical asrhcyvcrc indcscribablc. ^srocksongs,
lyricpocrrycan addrhc bclls rhcmsclvcs in ordcrro hllarrcnrivc brains
virh somcrhing rhar, as long as ir had bccn conhncd ro vords, had rc-
maincdamcrcpromisc.
In t 8p8, rhc ColumbiahonographCompany rchcsrraollcrcdrhc
song "Oovn onrhcSvanccRivcr" as onc olirs 8o cylindcrs. ^dvcrrisc-
mcnrs promiscd Icgro songs and danccs, asvcll asrhc song`s locarion
and subjccr. pulling in rhc gangplank, rhc sounds olrhc srcam cnginc,
and, 8o ycars bclorc ink loyd, rhcchimingola srcamboarbcll-all
lor occnrs.Songsbccamcparrolrhciracousriccnvironmcnr.^ndlyrics
lulhllcdvharpsychoanalysis-originaringnorcoincidcnrally arrhcsamc
rimc-sav asrhccsscnccoldcsirc. hallucinaroryvishlulhllmcnr.
rcud`s "rojccrlora Scicnrihcsychology" , t 8p) savrhcsrarcol bc-
inghallucinarcdina backvardllov ol_rooandalsorota. "'Inorhcr
vords. impcrmcablc brainncurons occupicd bymcmoryrraccsridrhcm-
sclvcs olrhcir chargc or quanriry by rranslcrring rhcm onro pcrmcablc
ncuronsdcsigncdlorscnsorypcrccprion.^s arcsulr,dara alrcadysrorcd
appcar aslrcshinpur, andrhcpsychicappararus bccomcs irs ovnsimu-
j 8 Granojbone
Iacrum. ackllov or lccdback comcs as closc to pcrlcct hallucinatory
vishlulhllmcnt as rcud`s "rojcct lor a Scicntihc sychology" docsto
tcchnologicalmcdia. "Jhcintcntion isto lurnish apsychologythatshall
bca naturalscicncc:thatis,torcprcscntpsychicalproccsscs as quantita-
tivcly dctcrminatc statcs ol spccihablc matcrial particlcs, thus making
thosc proccsscspcrspicuous and lrcclromcontradiction."
Jhat is psy-
chophysics atits bcst. ^ll olrcud`s claborations on ncurons and thcir
cathcxcsandonlacilitationsandthcirrcsistanccarcbascd onthc "vicvs
on localization hcld by thc] ccrcbral anatomy"` olhis timc. Jhat thc
psychicapparatus ,alrcadytcchnihcd byits namc) cantransmitandstorc
datavhilcrcmaining both pcrmcablc andimpcrmcablcvould rcmain an
insolublc paradox vcrc its analogy modclcd upon vriting. ,^t bcst,
rcud`s lamous "Nystic Vriting-ad, " commcntcd upon by Ocrrida,
might bc ablcto carry out both lunctions.) ^ brainphysiologythatlol-
lovcd roca andVcrnickc`s subdivision oldiscourscintonumcrous sub-
routincs and locatcdspcaking,hcaring,vriting, andrcading in various
parts olthc brain ,bccauscitcxclusivclylocuscd onthc statcs olspccih-
ablcmatcrialparticlcs)hadtomodclitscllonthcphonograph-aninsight
anticipatcdbyGuyau.tcomcsasno surprisc,thcn,thatSigmundLxncr,
vhoscrcscarchlormcdthcbasislorrcud`s notion ollacilitationin "Sci-
cntihc rojcct, " also "providcdthcbasislorthcconstruction ola scicn-
tihcphonographicmuscum" atthc\nivcrsityolVicnna.`
"Vhcnitcomcstomolcculcsandcranialpathvays,vc"-thatis,thc
brainrcscarchcrsandartphysiologists olthcturnolthcccntury-"auto-
matically think ola proccss similar to that olLdison`s jbonograjb. "'
Jhcsc arcthcvords olGcorgirth, author olthchrstGcrman trcatisc
on artphysiology. Jvcntyycarslatcr, thcyvcrcvrittcninto artitscll. n
,,, Rilkc complctcd a prosc "cssay" that, using thc modcst mcans ol
bricolagc orlitcraturc, translatcd all thc discovcrics olbrain physiology
intomodcrnpoctry.
RAI rBR mARI A RI IKB,

IRI mAL s CDrO

-
, , , )
Itmusthavc bccnvhcnIvas aboyatschoolthatthcphonographvas in-
vcntcd.^tanyratcitvasatthattimcachiclobj cctolpublicvondcr,this
vasprobablythcrcasonvhy ourscicnccmastcr,amangivcntobusying
himscllvithallkinds olhandivork, cncouragcdustotryourskillinmak-
Granojbone ,
Iny OnC O! InCsC InsIrumCnIs !rOm InC maICrIa InaI ay nCarCsI IO nand.
IOInIny mOrC Vas nCCdCd Inan a pICCC O! pIabC CardbOard bCnI IO InC
snapC O! a !unnC, On InC narrOVCr OrICC O! VnICn Vas sIuCK a pICCC O!
ImpCrmCabC papCr O! InC KInd usCd IO bOIIC !ruII. nIs prOVIdCd a VIbraI-
Iny mCmbranC, In InC mIddC O! VnICn VC sIuCK a brIsIC !rOm a COarsC
COInCs brusn aI rIynI anyCs IO IIs sur!aCC. IIn InCsC !CV InInys OnC parI
O! InC mysICrIOus maCnInC Vas madC, rCCCIVCr and rCprOduCCr VCrC COm-
pCIC. I nOV Ony rCmaInCd IO COnsIruCI InC rCCCIVIny CyIndCr, VnICn COud
bC mOVCd COsC IO InC nCCdC marKIny InC sOunds by mCans O! a sma rOIaI-
Iny nandC. dO nOI rCmCmbCr VnaI VC madC II O!; InCrC Vas sOmC KInd
O! CyIndCr VnICn VC COVCrCd VIIn a InIn COaIIny O! CandC VaX IO InC
bCsI O! Our abIIIy. \ur ImpaIICnCC, brOuynI IO a pIICn by InC CXCIICmCnI
O! sIICKIny and IIIny InC parIs as VC OsICd OnC anOInCr OVCr II, Vas suCn
InaI InC VaX nad sCarCCy COOCd and nardCnCd bC!OrC VC puI Our VOrK IO
InC ICsI.
OV nOV InIs Vas dOnC Can CasIy bC ImayInCd. nCn sOmCOnC spOKC
Or sany InIO InC !unnC, InC nCCdC In InC parCnmCnI Irans!CrrCd InC sOund
VaVCs IO InC rCCCpIIVC sur!aCC O! InC rO sOVy IurnIny bCnCaIn II, and
InCn, VnCn InC mOVIny nCCdC Vas madC IO rCIraCC IIs paIn VnICn nad bCCn
XCd In InC mCanIImC VIIn a COaI O! VarnIsn), InC sOund VnICn nad bCCn
Ours CamC baCK IO us IrCmbInyy, naIInyy !rOm InC papCr !unnC, unCCr-
IaIn, InnIICy sO!I and nCsIIaIIny and !adIny OuI aIOyCInCr In paCCs. aCn
IImC InC C!!CCI Vas COmpCIC. \ur Cass Vas nOI CXaCIy OnC O! InC guICICsI,
and InCrC Can naVC bCCn !CV mOmCnIs In IIs nIsIOry VnCn II nad bCCn abC
as a bOdy IO aCnICVC suCn a dCyrCC O! sICnCC. nC pnCnOmCnOn, On CVCry
rCCCpIIOn O! II, rCmaInCd asIOnIsnIny, IndCCd pOsIIIVCy sIayyCrIny. C VCrC
COn!rOnIIny, as II VCrC, a nCV and InnIICy dCICaIC pOInI In InC ICXIurC O!
rCaIIy, !rOm VnICn sOmCInIny !ar yrCaICr Inan OursCVCs, yCI IndCsCrIbaby
ImmaIurC, sCCmCd IO bC appCaIny IO us as I! sCCKIny nCp. I InC IImC and
a InrOuyn InC InICrVCnIny yCars bCICVCd InaI InaI IndCpCndCnI sOund,
IaKCn !rOm us and prCsCrVCd OuIsIdC O! us, VOud bC un!OryCIIabC. naI
II IurnCd OuI OInCrVIsC Is InC CausC O! my VrIIIny InC prCsCnI aCCOunI. s
VI bC sCCn, VnaI ImprCssCd IIsC! On my mCmOry mOsI dCCpy Vas nOI InC
sOund !rOm InC !unnC buI InC marKInys IraCCd On InC CyIndCr; InCsC madC
a mOsI dCnIIC ImprCssIOn.
rsI bCCamC aVarC O! InIs sOmC !OurICCn Or !ICCn yCars a!ICr my
sCnOO days VCrC pasI. I Vas durIny my rsI sIay In arIs. I InaI IImC
Vas aIICndIny InC anaIOmy CCIurCs In InC COC dCs CauX-rIs VIIn COnsId-
CrabC CnInusIasm. I Vas nOI sO muCn InC manI!Od InICraCIny O! InC mus-
o Granojbone
CCs and sInCVs nOr InC COmpCIC InnCr ayrCCmCnI O InC InnCr Oryans VIIn
anOInCr InaI appCaCd IO mC, buI raInCr InC barC sKCCIOn, InC rCsIraInCd Cn-
Cryy and CasIICIIy O VnICn nad arCady nOIICCd VnCn sIudyIny InC draV-
Inys O COnardO. OVCVCr muCn puzzCd OVCr InC sIruCIurC O InC VnOC,
II Vas mOrC Inan COud dCa VIIn; my aIICnIIOn aVays rCVCrICd IO InC
sIudy O InC sKu, VnICn sCCmCd IO mC IO COnsIIIuIC InC uImOsI aCnICVC-
mCnI, as II VCrC, O VnICn InIs CnaKy CCmCnI Vas CapabC; II Vas as I II
nad bCCn pCrsuadCd IO maKC usI In InIs parI a spCCIa COrI IO rCndCr a dC-
CIsIVC sCrVICC by prOVIdIny a mOsI sOId prOICCIIOn Or InC mOsI darIny Ca-
IurC O a, Or sOmCInIny VnICn, InOuyn IIsC narrOVy COnhnCd, nad a hCd
O aCIIVIIy VnICn Vas bOundCss. nC asCInaIIOn VnICn InIs parIICuar sIruC-
IurC nad Or mC rCaCnCd suCn a pIICn hnay, InaI prOCurCd a sKu In OrdCr
IO spCnd many nOurs O InC nIynI VIIn II; and, as aVays nappCns VIIn mC
and InInys, II Vas nOI Ony InC mOmCnIs O dCIbCraIC aIICnIIOn VnICn madC
InIs ambIyuOus ObCCI rCay mInC: OVC my amIIarIIy VIIn II, bCyOnd
dOubI, In parI IO InaI passIny yanCC VIIn VnICn VC InVOunIarIy CXamInC
and pCrCCIVC Our daIy CnVIrOnmCnI, VnCn InCrC CXIsIs any rCaIIOnsnIp aI a
bCIVCCn II and us. I Vas a passIny yanCC O InIs KInd VnICn suddCny
CnCCKCd In IIs COursC, maKIny II CXaCI and aIICnIIVC. y CandCIynIVnICn
Is OICn sO pCCuIary aIVC and CnaCnyInyInC COrOna suIurC nad bCCOmC
sIrIKInyy VIsIbC, and KnCV aI OnCC VnaI II rCmIndCd mC O: OnC O InOsC
unOryOIICn yrOOVCs, VnICn nad bCCn sCraICnCd In a IIIC VaX CyIndCr by
InC pOInI O a brIsICl
nd nOV dO nOI KnOV: Is II duC IO a rnyInmIC pCCuIarIIy O my Imay-
InaIIOn InaI CVCr sInCC, OICn aICr InC apsC O yCars, rCpCaICdy CC InC
ImpusC IO maKC InaI spOnIanCOusy pCrCCIVCd sImIarIIy InC sIarIIny pOInI
Or a VnOC sCrICs O unnCard-O CXpCrImCnIs: ranKy COnCss InaI naVC
aVays IrCaICd InIs dCsIrC, VnCnCVCr II madC IIsC CI, VIIn InC mOsI unrC-
CnIIny mIsIrusII prOO bC nCCdCd, CI II bC Ound In InC aCI InaI Ony
nOV, aICr mOrC Inan a dCCadC and a na, naVC rCsOVCd IO maKC a Cau-
IIOus sIaICmCnI COnCCrnIny II. urInCrmOrC, InCrC Is nOInIny Can CIIC In
aVOr O my IdCa bCyOnd IIs ObsIInaIC rCCurrCnCC, a rCCurrCnCC VnICn nas
IaKCn mC by surprIsC In a sOrIs O paCCs, dIVOrCCd rOm any COnnCCIIOn
VIIn VnaI mIynI bC dOIny.
Vbat Is II InaI rCpCaICdy prCsCnIs IIsC IO my mInd: I Is InIs:
nC COrOna suIurC O InC sKu InIs VOud hrsI naVC IO bC InVCsIIyaICd)
nasCI us assumC-a CCrIaIn sImIarIIy IO InC COsC VaVy InC VnICn InC
nCCdC O a pnOnOyrapn CnyraVCs On InC rCCCIVIny, rOIaIIny CyIndCr O InC
apparaIus. naI I OnC CnanyCd InC nCCdC and dIrCCICd II On IIs rCIurn Our-
nCy aOny a IraCIny VnICn Vas nOI dCrIVCd rOm InC yrapnIC IransaIIOn O
Granojbone
sOund buI cXIsIcd O! IIsc! naIuray-Vc, U puI II paIny, aOny Inc COrO-
na suIurc, !Or cXampc. naI VOud nappcn: sOund VOud ncCcssarIy
rcsuI, a scrIcs O! sOunds, musIC . . . .
ccInys-VnICn: nCrcduIIy, IImIdIIy, !car, aVcVnICn O! a !ccInys
ncrc pOssIbc prcVcnIs mc !rOm suyycsIIny a namc !Or Inc prIma sOund
VnICn VOud Incn maKc IIs appcaranCc In Inc VOrd: . . .
caVIny InaI asIdc !Or Inc mOmcnI: VnaI VarIcIy O! Incs, Incn, OCCur-
rIny anyVncrc, COud Onc nOI puI undcr Inc nccdc and Iry OuI: s Incrc any
COnIOur InaI Onc COud nOI, In a scnsc, COmpcIc In InIs Vay and Incn cXpc-
rIcnCc II, as II maKcs IIsc! !cI, Inus Irans!Ormcd, In anOIncr hcd O! scnsc:
I Onc pcrIOd, Vncn bcyan IO InIcrcsI mysc! In rabIC pOcms, VnICn
sccm IO OVc IncIr cXIsIcnCc IO Inc sImuIancOus and cgua COnIrIbuIIOns
!rOm a hVc scnscs, II sIruCK mc !Or Inc hrsI IImc InaI Inc mOdcrn urOpcan
pOcI maKcs usc O! Incsc hVc COnIrIbuIOrs sInyy and In Vcry VaryIny dcyrcc,
Ony Onc O! Incm-sIynI OVcradcn VIIn Inc VOrd-sccmIny IO dOmInaIc
nIm COnsIanIy; nOV sIynI, by COnIrasI, Is Inc COnIrIbuIIOn nc rcCcIVcs !rOm
InaIIcnIIVc ncarIny, nOI IO spcaK O! Inc IndI!!crcnCc O! OIncr scnscs, VnICn
arc aCIIVc Ony On Inc pcrIpncry O! COnsCIOusncss and VIIn many InIcrrup-
IIOns VIInIn Inc ImIIcd spncrc O! IncIr praCIICa aCIIVIIy. nd ycI Inc pcr!cCI
pOcm Can Ony maIcrIaIzc On COndIIIOn InaI InIs VOrd, aCIcd upOn by a
hVc cVcrs sImuIancOusy, Is sccn, undcr a dchnIIc aspcCI, On Inc supcrnaI-
ura panc, VnICn Is, In !aCI, Inc panc O! Inc pOcm.
ady, IO VnOm InIs Vas mcnIIOncd In COnVcrsaIIOn, cXCaImcd InaI
InIs VOndcr!u and sImuIancOus CapaCIIy and aCnIcVcmcnI O! a Inc scnscs
Vas surcy nOInIny buI Inc prcscnCc O! mInd and yraCc O! OVc-InCIdcnIay
snc Incrcby bOrc ncr OVn VIIncss IO Inc subImc rcaIIy O! Inc pOcm. uI
Inc OVcr Is In suCn spcndId danycr usI bcCausc nc musI dcpcnd On Inc CO-
OrdInaIIOn O! nIs scnscs, !Or nc KnOVs InaI Incy musI mccI In InaI unIguc
and rIsKy CcnIcr In VnICn, rcnOunCIny a cXIcnsIOn, Incy COmc IOycIncr and
naVc nO pcrmancnCc.
s VrIIc InIs, naVc bc!Orc mc Inc dIayram VnICn naVc aVays uscd
as a rcady ncp VncncVcr Idcas O! InIs KInd naVc dcmandcd aIIcnIIOn. ! Inc
VOrds VnOc hcd O! cXpcrIcnCc, InCudIny InOsc spncrcs VnICn arc bcyOnd
Our KnOVcdyc, bc rcprcscnIcd In a COmpcIc CIrCc, II VI bc ImmcdIaIcy
cVIdcnI InaI Vncn Inc baCK scCIOrs, dcnOIIny InaI VnICn Vc arc InCapabc
O! cXpcrIcnCIny, arc mcasurcd ayaInsI Inc csscr, IynI scCIIOns, COrrcspOnd
IO InaI VnICn Is IumInaIcd by Inc scnscs, Inc !Ormcr arc Vcry muCn yrcaIcr.
IOV Inc pOsIIIOn O! Inc OVcr Is InIs: InaI nc !ccs nImsc! uncXpcCIcdy
paCcd In Inc CcnIcr O! Inc CIrCc, InaI Is IO say, aI Inc pOInI Vncrc Inc
z Grnojbone
KnOVn and Inc InCOmprcncnsIbc, COmIny OrCIby IOycIncr aI Onc sInyc
pOInI, bcCOmc COmpcIc and sImpy a pOsscssIOn, OsIny Incrcby, II Is Iruc,
a IndIVIdua CnaraCIcr. nIs pOsIIIOn VOud nOI scrVc Or Inc pOcI, Or IndI-
VIdua VarIcIy musI bc COnsIanIy prcscnI Or nIm; nc Is COmpccd IO usc Inc
scnsc scCIOrs IO IncIr u cXIcnI, as II musI asO bc In nIs aIm IO cXIcnd caCn
O Incm as ar as pOssIbc, sO InaI nIs IVcy dcIynI, yIrdcd Or Inc aIIcmpI,
may bc abc IO pass InrOuyn Inc !Vc yardcns In Onc cap.
s Inc OVcrs danycr COnsIsIs In Inc nOnspaIIa CnaraCIcr O nIs sIand-
pOInI, sO Inc pOcIs Ics In nIs aVarcncss O Inc abysscs VnICn dIVIdc Inc Onc
Ordcr O scnsc cXpcrIcnCc rOm Inc OIncr: In IruIn Incy arc su!CIcnIy VIdc
and cnyu!ny IO sVccp aVay rOm bcOrc us Inc yrcaIcr parI O Inc VOrd
VnO KnOVs nOV many VOrds r
nc gucsIIOn arIscs ncrc as IO VncIncr Inc cXIcnI O Incsc scCIOrs On Inc
panc assumcd by us Can bc cnarycd IO any VIIa dcyrcc by Inc VOrK O rc-
scarCn. nc aCnIcVcmcnIs O Inc mICrOsCOpc, O Inc IccsCOpc, and O sO
many dcVICcs VnICn InCrcasc Inc ranyc O Inc scnscs upVard and dOVn-
Vard: dO Incy nOI Ic In anotber spncrc aIOycIncr, sInCc mOsI O Inc InCrcasc
Inus aCnIcVcd CannOI bc InIcrprcIcd by Inc scnscs, CannOI bc cXpcrIcnCcd
In any rca scnscr I Is pcrnaps nOI prcmaIurc IO suppOsc InaI Inc arIIsI, VnO
dcVcOps Inc !Vc-!nycrcd nand O nIs scnscs I Onc may puI II sO) IO cVcr
mOrc aCIIVc and mOrc spIrIIua CapaCIIy, COnIrIbuIcs mOrc dcCIsIVcy Inan
anyOnc csc IO an cXIcnsIOn O Inc scVcra scnsc !cds; Ony Inc aCnIcVcmcnI
VnICn yIVcs prOO O InIs dOcs nOI pcrmII O nIs cnIcrIny nIs pcrsOna cXIcn-
sIOn O IcrrIIOry In Inc ycncra map bcOrc us, sInCc II Is Ony pOssIbc, In Inc
asI rcsOrI, by a mIraCc.
uI I Vc arc OOKIny Or a Vay by VnICn IO csIabIsn Inc COnncCIIOn sO
urycnIy nccdcd bcIVccn Inc dIcrcnI prOVInCcs nOV sO sIranycy scparaIcd
rOm Onc anOIncr, VnaI COud bc mOrc prOmIsIny Inan Inc cXpcrImcnI suy-
ycsIcd carIcr In InIs rcCOcCIIOnr Inc VrIIcr cnds by rcCOmmcndIny II
OnCc ayaIn, nc may bc yIVcn a CcrIaIn amOunI O CrcdII Or VIInsIandIny Inc
IcmpIaIIOn IO yIVc rcc rcIyn IO nIs anCy In ImayInIny Inc rcsuIs O Inc as-
sumpIIOns VnICn nc nas suyycsIcd.
Solio. ntleJayo[tleAssunptiono[tlelesseJ\irin, I1.
IKc dcdICaIcd Inc mOsI ImpassIOnaIc O! rcpOrIs IO pnOnOyrapny. c-
yardcss O! Inc aCI InaI nc VrOIc II On Inc ssumpIIOn, nc Vas a pOcI
and naIcd Inc apprOXimaIc. "' JncrcOrc Inc sIranyc prcCisIOn VIIn
Granojbone
vhich his rcxr cnumcrarcs all rhc parrs ol an appararus rhar Rilkc`s
physics rcachcr, cmploycd nor coincidcnrally ar an impcrial milirary
school,consrrucrcd around t 8po. ^s ilro conhrmrhc hcrionalLdisonol
Tonorrou's te, vhohadnosupplyproblcmsvharsocvcrvhcndcsign-
ingrhcphonograph, acombinarionolcardboard,papcr, rhc brisrlcsola
clorhcs brush, and candlc vaxsulhcc ro opcn a ncv andinhnircly dcli-
carc poinr in rhc rcxrurc olrcaliry. " blivious ro rhc knovlcdgc olrhc
physicsrcachcrand rhc school drill, srudcnrs hcarrhcirovn voiccs. Ior
rhcirvords and ansvcrs asprogrammcdlccdback byrhc cducarionsys-
rcm, bur rhc rcal voicc againsr a backdrop olpurc silcncc or arrcnrion.
^nd ycrrhc unlorgcrrablc" ,inrhc vord`s doublc mcaning) phono-
graphic sound rccording is norarrhc ccnrcr olRilkc`s prolanc illumina-
rion. n rhc loundingagc olmcdia, rhc aurhoris caprivarcdmorc byrhc
rcchnological rcvolurions ol rcading rhan ol vriring. Jhc markings
rraccd onrhc cylindcr" arc physiological rraccs vhosc srrangcncss rran-
sccnds allhumanvoiccs.
Ccrrainly, rhcvrircr is no brain physiologisr. is amarcur srarus ar
rhc Lcolc dcs caux-^rrs cnablcshimro bccomc acquainrcdvirhrhcvi-
cissirudcsolrhcskclcralsrrucrurc,burnorvirhrhc lacilirarions onvhich
Lxncr or rcud bascdrhcirncv scicnccs. urvhcn ir comcsro mounrcd
andcxhibircdskclcrons,Rilkcislascinarcdbyrhar urmosrachicvcmcnr"
knovn asrhc skull, bccausc irvas as ilirhad bccnpcrsuadcdro makc
j usrinrhisparraspccialcllorrro rcndcradccisivcscrviccbyprovidinga
mosr solid prorccrion lor rhc mosr daring lcarurc ol all . " Ouring his
arisiannighrs, Rilkcrcduccsrhcskullsirringinlronrolhimro accrcbral
conraincr.Ocscribingiras rhis parricular srrucrurc" virha boundlcss
hcld olacriviry, " hcmcrclyrcpcarsrhc physiologicalinsighrrhar lor our
ccnrral ncrvous sysrcm, our ovn body is rhc oursidc vorld. " nc no
lcss rhan lcchsig, Schrcbcr`s lamous psychiarrisr, had provcn rhar rhc
ccrcbralcorrcx conrains a sphcrcolphysicalpcrccprion" rharncurolog-
ically rcproduccs all parrs olrhc body, disrorrcd according ro rhcir im-
porrancc.' Rilkc`s bcliclin larcr ycars rhar irvas rhc rask olpocrry ro
rranslcrall givcn darainro an inncr vorld spacc" is bascd on such in-
sighrs.,Lvcnrhoughlircraryscholars,srillbclicvinginrhcomniporcnccol
philosophcrs,chooscrorclarcRilkc`sinncrvorldspaccro usscrl. ) `
rimalSound"lcavcsnodoubrvharsocvcrabourvhichconrcmpo-
rarydcvclopmcnrsvcrcmosrimporranrro lircrarurc in poo.nsrcad ol
lapsinginrorhc usual mclancholic associarions olShakcspcarc`s amlcr
orKcllcr`s Grccncnryar rhc sighr ola humanskull in candlclighr, rhc
vrircr sccs phonographic groovcs.
Granojbone
CoronaIsuturcIromstptostp.
^ rracc or parh or groovc appcars vhcrc rhc lronraI and paricraI
boncs ol rhc "suckIing inlanr"`'-ro usc RiIkc`s anaromicaIIy corrccr
rcrm-havcgrovnrogcrhcr.^silrhclaciIirarionsolrcudandLxncrhad
bccnprojccrcdour olrhcbrainonro irs cncIosurc,rhc nakcd cyc isnov
abIcrorcadrhccoronaIsururc as avriringolrhcrcaI.^rcchnoIogicaIIy
up-ro-darc aurhor loIIovs in rhc vakc olrhc brain physioIogisrs, vho
sinccrhcdaysolGuyauandirrhhavcauromaricaIIyrhoughrolLdison`s
phonograph vhcn dcaIingvirhncrvcparhvays. Norcovcr, RiIkc dravs
concIusionsmorc radicaIrhanaIIscicnrihc boIdncss.clorchim,nobody
hadcvcrsuggcsrcdrodccodcarraccrharnobodyhadcncodcdandrhar
cncodcd norhing.
Lvcr sincc rhc invcnrion olrhc phonograph, rhcrc has bccnvriring
virhoura subjccr. r is no Iongcrncccssaryro assign an aurhorro cvcry
rracc,norcvcn God. "rojccrloraScicnrihcsychoIogy" ccnrcrcdonla-
ciIirarionsinscribcdbyacrsolpcrccprion,burrhcrcisnorcasonnorroscr
rhcgramophoncnccdIcrorandomanaromiclcarurcs.^ rransgrcssion in
rhcIircraIscnscolrhcvord,vhichshakcsrhcvcryvordsuscdrophrasc
ir. ^cousrics ariscslromphysioIogy, rcchnoIogylrom narurc. n RiIkc`s
rimc, skuIIsvcrc mcasurcdinscarcholaII possibIc lcarurcs. inrcIIigcncc
and idiocy, mascuIiniryand lcmininiry, gcnius and raciaI characrcrisrics.
ur rhcir rransposirion inro rhc acousric mcdium rcmaincd a chaIIcngc
rharlorccddors and qucsrionmarksonrorhcvriringhand.
Vharrhc coronaIsururcyicIds uponrcpIayis a primaI soundvirh-
our a namc, a music virhour norarion, a sound cvcn morc srrangc rhan
Granojbone y
any incanrarion lor rhc dcadlor vhich rhc skull could havc bccn uscd.
Ocprivcd olirsshcIlac,rhcdupcdnccdlc produccs soundsrhar"arc nor
rhcrcsulrolagraphicrransposirionola norc" burarcanabsoIurcrrans-
lcr,rhar is, a mcraphor. ^vrircr rhus cclcbrarcs rhc vcry opposirc olhis
ovnmcdium-rhcvhircnoiscnovriringcansrorc.JcchnoIogicaImcdia
opcrarc againsr a background ol noisc bccausc rhcir dara rravcI along
physicaI channcls, as in blurring in rhc casc olhlm orrhc sound olrhc
nccdIcinrhc casc olrhc gramophonc,lhar noisc dcrcrmincsrhcir signal-
ro-noiscrario. ^ccordingro^rnhcim,rharisrhcpriccrhcypaylordcliv-
cringrcproducrions rhar arc arrhc samcrimc cllccrsolrhc rcproduccd.
Ioisciscmirrcd byrhcchannclsmcdiahavcrocross.
n ,z, hvc ycars alrcr Rilkc`s "rimal Sound, " Rudolph Lorhar
vrorcTbe Ta//ing Macbine Tecbnica/-estbetic ssa,. ascd onrhc
nor-vcry-inlormcd prcmisc rhar "phiIosophcrs and psychoIogisrs havc
hirhcrro vrirrcn abour rhc arrs" and "ncglccrcd" phonography,` Lorhar
drcvupancvacsrhcric. rskcyproposirionsccnrcrcxcIusivclyonrhcrc-
Iarionship bcrvccn noisc and signaIs.
Jhctaking machinc occupics a spccia position in acsthctics andmusic. tdc-
mandsa tvoIodcapacityIoriusion,aniusionvorking intvodircctions. Ln
thconchand,itdcmandsthatvcignorcandovcrookitsmcchanicaIcaturcs.^s
vcknov, cvcry rccord comcs vith intcrIcrcncc. ^s connoisscurs vc arc not a-
ovcdu hcarthisintcrIcrcncc, just asin a thcatcrvc arc obigcd to ignorc both
thc inc that scts oIIthc stagc and thc Iramc surrounding thc sccnc. c havcto
Iorgctvc arcvitncssingactors incostumcsandmakcupvhoarcnotrcaycxpc-
ricncingvhatthcyarcpcrIorming. Jhcyarcmcrcypayingparts. c, hovcvcr,
prctcnd to takc thcirappcaranccIorrcaity. LnyiIvcIorgctthatvc arc insidc a
thcatcrcanvcrcaycnjoy dramaticart.Jhis asiI"isgcncratcd byourcapacity
Ior iusion. Lny vhcn vc Iorgct that thc voicc oIthc singcr is comingIrom a
voodcn box, vhcnvc no ongcr hcar any intcrIcrcncc, vhcnvc can suspcnd it
thc vay vc arc abcto suspcndastagc-onythcn vi thc takingmachinccomc
into itsovn artisticay.
but, on thc othcr hand, thc machinc dcmands that vc givc bodics to thc
sounds cmanatingIrom it. orcxampc, vhic paying an aria sung by a Iamous
singcr vc scc thc stagc hc stands on, vc scc him drcsscd in an appropriatc cos-
ti)mc.Jhcmorc itis inkcdtoourmcmorics,thcstrongcrthcrccord's cIIcctvi
bc. Pothingcxcitcsmcmorymorcstrongythanthchumanvoicc,maybcbccausc
nothing isIorgottcn asguickyas a voicc. Lur mcmory oIit, hovcvcr, docs not
dic-its timbrc andcharactcrsinkintoour subconsciousvhcrc thcyavaitthcir
rcviva.hathasbccnsaidaboutthcvoiccnaturayasoappicstoinstrumcnts.
c sccPikischconductthc C-minorsymphony,vc scc!rciscrviththcvioinat
hischin, vc scctrumpcts Iashing in thc sunvhcnistcningtomiitarymarchcs.
,6 Grnojbone
butthccapacityIoriusionthatcnabcs ustoignorcboxcsandintcrIcrcncc and
Iurnishcs toncsvithavisibc backgroundrcguircsmusica scnsitivity. Jhisisthc
mostimportantpoint oIphonographic acsthctics.Jhctakingmachinccan ony
grant artistic satisIaction to musica pcopc. or ony musicians posscss thc ca-
pacityIor iusionncccssaryIorcvcrycnjoymcntoIart.`
Naybc Rilkc, vho lovcd rhc gong, virh irs rcsounding mixrurc ol
lrcqucncics, abovc all orhcr insrrumcnrs, vasn`r a musicalpcrson.`is
acsrhcric-"rimal Sound" isRilkc`sonlyrcxrabourarrandrhc bcaurilul
ingcncral-subvcrrs rhc rvo illusionsro vhich Lorharvanrs ro commir
rcadcrs orgramophonc lisrcncrs. romrhclacrrhar "cvcryrccordcomcs
virh inrcrlcrcnccs" hcdravs opposirc conclusions. Rcplayingrhc skull`s
coronary sururc yiclds norhing bur noisc. ^nd rhcrc is no nccd ro add
somc hallucinarcd bodyvhcnlisrcningrosignsrhararcnorrhc rcsulrol
rhcgraphicrranslarionolanorcburrarhcrrandomanaromicallincs.od-
icsrhcmsclvcs gcncrarcnoisc.^ndrhcimpossiblcrcalrranspircs.
l coursc, rhc cnrcrrainmcnr indusrry is all on Lorhar`s sidc. ur
rhcrchavcbccnandrhcrcsrillarccxpcrimcnrsrharpursucRilkc`sprimal
sound virh rcchnologically morc sophisricarcd mcans. n rhc vakc ol
Nondrianandrhcruirisrs,vhovanrcdroinrroduccnoiscinrolircrarurc
andmusic) , Noholy-Iagyalrcadysuggcsrcdin:,z rurning "rhcgramo-
phonc lrom an insrrumcnr olrcproducrioninro a producrivc onc, gcncr-
aring acousric phcnomcna virhour any prcvious acousric cxisrcncc by
scrarchingrhcncccssarymarksonrorhcrccord."``^nobviousanalogyro
Rilkc`ssuggcsrionolcliciring soundslrom rhc skullrharvcrcnorrhc rc-
sulrola priorgraphic rranslormarion. ^rriumph lorrhc conccprollrc-
qucncy. in conrrasrro rhc "narrovncss" ola "scalc" rharis "possibly a
rhousand ycars old" and ro vhichvc rhcrclorc no longcrmusradhcrc,`'
Noholy-Iagy`s crchings allovlorunlimircd rransposirionlrommcdium
ro mcdium. ^nygraphisms-including rhosc, nor coincidcnrally, domi-
naringNondrian`spainrings-rcsulrinasound.Vhichisvhyrhccxpcr-
imcnrcraskslorrhc "srudyolgraphicsignsolrhcmosrdivcrsc , simulra-
ncousandisolarcd) acousricphcnomcna" andrhc "usc olprojccrionma-
chincs" or "hlm. "`
Lnginccrs and rhc avanr-gardc rhink alikc. ^r rhc samc rimc as
Noholy-Iagy`scrching, rhchrsrplansvcrcmadc lor soundhlm, onc ol
rhc hrsr indusrrially connccrcd mcdia sysrcms. "Jhc invcnrion ol Nr.
Vogr, Or. Lngcl, and Nr. Nasollc, rhc spcaking Jri-Lrgon-hlm, " vas
bascd on a "highlycomplicarcdproccss" olmcdialrranslormarionsrhar
could only bc hnanccd virh rhc hclp olmillion-dollar invcsrmcnrs lrom
Granojbone ;
Gramophoncrccord. !hoto: Nohoy-Pagy)
rhc C.Lorcnz Company.` Jhc invcnrors sayolir, "^cousricvavcs cma-
naringlromrhc sccnc arc convcrrcd inro clccrriciry, clccrriciry is rurncd
inro lighr, lighrinrorhc silvcr coloring olrhc posirivc and ncgarivc, rhc
coloring olrhc hlm back inro lighr, vhich is rhcn convcrrcd back inro
clccrriciry bclorc rhc scvcnrh and hnal rranslormarion rurns clccrriciry
inrorhcmcchanicalopcrarionolavcakmcmbrancgivingollsounds. "`'
rcqucncics rcmain lrcqucncics rcgardlcss olrhcir rcspccrivc carricr
mcdium. Jhc symbolic corrclarion olsound inrcrvals and plancrary or-
birs,vhichsincc Ciccro`s] Drean oj Scijio madcuprhcharmonyolrhc
sphcrcs, is rcplaccd by corrcspondcnccs in rhc rcal. n ordcrro synchro-
nizc, srorc, and rcproducc acousric cvcnrs and imagc scqucnccs, sound
hlms can lcr rhcm vandcr scvcn rimcs lrom onc carricr ro rhc ncxr. n
Noholy-Iagy`sovnvords,hisrccordcrchingsarccapablcolgcncraring
a "ncv mcchanical harmony". "Jhc individual graphic signs arc cxam-
incd and rhcirproporrions arc lormularcd asa lav. ,crc vc maypoinr
,8 Granojbone
bockschcmaticoIahahaogvocodcr. Jhcsyhthcsiscompohcht
isih thcovcr sighapath, thc ahaysis compohcht, ihthc uppcr
sigha path. Jhcattcr'sov- ahd high-passhtcrsimitthc ihput,
Ior cxampc, oIspccch," vhicits bahd-passhtcrs brcakdovhthc
audibc rahgcihtoscvcracompohchtIrcguchcychahhcs.oovihg
itscoordihatiohaschvcopccurvcs,thcahaysis output-usihga
svitchihgmatrixvith arbitrariychosch corrcspohdchccs bctvcch
thcsighapaths-cohtros thc votagc-cohtroIcdampihcrs VC^s),
vhoscbahd-passhtcrshavcaso brokchdovhthc ihput" or
carricrihto scvcracompohchtIrcguchcychahhcs. Jhcsumsigha
atthc cxit oIthcvocodcr) appcars asahihstrumchtasouhd
chcodcd bya voicc vox).
ouraconsidcrarionrharis arprcscnrsrilluropian.bascdonsrricrpropor-
rional lavsgraphicsigns canbcrransposcdinromusic. ) "'

Jhis idca had losr irs uropian characrcr long bclorc ir vas vrirrcn
dovn. ouricr`s solurion olall conrinuous luncrions , including musical
norcs) inrosums olpurc sinc harmonics vas achicvcdbclorcclmholrz
and Ldison. Valsh`s cqually marhcmarical proolrhar squarc vavc vibra-
rions may also scrvc as summands olrhc ouricr analysis vas roughly
conrcmporancous virh Noholy-Iagy`s vrirings. ^s a rcsulr, in :,6,
Robcrr ^. Noog, virhhis clccrronic ralcnrs and rhc ^mcricanvicc ol
modularrcpcririon,"'' vasablcrocquip allrhcsound srudiosandrock
bands olrhis vorldvirh synrhcsizcrs. ^subrracrivc sound analysis, rhar
is, oncconrrollcd bylrcqucncyhlrcrs, rranslcrsrhcproporrionalrclarion-
shipsolgraphicdcpicrions , rccranglcs,savroorhcurvcs,rrianglcs,rrapc-
zoids, and maybc cvcn sinc curvcs) inro rhc music cnvisioncd by Non-
drian andNoholy-Iagy.'
Rilkc`s urgcnrdcmandro pur undcrrhc nccdlc andrry oura "varicry
ollincs, occurringanyvhcrc," U "complcrc ir] inrhis vayand rhcn cx-
Grnojbone ,,
pcricncc ir, as ir makcs irscll lclr, rhus rranslormcd, inanorhcr hcld ol
scnsc". iris rcalizcd cvcry nighr inrhccombinarion olamplihcrandos-
cillographicdisplay.
ur rhcrc is morc ro ir. crvccn ,,z and :,y , vhilc vorking lor
cll laboraroricsandrhcririshSccrcrScrvicc,rcspccrivcly, Shannonand
Juring dcvclopcd rhc vocodcr, a vondcr vcapon rhar vould makc rhc
rransarlanric rclcphonc convcrsarions bcrvccn Churchill and Rooscvclr
salc lrom inrcrccprion by Canaris and rhc Gcrman ^bvchr'` and rhar,
likcsomanyclccrronicachicvcmcnrsolrhcSccondVorldVar,isnovin-
dispcnsablcro popularmusic.rlivcsupro irsnamc.ircncodcsanygivcn
darasrrcam virhrhc cnvclopccurvcsolanorhcrsoundscqucncc, lor
cxamplc, rhc voicc ola singcr, alrcr a svirching marrix has changcd rhc
lrcqucncyolrhc cnvclopc curvcs byvayollrccpcrmurarion. nrhccasc
olLauric^ndcrson`sclccrronicviolin,rhconc-rhirdocravcbandbcrvccn
,o and y y o z lollovs in absolurc synchroniciry rhc volumc hcrvoicc
happcns ro havc in rhc onc-rhird ocravc band bcrvccn : ;6o and 22OO
z, vhilc a rhird onc-rhird ocravc band ol hcr songs conrrols a lourrh
band olhcr violin, and so on and so lorrh. rimal sounds do nor cor-
rcspond ro anaromical lcarurcs and sounds do nor lollov Nondrian`s
graphics, rarhcr, rhcparadoxicalrcsulrisrhar onc and rhc samcconrrols
oncandrhc samc. onc acousrics conrrolsrhcorhcr.
Jorcsrhisvocodcr, byrhcvay,Juringhrsr playcd a rccord olVin-
sron Churchill`s bclligcrcnr voicc, vhosc discrccr or cur-up samplcd val-
ucshcrhcnmixcdvirhanoiscgcncraror usingmodularaddirion.Vhcrc-
upon rirish olhccrs hcard rhc voicc olrhcir primc minisrcr and com-
mandcr in chicl conraminarc rhc spcakcrs as jusr so much vhirc noisc
,norro say, primalsound) . ^ppropriarcly,Juring`svocodcrvasnamcdal-
rcr Oclilah, vho in rhc ook ol ]udgcs rrickcd anorhcr varrior, rhc
Oanairc Samson, our olrhc sccrcr olhis srrcngrh. Juring`s skill as a rin-
kcrcr, hovcvcr, rcvcalcd rhc sccrcr ol modcrn polirical discoursc ro bc
somcrhing lar vorsc rhan vcakncss. iris "a pcrlccrly cvcn and uninlor-
marivc hiss,"'vhich ollcrcd no rcgularirics and, rhcrclorc, norhing in-
rclligiblcrorhccarsolririsholhccrsorrhosc olGcrmancavcsdroppcrs.
^nd ycr, scnr rhrough rhc vocodcr a sccond rimc, Churchill`s original
voicccmcrgcdlromrhcrcccivingcnd.
Jhis isvharhas bccomc olrhc "abysscs" rhar, accordingro Rilkc`s
ingcnious lormula, "dividc rhc onc ordcr ol scnsc cxpcricncc lrom rhc
orhcr. " n roday`s mcdia ncrvorks, algorirhmically lormalizcd dara
srrcamscanrravcrscrhcmall.Ncdialacilirarcallpossiblcmanipularions.
acousricsignalsconrrolrhcopricalsignalsollighrconsolcs, clccrroniclan-
,o Granojbone
guagcconrroIsrhcacousricourpurolcompurcrmusic,and,inrhccascol
rhc vocodcr, onc scr ol acousric signals conrrols anorhcr. inally, Icv
York discjockcys rurn rhc csorcricgraphisms olNoholy-Iagy inro rhc
cvcrydaycxpcricnccolscrarchmusic.
urRilkc`sasrurcdiagnosisonlyapplicsrorhcloundingagcvhcnrhc
rhrcc ur-mcdia-phonograph, hlm, and rypcvrircr-hrsr dillcrcnriarcd
acousrics,oprics,andvriring.Icvcrrhclcss,asilanriciparingroday`smc-
dia sysrcms, hc scarchcd lor a vayro csrablish rhc connccrion so ur-
gcnrlynccdcdbcrvccnrhcdiIlcrcnrprovinccsnovsosrrangclyscpararcd
lromonc anorhcr. " Vhich isvhyhclcllback on ^rabicpocms, vhich
sccm ro ovc rhcircxisrcncc ro rhc simulrancous and cqual conrriburions
lromallhvcscnscs, " and vhich lcrcycs rraincd inrhc arrolcalligraphy
cnjoy rhc vcry marcrialiry ollcrrcrs. Jhis cxplains his criricism, hisrori-
callycxrrcmclyaccurarc,ollircrarycpochssuchasrhc^gcolGocrhc,in
vhich sighr" aloncsccmsrodominarcaurhors andrcadcrsbccausccor-
rccrrcadinginvolvcs a hallucinaroryproccssrharrurnsvordsinro arcal
and visiblc vorld. Jhis cxplains as vcll his proposirion lor an cqually
lyricalandscicnrihccoronalsururcphonography,vhichvouldpaymorc
arrcnrionroacousricsrhandidrhc inarrcnrivc hcaring" olaurhorslrom
rhc^gc olGocrhc.
ur bclorc Rilkc vrorc dovn his proposal on rhc ^ssumprion in rhc
alpinc solirudc olrhc crgcll,hc rclarcdirro a voman. Synchroniciry ol
rhc asynchronic: onrhc onchand avrircrvhosc cxrcnsion" orcombi-
narionolscnsorymcdiagocsbcyond"rhcvorkolrcscarch", onrhcorhcr
a voman vho misrakcs coronal sururc phonography lor "lovc, " and
lovc-asinvolunrarycvidcncclor "rhc sublimc rcaliryolrhcpocm"-lor
pocms. nly aslong as rhc unchallcngcd and unrivalcd mcdium olrhc
bookvasablcrosimularcrhcsroragcolallpossiblcdarasrrcamsdidlovc
rcmain lircrarurc andlircrarurc lovc, rhc asccnsionollcmalc rcadcrs.
ur avrircrvhoscschoolrcachcsphysicsinsrcadolphilosophyob-
jccrs.Jhccombinarionolscnsorydarasrrcamsachicvcdbylovcisdcvoid
olpcrmancncc. " rcannorbcsrorcdbyanymcdium. Norcovcr,irloscs
allindividual characrcr. " Jharis,no rcal can pass rhrough rhchlrcrol
lovc.Vhichisvhylovcdocs norscrvclorrhcpocr,lorindividualvari-
cry musrbcconsranrlyprcscnrlor him, hc is compcllcdro uscrhc scnsc
sccrors ro rhcir lull cxrcnr, " or, simply, ro bccomc a mcdia rcchnician
amongmcdiarcchnicians.
Narincrri`s Tecbnica/ Manijesto oj Iuturist Literature ol :,: z pro-
claimcd rhar crovds ol masscd molcculcs and vhirling clccrrons arc
Granojbone ,
morc cxciring rhanrhc smilcs or rcars ola voman ,di una donna) . '` n
orhcr vords. lircrarurc dclccrs lrom crorics ro srochasrics, lrom rcd lips
rovhircnoisc. Narincrri`smolccularsvarmsand vhirling clccrrons arc
mcrcly insranccs olrhcrovnianmorionrharhumancycscanonlypcr-
ccivc in rhc shapc oldancing sun parriclcs burrhar in rhc rcal arc rhc
noisc onall channcls. ^ccordingro Rilkc, rhc "abysscs" dividingrhc or-
dcrs ol scnsc cxpcricncc arc "sullicicnrly vidc and cngulling ro svccp
avay lrom bclorc us rhc grcarcr parr olrhc vorld-vho knovs hov
many vorlds : " Vhich is vhy lovc is no longcr sullicicnr lor aurhors
vho, likc Rilkc himscll, rranscribc all rhc dcrails ol scnsory pcrccprion
inro an inncr vorld-spacc knovn asrhc brain or lircrarurc and, subsc-
qucnrly, phonographicallyrraccrhclacilirarionsolrhisuniqucconraincr
asprimalsoundirscll.
honography, norarion, and a ncv croricism-rhis is prcciscly rhc
consrcllarion dcscribcd byNauricc Rcnard in a shorrsroryol :,o;, rcn
ycars prior ro Rilkc`s cssay. Vhar Rilkc sav in rhc coronal sururc Rc-
nard`s hcririous composcrIcrval cncounrcrs inaroaringscashcll,vhich,
likc Rilkc`s skull, is a physiological subsrirurc lor Ldison`s appararus.
Jhirryycars larcr aul Valcry uscd almosr rhc samc rirlc as rhar olRc-
nard`s sroryro cclcbrarcshclls as archirccrural vorks olan arrisric na-
rurc,''burRcnardlocuscsonrhcccnrralncrvoussysrcm,onrhclabyrinrh
olshclls, auriclcs, and sound. Sincc machincs havc rakcn ovcr rhc lunc-
rions olrhcccnrral ncrvous sysrcm, nobody can sayvhcrhcrrhcroaring
comcs lromrhc blood orlromrhc sircns,lromrhc cars orlromrhc sca
goddcss^mphirrirc.
mADRI CB RBrARO,

OBATH ArO THB s HB L L

-
: o ; )
Andhcrshapcisol suchmysrcriousnasrincssrhatyou
braccyourscllrolisrcn.
- H P: R I D R i L : 1 R _ Contesd soi-ncne
Iurrhcshcllbackvhcrc irbclongs,ocror, anddonorholdirroyourcar
lorrhcplcasurcolmisrakingrhcroaringolyourbloodvirhrharolrhcsca.
Iurir back.hcvcrymanvcjusrburicd,ourbclovcdgrcarmusician,
vouldsrill bcalivchadhcnorcommirrcdrhc childishmisrakcollisrcning
ro vharrhcmourholashcllhasrosay. . . Ycsindccd.crval,yourvcry
ovnparicnr. . . Youralk olcongcsrion?Naybc. urIam skcprical. crc
arcmyrcasons. Kccp rhcmro yourscll.
j2 Granojbone
asI CdnCsday nIynI, On InC day bCOrC InC aCCIdCnI, dInCd aI ICr-
vas. Is C!OsC rICnds navC bCCn mCCIIny InCrC CvCry CdnCsday Or IVCnIy
yCars. JnCrC VCrC hvC In InC bCyInnIny. uI InIs IImC, and Or InC hrsI IImC,
InCrC VCrC Ony IVO O us: a sIrOKC, a COnIayIOus !u, and a suICIdC CI ICr-
va! and mC aCIny CaCn OInCr. nCn yOu rCaCn sIXIy suCn a sIIuaIIOn nas
nOInIny amusIny abOuI II. AOu KCCp asKIny yOursC VnO VI bC nCXI.
JnC mCa Vas as yOOmy as a unCra CasI. JnC yrCaI man rCmaInCd
sICnI. dId CvCryInIny pOssIbC IO CnCCr nIm up. ^aybC nC Vas mOurnIny
OInCr dCaIns, InC sCCrCCy O VnICn madC InCm CvCn mOrC bIIICr . . . .
ndCCd, nC Vas mOurnIny OInCrs.
C VCnI IO nIs sIudy. JnC pIanO nad nOI bCCn COsCd; On II InCrC Vas
InC hrsI payC O a nCV COmpOsIIIOn.
naI arC yOu VOrKIny On, ICrva :
C raIsCd nIs hnyCr and spOKC IKC a sad prOpnCI annOunCIny nIs yOd:
-njbitrite. "
-njbitrite! I asIl Or nOV many yCars navC yOu bCCn savIny nCr up:
oInCC InC OmC prIzC. VaIICd and VaIICd. JnC OnyCr a VOrK I s a-
OVCd IO maIurC, InC bCIICr II Is, and VanICd IO InusC II VIIn InC drCam
and CXpCrICnCC O a VnOC IC . . . bCICvC II Is IImC . . .
sympnOnIC pOCm, IsnI II: . . . rC yOu saIIshCd:
ICrva snOOK nIs nCad.
IO. n a pInCn, II mIynI VOrK . . . ^y InOuynIs arC nOI dIsIOrICd bC-
yOnd rCCOynIIIOn . . .
C InICrprCICd InC prCudC VIIn yrCaI vIrIuOsIIy: a JraIn O ICpIunC.
AOu VI rCIsn II, OCIOr; II Is a mIraCCl
AOu sCC, ICrva saId IO mC VnIC sIrIKIny sIranyC, OuIrayCOus, and
bruIa CnOrds, up IO InIs anarC O JrIIOns II VOrKs . . .
^arvCOus, ansVCrCd; InCrC Is . . .
uI, ICrva COnIInuCd, InaI Is a InCrC Is IO II. JnC CnOIr InaI O-
OVs . . . a aIurC. ACs, Can CC my pOVCrCssnCss IO VrIIC II . . . I Is IOO
bCauIIu. C nO OnyCr KnOV . . . I VOud navC IO bC COmpOsCd InC Vay
nIdIas CrCaICd nIs sCupIurCs; II VOud navC IO bC a arInCnOn, as sImpC
as . . . C nO OnyCr KnOV . . . al nC suddCny sCrCamCd, IO navC arrIvCd
InCrC, . . .
IsICn, saId IO nIm, yOu arC amOny InC mOsI amOus, sO . . .
oO, I InIs Is nOV Cnd up, VnaI dO OInCrs KnOV: uI aI CasI InCIr
mCdIOCrIIy Is a bCssIny, VnICn Is IIsC mCdIOCrC and saIIshCd VIIn IIIC.
amOusl naI Is amC VnCn CnyuCd In sadnCssl . . .
JnC pCaKs arC aVays COudCdl . . .
Granojbone j
nOuyn, ICrVa rCsumCd, a CCasC-hrC Or !aIICryl nIs Is Iruy a sad
nOur, sO CI us, I yOu VIsn, dCdICaIC II IO rCa sOrrOVs. C OVC II IO InC
dCparICd.
OOVIny InCsC raInCr mysICrIOus VOrds nC IOOK a pnOnOyrapn rOm
undCrnCaIn a banKCI. undCrsIOOd.
AOu Can VC ImayInC, OCIOr, InaI InIs pnOnOyrapn dId nOI pay InC
OIpOurrI rOm Tbe Do//, pCrOrmCd by InC CpubICan Luard undCr
arCs. nC VCry ImprOVCd, sOnOrOus, and CCar maCnInC Ony nad a CV
CyIndCrs. I mCrCy spOKC . . .
ACs, yOu yuCssCd II: On CdnCsday InC dCad spOKC IO us . . .
OV ICrrIbC II Is IO nCar InIs COppCr InrOaI and IIs sOunds rOm bCyOnd
InC yraVCl I Is mOrC Inan a pnOIOyrapnIC, Or nad bCIICr say CInCmaIO-
yrapnIC, sOmCInIny; II Is InC VOICC IIsC, InC IVIny VOICC, sII aIVC amOny
CarrIOn, sKCCIOns, nOInInynCss . . .
nC COmpOsCr Vas sumpCd In nIs CnaIr nCXI IO InC hrCsIdC. C IsICnCd
VIIn paInuy KnII brOVs IO InC ICndCr InInys Our dCparICd COmradCs saId
rOm InC dCpIns O InC aIar and InC yraVC.
C, sCICnCC dOCs naVC IIs adVanIayCs, ICrVa! s a sOurCC O mIraCCs
and passIOns II Is apprOaCnIny arI.
LCrIaIny. nC mOrC pOVCru InC ICCsCOpCs, InC aryCr InC numbCr O
sIars Is yOIny IO bC. \ COursC sCICnCC nas IIs yOOd sIdCs. uI Or us II Is sII
IOO yOuny. \ny Our nCIrs VI bCnChI rOm II. IIn InC nCp O CaCn nCV In-
VCnIIOn InCy VI bC abC IO ObsCrVC anCV InC aCC O Our CCnIury and IsICn
IO InC sOunds madC by Our yCnCraIIOn. uI VnO Is abC IO prOCCI InC InCns
O urIpIdCs OnIO a sCrCCn Or maKC nCard InC VOICC O oappnOr
C IVCnCd up and payCd VIIn a aryC snC nC nad absCnImIndCdy
IaKCn O InC CnImnCy manICpICCC.
apprCCIaICd InC ObCCI InaI Vas IO rCVIVC nIs spIrIIs, and bCCausC an-
IICIpaICd InaI InC CabOraIIOn O InC sCICnIIhC, I nOI paradOXICa, InCmC
VOud amusC nIm, rCsumCd:
CVarC OI dCspaIr. IaIurC rCguCnIy dCIynIs In anIICIpaIIny sCICnCC,
VnICn In Iurn OICn mCrCy ImIIaICs II. aKC pnOIOyrapny, Or InsIanCCl nC
VOrd Can sCC InC IraCCs O an anICdIuVIan CrCaIurC In a musCum bCICVC
II Is InC brOnIOsaurus-and InC sOI rCIaIns InC marKs O InC raIn InaI Vas
aIny VnCn InC bCasI VaKCd by. naI a prCnIsIOrIC snapsnOI!
ICrVa Vas nOdIny InC snC IO nIs Car.
CauIIu, InC rOarIny O InIs sICInOsCOpC, nC saId; II rCmInds mC
O InC bCaCn VnCrC Ound IIan Isand O oaCrnO . . . II Is Od and
CrumbIny.
jq Granojbone
usCd InC OppOrIunIIy.
Car rICnd, VnO KnOVs: nC pupIs O InC dyIny arC saId IO rCIaIn InC
asI ImayC InCy rCCCIVCd . . . naI I InIs Car-snapCd snaI sIOrCd InC sOunds
II nCard aI sOmC CrIIICa mOmCnIInC ayOny O mOusKs, maybCr nd
VnaI I InC rOsy Ips O IIs snC VCrC IO pass II On IKC a yrapnOpnOnCr In
a, yOu may bC IsICnIny IO InC sur O OCCans CCnIurICs Od . . .
uI ICrVa nad rIsCn. IIn a COmmandIny yCsIurC nC bId mC bC guICI.
Is dIzzy CyCs OpCnCd as I OVCr an abyss. C nCd InC dOubC-nOrnCd yrOIIO
IO nIs ICmpC as I CaVCsdrOppIny On InC InrCsnOd O a mysICry. nypnOIIC
CCsIasy rCndCrCd nIm mOIIOnCss.
ICr rCpCaICdy InsIsICd, nC rCuCIanIy nandCd mC InC snC.
I HrsI Vas Ony abC IO maKC OuI a yuryIny O Oam, InCn InC nardy
audIbC IurmOI O InC OpCn sCa. sCnsCd-nOV Can nOI say-InaI InC sCa
Vas VCry buC and VCry anCICnI. nd InCn, suddCny, VOmCn VCrC sInyIny
and passIny by . . . Innuman VOmCn VnOsC nymn Vas VId and usIu IKC
InC sCrCam O a CrazCd yOddCss . . . ACs, OCIOr, InaIs nOV II Vas: a sCrCaU
and yCI a nymn. nCsC VCrC InC InsIdIOus sOnys LIrCC VarnCd us nOI IO Is-
ICn IO, Or Ony VnCn IICd IO InC masI O a yaCy VIIn rOVCrs VnOsC Cars arC
HCd VIIn VaX . . . uI Vas InaI rCay CnOuyn IO prOICCI OnCsC rOm InC
danyCrr . . .
COnIInuCd IO IsICn.
nC sCa CrCaIurCs dIsappCarCd InIO InC dCpIns O InC snC. nd yCI
mInuIC by mInuIC InC samC maddCnIny sCCnC Vas rCpCaICd, pCrIOdICay, as
I by pnOnOyrapn, InCCssanIy and nCVCr dImInIsnCd.
ICrVa snaICnCd InC snC aVay rOm mC and ran IO InC pIanO. Or a
Ony IImC nC IrICd IO VrIIC dOVn InC sCXua sCrCamIny O InC yOddCssCs.
I IVO In InC mOrnIny nC yaVC up.
nC rOOm Vas sIrCVn VIIn baCKCnCd and IOrn snCCIs O musIC.
AOu sCC, yOu sCC, nC saId IO mC, nOI CVCn VnCn am dICIaICd IO Can
IransCrIbC InC CnOIrl . . .
C sumpCd baCK InIO nIs CnaIr, and dCspIIC my COrIs, nC COnIInuCd IO
IsICn IO InC pOIsOn O InIs aCan.
I Our OCOCK nC sIarICd IO IrCmbC. bCyyCd nIm IO IC dOVn. C
snOOK nIs nCad and sCCmCd IO Can OVCr InC InVIsIbC maCsIrOm.
I na pasI HVC ICrVa C ayaInsI InC marbC CnImnCynC Vas dCad.
nC snC brOKC InIO a InOusand pICCCs.
O yOu bCICVC InaI InCrC arC pOIsOns Or InC Car mOdCCd On dCady
pCrumCs Or CIna pOIIOnsr VCr sInCC asI CdnCsday> aCOusIIC prCsCnIa-
IIOn naVC nOI bCCn CCIny VC. I Is my Iurn IO yO . . . OOr ICrVa . . .
Granojbone y y
CCICr, yCu CIaIm nC dICd C CCnyCsIICn . . . and VnaI I nC dICU oecause be
beard tbe sirens singing?
ny arC yCu IauynInyr
JnCrC naVC bCCn bCIICr guCsIICns IC CCnCIudC anIasIIC IaCs. uI In Vays
bCIn smCCIn and CCmICaI CnarUs anIasy HnUs IIs Vay InIC ICCnnICaI
manuas. n :,oz, In InC HrsI \Crman mCnCyrapn Cn Care and Usage oj
Modern Sjea/ing Macbines /|bonograjb, Grajbojbone and Grano-
jbone), IrCU arzCr-LnbaCnCr prCmIsCs InaI yrapnCpnCnCsa \C-
IumbIa branU namC aIsC usCU by CnarUVIII bC abC IC buIId arCnIVCs
and CCICCIICns Cr aI pCssIbIC mCmCrICs :
Chcrishcd ovcd oncs, dcar Iricnds, and Iamous individuas vho havc Iong sincc
passcd avayviycarsatcrtaktousagainviththcsamcvividncssandvarmth;
thcvaxcyindcrstransportus back intimctothchappydaysoIyouth-vchcar
thc spccch oIthosc vho ivcd countcss ycars bcIorc us, vhom vc ncvcr kncv,
and vhosc namcsvcrc onyhandcd dovn byhistory.
Cnards narraICr CIarIHCs suCn praCIICaI aUVICC Cr InICrCsICd Cus-
ICmCrs by pCInIIny CuI InaI InC pnCnCyrapnIC rCCCrUIny C UCaU rICnds
surpassCs InCIr CInCmaICyrapnIC ImmCrIaIIzaIICn: InsICaU C bIaCKanU-
VnIIC pnanICm dCubICs In InC rCam C InC ImayInary, bCdICs appCar by
VIrIuC C InCIr VCICCs In a rCaI InaI CnCC ayaIn Can CnIy bC mCasurCU In Cu-
pnCmIsms: by CarrICn Cr sKCCICns. I bCCCmCs pCssIbIC IC CCn]urC up
rICnUs as VCI as InC UCaU VnCsC namCs VCrC CnIy nandCd UCVn by nIs-
ICry. \nCC ICCnnCICyICaI mCdIa yuaranICC InC sImIIarIIy C InC UCaU IC
sICrCd UaIa by IurnIny InCm InIC InC aIICrs mCCnanICaI prCduCI, InC
bCunUarICs C InC bCUy, UCaIn anU IusI, ICaVC InC mCsI IndCIIbC IraCCs.
CCCrdIny IC CnarU, CyCs rCIaIn HnaI VIsICns as snapsnCIs; aCCCrdIny IC
InC sCICnIIHC-psyCnCICyICa dCICrmInaIICns C CnCdICI and IbCI, InCy
CVCn rCIaIn InCsC VIsICns In InC snapC C IImC-IapsC pnCICyrapny. nd I, In
sIrICI anaICyy, InC rCarIny snCII CnIy rCpIays IIs ayCny, InCn CVCn InC dCad-
CsI C yCUs and yCUdCssCs aCnICVC aCCusIIC prCsCnCC. JnC snCII InaI C-
nards HCIIIICus CCmpCsCr IsICns IC Vas nCI Cund Cn a naIuraI bCaCn; II
IaKCs InC pIaCC C InC mCuInpICCCs C a ICCpnCnC Cr a ICudspCaKCr Capa-
bIC C brIUyIny ICmpCra UIsIanCCs In CrdCr IC CCnnCCI nIm VIIn an anIIg-
uIIy prCCCUIny aII UIsCCursC. JnC sCunU CmanaIIny rCm suCn a rCCCIVCr Is
CnCC ayaIn IIKCs prImaI sCund, buI as purC sCXuaIIy, as ditine c/aneur
y 6 Granojbone
seue//e. Jhc"rosylips" andrhc "doublc-horncdgrorro" olirsanaromy
lcavc rhar in as lirrlc doubr as rhc dcarh ol rhc old man ro vhom rhcy
appcar.
Jhus Rcnard`s shorr sroryinrroduccs a long scrics ollircrary phan-
rasms rhar rcvrirc croricism irscll undcr rhc condirions olgramophony
and rclcphony. ^s a rcsulr, apparirions no longcr comprisc rhosc cndcar-
ing imagcs olvomcnvhom, as Kcllcr pur ir, rhc birrcrvorld docs nor
nourish, insrcad,rhcrcmprarion olavoicc has bccomcancvparrialob-
jccr.nrhcsamclcrrcrinvhichKalkasuggcsrsrohishancccandhcrpar-
lograph hrm rhar old-lashioncd lovc lcrrcrs bc rcplaccd by rcchnical rc-
laysolrclcphonc andparlograph,''hcrclarcsadrcam.
Vcry atc, dcarcst, and yct ! sha go to bcdvithoutdcscrving it. c, ! von't
sccp anyvay, onydrcam. ^s ! did ycstcrday, Iorcxampc,vhcnin my drcam
ran tovard a bridgc or somc baustrading, scizcd tvo tccphonc rcccivcrs that
happcncd to bc ying on thc parapct, put thcm to my cars, and kcpt asking Ior
nothingbutncvsIrom!ontus";butnothingvhatcvcrcamcoutoIthc tccphonc
cxccpt a sad, mighty,vordcss songandthcroaroIthcsca. ^thoughvc avarc
that it vas impossibc Ior voiccs to pcnctratc thcsc sounds, didn't givc in, and
didn'tgoavay.
Icvs lrom "onrus"-as GcrhardIcumann has shovn,' in prcrcchni-
cal days rhis vas ncvs lrom vid`s lack Sca cxilc, rhc quinrcsscnrial
modcl lor lircrarurc as a lovclcrrcr. Lcrrcrs olrhis kind, ncccssarily rc-
ccivcd orvrirrcn inrhcir cnrircry byvomcn,vcrc rcplaccd byrhc rclc-
phonc and irs noisc, vhich prcccdcs all discoursc and subscqucnrly all
vholcindividuals. nLa toi bunaine, Cocrcau`sonc-acrrclcphoncplay
ol :,o, a man and a vomanarcirhcrcnd ola rclcphonc linc agrccro
burnrhciroldlovc lcrrcrs.Jhcncvcroricismislikcrharolrhcgramo-
phonc, vhich, as Kalka rcmarkcd in rhc samc lcrrcr, onc "can`r undcr-
srand."` "Jhc rclcphonc convcrsarion occupics rhc middlc ground bc-
rvccnrhcrcndczvousandrhclovclcrrcr".irdrovnsourrhcmcaningol
vords virh a physiological prcscncc rhar no longcr allovs "human
voiccs" ro gcrrhrough, asvcllas bysupcrimposingamyriadolsimulra-
ncousconvcrsarions,vhichinKalka`s Tbe Cast/e, lorinsrancc,rcduccs
rhc "conrinual rclcphoning" ro "humming and singing. "` Likcvisc, in
Rcnard`sshorrsrory rhcsupcrimposirionolall rhc goddcsscs and sircns
rharcvcrcxisrcdmayhavcrcsulrcdinvhircnoisc.
JhcrccanbcnodoubrrharKalkadrcamcdrclcphonyinallirsinlor-
marional and rcchnological prccision. lour days prior ro his drcam hc
rcadancssaybyhilippRcisinan 8 6 issuc olDie Garten/auoe onrhc
Granojbone y ;
hrsrrclcphonc cxpcrimcnrs.'^si s clcarlrom rhccssay`srirlc, "JhcNu-
sicJclcgraph, " rhc appararusvas builrlorrhc purposc olconvcyingrhc
human voicc. r lailcd ro do so, bur likc Kalka`s imagincd rclcphonc
mourhpicccsirvascapablc olrransmirringmusic.
Lvcrsinccrcud,psychoanalysishasbccnkccpingalisrolparrialob-
jccrsrhar,hrsr,canbcscpararcdlromrhcbodyand,sccond,cxcircdcsircs
priorro scxualdillcrcnriarion. brcasr,mourh,andlcccs.Lacanaddcdrvo
lurrhcrparrialobj ccrs. voicc andgazc.` Jhis ispsychoanalysisinrhc mc-
dia agc, lor only cincma canrcsrorc rhc discmbodicd gazc, and onlyrhc
rclcphonc vas ablc ro rransmir a discmbodicd voicc. lays likc Cocrcau`s
La toi bunaine lollovinrhcirvakc.
Jhc onlyrhingrharrcmains unclcarisvhcrhcr mcdia advcrriscpar-
rialobj ccrsorparrialobj ccrsadvcrriscrhcposralsysrcm.Jhcmorcsrrarc-
gicrhc luncrion olncvs channcls,rhcmorcncccssary, ar lcasr in inrcrim
pcaccrimcs, rhc rccruirmcnr oluscrs.
n tp8oOicrcrVcllcrshollpublishcdhis novclla Tbe Siren, unlorru-
narclyvirhourdcdicaringirroRcnard.^prolcssorlromColognc plansro
usc his sabbaricalro hnally complcrc his long-planncd book on commu-
nicarionrhcory. urhcncvcrgcrs dovnrovriring. ^nunknovnvoman
vho oncc virncsscd rolcssor Llshcimcr`s rclcgcnic parrial objccrs on a
J scrccn srarrs a scrics olphonc calls rharbcginlikcaonc-sidcdsuicidc
horlincandculminarcinmurualrclcphonicmasrurbarion.`'Vrirrcnrhc-
oricsolcommunicarionsrandnochanccagainsrrhcscll-advcrriscmcnrol
rcchnologicalmcdia. LvcnrhcmosrracirurnolLuropcan "civilscrviccs"`
rccruircdlor "rhcprolcssionolrclcphonc opcraror" and madc ir "acccs-
siblcroGcrmanvomcn, " bccausclromrhcvcrybcginningirs "rclcphonc
scrvicc" could nor "dovirhour" rhc "clcarvoiccs olvomcn. "`'
Jhcrclorc, rolcssor Llshcimcr`s only mcans olcscapingrhc spcll ol
rhc rclcphonic-scxual mourhpiccc isrousconc mcdium ro bcar anorhcr
mcdium. Ouring rhc lasr call lrom rhc unsccn sircn hc purs on a ach
rccord andpumps up rhc volumc. `^nd O and bchold, drovncd our by
ld Luropcan norarcd music rhc sircn magic ccascs ro cxisr. nly rvo
rcchnical mcdia communicarc bcrvccn Colognc and amburg. "crc,"
Kalkavrorclromragucrohisbclovcdcmployccolaphonographman-
ulacrurcr, "byrhcvay, isararhcrniccidca,aparlographgocsrorhcrclc-
phonc in crlin, vhilc a gramophonc docs likcvisc in raguc, and rhcsc
rvocarry onalirrlcconvcrsarionvirhcachorhcr. "``
Vcllcrsholl`s Tbe Siren is an invcrrcd rcplay ol "Jhc Nan and rhc
Shcll. "Rcnard`s hcrional composcr had norycracquircdrhc rcchnologi-
calskillro cmploy, olall picccs, rhcrt oj tbe Iugue as aj ammcr inrhc
y 8 Granojbone
hcntccphoncandgramophonc . . . " Caricaturc,ca. 1CC.
var ol rhc scxcs. n rhc conrrary, hc vanrcd ro rranslcronro musical
shccrs vhar vas no longcr luguc or arr. "a goddcss`s Iusry scrcam, "
vhichcoincidcdvirhrhcroaring olrhcsca.
r rcmaincd an impossiblc vish as Iong as ir dcpcndcd on rhc hvc
lincs ola musical srall, burrhar changcd inrhc lounding agc olmodcrn
mcdia. n rhc bcginningrhcrc vas, asalvays,Vagncr, vho, by courrcsy
olicc-crcampoisoning inLa Spczia, cxpcricnccd an acousriclcvcrdclir-
iumol"svilrlyrunningvarcr" rharsuggcsrcdrohimrhc binego/d prc-
ludc. ` Ocbussy`s Sirenes lor orchcsrra and lcmalc voiccs lollovcd in
Granojbone y,
: 8,y, rhc scorcolvhichnolongcr dicrarcd vords, orcvcn syllablcs or
vovcls, bursums, as ilirvcrcpossiblcrocomposcrhcnoiscolchanncls
or, asRichardOchmcl purir a ycar larcr, rhc "hollov din" olrhc "rclc-
graph vircs.` crvccn :,o and :,oy Ocbussy complcrcd rhc "sym-
phonicpocm" vhich in Rcnard`s ralcvasnamcdalrcra Grcckscagod-
dcssburvhichOcbussysimplycallcdLa Mer. inally, in :,o; Vagncr`s
monoronous, icccrcam-induccd L-llarchordvirh allirs ovcrronc cllccrs
bccamcIcrval`s unvrirrcnnjbitrite, rhar "poisonlorrhc car. "
crlincr`s gramophonc is ro rhc hisrory ol music vhar Ldison`s phono-
graphisrorhchisroryollircrarurc.^rrhcpriccolbcingmonopolizcdand
mass produccdbybig indusrry, rccordsglobalizcdmusicalnoisc.Ldison`s
cylindcrs inrurnmadcrhcsroragcolspccchadailycnjoymcnr,cvcnilin
cach casc only a vcry lcv copics could bc madc. ^s a rcsulr, lircrarurc`s
lcrrcr-hllcdpapcrssullcrcdrhcsamccrisisasshccrmusic.
n:,:6, rhrccycarsbclorcRilkc`s "rimalSound, " Salomoricdlacnd-
cr dclincarcd rhc ncv consrcllarion olcroricism, lircrarurc, and phonog-
raphy.Norcrhananyorhcrvrircrolhisrimc,ricdlacndcr, bcrrcrknovn
undcr rhc pscudonym Nynona ,a palindromc olanon,n) , madc srorics
again our olmcdia hisrory. n :,zz hc publishcdrhc novcl Gra, Magic,
vhich anriciparcs arcchnologicallururc in vhich vomcn arc rurncd inro
cclluloid,andmcn, incidcnrally,inrorypcvrircrs) . n :,:6 hcvrorcashorr
sroryrharconjurcsuprhcrcchnologicalpasrinrhcshapcolGcrmany`sur-
aurhorinordcrroprcdicrrhcrranslormarionollircrarurcinro sound.
s AICmC IRI BOLABrOBR,

GCBTHB s I BAKs I rTC

THB I HCrC GRAIH
-
, , 6 )
"Vharapiry, " rcmarkcd^nna Iomkc, arimidmiddlc-classgirl, "rharrhc
phonographvasn`r alrcadyinvcnrcdin 8oo! "
"Vhy? "askcdIrolcssor^bnossahIschorr. "OcarIomkc,iris apiry
rharLvc didn`r prcscnr irro ^dam asparrolhcr dovrylorrhcircommon-
lavmarriagc,rhcrcisalorro lcclpirylor, dcarIomkc."
"Oh,Irolcssor,IvouldhavclovcdrolisrcnroCocrhc`svoicc!cis
saidrohavchadsuchabcaurilulorgan, andcvcryrhinghcsaidvas so
mcaninglul. Oh, ilonlyhccouldhavc spokcninroaphonograph! Oh! Oh! "
!ongalrcr Iomkchadlclr, ^bnossah,vho had avcakncsslorhcr
6o Granojbone
sguCaKy CnubbInCss, sII nCard nCr yrOans. rO!CssOr sCnOrr, InVCnIOr O!
InC ICCsIyus, ImmCrsCd nImsC! In nIs CusIOmary InVCnIIVC InOuynIs. as
II pOssIbC rCIrOaCIIVCy IO IrICK InaI LOCInC bnOssan Vas rIdICuOusy
CaOus) OuI O! nIs VOICC: nCnCVCr LOCInC spOKC, nIs VOICC prOduCCd VI-
braIIOns as narmOnIOus as, !Or CXampC, InC sO!I VOICC O! yOur VI!C, dCar
CadCr. nCsC VIbraIIOns CnCOunICr ObsIaCCs and arC rC!CCICd, rCsuIIny In a
IO and !rO VnICn bCCOmCs VCaKCr In InC passayC O! IImC buI VnICn dOCs nOI
aCIuay CCasC. oO InC VIbraIIOns prOduCCd by LOCInC arC sII In CXIsICnCC,
and IO brIny !OrIn LOCInCs VOICC yOu Ony nCCd InC prOpCr rCCCIVCr IO rC-
COrd InCm and a mICrOpnOnC IO ampI!y InCIr C!!CCIs, by nOV dImInIsnCd.
nC dI!HCuI parI Vas InC COnsIruCIIOn O! InC rCCCIVCr. OV COud II bC ad-
usICd IO InC spCCIHC VIbraIIOns O! LOCInCs VOICC VIInOuI naVIny InC aIICr aI
OnCs dIspOsa: naI a !asCInaIIny IdCal bnOssan dCICrmInCd InaI II Vas
nCCCssary IO COnduCI a InOrOuyn sIudy O! LOCInCs InrOaI. C sCruIInIzCd
busIs and pOrIraIIs, buI InCy prOVIdCd a VCry VayuC ImprCssIOn aI bCsI. C
Vas On InC VCryC O! yIVIny up VnCn nC suddCny rCmCmbCrCd InaI LOCInC
Vas sII arOund, I! Ony In InC snapC O! a COrpsC. C ImmCdIaICy sCnI a pCII-
IIOn IO CImar asKIny !Or pCrmIssIOn IO brIC!y InspCCI LOCInCs rCmaIns !Or
InC purpOsC O! CCrIaIn mCasurCmCnIs. nC pCIIIIOn Vas rCCCICd. naI nOV:
urnIsnCd VIIn a sma suIICasC HCd VIIn InC mOsI dCICaIC mCasurIny
and buryary CguIpmCnI, bnOssan sCnOrr prOCCCdCd IO dCar Od CImar;
InCIdCnIay, In InC HrsI-Cass VaIIIny rOOm nC nappCnCd IO COmC aCrOss InC
OCay KnOVn sIsICr O! InC yObay KnOVn brOInCr In yraCC!u COnVCrsaIIOn
VIIn sOmC Od IynnCss O! udO!sIadI. bnOssan nCard nCr say, \ur rIIz
aVays nad a mIIIary pOsIurC, and yCI nC Vas yCnIC; VIIn OInCrs nC Vas O!
Iruy LnrIsIIan ICndCrnCssnOV nC VOud naVC VCCOmCd InIs Varl nd
InC bCauII!u, saCrCd bOOK by ^aX oCnCCrl
bnOssan Vas s O snOCKCd nC !C !aI On nIs baCK. C puCd nImsC! up
VIIn dI!HCuIy and !Ound OdyInys In InC CpnanI. n nIs rOOm nC CarC-
!uy CXamInCd InC InsIrumCnIs. nCn nC paCCd a CnaIr In !rOnI O! InC mIr-
rOr and IrICd On nOInIny Css Inan a surprIsInyy pOrIraII-IKC masK O! InC
Od LOCInC. C IICd II IO nIs !aCC and CXCaImCd:
`CrIy, yOu KnOV am a yCnIus,
may VC bC LOCInC nImsC!l
oICp asIdC, bu!!OOnl sC Ca oCnICr and my prInCC !ar uyusI !Or
nCp, yOu Oa!, yOu subsIIIuICl
C rCnCarsCd nIs spCCCn VIIn a dCCp sOnOrOus VOICC.
aIC aI nIynI nC prOCCCdCd IO InC rOya IOmb. ^OdCrn buryars, a O!
VnOm dCsIrC as my rCadCrs, VI smIC aI InOsC OInCr rCadCrs VnO bCICVC
InaI II Is ImpOssIbC IO brCaK InIO InC VC-yuardCd CImar rOya IOmb.
Granojbone 6l
CasC rCmCmbCr InaI as a buryar rOCssOr sCnOrr I s anCad O CVCn InC
mOsI adCpI prOCssIOna buryar. sCnOrr Is nOI Ony a mOsI prOHCICnI CnyI-
nCCr, nC Is asO a psyCnOpnysIOOyIsI, a nypnOIIsI, a psyCnOOyIsI, and a psy-
CnOanaysI. n yCnCra, II Is a pIIy InaI InCrC arC sO CV CduCaICd CrImInas:
I a CrImCs VCrC suCCCssu, InCy VOud Hnay bCOny IO InC naIura OrdCr
O InInys and InCur InC samC punIsnmCnI as any OInCr naIura CVCnI. nO
IaKCs IynInIny IO IasK Or mCIIny ^r. ^CICrs saCr uryars suCn as
sCnOrr arC supCrIOr IO IynInIny bCCausC InCy arC nOI dIVCrICd by rOds.
n a sInyC mOmCnI, sCnOrr Vas abC IO yIVC rIsC IO nOrrOr and InCn Im-
mObIIzC InOsC rOzCn In ICrrOr by usIny nypnOsIs. mayInC yOursC yuardIny
InC rOya IOmb aI mIdnIynI: suddCny InC Od LOCInC appCars and CasIs a spC
On yOu InaI CaVCs Ony yOur nCad aIVC. sCnOrr IurnCd InC VnOC yuard InIO
nCads aIIaCnCd IO IrunKs In suspCndCd anImaIIOn. C nad abOuI IVO nOurs
bCOrC InC Cramp OOsCnCd, and nC madC yOOd usC O InCm. C dCsCCndCd
InIO InC IOmb, sVIICnCd On a asnIynI, and sOOn Ound LOCInCs sarCOpna-
yus. ICr a snOrI VnIC nC Vas aCguaInICd VIIn InC COrpsC. ICIy Is Or InOsC
VnO naVC nO OInCr VOrrICs. I snOud nOI bC nCd ayaInsI sCnOrr InaI nC sub-
CCICd LOCInCs CadaVCr IO sOmC praCIICa IrCaImCnI; In addIIIOn, nC madC
sOmC VaX mOds and Hnay CnsurCd InaI CVCryInIny Vas rCsIOrCd IO IIs prCVI-
Ous sIaIC. duCaICd amaICur CrImInas may bC mOrC radICa Inan prOCssIOn-
as, buI InC radICanCss O InCIr mCIICuOus aCCOmpIsnmCnIs urnIsnCs InCIr
CrImCs VIIn InC aCsInCIIC Cnarm O a pCrCCIy sOVCd maInCmaIICa CguaIIOn.
ICr CaVIny InC IOmb sCnOrr addCd urInCr CCyanCC IO nIs prCCIsIOn
by dCIbCraICy rCCIny a yuard rOm nIs spC and sCOdIny nIm In InC aOrC-
mCnIIOnCd mannCr. nCn nC IOrC InC masK O nIs aCC and rCIurnCd IO InC
CpnanI In InC mOsI CIsurCy asnIOn. C Vas saIIsHCd; nC nad VnaI nC
VanICd. ary nCXI mOrnIny nC rCIurnCd nOmC.
mOsI aCIIVC pCrIOd O VOrK bCyan. s yOu KnOV, a bOdy Can bC rC-
COnsIruCICd by usIny IIs sKCCIOn; Or aI CasI sCnOrr Vas abC IO dO sO. nC
CXaCI rCprOduCIIOn O LOCInCs aIr passayC dOVn IO InC VOCa COrds and
unys nO OnyCr pOsCd any InsurmOunIabC dIHCuIICs. nC IImbrC and
sIrCnyIn O InC sOunds prOduCCd by InCsC Oryans COud bC dCICrmInCd VIIn
uImOsI prCCIsIOnyOu mCrCy nad IO CI a sIrCam O aIr COrrCspOndIny IO
InC mCasurCmCnI O LOCInCs unys pass InrOuyn. ICr a snOrI VnIC LOCInC
spOKC InC Vay nC musI naVC spOKCn durIny nIs ICIImC.
uI sInCC II Vas nOI Ony a maIICr O rCCrCaIIny nIs VOICC buI asO O
naVIny InIs VOICC rCpCaI InC VOrds II uIICrCd a nundrCd yCars ayO, II Vas
nCCCssary IO paCC LOCInCs dummy In a rOOm In VnICn InOsC VOrds nad rC-
guCnIy bCCn spOKCn.
bnOssan InVIICd OmKC. onC CamC and auynCd aI nIm dCIynIuy.
6z Granojbone
O yOu VanI IO Car Im spCaKr
Omr
aI LOCIC O yOurs.
\ mInCr C, nCvCr! rOCssOr!
oO yOu dO!
bnOssa CranKCd IC pOnOyrap and a vOICC appCarCd:
rICnds, O !CC IC darKCnCd CambCr . . . CI CCICra.
OmKC Vas sIranyCy mOvCd.
ACs, sC saId asIIy, IaI Is CXaCIy OV ImayInCd Is Oryan. I Is
sO CnCanIInyl
C, nOV, CrICd sCOrr, dO nOI VanI IO dCCCIvC yOu, my dCar.
ACs, II Is LOCIC, Is vOICC, Is WOrds. uI II Is nOI an aCIua rCpay O VOrds
C aCIuay spOKC. aI yOu Card Vas IC rCpCIIIIOn O a pOssIbIIIy, nOI O
a rCaIIy. am, OVCvCr, dCICrmInCd IO uH yOur VIs In IIs CnIIrCIy and
ICrCOrC prOpOsC a OInI CXCursIOn IO CImar.
C OCay KnOVn sIsICr O IC yObay KnOVn brOICr Vas ayaIn sIIIIny
In IC VaIIIny rOOm VIspCrIny IO an CdCry ady: CrC sII rCmaIns a h-
na VOrK by my aIC brOICr, buI II VI nOI bC pubIsCd unII IC yCar zooo.
C VOrd Is nOI yCI maIurC CnOuy. ^y brOICr InCrIICd Is anCCsIOrs pI-
Ous rCvCrCnCC. uI Our VOrd Is rIvOOus and VOud nOI sCC IC dICrCnCC
bCIVCCn a saIyr and IIs saInI. C IIIC pCOpC In Iay saV a saInI In Im.
OmKC VOud avC KCCCd OvCr I sCOrr ad nOI CauyI Cr. C
busCd Oddy and sC yavC Im a CarmIny smIC. Cy drOvC sIraIyI IO
IC LOCICaus. OraI rOCssOr OC dId IC OnOrs. sCOrr prCsCnICd
Is rCguCsI. OC bCCamC suspICIOus. AOu avC brOuyI aOny a dummy O
LOCICs arynX, a mCCanICa apparaIusr s IaI VaI yOu arC sayInyr
nd rCguCsI pCrmIssIOn IO InsIa II I n LOCICs sIudy.
\ COursC. uI Or VaI rCasOnr aI dO yOu VanIr aI Is IIs sup-
pOsCd IO mCanr C nCVspapCrs arC u O sOmCIIny CurIOus, nObOdy
KnOVs VaI IO maKC O II. C yuards CaIm IO avC sCCn IC Od LOCIC, C
CvCn rOarCd aI OnC O ICm. C OICrs VCrC sO dazCd by IC apparIIIOn ICy
VCrC In nCCd O mCdICa aIICnIIOn. C InCIdCnI Vas rCpOrICd IO IC rC-
duKC ImsC.
nna OmKC sCruIInIzCd sCOrr. bnOssa, OVCvCr, Vas asIOnIsCd.
uI VaI as IIs yOI IO dO VII my rCguCsIr LranICd, II Is vCry sIranyC
maybC sOmC aCIOr aOVCd ImsC a OKC.
! AOu arC rIyI, IaI I s an CXpanaIIOn VOrI CXpOrIny. COudnI
Cp buI IInK . . . uI OV VCrC yOu abC IO ImIIaIC LOCICs arynX, sInCC
yOu COud nOI avC pOssIby mOdCCd II aICr naIurCr
Granojbone 6
naI I s VnaI VOud naVC prCCrrCd IO dO, buI Vas unOrIunaICy
nOI yIVCn InC pCrmIssIOn.
assumC InaI I I VOud nOI naVC bCCn VCry nCpu anyVay.
ny:
O InC bCsI O my KnOVCdyC LOCInC I s dCad.
assurC yOu, InC sKCCIOn, In parIICuar InC sKu, VOud suhCC IO as-
sCmbC a prCCIsC mOdC; aI CasI II VOud suhCC Or mC.
`Our sKI I s VC KnOVn, rOCssOr. uI VnaI dO yOu nCCd InC arynX
Or, I may asK:
VanI IO rCprOduCC InC IImbrC O InC LOCInCan Oryan as dCCCpIIVCy
COsC IO naIurC as pOssIbC.
nd yOu naVC InC mOdC :
CrCl
bnOssan snappCd OpCn a CasC. OC uIICrCd an Odd sCrCam. OmKC
smICd prOudy.
uI yOu COud nOI naVC mOdCCd InIs arynX On InC sKCCIOn: CrICd
OC.
mOsIl I Is basCd On CCrIaIn IC-sIzC and ICIKC busIs and pICIurCs;
am VCry sKICd In InCsC maIICrs.
s VC a KnOVl uI Vny dO yOu VanI IO sCI up InIs mOdC In LOCInCs
OrmCr sIudy:
C COnCCIVaby arIICuaICd CCrIaIn InICrCsIIny InInys InCrC; and bC-
CausC InC aCOusIIC VIbraIIOn O nIs VOrds, InOuyn naIuray In an CXIrCmCy
dImInIsnCd sIaIC, arC sII IO bC Ound InCrC
`Ou bCICVC sO:
Is nOI a quCsIIOn O bCIC, IIs a aCI.
`Cs:
`Csl
oO VnaI dO yOu VanI IO dO:
VanI IO suCK InOsC VIbraIIOns InrOuyn InC arynX.
ardOn mC:
naI usI IOd yOul
naI an IdCa- apOOyIzC, buI yOu Can nardy CXpCCI mC IO IaKC InIs
sCrIOusy.
nICn Is Vny naVC IO InsIsI a InC mOrC OrCCuy InaI yOu yIVC mC
InC OppOrIunIIy IO COnVInCC yOu O InC sCrIOusnCss O InIs maIICr. am aI a
Oss IO undCrsIand yOur rCsIsIanCC; aICr a, InIs narmCss maCnInC VOnI
CausC any damayCl
m surC II VOnI. am nOI aI a rCsIsIIny yOu, buI am OhCIay
6, Granojbone
ObIyCd IO asK yOu a numbCr O guCsIIOns. dO nOpC yOu VOnI nOd II
ayaInsI mCr
CaVCn OrbIdl
n InC prCsCnCC O nna OmKC, rOCssOr OC, and a COupC O CurI-
Ous assIsIanIs and sCrVanIs, InC OOVIny sCCnC unOdCd In LOCInCs sIudy:
sCnOrr paCCd nIs mOdC On a IrIpOd, CnsurIny InaI InC mOuIn OCCupICd
InC samC pOsIIIOn as LOCInCs nad VnCn nC Vas sIIIIny. nCn sCnOrr puCd
a KInd O rubbCr aIr CusnIOn OuI O nIs pOCKCI and COsCd InC nOsC and
mOuIn O InC mOdC VIIn OnC O IIs Cnds. C unOdCd InC CusnIOn and
sprCad II IKC a banKCI OVCr a sma IabC nC nad puCd up IO InC IrIpOd. \n
InIs banKCI as II VCrC) nC paCCd a mOsI CnCnanIIny mInIaIurC pnOnOyrapn
COmpCIC VIIn mICrOpnOnC InaI nC nad rCmOVCd rOm nIs CasC. C nOV CarC-
uy VrappCd InC banKCI arOund InC pnOnOyrapn, CaVIny a sCCOnd OpCnIny
aCIny InC mOuIn In InC snapC O an Cnd InIO VnICn nC sCrCVCd a paIr O bC-
OVs. nCsC, nC CXpaInCd, VCrC nOI IO bOV aIr InIO buI IO suCK II OuI O InC
mOuIn.
nCn , as II VCrC, CI InC nasOpnarynyCa CaVIIy CXnaC as II dOCs dur-
Iny spCCCn, sCnOrr CCIurCd, InIs spCCIHCay LOCInCan arynX unCIIOns IKC
a sICVC InaI Ony CIs InrOuyn InC aCOusIIC VIbraIIOns O LOCInCs VOICC, I
InCrC arC any; and InCrC arC bOund IO bC. nC maCnInC Is CguIppCd VIIn an
ampIHCr snOud InCy bC VCaK.
nC buzz O InC rCCOrdIny pnOnOyrapn COud bC nCard InsIdC InC rubbCr
CusnIOn. nd InCn an InCsCapabC CCIny O nOrrOr upOn nCarIny an IndIs-
IInCI, barCy audIbC VnIspCrIny. \n, my LOdl OmKC saId, nOdIny nCr
dCICaIC Car ayaInsI InC rubbCr sKIn. onC sIarICd. raspIny murmur CamC
rOm InC InsIdC: s naVC saId, my dCar CKCrmann, InIs ICVIOn Vas
bInd VIIn nIs sCCIny CyCs. OV OICn, my rICnd, dO VC CaICn sIynI O InIs
VnCn aCCd VIIn sOmCInIny InaI appCars IO bC sO ObVIOusl nCrCOrC II Is In
parIICuar InC CyC and IIs pCrCCpIIOns VnICn dCmand InC uCsI aIICnIIOn O
Our CrIIICa aCuIICs. IInOuI InCsC VC CannOI arrIVC aI any sCnsIbC COnCu-
sIOn. `CI InC VOrd mOCKs udymCnI, II mOCKs rCasOn. naI II, In IruIn, dC-
sIrCs Is unCrIIICa sCnsaIIOn. ^any a IImC naVC paInuy CXpCrICnCCd InIs,
yCI naVC nOI yrOVn IIrCd O COnIradICIIny InC VOrd and, In my OVn Vay,
sCIIIny my VOrds ayaInsI ICVIOns.
OmKC nCard InIs VIIn ubIanI nOrrOr. onC IrCmbCd and saId: IVInCl
IVInCl rOCssOr, OVC IO yOu InC mOsI bCauIIu mOmCnI O my IC.
Id yOu nCar sOmCInInyr
LCrIaIny. [uICI, buI VCry dIsIInCIl
sCnOrr nOddCd COnICnICdy. C VOrKCd InC bCOVs Or a IIIC VnIC
and InCn saId, naI snOud bC CnOuyn Or nOV.
Granojbone 6
C puI a InC InsIrumCnIs baCK InIO nIs CasC VIIn InC CXCCpIIOn O InC
pnOnOyrapn. InOsC prCsCnI VCrC CayCr and CXCIICd. OUC asKCd, rO-
CssOr, dO yOu nOnCsIy bCICVC InaI yOu naVC aCIuay CapIurCd VOrds OnCC
spOKCn by LOCInCr Ca CCnOCs rOm LOCInCs OVn mOuInr
dO nOI Ony bCICVC sO, am CCrIaIn O II. VI nOV rCpay InC
pnOnOyrapn VIIn InC mICrOpnOnC and prCdICI InaI yOu VI naVC IO ayrCC
VIIn mC.
nC amIIar nIssIny, nCmmIny, and sguCCzIny. nCn InC sOund O a rC-
marKabC VOICC InaI CCCIrIhCd CVCrybOdy, InCudIny bnOssan. nCy IsICnCd
IO InC VOrds guOICd abOVC. nCn II COnIInuCd: \n nO! oO, nC, ICVIOn,
saV II! Id nC IndCCdr nC COnIInuOus COOr spCCIrumr , dCar rICnd, sna
rCIICraIC InaI nC Vas dCCCIVCd: InaI nC Vas VIInCss IO an OpIICa IusIOn and
aCCCpICd II unCrIIICay, yad IO rCsumC nIs COunIIny and mCasurIny and
spIIIIny O naIrs. O nC VIIn nIs mOnIsm, nIs COnIInuIIy; II Is prCCIsCy InC
COnIrasI O COOrs InaI maKCs InCm appCar In InC hrsI paCC! CKCrmann!
CKCrmann! Od yOur nOrsCs! nIICnCIInCr dOCs II yICd any COOr nOr
dO OInCr COOrs add up IO VnIIC. aInCr, In OrdCr IO ObIaIn yray, VnIIC musI
bC mCCnanICay COmbInCd VIIn baCK, and II nas IO bC CnCmICay unIICd
VIIh yray IO prOduCC InC VarICd yray O InC OInCr COOrs. AOu VI nCVCr Ob-
IaIn VnIIC by nCuIraIzIny COOrs. I mCrCy sCrVCs IO rCsIOrC InC OrIyIna COn-
IrasI O baCK and VnIIC: and O COursC VnIIC Is InC Ony OnC InaI Can bC
sCCn In a IIs brIynInCss. uI , dCar rICnd, sCC darKnCss usI as CCary, and
I ICVIOn Ony nII upOn VnIIC, , mOsI CsICCmCd COmradC, asO nII upOn
baCK. snOud InInK InaI a OrmCr arCnCr IKC yOursC VOud yrCaIy apprC-
CIaIC suCn a CaI! naI Is InC Vay II Is, and sO bC II! rOm mC Our dIsIanI
yrandCnIdrCn and yrCaI-yrandCnIdrCn pOpuaIIny InIs absurd VOrd VI
Carn IO auyn aI ICVIOn!
OUC nad saI dOVn VnIC CVCrybOdy Vas CnCCrIny. nC sCrVanIs Iram-
pCd VIIn dCIynI, IKC sIudCnIs In InC hCry CCIurCs O InaI uprIynI and dC-
mOnIC yraybCard, InC smasnInyy rCVOuIIOnary, Ordy CuCKCn. uI bnOs-
san sICrny saId, LCnICmCn! AOu arC InICrrupIIny LOCInC! C IsnI hnIsnCd
yCI!
oICnCC rCsumCd and InC VOICC COnIInuCd: IO, oIr, nO and ayaIn nO! \
COursC yOu COud naVC I yOu nad sO dCsIrCd! I Is InC VI, InC VI O InCsC
ICVIOnIans, InaI Is pCrnICIOus; and a auIy VI Is a COrrupIIVC aCuIy, an
aCIIVC InabIIIy InaI abnOr CVCn InOuyn CaICn sIynI O II CVCryVnCrC and
snOud bC aCCusIOmCd IO II. AOu may COnsIdCr II narmCss, buI InC VI Is
InC IruC COnIrIVCr O a InInys yrCaI and sma; II Is nOI InC dIVInC pOVCr
buI InC VI, InC dIVInC VI, InaI InVarIs man and prOVCs nIs InadCguaCy.
yOu VCrC abC IO dCsIrC In a yOdIKC Vay, dCar rICnd, InC abIIIy VOud bC
66 Granojbone
nCCCssary and nOI usI Casy IO COmC by, and a OI O VnaI nOV darC nOI
snOV IIs aCC Or Car O mCCIIny nOsIIIIy Or rIdICuC VOud bCCOmC CVCry-
day CXpCrICnCC.
LOnsIdCr yOuny oCnOpCnnauCr, a ad O suprCmC prOmIsC, u O InC
mOsI maynIHCCnI dCsIrCs, buI a!ICICd by InC rOI O abundanCC, by nIs OVn
InsaIIabIIIy. n InC InCOry O COOrs nC Vas bIndCd by InC sun IO InC CXICnI
InaI nC dId nOI aCCCpI InC nIynI as anOInCr sun buI raInCr dCCmCd II nu
and VOId; IKCVIsC, nC Vas CapIIVaICd by InC usICr O IC In IIs VnOCnCss, In
COnIrasI IO VnICn numan IC sIruCK nIm as VOrInCss. CnOd, oIr, InaI InC
purCsI, mOsI dIVInC VI Is In danyCr O aIurC I II Is bCnI On pCrsIsIIny aI a
COsI; I II Is nOI prCparCd IO VIsCy and yraCCuy IaKC InIO aCCOunI InC CXIC-
rIOr COndIIIOns as VC as InC ImIIaIIOns O IIs OVn mCansl ndCCd: InC VI
Is IndCCd a mayICIanl s InCrC anyInIny II CannOI dO: uI InC numan VI Is
nOI a VI, II Is a bad VI. al anal CCl CCl
LOCInC auynCd mysICrIOusy and COnIInuCd In a VnIspCr:
`Cry VC InCn, my dCarCsI rICnd, sna CnIrusI, IndCCd rCVCa, sOmC-
InIny IO yOu. AOu VI udyC II a aIry IaC, buI IO mC II nas aIIaInCd InC uI-
mOsI CarIIy. AOur OVn VI Can VanguIsn aIC; II Can maKC aIC IIs sCrVanI
prOVIdCdand nOV IsICn COsCyII dOCs nOI prCsumC InaI InC IrCmCndOus
and dIVInCy ICnsC CrCaIIVC InICnI and CXCrIIOn VIInIn snOud asO bC CCary
manICsI VIInOuI, CspCCIay In a mOsI InICnsC dIspay O musCuar sIraIn.
CnOd CarIn as II Is IurnCd and drIVCnl naI mundanC IndusIryl naI
CCasCCss mOIIOnl uI marK my VOrds, CKCrmannl I Is nO mOrC Inan mun-
danC dIIyCnCC, nOInIny buI a aIay mCCnanICa drIVIny-VnIC InC VIbraI-
Iny, mayICa VI O InC sun rCsIs VIInIn IIsC and by VIrIuC O InIs suprCmC
sC-suhCICnCy yIVCs rIsC IO InC CCCIrOmaynCIIsm InaI numbCs InC VnOC
army O panCIs, mOOns, and COmCIs InIO sCrVIC submIssIOn aI IIs CCI.
rICnd, IO undCrsIand, IO CXpCrICnCC and bC, In InC mOsI sCrCnCy spIrIIua
sCnsC O InC VOrd, InaI subImC CuprIIlnOuyn, CI us CaVC II aI InaI.
Vas aCCusIOmCd IO dIsCIpInC mysC VnCnCVCr nCard OInCrs, and sOmC-
IImCs CVCn oCnICr, rnapsOdIzC rCCy, OuI O OVC Or suCn a dIVInC aCIIVIIy,
In InC aCC O VnICn OnC snOud bC sICnI, bCCausC a dIsCOursC VOud nOI
Ony bC usCCss and supCr!uOus buI IndCCd narmu and ObsIruCIIVC by
CrCaIIny a rIdICuOusy prOanC undCrsIandIny, I nOI InC mOsI dCCIsIVC
mIsundCrsIandIny. CmCmbCr InIs, my rICnd, and KCCp II In yOur nCarI
VIInOuI aIICmpIIny IO unraVC InC mysICryl rusI InaI In IImC II VI
unraVC IIsC, and InIs CVCnIny yO IO InC InCaICr VIIn IIIC O, VnO
Is CayCr IO yO, and dO nOI IrCaI !OIzCbuC IOO narsny CVCn InOuyn nC
dIsyusIs usl
\n, LOd, OmKC saId, VnIC InC OInCrs CayCry COnyraIuaICd
Granojbone 6;
bnOssan, On, LOdl ! Ony COud IsICn !OrCVCrl OV muCn CKCrmann
VIInnCd !rOm usl
!ICr a Ony VnIC a snOrIny CmanaICd !rOm InC maCnInC, InCn nOInInyl
LCnICmCnl bnOssan saId, as yOu Can nCar, LOCInC Is ObVIOusy asCCp.
I maKCs IIIC sCnsC IO VaII arOund; InCrC Is nOInIny IO CXpCCI !Or a COupC
O! nOurs, I! nOI !Or an CnIIrC day. oIayIny arOund Is usCCss. s yOu nO dOubI
rCaIzC, InC apparaIus adnCrCs COsCy IO rCa IImC. n InC mOsI !OrIunaIC CasC
VC mIynI nCar sOmCInIny snOud CKCrmann naVC rCIurnCd IO LOCInC !O-
OVIny InC pCr!OrmanCC. , !Or OnC, dO nOI naVC InC IImC IO VaII arOund !Or
InaI IO nappCn.
OV I s II, InC sIynIy sKCpIICa O!!C asKCd, InaI, O! a spCCCnCs,
VC VCrC abC IO IsICn IO InIs OnCr
urC CnanCC, sCnOrr rCspOndCd. nC COndIIIOns, I n parIICuar InC
maKCup O! InC maCnInC and IIs pOsIIIOnIny, nappCnCd IO COrrCspOnd IO InCsC
and nO OInCr sOund VIbraIIOns. Ony IOOK InIO aCCOunI InC !aCI InaI LOCInC
Vas sIIIIny and InC OCaIIOn O! nIs CnaIr.
\n, pCasC, pCasCl bnOssanl OmKC, amOsI maCnadIC, Vas as I! In
a IranCC; !Or InC hrsI IImC snC CaCd nIm by nIs hrsI namC. ) ry II sOmC-
VnCrC CsC! CanI nCar CnOuyn O! IIand CVCn I! II Is Ony snOrIny!
bnOssan puI aVay InC maCnInC and OCKCd InC suIICasC. C nad
bCCOmC VCry paC: ^y dCar nna-^adamC, nC COrrCCICd nImsC!,
-anOInCr IImC. )CaOusy O! InC Od LOCInC Vas CaIIny nIm up InsIdC. )
OV abOuI oCnICrs sKu r O!!C asKCd. I VOud dCCIdC InC dIs-
puIC OVCr VnCInCr II Is InC rCa OnC.
ndCCd, bnOssan rCspOndCd, !Or I ! VC nCard oCnICr, InC oVab Ian,
say In a brOad CssIan aCCCnI, `OV abOuI a yass O! VInCr II VOudnI bC
oCnICrs sKu.- am VOndCrIny I! InC InVCnIIOn COudnI bC rCHnCd. ^aybC
COud manu!aCIurC a yCnCrIC arynX InaI COud bC adusICd IKC an OpCra
yass In OrdCr IO bC aIynCd VIIn a KInds O! pOssIbC VIbraIIOns. C COud
IsICn IO anIIguIIy and InC ^IddC yCs and dCICrmInC InC COrrCCI prOnunCI-
aIIOn O! Od IdIOms. nd rCspCCICd !COV CIIIzCns VnO say IndCCCnI InInys
OuI Oud COud bC nandCd OVCr IO InC pOICC.
bnOssan O!!CrCd OmKC nIs arm and InCy rCIurnCd IO InC sIaIIOn. nCy
CauIIOusy CnICrCd InC VaIIIny rOOm, buI InC OCay KnOVn OnC nad arCady
C!I. naI I! snC CI mC naVC InC arynX O! nCr !amOus brOInCrr uI snC
VOnI dO II; snC CaIm InaI InC pCOpC arCnI maIurC CnOuyn and InaI InC
IICraII aCK InC rCVCrCnCC O! InC pCOpC, and InaI nOInIny Can bC dOnC.
COVCdl COVCd! Or On! ) InaI! naI Is! naI Is VnaI yOu arC!
uI OmKC VasnI IsICnIny. onC appCarCd IO bC drCamIny.
OV nC sIrCssCs InC rsl snC VnIspCrCd apprCnCnsIVCy.
68 Granojbone
bnOssan anyrIy bCV nIs nOsC; nna sIarICd and asKCd nIm dIsIraCI-
Cdy: AOu VCrC sayIny, dCar sCnOrrr l am nCyCCIIny InC masICr Or nIs
VOrKl uI InC VOrd subsIdCs VnCn nCar LOCInCs OVn VOICCl
nCy bOardCd InC COaCn Or InCIr rCIurn OurnCy. OmKC saId nOInIny;
bnOssan Vas brOOdIny sICnIy. ICr InCy nad passCd aC, nC InrCV InC
IIIC suIICasC VIIn LOCInCs arynX OuI O InC VIndOV In rOnI O an ap-
prOaCnIny IraIn. naI naVC yOu dOnCr OmKC snrICKCd.
OVCd, sCnOrr sIynCd, and sOOn VI naVC IVCd-and dCsIrOyCd
my VICIOrIOus rIVa, LOCInCs arynX.
OmKC busnCd urIOusy; auynIny, snC InrCV nCrsC VIyOrOusy InIO
bnOssans IIynIy CmbraCIny arms. I InaI mOmCnI InC COnduCIOr CnICrCd
and rCquCsICd InC IICKCIs.
LOdl IOssanl murmurCd OmKC. AOu naVC IO yCI mC a nCV arynX
O LOCInC, yOu naVC IO-Or CsC-
IO Or CsCl prcs Cs nOCCs, my dOVCl
IrojDrAonossalIsclorr
AnnaIsclorrneeIonle
]ustnarrieJ
Currentlyattle leplantin Weinar
JnIs VCddIny annOunCCmCnI Is Iruy a nappy CndIny: II puIs an Cnd IO
\assIC-OmanIIC pOCIry. n ,6 CVCn IImId mIddC-Cass yIrs IKC
nna OmKC COmC undCr InC InIuCnCC O! prOICssOrs IKC sCnOrr, VnO as
OnC O! InC mOsI prOHCICnI CnyInCCrs O! nIs day ObVIOusy ICaCnCs aI InC
nCV ICCnnOOyICa InsIIIuICs sO VIyOrOusy prOmOICd by mpCrOr InCm
. arrIayC IO an CnyInCCr VanguIsnCs InC mIddC-Cass yIrs In!aIuaIIOn
VIIn LOCInC, VnICn yCCums nad bCCn sysICmaIICay drIIny InIO InCm
!Or OVCr a CCnIury. naI dIsappCars Is nOInIny Css Inan Tbe Deterni-
nation oj Vonen jor Higber nte//ectua/ Dete/ojnent. \ndCr InIs IIIC, a
CCrIaIn maIC OsI dCmandCd In 8oz InC CsIabIsnmCnI O! yIrs
sCnOOs rCspOnsIbC !Or IurnIny VOmCn InIO mOInCrs and rCadCrs O! pO-
CIs.' IInOuI InC nna OmKCs InCrC VOud naVC bCCn nO LCrman \as-
sICIsm, and nOnC O! IIs prInCIpay maC auInOrs VOud naVC rIsCn IO !amC.
\OnsCguCnIy, OmKC Can Ony InInK O! InC Od CCnIury VnCn COn-
!rOnICd VIIn InC ICCnnOOyICa InnOVaIIOns O! InC nCV OnC. s I! IO prOVC
InaI InC bOu Or Oman O! \assICIsm and OmanIICIsm Vas an C!!CCI O!
auIOmaIa, snC amCnIs InC unsIOrCd dIsappCaranCC O! LOCInCs VOICC VIIn
.- j
I:'
_

(
J t| . t s t nesht||0
Granojbone 6,
rhcvcrysamcsigh, "oh" ,acb) , urrcrcd byrhcralkingroborlympia in
oIImann`sSandnan, asighrhar,rhoughirisrhconlyvordircanspcak,
suIhccsroundcrscorcirssoul. ncgcI`svords,aIcmalcsigh,ora "dis-
appcarancc oIbcinginrhcacroIbcing, " lovcsa malcpocriccapabiliry,
ora "disappcarancc oIbcinginrhc acr oIbcing. "^nd asiIro provcrhar
rhcvoiccisaparrialobjccr,omkcpraiscs Gocrhc`svoiccas "a bcauriIul
organ. "Vhichnorcoincidcnrallymakcs rhc "psychiarrisr" and "psycho-
anaIysr" roIcssorschorr "j caIous, "Iorallrhcpovcr Classicalaurhors
had ovcrrhcirIcmalcrcadcrs rcsrcd inrhc crccrion oIrharorgan.
Ior rhar middlc-class girIs vcrc ablc ro hcar rhcir masrcr`s voicc.
Jhcrc vcrc no phonographs "around t 8oo," and rhcrcIorc nonc oIrhc
caninc obcdicncc Ior a rcaI rhar bccamc rhc rradcmark oI crlincr`s
gramophonc company in :,oz. \nIikc rhar oI Iippcr, rhc dog rhar
srarrcd sniIhng ar rhc bcll-mourh oI rhc phonograph upon hcaring irs
dcad masrcr`s voicc, andvhoscvocaI-physioIogicalloyalryvas caprurcd
inoiIbyrhcpainrcrrancisarraud,rhc brorhcroIrhcdcccascd,rhcIoy-
alryoIIcmalcClassic-Romanricrcadcrsvasrcsrricrcdrorhcimaginaiy-
ro rhcirso-callcd imaginarion. Jhcyvcrc IorccdU halIucinarc Gocrhc`s
voiccbcrvccnrhcsilcnrlincsoIhisvriring. rvasnoracoincidcnccrhar
ricdrich Schlcgcl vrorc ro a voman and Iovcr rhar "oncsccms ro hcar
vhar onc is mcrcIy rcading. " n ordcr Ior SchlcgcIvholIy ro bccomc an
aurhor himsclI, vomcn had ro bccomc rcadcrs and "apprcciarc rhc sa-
crcdncssoIvordsmorcrhaninrhcpasr. "``
"Jo rhc cxrcnr rhar graphism"-rhar is, in rhc shapc oIalphabcric
vriring-"islIarrcncdonrorhcvoicc" ,vhilcinrribaIculrurcs"irvasin-
;o Granojbone
scribcdIlushvirhrhcbody" ) , "bodyrcprcscnrarionsubordinarcsirscllro
vord rcprcscnrarion. " ur rhis "llarrcninginduccsahcririousvoicclrom
on high rhar no longcr cxprcsscs irscll cxccpr in rhc lincar llux,"' bc-
causcarlcasrsincc Gurcnbcrg ir has announccdrhcdccrccsolnarional
burcaucracics.
Jhus ^nna omkc`s loving sigh conhrms rhc rhcory olmcdia and
vriringolrhcnti-edijus.
nccrhcbcaurilulandhcririous,monsrrousanduniqucorganolrhc
pocr-burcaucrarGocrhc,vhichcommandcdancnrirclircrarycpoch,rosc
asanacousric hallucinarionlromrhc lincs olhispocms,rhingsprocccdcd
as dcsircd. In 8 :,, ollmann`s lairyralc Litt/e Zacbes norcdvhar "cx-
rravaganrpocrs . . . asklor" . "irsrolall,rhcyvanrrhcyoungladyrogcr
inroasrarcolsomnambulisricraprurcovcrcvcryrhingrhcyurrcr, ro sigh
dccply, rollhcrcycs,and occasionallyrolainrarriIlc,orcvcnro go blind
loramomcnrarrhcpcakolrhcmosrlcmininclcmininiry. Jhcnrhcalorc-
said young lady musr sing rhc pocr`s songs ro rhc mclody rhar srrcams
lorrhlromhcrhcarr"'and,hnally, inrhcnti-edijus, rcvcalrhcsccrcr
olirs mcdia rcchnology. rhar iris a hcririous clcvarcd phallus born lrom
rhc alphabcr.
orrimid middlc-class girls, hovcvcr, cvcryrhing dcpcndcd onlircr-
allygoing"blind"vhcnlaccdvirhrhcmarcrialiryolprinrcdlcrrcrs,orh-
crvisc, rhcycould nor havc providcd rhcm virh a mclody inrhc imagi-
nary ,orarrhcpiano)lromrhcirhcarrs.Indoingso,rhcysurrcndcrcdun-
condirionally ro rhc dcsircs ol Classic-Romanric pocrs. "h, " ^nna
omkcsighslromrhcborromolhcrhcarr, "ilonlyhccouldhavcspokcn
inroaphonograph! h! h! "
^sigh rharvillhardlyrcachrhc cars olcnginccrs. schorrcanonly
disccrna "groan" inhcr "oh, "mcrcvocal physiology insrcad ola hcarr.
^round :,oo, lovc`s vholcncss disinrcgrarcs inro rhc parrial obj ccrs ol
parricular drivcs idcnrihcd by rcud. honographs do nor only srorc-
likc Kcmpclcn`s vovcl machinc or ollmann`s lympia-rhc onc signi-
hcd,orrradcmark,olrhcsoul. Jhcyarcgoodloranykindolnoisc, lrom
Ldison`s hcaring-impaircd scrcaming ro Gocrhc`s hnc organ. Virh rhc
dcmiscolvriring`ssroragcmonopolycomcsro ancndalovcrharvasnor
onlyoncollircrarurc`smanypossiblcsubjccrsburalsoirsvcryovnmcdia
rcchnology. sincc : 8oo pcrlccrly alphabcrizcd lcmalc rcadcrs havc bccn
ablcrocndovlcrrcrsvirhabclovcdvoicc.urrracingprimalsoundshas,
as Rilkc pur ir, norhingro dovirh "rhc prcscncc olmind and gracc ol
lovc. "
^s a modcrn cnginccr vho vanrs ro sprcad his knovlcdgc using
Granojbone ;:
cvcryday languagc, rolcssor schorr minccs no vords. "Vhcncvcr
Gocrhcspokc,hisvoiccproduccdvibrarionsasharmoniousas,lorcxam-
pIc, rhc solr voicc olyour vilc, dcar Rcadcr. " ovcvcr, rhc lacr rhar
vharGocrhchadrosayvas "mcaninglul"cnoughrohIIrhc : volumcs
olrhc Grol:hcrzogin-Sophicn cdirion is irrclcvanr. ncc again norions ol
lrcqucncyarcvicroriousovcrvorks, hcarrlcIrmcIodics,andsignihcds.^s
ilcommcnringonschorr,RudolphLorharvrircsarrhcourscrolhisTbe
Ta//ing Macbine: A Tecbnica/-estbetic ssa,:
IvcrythingIovs,!cracitussays, andinightoIourmodcrnvordvicvvc may
add: cvcrythingIovsinvavcs.hatcvcrhappcnsinthcvord,vhatcvcrvcca
iIc orhistory, vhatcvcr occurs as a natura phcnomcnon-cvcrything transpircs
inthcshapcoIvavcs.
Khythm isthc mostsuprcmcand sacrcd av oIthc univcrsc;thcvavcphc-
nomcnon isthcprima and univcrsaphcnomcnon.
Light,magnctism,ccctricity,tcmpcraturc, andhnaysoundarcnothingbut
vavcmotions, unduations, orvibrations. . . .
Jhc unit oImcasurcmcnt Ior avavc motions isthc mctcr, thc unitoItimc
isthc sccond. Ircgucncics arcthcvibrationsrcgistcrcdvithinamctcrpcrsccond.
JhcIrcgucncicsoIight,ccctricity, andmagnctismarctakcnto bcidcntica;vith
approximatcy ;oo triion vibrations pcr sccond, thcir spccd oIpropagation is
oomiionmctcrspcrsccond.
SoundvibrationscxhibitsignihcantyovcrIrcgucncicsthanthoscdcscribcd
abovc.JhcspccdoIpropagationIorsoundis zmctcrspcrsccond.Jhcdccpcst
sound audibc to human cars hovcrs around 8 vibrations, thc highcst around
qo,ooo.''
Jhc ncv apprcciarion olvavcs, rhosc vcry un-Gocrhcan "primal and
univcrsaIphcnomcna,"cancvcnrcsulrinapocrryrharonccmorcsrrcsscs
rhc vavclikc narurc olaII rhar occurs, as in rhc sonncr "RadioVavc,"
vhichrhclacrory carpcnrcrKarI ^ugusrOppcngicsscrolSrolbcrgsub-
mirrcdroRadioCologncin :,z8.
avc,bcavarcoIyour many shapcs,
and, a-cmbracing,vcavc
atthcvord`svhcc,cntrustcdIrom abovc,
thcncvandvidcrspiritoIthchumanracc.'

urcnginccrsIikc schorr arc ahcad ol"orhcrpcopIc," cvcn radio vavc

pocrs. rhcir "spirirs haiI"-ro quorc rhc cnginccr-pocrNax Lyrh-"nor
lromrhcvorldrharvasburlromrhconcrharvillbc." rismorcclhcicnr
ro usc vavcs "ro makc rhings rhar vcrc ncvcr madc bclorc"'` rhan ro
vrirc sonncrs abourrhcirmanyshapcs. schorr makcsuscolIavsolna-
;z Granojbone
rurcrhar,unlikcrhc|anta rei olcraclirus or olGocrhc`s "crmancncc
inJransirion, "arc valid rcgardlcss olrhc rcpurarionolso-callcd pcrson-
alirics, bccauscrhcyarc bascd onmcasurcmcnrs. Jhc lavolvavcsdocs
norcxcludc rhc aurhor ol"crmancncc in Jransirion. "^ndbccauscrhc
lrcqucncyspccrrumandrransmissionspccdolsoundarcsolov,rhcyarc
casyro mcasurc. ,Joposrhumously hlm Gocrhcvouldrcquircrcchnolo-
gicscapablcolrccordinginrhcrcrahcrrzrangc. )
Virhmarhcmaricalprccisionschorrrccognizcsrhclrcqucncyolhu-
manvoiccsro bcancgarivccxponcnrialluncrionvhoscvaluc,cvcnalrcr
ccnrurics, cannor bc zcro. n rhcphonographic rcalm olrhc dcad, spirirs
arcalvays prcscnr-as sound signalamplirudcs "in ancxrrcmclydimin-
ishcdsrarc. "Spccchhas bccomc, asirvcrc,immorral,"Scientijc ner-
ican pronounccdimmcdiarclyalrcrLdison`sinvcnrionundcrrhchcadlinc,
"^ Vondcrlul nvcnrion-Spccch Capablc olnhnirc Rcpcririons lrom
^uromaricRccords."'
ur alrhough hc invcnrcd a rclarivcly scnsirivc povdcr microphonc
,as opposcdro ughcs`s carbonmicrophonc) , Ldisonvasnorablcro ac-
ccssrhc dcad.ccauscirvas only cquippcd virhamcchanicalamplihcr,
his phonograph could do no morc rhan rccordrhc lasr gasps olrhc dy-
ing-by using rcsonancc in rhc rccording bcll-mourh. Jhc lov volragc
ourpurolhismicrophoncvasincrcascdsomcvharbyarclaycdinducrivc
circuir, bur irncvcr approachcdrhc rccording nccdlc olrhcphonograph.
Gocrhc`sbasslrcqucncics,vibraringininhnirybcrvccn lOO and,oo hcrrz
inhisVcimar abodc, rcmaincd unmcasurablc. ^ carasrrophic signal-ro-
noisc rario vould havc rcndcrcd all rccordings vorrhlcss and, ar bcsr,
providcdprimalsoundsinsrcadolGocrhcandicrion.
schorr`s oprimism, rhcrclorc, rcsrs onmorc advanccd rcchnologics.
"^microphonc roamplily" rhc by nov diminishcd" cllccrs olGocrhc`s
voicc dcpcndsuponrhc ncccssary bursupprcsscdprcmiscrharinhnircam-
plihcarion lacrors could bc applicd. Jhis bccamc possiblc virh Licbcn`s
vork ol ,o6 and Oc orcsr`s ol ,o). Licbcn`s conrrollcd hor-carhodc
rubc, invhichrhc amplirudc lIucruarions ola spccchsignal inllucncc rhc
carhodc currcnr, and Oc orcsr`s audion dcrccror, vhich addcd a rhird
clccrrodc ro rhc circuir, srood arrhc bcginning olall radio rcchnology.'`
Jhc clccrrihcarion olrhc gramophonc is duc ro rhcm as vcll. schorr`s
miraculousmicrophonccouldonlyhavcvorkcdvirhrhchclpolrubc-rypc
rcchnology. Shorrsroricsol:,6 rcquircrhcmosrup-ro-darcrcchnologics.
schorr has orhcr problcms. is conccrns rcvolvc around hlrcring,
nor amplihcarion. solarcdlromrhc vord salad produccd by visirors ro
rhcGocrhchauslromSchillcrro Kalka,hisbclovcdis supposcdrorcccivc
Granojbone )
onlyhcrmasrcr`svoicc.schorr`ssolurionisassimplcasirisRilkcan.hc,
roo,linksmcdiarcchnologyand physiology,rharis,a phonograph and a
skull. ^s rhc hrsrprccursor olrhc rcvolurionary mcdia pocrs rcchr and
Lnzcnsbcrgcr, schorr assumcs rharrransmirrcr and rcccivcr arc in prin-
ciplcrcvcrsiblc. jusras cvcryrransisrorradio is, byrhcnarurcolirscon-
srrucrion,arrhcsamcrimcaporcnrialrransmirrcr, "''and,convcrscly,any
microphonc a porcnrialminiarurcspcakcr, cvcn Gocrhc`s larynxcan bc
opcrarcd in normal andinvcrsclashion. Sincc spcakingis no morcrhan
rhc physiologicalhlrcringolbrcarh or noisc, and rhc cnrryand cxir ol
band-passhlrcrsarcinrcrchangcablc,rhclarynxvilladmironlyrhosclrc-
qucncy mixrurcs vhich oncccscapcdlromir.
Jhc onc rhing lclr lor rolcssor schorrro doro implcmcnrrhis sc-
lccriviryrcchnologicallyisrograsprhcdillcrcnccbcrvccnarrsandmcdia.
is carly idca ollashioninga modcl olGocrhc`s larynx bascd on pic-
rurcs and busrs" is doomcd ro lailurc,simplybccausc arr, bc irpainring
orsculprurc, onlyconvcys vcryvagucimprcssions" olbodics.
NalrcLauridsriggc,rhchcroolRilkc`s conrcmporancousnovcl,is
askcdbyhislarhcr`sdocrorsro lcavcrhc roomvhilcrhcy,inaccordancc
virhrhc masrcrolrhchunr`slasrrcqucsr) pcrlorm a pcrlorarion olrhc
hcarr" onrhccorpsc. urriggcsraysandvarchcsrhcopcrarion.isrca-
son. Io, no,norhinginrhc vorldcan oncimagincbclorchand,norrhc
lcasrrhing.Lvcryrhingismadcupolsomanyuniqucparricularsrharcan-
norbclorcsccn. nimaginariononcpasscsrhcmovcrand docs nornoricc
rharrhcyarc lacking, hasryas onc is. urrhc rcalirics arcslovandindc-
scribablydcrailcd."'
rom imaginarion ro dara proccssing,lromrhc arrsro rhcparriculars
olinlormarion rcchnology and physiology-rhar is rhc hisroric shilr ol
:,oo vhich ^bnossah schorrmusrcomprchcnd asvcll. c hnds him-
scll, nor unlikc riggc ar rhc dcarhbcd ol his larhcr and Rilkc ar rhc
arisianLcolc dcscaux-^rrs,inrhccompanyolcorpscs.isprolancil-
luminarion,alrcrall,isrharGocrhcvassrillaround,ilonlyinrhcshapc
olacorpsc. "nccmorc,rhc rcalrcplaccsrhcsymbolic-rhoscallcgcdly
lilc-sizcandlilclikcbusrsand picrurcs" rharonlya Gocrhchausdirccror
suchasolrarllcl couldmisrakcloranaromicalcxhibirs.
Jhc rcconsrrucrcdrcspirarory sysrcm ola corpsc asa band-pass hl-
rcr,amicrophonc- and rubc-rypc-cnhanccdphonograph as a sroragcmc-
dium-schorr is rcadyro goro vork. c has cnginccrcd a crucial link
bcrvccn physiology andrcchnology, rhc principalconnccrionrhar scrvcd
asrhc basis lor Rilkc`s rimal Sound" and allmcdia conccprions arrhc
rurn olrhc ccnrury. nly roday`s ubiquirous digirizarion can allord ro
; Grnojbone
dovirhoursuch"radicalncss, "vhichinschorr`scascconsisrcdinshorr-
circuiring "cadavcrs" andmachincs. ncc rhc srochasrics olrhc rcal al-
lovlorcnciphcrmcnr,rharisrosay,loralgorirhms,Juring`s laconicsrarc-
mcnr rharrhcrcvould bc "lirrlc poinr inrryingromakc a 'rhinking ma-
chinc` morchuman by drcssing irup inarrihcialllcsh"' isvalidarcd.
n rhc lounding days olmcdia rcchnology, hovcvcr, cvcryrhing ccn-
rcrcdonlinksbcrvccnllcshandmachinc. n ordcrroimplcmcnrrcchno-
logically ,and rhus rcndcr supcrlluous) rhcluncrions olrhc ccnrral ncr-
voussysrcm,irhrsrhadrobcrcconsrrucrcd.Rilkc`sandschorr`sprojccrs
arclarrcmovcdlromhcrion.
Jo bcginvirh, Scorr`s mcmbranc phonaurograph ol 8 y ; vas in all
irs parrs a rcconsrrucrcd car. Jhc mcmbranc vas dcrivcd lrom rhc car-
drumandrhcsrylusvirhrhc arrachcdbrisrlclromrhc ossiclc.''
Sccond, "in 8, rhc 'grcarRhcnishphysiologisr` and convcrsarion
parrncr olGocrhc,]ohanncsNllcr, hadrcmovcd rhc larynx lrom vari-
ous corpscs-rhc acquisirion olvhichrcndcd ro bc rarhcr advcnrurous
allairs-in ordcr ro srudy in concreto hov spccihc vovcl sounds vcrc
produccd. VhcnNllcr blcvinro alarynx, irsoundcd 'likcalairground
vhisrlcvirh arubbcrmcmbranc. `Jhus rhc rcal ansvcrcd lromdismcm-
bcrcd bodics. "' ^nd rhus,virhhis advcnrurous acquisirion olparrs ol
Gocrhc`scorpsc lrom rhc sancruaryolrhcroyalromb,schorrpcrlccrcd
cxpcrimcnrsundcrrakcnby Gocrhc`s ovnconvcrsarionparrncr.
Jhird ,and ro rcmain closc ro Gocrhc andschorr) , on Scprcmbcr 6,
: 8,, rhc ranklurr birrhplacc olGcrmany`s primal aurhor virncsscd a
bold cxpcrimcnr. hilipp Rcishadjusrhnishcdhissccondlccrurconrclc-
phonccxpcrimcnrsvhcn "Or. Voglcr, rhc savior olrhc Gocrhchaus and
loundcrolrhcrcic Ocurschc ochschulsrilr, prcscnrcd rhcrclcphoncro
Lmpcror]oscph ol^usrria and King Naximilian olavaria, vho vcrc
borh inranklurrarrcnding rhc royalcouncil. "'
-
' ^s ilrhc hisroric shilr
lromlircrarurcro mcdiarcchnologyhadro bclocalizcd.
ur asRcishimscllvrorc, his rclcphoncproduccd "rhc vibrarions ol
curvcsrharvcrcidcnricalro rhosc ola sound or a mixrurc olsounds, "
sincc "our car can only pcrccivc vhar can bc rcprcscnrcd by similar
curvcs,andrhis,inrurn,issulhcicnrromakcusconsciousolanysoundor
mixrurcolsounds. "ovcvcr,inspircolallrhcorcricallucidiry, Rcis "had
norbccnablcrorcproduccahumanvoiccvirhsulhcicnrclariry. "
1UZ
Vhich
isvhy,lourrhlyandhnally, ^lcxandcr Grahamcllhadro inrcrvcnc.
^rclcphonc rcady lor scrial producrion and capablc olrransmirring
norjusrRcis`smusicalrclcgraphyorKalka`ssoundolrhcscaburspccchcs
"in a clariry sarislacrory ro mosr cvcrybody" did nor cxisr unril : 8;6.
Granojbone ;y
Jvo ycarscarIicr,rhcrcchniciancll,sonolaphoncrician,hadconsulrcd
a physiologisr and orologisr. Clarcncc ]ohn lakc, NO, acquircd rvo
middIccarslromrhcNassachuscrrsLycandLarnhrmary.^ndoncccll
rcaIizcdrhar "sucharhinanddclicarcmcmbranc" asrhccardrum "could
movcboncsrharvcrc, rclarivclyroir,vcrymassivcindccd, " rhcrcchno-
logical brcakrhrough vas achicvcd. "^roncc rhc conccprion ola mcm-
branc spcakingrclcphonc bccamccomplcrcinmymind, lor savrhar a
simiIar insrrumcnr ro rhar uscd as a rransmirrcr could aIso bc cmploycd
asarcccivcr. "'`
risprccisclyrhisinrcrchangcabiliryvhichdccadcsIarcrvasro srrikc
schorr, rcchr, Lnzcnsbcrgcr,e tutti quanti. VhichisvhycIlandlakc
didnorhcsirarcroundcrrakcrhc lasr srcp. inrhc coursc olasingIccxpcr-
imcnral proccdurc rhcy couplcd rcchnoIogy virh physiology, srccI virh
lIcsh, a phonaurographvirh body parrs. Vhcrcvcr phoncs arc ringing, a
ghosrrcsidcsinrhcrcccivcr.
^ndrhcrcisno rcasonrosparcrhcmosrilIusrriousorganin Gcrman
Iircrarurc.schorrsimplyrcvcrscsrhccxpcrimcnrollakcandcIlascc-
ond rimc. rhc larynxas rhc rransmirring organ rcplaccs rhc car, rhc rc-
cciving organ. ^nd vhilc schorr rurns rhc handlc, Gocrhc`s rccon-
srrucrcd corpsc voiccs Gocrhc`s vcrscs. ^s ilrhc "darkcncd chambcr"
lromvhichalI "lricnds" arcrolIccvcrcagravcknovnasrhcbook.
So lar, so good. ^naromicaI and rcchnical rcconsrrucrions ol Ian-
guagcdonorbclongrohcrionaslongasrhcyrcmainvirhinschorr`scx-
acrIydclincarcdboundarics.asrhc "rcpcririonolapossibiliry, norolarc-
aliry. " mmcdiarcIypriorroschorr`srcconsrrucrion,crdinanddcSaus-
surc had bascd a ncvIinguisrics on rhc dillcrcncc bcrvccn/angue and
jaro/e, languagcandspccch,rhcpossiblccombinarionslromarcposirory
olsigns and lacrual urrcranccs. ' nccirvas clcarhovmanyphoncmcs
andvhardisrincrivc qualirics madc up Gocrhc`s dialccr, anyconccivabIc
scnrcncc ,andnoronlyrhc "JamcXcnium" choscnby schorr) couId bc
gcncrarcd.JharisaIlrhcrcisro rhcconccprol/angue.
nccSaussurc`s Cours de /inguistique genera/e rurncdinro agcncraI
algorirhm olspccch analysis and producrion, microproccssors could cx-
rracr rhc phoncmic rcposirory ol spcakcrs lrom rhcir spccchcs virhour
havingro lcar, as did rhc mcdia-rcchnoIogicaI hcrocs olyorc, rhc blood
andpoisonolcorpscs.^Juringmachincnolongcrnccdsarrihcialllcsh.
Jhc anaIogsignalissimplydigirizcd, proccsscdrhrougharccursivc digi-
ralhIrcr, and irs aurocorrclarioncoclhcicnrs calcularcd and clccrronically
srorcd.^nanalysisrharconrinucsschorr`s band-passhIrcringvirhmorc
advanccd mcans. ^ sccond srcp may invoIvc aII kinds ollinguisric syn-
;6 Granojbone
rhcscs-onccagainrhc "rcpcririonolapossibiliry" rharcompuringlogic
hascxrracrcdlrom languagc. nsrcad olIungs and vocalchords vc havc
rvo digiral oscillarors, a noisc gcncraror lor unvoiccdconsonanrs and a
conrrollcdlrcqucncygcncraror lorvovclsorvoiccdsounds.]usrasinhu-
man spccch, a binary dccision dcrcrmincs vhich olrhc rvo oscillarors
connccrsvirhrhcrccursivchlrcr. nrurn,rhc aurocorrclarioncoclhcicnrs
dcrivcdlromrhc spccch analyscsarcbyvayollincar prcdicrion dirccrcd
rovardsrhc hlrcrs, anclccrronicsimularion olrhc oral and nasopharyn-
gcal caviry virh aIl irs cchocs and running rimcs. Iov vc onIy nccd a
simpIc Iov-pass hlrcr ro rranslarc rhc signal lIov back inro analog sig-
nals
'`-andvc arcallas "srrangcIymovcd"or"dcccivcd" byrhc arriv-
ingphoncmc scqucnccs as^nnaomkc.
urschorrvanrsmorc.nordcrrolulhllrhcdcsircolrimidmiddIc-
cIassgirIsin irs "cnrircry, " hc arrcmprs an "acrualrcplayolvords acru-
ally spokcn by Gocrhc. " ^s il, haIl a ccnrury bclorc oucaulr, ir vcrc a
marrcr oldiscoursc anaIysis. ^s is knovn, Tbe rcbaeo/og, oj Knou/-
edge is bascd on rhc Saussurian norion ollanguagc as "ahnircbodyol
rulcsrharaurhorizcs aninhnircnumbcr olpcrlormanccs. " "Jhc hcId ol
discursivc cvcnrs, onrhcorhcrhand,is a grouping rhar is alvays hnirc
andIimircdaranymomcnrrorhcIinguisric scqucnccsrharhavc bccnlor-
mularcd. "'' Srarcmcnrs, rhcn, "ncccssarily obcy" a "marcrialiry" rhar
"dchncspossibiIiricsolrcinscriprionandrranscriprion,"'asinschorr`s
rcaIrcpcririon.
ur hov discoursc rcpcririon cxacrly is ro bc achicvcd rcmains , ar
lcasr in schorr`s casc) a prolcssionaI sccrcr. or oncc, olrar llcl`s
skcprical inquiry, vhy "olaIlspccchcsvcvcrc abIcro Iisrcnro rhisonc,"
is jusrihcd. ^lrcr all,rhcairis lull olsoundvavcs causcd by dccadcs ol
Gocrhcan spccchilying. Ciringschorr, anorhcr olricdlacndcr`s hcrocs
claims rhar "all rhc vavcs ol aII bygonc cvcnrs arc srill osciIlaring in
spacc. "' schorr`s phonograph is conlronrcd virh a parallcldarainpur
rharirvouldhrsrhavcroconvcrrinroa scrialarrangcmcnr,lcsrrhc sum
olaIlGocrhcandiscourscsappcarassomuchvhircnoisconrhccylindcr.
Srochasric signaI anaIyscs suchas lincar prcdicrion oraurocorrclarion
mcasurcmcnr may cnablc a rcchnologically cnhanccd lururc ro assign a
rimc axis cvcn ro pasr cvcnrs, providcdrhar signal proccssors havc bccn
programmcdvirhccrrainparamcrcrs conccrningrhclanguagc,vocabu-
lary, convcrsarionropics,and solorrh, olrhcobjccrundcrinvcsrigarion.
Jhc chip producrion olnor-von Icumann machincs has bcgun. ur no
machincin ,6 couldhavc "adhcrcd so cIoscly" rorcaIrimc asro havc
Granojbone ;;
caprurcd Gocrhc`s vords inrhc cxacr scqucncc invhich rhcy vcrc spo-
kcninrhccourscoloncparricuIarcvcning.
VhichmcrcIyscrvcsro shovrharaIIrhiscIccrronicdiscourscprovcs
rhc obvious. ricdIacndcr labricarcd Gocrhc`s phonographcd spccch.
Nynona,rhcmosrnamcIcss olaurhors, ourdocsrhcmosriIIusrrious au-
rhor bypurringncvvordsinrohis mourh. ^ccordingro Gocrhc,Iircra-
rurcvasa "lragmcnrollragmcnrs, "bccausc "rhcIcasrolvharhadhap-
pcncd and olvhar had bccn spokcn vas vrirrcn dovn, " and "olvhar
had bccn vrirrcn dovn, onIy rhc smaIIcsr lracrion vas prcscrvcd. " ^c-
cordingro ricdIacndcr, Iircrarurcinrhc mcdia agc isporcnriaIIycvcry-
rhing. is hcro couId suppIcmcnr aII rhc convcrsarions Lckcrmann aI-
IcgcdIy "virhhcIdlromus. "
LspcciaIIy a chaprcr lrom rhc Tbeor, oj Co/ors rhar ,in spirc ol a
common conrcmprlor Icvron) has morc ro dovirh ricdIacndcr rhan
virh Gocrhc. ricdIacndcr borrovcd rhc
[
oernenscb norionrhar "onc`s
ovn viII , " unircd virh rhc "magicaI sun-viII," can "ovcrpovcr larc"
lrom his rcachcr Or. Narcus, vho in rurn borrovcd ir lrom Kanr. "Vc
arcarrhcdavnolrhc magic olrcason,irviIImakca machinc olnarurc
irscIl, "'' procIaims Or. Sucram, rhc hcro olricdIacndcr`s cincma novcI
andvhosc namc is a paIindromc olNarcus, vhiIc rurning Gocrhc`s rhc-
oryolcoIorinro Gra, Magic, rharisro say, rhcvorIdinro hIm.
^rrhc samcrimc rharrcchnoIogy ,ro quorc Sucram`s anragonisr, rhc
hImproduccrNorvirius) hnaIIy "movcslrommagicro machinc, "' ' phi-
Iosophy bccomcs dcIirious. Nachincs arc supposcd ro rurn back inro
magic.schorrand Sucram arcinspircdbyarcchnihcdvcrsionolKanr`s
purc lorms olinruirion. "^II rhar happcns laIIs inro accidcnraI, uninrcn-
rionaIrcccivcrs. ris srorcd, phorographcd, and phonographcd by narurc
irscIl. " \nircdvirhrhcspariaIandrcmporaIlormsolinruirion, "rhcscac-
cidcnraI rcccivcrs onIynccdro bcrurncd inroinrcnrionaIoncsin ordcrro
visuaIizc-cspcciaIIycincmarographicaIIy,Norvirius-rhccnrircpasr. "
1 1 1
LoyaIIy and dcIiriousIy, ricdIacndcr`s phiIosophy loIIovs in rhc
vakc olmcdia rcchnoIogy. nNay ,, ,oo, rroVicncr dcIivcrcd his
highIy appropriarcinauguraIIccrurc on "rhccxrcnsionolourscnscs" by
insrrumcnrs. ^svirh ricdIacndcr, his poinr oldcparrurc vas rhc rccog-
nirionrhar "inprincipIcirvouIdnorbcdilhcuIrro rakcsrock olourcn-
rirc knovIcdgc byusingscIl-rccordingmachincsand orhcrauromaricdc-
viccs, rhus crcaring a physicaI muscum ol auromara. " Jhis muscum
vouIdcvcnbc abIcroinlormcxrrarcrrcsrriaIinrcIIigcncc ol "rhcIcvcIol
ourknovIcdgc. "nconcIusion,hovcvcr,VicncrdccIarcdrharrhc "Kan-
;8 Granojbone
riannorionsolrhcapriorinarurcolrhcpcrccprionolrimcandspaccarc
unncccssary. "
' '
Ncdia rcndcr Nan, "rhar sublimc culprir in rhc mosr
scrcnclyspirirualscnsc" olhisphilosophy, supcrlluous.
Vhichisvhyricdlacndcrhas Gocrhc`sphilosophicalj ourncycom-
mcnccvirh"hissing,hcmming,andsqucczing,"onlyrocndin "snoring. "
Irmaynorbcasrandomandmarhcmaricalasrhc "pcrlccrlycvcnandun-
inlormarivchiss" inrovhichJuring`svocodcrrurncdrhcradiospccchol
hiscommandcrinchicl,burGocrhc`s "acruallyrccordcd" voicc,roo,bc-
longs ro rhc rcal. Jhc hcrional clcvarcd phallus shrivcls up. ^nd oncc
schorr has rrainvhccls "dclcar his vicrorious rival, Gocrhc`s larynx,"
rhccnginccrhashnallybcarcnrhcaurhor.
"Jhc ncv phonograph, " Ldison rold rhc srallolScientijc nerican in
: 88;, "is ro bc uscd lor raking dicrarion, lor raking rcsrimony incourr,
lorrcporringspccchcs,lorrhcrcproducrionolvocalmusic,lorrcaching
languagcs," asvcllas"lorcorrcspondcncc,lorcivilandmiliraryordcrs"
and lor "rhc disrriburion ol rhc songs ol grcar singcrs, scrmons and
spccchcs, rhc vords ol grcar mcn and vomcn. "
' '
`Vhich is vhy sincc
: 8 8; rhosc grcar mcn and vomcn havc bccn ablc ro do virhour body
snarchcrslikcschorr.
Jo sccurc rhc vorldvidc disrriburion olrhcsc possibilirics, Ldison
scnrrcprcscnrarivcsinroallrhccounrricsolrhc ldVorld.InLngland,
rhc "villingvicrims" vho "immorralizcd rhcirvoiccs invax" includcd
rimcNinisrcrGladsronc, anLdison admircr ollongsranding,andrhc
pocrsJcnnyson and rovning. In Gcrmany, Ldison rccruircd ismarck
andrahms,vhobyrccordingoncolhisungarianrhapsodicsrcmovcd
irlromrhcvhimsy ollururcconducrors. ' 'JhcyoungcmpcrorVilhclm
II,hovcvcr,didmorcrhanmcrclyprovidchisvoicc.cinquircdabourall
rhc machinc`srcchnical dcrails, hadir disasscmblcd inhis prcscncc, rhcn
pushcdasidcLdison`srcprcscnrarivcandrookironhimscllroconducrrhc
asscmblyandprcscnrarioninrhc prcscncc olanasronishcdcourr.'` Jhc
milirary command-ro lrccly paraphrasc Ldison-cnrcrcd rhc agc ol
rcchnology.
^nd ir vas only alrcr rhc hcroic acrion ol rhcir cmpcror-vho lor
rcasonsobviouslyrclarcdro naval srrarcgyhad srudicdradiorclcphony,
' '
'
loundcdrhcJclclunkcncompany, and invhar almosr amounrcdro mili-
raryprophccypromprcdrhc consrrucrion olrhc ^V\S asrhc hrsrhigh-
vay''-rharGcrmany`svrircrs paidarrcnrionro rhc alphabcrlcss rracc.
In : 8,;, rhc lorcign olhcc lcgarion council and Vilhclminc srarc pocr
Lrnsr von Vildcnbruch may havc bccn rhc hrsr ro rccord a cylindcr.
Granojbone ;,
Vildcnbruchvrorc a pocm cxprcssIy lor rhc occasion, orrhc hono-
graphic Rccording olis Voicc. "Jhc hisrory olirs rransmission says ir
all. ir is nor collccrcd in rhc Co//ected Vor/s. rolcssor VaIrcr ruch,
vhoaschiclcnginccrol^LG-Jclclunkcnandinvcnrorolrhc^Lrclcvi-
sion sysrcm had acccss ro rhc archivcs olhisrorical rccordings, had ro
rranscribcVildcnbruch`s vcrscs lromrhc roll. Jhcy arc quorcd hcrc in a
lormarrharvillhorrilypocrs,composirors,and Iircraryscholars.
Oas^ntitzdcsNcnschcnIItsichgcstatcn,scin^ugcimbidcIcstsich
hatcn, dic Stimmcnur,dicim!auchcntstcht,dickrpcroscvcrgcht
undvcrvcht.
Oas^ntitzkannschmcichcnddas^ugc bctrigcn, dcr!angdcrStimmc
kannnichtbctrigcn,darumcrschcintmirdcrhonographas dcrSccc
vahrhaItcrhotograph,
Ocr das Vcrborgnczutagcbringtund dasVcrgangnc zurcdcnzvingt.
Vcrnchmt dcnn ausdcm!angvon dicscm SpruchdicScclcvonIrnst
vonidcnbruch.
cmaymodcthchumanvisagc, andhodthccycIast in an imagc, butthc
bodicssvoicc, bornc byair, mustIadc avayand disappcar.
Jhc Iavning Iacc can dcccivc thccyc, thc soundoIthc voicc canncvcric,
thusitsccmsu mcthcphonograph isthc sou'strucphotograph,
hich bringsto ightvhatis supprcsscd and makcs thc past spcak atour
bchcst. Soistcnto thc soundoIvhat dccarc, andIrnstvonidcn-
bruch's souvi bc aid barc.'`
Lvcn rhc copious vrircr ViIdcnbruch did nor aIvays rhymc so poorIy.
is phonographicvcrscssoundas il rhcy had bccnimproviscdinlronrol
rhcbclI-mourhvirhourrhcbcnchrolanyvrirrcndralr. orrhchrsrrimc
sincc rimc immcmorial, vhcn minsrrcls combincd rhcir lormulaic or
mcmorizcdvordsinrocnrirc cpics, bardsvcrcindcmandagain.Vhichis
vhyVildcnbruchvas bcrclr olvrirrcnlanguagc.
ocrry, rhcIasrphiIosophcrandhrsrmcdiarhcorisrIicrzschcvrorc,
is, likc lircrarurc, in gcncral simply a mncmorcchnoIogy. !n : 8 8z, Tbe
Ga, Science rcmarkcd undcrrhc hcading nrhcriginolocrry".
! nthosc ancicnttimcsi nvhich poctrycamc into cxistcncc, thc aimvas utiity,
and actuay a vcry grcat utiity. hcn onc cts rhythm pcrmcatc spccch-thc
rhythmiclorccthatrcordcrs athc atomsoIthc scntcncc, bids onc choosc onc's
vords vith carc, and givcs onc's thoughts a ncv coour, making thcm darkcr,
strangcr,andmorcrcmotc-thcutiityin gucstionvassuperstitious.Khythmvas
mcantto imprcss thc gods morc dccpyvith a human pctition, Ioritvas noticcd
thatmcnrcmcmbcravcrscmuchbcttcrthanordinaryspccch. !tvasaso bcicvcd
8o Granojbone
thatarhythmictick-tockvas audibcovcrgrcatcrdistanccs;arhythmicapraycr
vassupposcdtogctcoscr tothc carsoIthc gods. '''
^rrhcoriginolpocrry,virhirsbcars,rhyrhms ,and,inmodcrnLuropcan
languagcs, rhymcs) , vcrc rcchnological problcms and a solurion rhar
camcabourundcroralcondirions.\nrccognizcdbyallphilosophical acs-
rhcrics, rhcsroragccapaciryolmcmoryvas ro bcincrcascd and rhc sig-
nal-ro-noisc rario ol channcls improvcd. , umans arc so lorgcrlul and
gods so hard olhcaring. ) Jhc lacr rhar vcrscs could bc vrirrcn dovn
hardly changcd rhis ncccssiry. Jcxrs srorcd by rhc mcdium olrhc book
vcrcsrillsupposcdrohndrhcirvaybackrorhccarsandhcarrs olrhcir
rccipicnrs in ordcr ro arrain ,nor unlikc rhc vay rcud or^nna omkc
hadcnvisioncdir) rhcindcsrrucribiliryoladcsirc.
Jhcsc ncccssirics arc oblircrarcd by rhc possibiliry olrcchnological
sound sroragc. r suddcnly bccomcs supcrlluous ro cmploy a rhyrhmical
rick-rock ,as in Grcccc) orrhymc ,as in Luropc) ro cndovvordsvirh a
durarion bcyond rhcir cvancsccncc. Ldison`s ralking machinc srorcs rhc
mosr disordcrcdscnrcnccaromsandirscylindcrsrransporrrhcmovcrrhc
grcarcsr disranccs. Jhc pocr Charlcs Cros mayhavc immorralizcd rhc in-
vcnrion olhis phonograph, prcciscly bccausc hcvas ncvcr ablc ro build
ir, in lyricalrhymcsundcrrhc proudrirlc "nscriprion"-Vildcnbruch,
rhar plain consumcr, is in a dillcrcnr posirion. "or rhc honographic
Rccording olis Voicc" no longcr rcquircs any pocric mcans. Rarhcr
rhan dying and lading avay, his voicc rcachcs onc olroday`s cnginccrs.
Jcchnologyrriumphsovcrmncmorcchnology. ^ndrhcdcarhbcllrollslor
pocrry, vhichlorsolonghadbccnrhc lovcolsomany.
\ndcr rhcsc circumsranccs vrircrs arc lclr virh lcv oprions. Jhcy
can, likcNallarmc orSrclan Gcorgc, cxorciscrhcimaginaryvoiccs lrom
bcrvccn rhc lincs and inaugurarc a culr ol and lor lcrrcr lcrishisrs, in
vhich casc pocrry bccomcs a lorm olrypographically oprimizcd black-
ncssoncxorbiranrlycxpcnsivcvhircpapcr.un couj de des orarhrovol
rhc dicc.' r lor markcring rcasons rhcy can movc lrom imaginary
voiccs,suchasrhosc^nnaomkchadhallucinarcdinGocrhc`svcrscs,ro
rcal oncs, in vhich casc a pocrry ol namclcss songvrircrs appcars, or
rcappcars, onrccords.llircrarcsinparriculararcrhcirprimcconsumcrs,
bccausc vhar undcr oral condirions rcquircd ar lcasr somc kind ol
mncmorcchnologyisnovlully auromarizcd. "Jhcmorccomplicarcdrhc
rcchnology, rhc simplcr, " rhar is, rhc morc lorgcrlul, "vc can livc. "
''
Rccordsrurnandrurnunrilphonographicinscriprionsinscribcrhcmsclvcs
inro brainphysiology.Vcallknovhirs androcksongsbyhcarrprcciscly
bccauscrhcrcisno rcasonromcmorizcrhcmanymorc.
Granojbone 8
Jo providc a dcmographicallycxacr accounr ol Vbite-Co//ar Vor/-
ers, including rhcir nocrurnal acrivirics, Sicglricd Kracaucr bccomcs ac-
quainrcdvirharypisr,"lorvhomirischaracrcrisricrharshccannorhcar
apicccolmusicinadancchallorasuburbancalcvirhourchirpingalong
irsrcxr.uririsnorasilshcknovsallrhchirs,rarhcr,rhchirsknovhcr,
rhcy carchupvirhhcr,killing hcr solrly. "'
nly rvo ycars or srcps scpararc rhis sociology "lrom rhc ncvcsr
Gcrmany" lrom hcrionalhcrocs such asrhosc in rmgard Kcun`s a,on
Gir/ ol , z, vho , obviouslyundcrrhcinllucncc olKracaucr) rurn inro
pocrs,andincrlininroprosrirurcs)vhcnlisrcningrorhc gramophonc or
rhc radio. or ir is nor rhc rypcvrircr, inlronr olvhich rhc rayon cm-
ployccOorisspcndshcrdays,rharrurnsancnrcrrainmcnrconsumcrinro
aproduccr. nlyvhcnshcandhcr currcnr lovcr hcar "musiclromrhcra-
dio"and lisrcnro "Vicnna,Ny nc andnly" docs shc "lccllikcapocr"
vho "can alsorhymc,. . . il only up ro a poinr. " '` ^nd il "a gramo-
phoncncxr door" should bcplayinginrhcmoonlighr, "somcrhingvon-
dcrlul rakcsholdolhcr". lisrcningro ahir, Ooris hrsrolallhasrhclccl-
ing "olmaking a pocm" and rhcn dccidcs ro vrirc an aurobiography or
cvcnanovcl.
!thinkitisgoodvhcn!dcscribccvcrything, bccausc! amanuncommonpcrson.
! amnotthinkingoIa diary-thatvoud bcridicuousIor anup-to-datcgir oI
cightccn. but!vanttovritc ikcamovic,bccauscthat'sthcvaymyiIcisandit
visoon bcmorc so. . . . ^ndvhcn! rcad it atcr, itvi bcikc a movic-!vi
sccmyscIin imagcs. '

Lnrcrrainmcnr novcls , includingKcun`s) dcscribc rhcir ovn mcdial con-

dirions olproducrionvirh grcar prccision. Jhc mcdium olrhc gramo-
phonchasasirscllccrarypcolpocrryrharisnorhingburrhcinsidcolirs
oursidc. Skippingallrcxrualiryirjumpssrraighrinrorhcmcdiumolhlm.
Nyhcartisagramophonc,payingcxcitcdyvithasharpnccdcinmybrcast. . . .
romthc movicscomcsmusic,rccordsthatarcpassingonhumanvoiccs.^nd a
arcsinging. . . '`
Iovclsrharllovlromhirsinordcrro cndinmovicsarcparrolrhc "lir-
crarurc olnonrcadcrs" rcvicvcd in :,z6 by, ol all j ournals, Die /iter-
ariscbe Ve/t.
Jhis,thcitcraturc oInonrcadcrs,isthcmostvidcyrcaditcraturcinthcvord.
!ts history hasnot yct bccn vrittcn. Por do ! Icc guitc up to thc taskmyscI. !
voudsimpyikcto makcrcIcrcnccto onc oIits branchcs: poctry. orthc itcra-
turc oInonrcadcrs,ikc our" ovn, has a spccia catcgoryIorpoctry.
8z Granojbone
IvcrycoupcoIvccksthcrc is asurvcy: ho isthcmostbcovcdpoct oI
thc ycar: "Ivcrytimc, thcgucstionis ansvcrcdincorrccty. Jhconcs vc knov
arcnotcvcnconsidcrcd.PcithcrKikcnor CasarIaischcn,notGocthc,andnot
GottIricd bcnn. Kathcr, Iritz Grnbaum hcn`ou Can`t, Lct ^c Oo!t! " ) ,
Schanzcr and cisch !I `ou Scc ^y ^unt") , bcda `cs, c !avc Po ba-
nanas") , Or.Kobcrt!atschcr ^adonna,`ou^rc^orcbcautiIuthanthcSun-
shinc) "-andvho csc? ^otmorc-bcIorcIaischcn, Kikc andbcnncomc up.
Jhc ::: Pcvcst !its"-that isthc most popuar poctryanthoogyoIa.
Jhccontcnts arcrcviscd andcxpandcd cvcrytvomonths. ^ndthcvhoc thing
costs just tcnccnts. !crc thcrc is onyonc gcnuinctypcoIpocm: thc ovc pocm.
Girs,vomcn, Icmacs-othcrtopicsarcnotIavorcd.'

Lvcn il all rhc namcs on borh sidcs olrhc dcbarc havc long sincc
changcd,rhisrcmainsavcrycxacr appraisal.Virhrhcinvcnrionolrcch-
nicalsoundsroragc,rhccllccrsrharpocrryhadonirsaudicnccmigrarcro
rhc ncv lyrics ol hir paradcs and charrs. Jhcir rcxrs vould rarhcr bc
anonymous rhan dcprivcd ol royalrics, rhcir rccipicnrs illircrarc rarhcr
rhandcprivcdollovc.^rrhcsamcrimc,hovcvcr,mcdiarcchnology`sprc-
ciscdillcrcnriarionbringsabouramodcrnpocrryrharcandovirhourall
supplcmcnrary scnsualirics ranginglromsongro lovc bccausc-accord-
ingro a rcmark olscarVildc`sas ironic asiris appropriarc-iris nor
rcad. '`^ndrhis rcmainsrhc casc cvcnvhcn Rilkc plans pocric coronal
sururcphonographyorcnnvrircspocmsrharconsciouslyscrrhcmsclvcs
aparrlromrhccnrcrrainmcnrindusrry. orcnn`s pocms canmcrclynorc
burnorvcrilyrharrccordsandmovicsare parrolaprcscnrrharourpaccs
ourculruralcrirics. rhcrvisc,hispocmsvouldbcassucccsslul,anony-
mous,andlorgorrcnasrhc hirsrhcysingabour.
^popuarhitismorc to
thanhvchundrcdpagcsoIcuturacrisis.
^tthcmovics,tovhichyou cantakcaonghatandcoat,
thcrcismorchrcvatcrthaninthccothurnus
andvithoutthcannoyingintcrmission.'
`
Lovbrov and highbrov culrurc, prolcssional rcchnology and prolcs-
sional pocrry. rhc lounding agc olmodcrn mcdia lclrusvirh rhoscrvo
oprions.Vildcnbruch`srhirdvayvascliminarcd. "Solisrcnrorhcsound
olvhar! dcclarc, andLrnsrvonVildcnbruch`s soulvill bc laid barc,"
rhcimpcrialsrarcpocrrhymcd,asilonccouldsimulrancouslyspcakinro
rcchnologicalmachincs and claim an immorral namc. rom sound back
ropocm,lrompocmbackro soul-rharisrhcimpossiblcdcsircrorcducc
rhc rcal ,rhc physiology ol a voicc) ro rhc symbolic, and rhc symbolic
Granojbone 8
,anarricularcdspccch) ro rhcimaginary. JhcvhccIolmcdiarcchnoIogy
cannor bc rurncd backro rcrricvc rhc souI, rhc imaginary ol alI Classic-
Romanricpocrry. Vhar cllccrivcly rcmains olViIdcnbruch in "orrhc
honographicRccordingolisVoicc"isnorhingburnoisc, posrhumous
aIrcady during his lilcrimc. Rccord groovcs digrhc gravc olrhc aurhor.
ViIdcnbruchpulIs ouraIlrhc srops olrhcimaginaryandrhcsymbolic, ol
his immorraI soul andhisarisrocraric namc, soasnorro havcro spcakol
his spcaking body. "y virruc olour bodics," auI Zumrhor`s rhcory ol
oral pocrry srarcs, "vc arc rimc andplacc.rhcvoicc, irscIl ancmanarion
olourphysicaIiry, docs nor ccasc ro proclaimir. "
'
' \ponrcpIayingrhc
oIdcylindcrolt 8p;, irisa corpsc rharspcaks.
crvccnorbclorcIovbrovand highbrovculrurc,bcrvccnhirrccords
and cxpcrimcnraI pocrry, rhcrc is onIy onc rhird parry. scicncc. Vhcn
ViIdcnbruch spokc inrorhc bcII-mourh,rhc phonograph srorcd indiccs
rarhcr rhanpocms. ^nd rhcsc indiccs spcak prccisclyro rhc cxrcnr rhar
rhcirscndcrcannormanipuIarcrhcm.Jhcpocrpcrlorming"Jhchono-
graphic Rccording olis Voicc" sccmcd ar lcasr ro havc bccn avarc ol
rhis.bccausc "rhcsoundolrhcvoicccanncvcrIic," irsrcchnoIogicaIsror-
agc rcvcals rhc "hiddcn" andmakcsrhc "pasr"-rhc corpsc olaVildcn-
bruch ora Gocrhc-spcak.
Ldison sav his phonograph "prcsscd inro rhc dcrccrivc scrvicc and
uscdasanunimpcachabIcvirncss" '`incourr.VirhrcchnologicaImcdia,
aknovIcdgcassumcs povcrrharis no Iongcr sarishcdvirhrhc individ-
ualunivcrsalsolirs subjccrs,rhcirscIl-imagcs andscll-rcprcscnrarions-
rhcscimaginarylormarions-burinsrcadrcgisrcrsdisringuishingparricu-
lars.^sCarloGinzburghasshovnin"CIucsandScicnrihcNcrhod,"rhis
ncvknovlcdgc ruIcs Norclli, rcud, and Shcrlock olmcs, rhar is, acs-
rhcrics, psychoanalysis, and criminology. ovcvcr, GinzburglaiIsro scc
rhar rhc shilr in rcchnologics olpovcr simplylolovs rhc svirch lrom
vriring romcdia. ooks had bccnabIcro srorcandconvcyrhcimaginary
corporcaI scll-imagcs cnrcrraincd by individuals. ur unconsciousIy
rrcachcrous signs likc hngcrprinrs, pirch, and loor rracks lalI inro rhc
purvicv olmcdiavirhourvhichrhcycouIdncirhcr bc srorcdnor cvaIu-
arcd. rancis Galron`s dacryloscopc and Ldison`s phonograph arc con-
rcmporancous aIlics.
Vildcnbruch appcars ro havc suspccrcd as much, orcIsc his vcrscs
vouldnorrclcrrorhcphonographasrhcsoul`sovnrrucphorograph.is
paranoia is jusrihcd. ^ phonographically rccordcd srarc pocr no Iongcr
cnrcrs a panrhcon olimmorral vrircrs bur rarhcr onc olrhc counrlcss
8 Granojbone
!rotoypc oIrcccivcr bc Carkc, t8;q) .
cvidcncc-garhcringagcncicsrharsincc 88o havcbccnconrroIIingourso-
caIIcdsociaIbchavior,rharis,aIIrhcdaraandsignsrhararcbyncccssiry
bcyond our conrroI. Jhc good oId days in vhich a scIl-conrroIIcd and
"lIarrcring" lacc couId "looI" cycs cquaIIy bcrclr ol mcdia arc ovcr.
Rarhcr, aIIrhc scicnccs olrracc dcrccrion conhrm rcud`s srarcmcnr rhar
"no morraI can kccp a sccrcr" bccausc "bcrrayaI oozcs our ol him ar
Granojbone 8 y
cvcryporc. "'`' ^nd bccausc ,vc mayadd) sincc : 88o, rhcrchas bccn a
sroragc mcdium lor cach kind olbcrrayaI. rhcrvisc rhcrc vouId bc no
unconscious.
n :,o8, rhcpsychoIogisrViIIiamSrcrnpubIishcsa "SummaryolOc-
posirionsychoIogy. " JhisncvscicnccisdcsigncdrocIcanscrhcoraIdc-
posirionsolcourrprorocoIs,mcdicaIrcporrs,pcrsonaIhIcs,andschooIrc-
porrslromaIIguiIcanddcccironrhcparrolrhcspcakcrs. IdLuropcan,
rharis ro say,Iircrary, mcans olpovcr arc nor immunclromdcccprion.
VhcrhcrlorcriminaIsorlor rhc insanc,rhcrradirionaI "sryIizcd dcposi-
rionsolrcnproduccalaIscimprcssionolrhccxaminarionandobscurcrhc
psychoIogicaIsignihcancc olindividuaIsrarcmcnrs. "^scachansvcr "is,
lromrhcpoinrolvicvolcxpcrimcnraIpsychoIogy, arcacrionro rhc op-
crarivcsrimuIusinrhcqucsrion, "' ` cxpcrimcnrcrs andinvcsrigarorspro-
vokccounrcrmcasurcs in rhcir subjccrs as Iong as rhcyusc rhc burcau-
craricmcdiumolvriring. ^n argumcnr madc byrhc srimuIus-rcsponsc
psychoIogisrSrcrnrhar,sixryycarsIarcr, isrcircrarcdby inrcracrionpsy-
choIogisrsIikcVarzIavick , dcspirc aIIcriricismolrhc srimuIus-rcsponsc
schcmc) .'``Vhichisvhycxamincrsol:,o8 rccommcnd "rhcuscolrhc
phonograph as an idcaI mcrhod"'` and rhosc ol :,6, rccommcnd rapc
dccks. '``
n :,oy, rhc Vicnncsc psychiarrisrLrvin Srransky, quicrIy anricipar-
inghiscoIIcagucSrcrn,pubIishcd asrudy, n Sjeecb Disturoances. nor-
dcrroconrriburcrorhcknovIcdgcolsuchdisrurbanccsamongrhc "mcn-
raIIy iII and mcnraIIy hcaIrhy, " Gcrman psychiarry lor rhc hrsr rimc
avaiIcdirscIlolrhc idcaImcrhodolphonography. Srranskyhadhis sub-
jccrs "Iookand spcak dirccrIyinrorhc bIack rubc" lor onc minurc ,rhc
rccordingrimcloroncroII) alrcr "aII cxrrancous scnsc srimuIi, "rharis,
aII rhc psychoIogicaI probIcms ol dcposirion, had bccn cIiminarcd. '`'
Vharcvcr rhcysaidvascompIcrcIy irrcIcvanr. Jhc "aim" olrhcvhoIc
cxpcrimcnr "consisrs in shurring our aII gcncraI conccprs. "'`` Jo rcsr
"conccprsIikc 'spcakingarodds,`'hodgcpodgc,`'rhinkingourIoud,` 'haI-
Iucinarion, ` crc. , "'``rhcsubjccrshadro abandonrhcirso-caIIcdrhinking.
n Srransky`s phonographic cxpcrimcnr, "Ianguagc, "in irs "rcIarivc au-
ronomylrom rhcpsychc, "'`'rakcsrhcpIaccolgcncraIconccprsorsigni-
hcds, as il inrcnding ro prcparc or laciIirarc a kcy conccpr olmodcrn
Iircrarurc.
NcdiarcchnoIogycouIdnorprocccdinamorccxacrlashion.Jhanks
rorhcphonograph,scicnccislorrhchrsrrimcinposscssionolamachinc
rhar rccords noiscs rcgardIcss ol so-caIIcd mcaning. Vrirrcn prorocoIs
vcrcaIvaysuninrcnrionaIscIccrionsolmcaning.Jhcphonograph, hov-
86 Granojbone
cvcr, dravsourrhoscspccchdisrurbanccsrharconccrnpsychiarry. Srran-
sky`shncsrarcmcnrrhar "rhclormarionolgcncralconccprs" couldbcin-
hibircd "lor parhological or cxpcrimcnral rcasons"'' is a cuphcmism.
Jhc"or"shouldbcrcplaccdbyancqualsign.^llrhcmorcsobccauscrhc
splcndidlyconsisrcnrSrranskyplaccsinlronrolrhcmachincnoronlypsy-
chiarricparicnrsburalso,rocollccrcompararivcdara,hisovncollcagucs,
rhcdocrors.orrhc larrcr, rhccnsuinghodgcpodgcvasrclarcdro cxpcr-
imcnralrcasons,nccdlcssrosay,vhilcrhcparicnrshadrhcirparhological
rcasons. urrhclacrrharpsychiarrisrs,roo,immcdiarclyproduccavholc
lorolnonscnscvhcn spcakinginroa phonograph,rhcrcby rclinquishing
rhc prolcssional srarus rhar disringuishcs rhcm lrom madmcn, lully
dcmonsrrarcsrhcmachinc`spovcr.Ncchanizarionrclicvcspcoplcolrhcir
mcmoricsandpcrmirs alinguisrichodgcpodgchirhcrrosrillcdbyrhcmo-
nopoly olvriring. Jhc rulcs govcrning rhymc and mcrcr rhar Vildcn-
bruchcmploysroarrangchisvordsvhcnspcakinginrorhcphonograph,
rhc gcncralconccprs rharSrransky`s collcagucs uscro arrangcrhcirs dur-
ingrhchrsrrcsrruns-Ldison`sinvcnrionrcndcrsrhcmallhisroricallyob-
solcrc.Jhccpocholnonscnsc,ourcpoch,canbcgin.
Jhis nonscnsc is alvays alrcady rhc unconscious. Lvcryrhing rhar
spcakcrs,bccauscrhcyarcspcaking,cannoralsorhinkllovsinrorccord-
ingdcviccsvhoscsroragccapaciryisonlysurpasscdbyrhcirindillcrcncc.
"Jhcpoinrcouldbcmadc"-accrrainValrcraadcrcmarkcdin, in
"nrhcRccordingolScll-bscrvarionsbyOicraphonc"-
thatsuchancxcrtionisunncccssary, bccauscitisnotamattcroIrccordinga//rc-
marks butonythc important oncs-this,hovcvcr, IaistorcaizchrstoIathat
uttcranccsoIgrcatimportancc arcoItcnmadcbysubjcctsinmomcntsvhcnthcy
thcmscvcs bcicvc onyto havc madc a casua rcmark and thc cxamincris ato-
gcthcrunprcparcdIoranimportantcommcnt,andsccondythatcvcnvhcnboth
particsarcavarcthatat castsomcpartoIarcmarkis important,"thcdccision
vhatshoudandshoudnot bcrccordcdby thc protoco is IrcgucntyvcrydiIh-
cutand,subscgucnty,hasa disturbingcIIcct.Iorthcmostpart,thcsctvoaIorc-
mcntioncdrcasonsmakcthcunintcrruptcd, indiscriminatcrccordingoIauttcr-
anccs appcarasanidcal.'''
rcsumablyrhc hrsrro lollov rhis idcal is a hcrional psychiarrisr ol
8,;. ramSrokcr`sDracu/a, rharpcrcnnially misjudgcd hcroic cpic ol
rhclinal vicrory olrcchnologicalmcdiaovcrrhcblood-sucking dcspors
ololdLuropc,''lcarurcsaccrrainOr.Scvard,vhoisballlcdbyrhcnon-
scnsical discoursc produccd by his schizophrcnic paricnr Rcnlicld. Jhc
larrcr kccps scrcaming rhar rhc masrcr is approaching, bur Or. Scvard
has no vay olknoving rharrhisrclcrsro Oracula`s arrivalin Lngland.
Granojbone 8;
ovcvcr, i nrhc vakc ola prolanc illuminarion anriciparing Or. Srran-
sky, Or. Scvardrcsorrsro mcdiarcchnology. cpurchascs oncolrhcrc-
ccnrly mass-produccd phonographs, norro rccord rhc paricnr , as Srran-
skydid) burrarhcrhisovnassociarionsrriggcrcdbyrhclarrcr`sspccchcs.
Jhcgroovcssrorc,ro quorcScvard`ssuccincrandprcciscdcscriprion,an
"unconscious ccrcbrarion" rhar divincs rhc subconscious olrhc schizo-
phrcnicburcannoradvanccallrhcvayrorhcpsychiarrisr`scgo.risonly
, asaadcpurir) rhc uninrcrruprcd, indiscriminarc rccording olallurrcr-
anccs or associarions rharvill allov Or. Scvard`s unconscious ccrcbra-
rion "ro givcrhcvall ro irs| conscious brorhcr. "'`^ndonlyrhc rypcd
rranscriprionolallcylindcrs, rccommcndcdascarlyas: 8,o byOr. lod-
gcrr, ' by a ccrrain Nina arkcr vill rcvcal ro him and all rhc orhcrs
hunring Oracula rhar rhc Counr himscllvas bchind Rcnlicld`s schizo-
phrcnicnonscnsc.
Sincc : 8,;, rhc ycar ol Dracu/a's publicarion, rhis proccdurc has no
longcrbclongcdro rhcrcalmolhcrion.^scicncchascmcrgcdrharrurns
irandallirs parriculars inro amcrhod. psychoanalysis.
^s is knovn, rcud`s "ralking curc" is bascd on a scgmcnrarion ol
spccch. n rhc onc hand, paricnrs lying on rhc couch spcak-ar lcasr
rhar`svharrhcybclicvc-accordingroclassicdiscourscrulcs.^Kanrian
cgo has ro bc ablc ro accompany all my rcprcscnrarions and providc lor
corrccrvords and scnrcnccs-scnrcnccs rhar, unlorrunarcly, saynorhing
abour rhc paricnr. nrhc orhcr hand, many minor symproms cmcrgc in
rhcllov olspccch-inrcrruprions andparalalia, nonscnsicalvords and
puns-invhich ,roparaphrasc Srransky) lorparhologicalorcxpcrimcn-
ralrcasonsrhclormarionolgcncralconccprshasnoroccurrcdandasub-
consciousappcars. Subscqucnrly, rhc arrcnrivc docrornccdonlyscpararc
nonscnsc lrom scnsc likc vhcar lrom chall ,and nor rhc orhcr vay
around) . clccdsrhcparapraxcsbackrorhcparicnr, rhusrriggcringncv
associarions and parapraxcs, vhich oncc again arc lcd back, and so on
unrilancgoinconrrololspccchhasbccndcrhroncdandrhcunspcakablc
rrurhcanbchcard.
^round :,oo, only mcdiarhcorcriciansplay asrcvolurionary a parr
asrhcphysicianrcud.Lxpcrimcnringvirhrclcphoncsandphonographs,
crmann Gurzmann, a lccrurcr in spccch disordcrs in crlin, discovcrs
rhar rhc prompringolnonscnsc vords ro his paricnrs produccs norhing
bur parapraxcs. rcciscly bccausc borh machincs-duc ro rransmission
cconomy or rcchnical impcrlccrions-limir rhc lrcqucncy band ol lan-
guagc on cirhcr cnd, vhar subjccrs "undcrsrand" can dillcr lrom vhar
8 8 Granojbone
rhcy "hcar." GurzmannspcaksnonscnscsyIIabIcsIikc "bagc" or "zoscs"
inro rhc mourhpiccc, and rhc car ar rhc orhcr cnd rcccivcs "Iady" or
"proccss." '` ^ simpIcqucsrionbringsroIighr an unconscious. ^ndrhc
rcscarchin "ncaringand\ndcrsranding" isabIcro"ansvcrrhcqucs-
rionvharsuchcxpcrimcnrsmaymcanIorcxpcrimcnraIpsychoIogy".
IirstoIa,itiscvidcntthatusingIakcvordsstimuatcsthccombinatorypovcrs
tosuchadcgrccthatcvcnagainsthisvithcistcncrisIorccdtorcpaccthcnon-
scnscsyabcshchashcardviththoscvordscoscstinhismind, inthcpcrtincnt
constcationoIidcas;thatis, hcisIorccdtohcarthcattcrinthcIormcr. Jhiscan
bcsccnvcryccaryinthcprotocooISubjcct 1, a hckccightccn-ycar-odvho is
dccpy in ovc; hc is attractcdto cvcrythingIcmininc, andthc many girs` namcs
andanadditiona ady"makchisconstcationoIidcascasiyrccognizabc.Jhis
aso appicstothc IakcIrcnchvordsoIthctvo vc-cducatcdyoung adics. "!I
vcvantcdtoconductphonographictcsts aimcdatdiscovcringccrtainsuspcctcd
trains oIthought, vc voud ony nccd to usc syabcs sounding ikc thc corrc-
spondingvords asstimuiin ordcr to arrivcat thc positivc orncgativcrcsut.''
rcud rurns Gurzmann`s simpIc suggcsrion inro his cxpIicir goaI and
imaginary consrcIIarionsinrorhc subconscious. n orhcrvords, hc him-
scIIrakcsrhc pIacc oIphonographic rcsrs. ^nd Iorgoodrcason. rhcpsy-
choanaIysrinhischairvouId aIso bcIaccdvirhrhc probIcmoIrcprcss-
ingorhIrcringrhccommunicarionoIanaIicnsubconsciousvirhhisovn
subconscious had hcnorIrom rhc vcry bcginningrurncd his carsinro a
rcchnicaI appararus. \nIikc Gurzmann`s subjccrs, rcud`s paricnrs IaII
Irom scnsc inro nonscnsc, ycr rhcir docror is nor aIIovcd ro usc his un-
dcrsrandingro rurn irbackinro scnsc. orrharrcason, rcud`s "Rccom-
mcndarions ro hysiciansracrisingsycho-^naIysis" simpIyamounrro
rcIcphony.
]ustasthcpaticntmustrcatccvcrythingthathisscI-obscrvationcandctcct, and
kccp backathcogicaand aIIcctivcobj cctionsthatscckto inducchimto makc
asccctionIromamongthcm,sothcdoctormustputhimscIinapositiontomakc
usc oIcvcrythinghcistodIorthc purposcs oIintcrprctation . . . vithoutsubsti-
tuting accnsorshipoIhis ovnIorthc sccctionthatthcpaticnthasIorcgonc. Jo
put it in a Iormua, hc must turn his ovn unconscious ikc a rcccptivc organ
tovards thc transmitting unconscious oIthc paticnt. !c must adjusthimscIto
thcpaticntasatccphoncrcccivcris adjustcdtothctransmittingmicrophonc.]ust
as thc rcccivcr convcrts back into sound vavcs thc ccctric osciations in thc
tccphonc incvhichvcrc sct up bysound vavcs, so thc doctor`s unconscious is
abc, Irom thc dcrivativcs oI thc unconsciousncss vhich arc communicatcd to
him, to rcconstruct that unconscious, vhich has dctcrmincd thc paticnt`s Ircc
associations. ''
Granojbone 8,
Jhc hctional Or. Scvard had bccn obligcdto hrstrccord his uncon-
sciousassociations,vhichtraccdthoscolanothcrunconscious, bclorchc
vas ablc to arrivc ata conscious intcrprctationuponrcplayingthcm. n
cxactly thc samc vay thc historical Or. rcud turns into a tclcphonc rc-
ccivcr.ollovingthcnationalizationolthcVicnnatclcphonccxchangcin
8,y, hc not only had a tclcphonc installcd in his study' but also dc-
scribcdthcvork thatvcnt on inthat study intcrms oltclcphony. ^sil
psychic apparatus, " rcud`s hnc ncologism orsupplcmcntlor thc anti-
quatcd soul, vcrc to bc takcn litcrally, thc unconscious coincidcs vith
clcctricoscillations. nlyanapparatuslikcthctclcphonccantransmitits
lrcqucncics, bccausc cach cncoding in thc burcaucratic mcdium olvrit-
ingvouldbcsubjcctto thchltcringandccnsoringcllcctsolaconscious-
ncss.\ndcrmcdiaconditions,hovcvcr, sclcctionandrclusal, " to quotc
Rilkc,arcnolongcrpcrmissiblc.''Vhichisvhythcconscicntiousdcpo-
sition psychologist rcud abstains lromnotc-taking duringhis scssions,
instcad-and much likcOr. Scvardlistcningto his cylindcrs-hc pro-
duccsthcmlatcr.
1`U
Jhcqucstionrcmains,hovcvcr,hovthctclcphoncrcccivcrrcudcan
rctain thc communication lrom anothcr unconscious. Jhc phonograph
ovncrs Ors. Scvard, Stransky, and Gutzmann arc not laccd vith this
problcm,sinccthcyarcinposscssionolastoragcmcdium.roducingpsy-
choanalytic casc studics, that is, putting intovritingvhat paticnts said,
rcquircs that onc rccord vhatcvcr thc tvo ccnsors on and bchind thc
couchvanttorcndcrunsaid.parapraxcs,puns,slips,signihcrj okcs.nly
tcchnologicalmcdiacanrccordthcnonscnscthat,viththconccxccption
olrcud) tcchnologicalmcdiaaloncvcrc ablcto dravoutintothcopcn.
rcud`stclcphoncanalogyclidcsthispoint.Ioncthclcss,hisprinciplcthat
consciousncssandmcmoryarcmutuallycxclusivc
'`1
lormulatcsthisvcry
mcdialogic. orthatrcason,itisconsistcntto dchncpsychoanalyticcasc
studics,inspitcolthcirvrittcnlormat,asmcdiatcchnologics.rcudin-
troduccshis ragmcntolan^nalysisola Cascolystcria" viththcau-
dacious avoval that his vrittcn rccord" ol hystcrical spccchcs has a
high dcgrcc oltrustvorthincss, "though itis notabsolutcly-phono-
graphically-cxact.
'`2
Lvidcntly,psychoanalysis compctcs vithtcchnologicalsoundrccord-
ing. ts cncmy or imagc is thc phonograph, not hlm as cnjamin con-
cludcd lrom globalparallcls.'``Icithcras a vord nor as a subjcct docs
hlm occurin rcud`s vritings. Rathcr, psychoanalytictcxts arc hauntcd
bythcabsolutclaithlulncssolphonography. Jhus,rcud`smcthodoldc-
tcctingunconscioussignihcrsinoraldiscourscandthcnintcrprctingthcsc
,o Granojbone
signihcrs aslcrrcrs olagrandrcbusorsyllablcpuzzlc'`'appcarsasrhch-
nalarrcmprrocsrablishvriringundcrmcdiacondirions.Vhcrcasvomcn,
childrcn, andmadmcn simplysrop rcading assigncd novcls and dcscrrro
rhcmovicsasa "couch olrhcpoor,"'``psychoanalysisonccagainrcachcs
rhcmlcrrcrsrhar,hovcvcr, arcsignihcrsdcvoidolallmcaningandphan-
rasms. ^s a scicncc ir pcrlorms vharNallarmc or Gcorgcinaugurarcas
modcrnlircrarurc.
n crlincr`s ovn vords, his Gramophoncholds onro "rhcsoundol
lcrrcrs", '`' convcrscly, rcud`s psychoanalysis holds on ro rhc lcrrcrs ol
sound.Vhilcrhc cnrcrrainmcnrindusrryrransmirs spccchllovs,rhclac-
rualdarainpurolcvcryralkingcurc,and rcud`s rcachcrrickc,rhcan-
ccsrorolGcrman spccchphysiology, analyzcs rhcmassuch, rcudvrircs
dovnrhcirsignihcrs.isj usrihcarion.unlikcanysrrccrurchin,hc "could
nor imirarc"'`` all rhc srurrcring, clicking olrhc ronguc, gasping, and
groaning'`` olhis lcmalc hysrcrics. Vhichisvhy psychoanalysis is "nor
absolurcly-phonographically-cxacr", andvhy "rcaliryvillalvaysrc-
main'unknovablc.`` '`'
^globalsucccss rhar lalls shorr olrhcabsolurc orrcalhas only onc
prccondirion. paricnrs,vho, rhanksro rhc rclcphonic and cquidisranrrc-
ccpriviry olrcud`s` unconscious, may indulgc in any kind olbabblc as
longasrhcysrickrorhc cvcrydaymcdiumoloraliry, arcrhcmsclvcs nor
allovcdromakcusc olsroragcrcchnologics,lcsrrhcyincurrhcvrarh ol
psychoanalysis,rhc discrcrcrcxrualrccording olconrracrually arrangcd
indiscrcrions. ' '
Conccrning "Jhc andling ol Orcam-nrcrprcrarion in sycho-
^nalysis, " irs invcnror norcs rhar ir vould bc a misrakc ro lcr paricnrs
vrircdovnrhcirovn drcams. "or cvcnilrhcrcxrola drcamis inrhis
vaylaboriouslyrcscucdlromoblivion,iriscasycnoughroconvincconc-
scllrharnorhingrhcrcbyhas bccn achicvcd lorrhcparicnr. ^ssociarions
vill nor comcro rhc rcxr, andrhc rcsulris rhc samc as ilrhc drcamhad
norbccnprcscrvcd."'''Jhcsroragcmcdiumolvriringlailsonccirisuri-
lizcdbyrhcparicnrandnorbyrhc analysr. Jurningspccchllovsinro syl-
lablc puzzlcs or "lcrrcrs, " vhich "do noroccurinnarurc,"''rcmainsrhc
monopoly olrhc scicnrisr scarcd in his chair. rcciscly bccausc a drcam
tet alrcadyamounrsrohallaninrcrprcrarion,ircannolongcrdravidcas
orspccchllovs our olrhcsickunconscious. ^s arcsulrolrhisdrainagc,
vriring assumcs rhc rransirorincss oloraliry,iris consumcdby oblivion.
^nd rhus psychoanalysis csrablishcs virh scll-rccursivc clcgancc rhc
rcnovn and srarus olirs ovn rcxr. n :, z, rcud`svrirings rcccivc rhc
Gocrhc prizc.
8euneII
J J
`'
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0I 0D6D, 00P 0D6D, 0CP 0D6B D61 D61 - D61, D61 D61, D61
1ang.am
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116D61, 16D61, 16D61, 16D61 J16D6I, 16D61, !16D61 88 W110 D1I 80
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80P60P\ W88 W110 D1I' 80 80P60P\, 80P W88 W110 D1I' 80 80P60P\. l6DD 10I W610
markirend

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.
6 6 16 6 6 0 D6D 01g D6gI8D6D, W61 1P g688g\ P8D6, 1cP Y\\
Jrahscriptioholthcphohogram oIa schizophrchic, t 8.
,z Granojbone
Should Vc Lcr aricnrs Vrirc Oovn Jhcir vn Orcams : " Karl
^braham asks in an cssay ol :,: rhar appcars ro conhrm rcud`s au-
rhorirarianvords virh cxamplcs lrom rhc couchpracricc. ^gainsr rhc
docror`s ordcrs, "onc ol^braham`s paricnrs purvriringmarcrials ncxr
ro his bcd" and, lolloving a a vcry cxrcnsivc, cvcnrlul, and highly
chargcddrcam, " broughr rvoquarropagcslullolnorcs" rorhcscssion.
urrohisovnshamcandrorhcdclighrol^braham,hcrcalizcsrharrhc
norcsarcalmosrcomplcrclyillcgiblc. "''`Jhcpsychoanalysr`slovcolnon-
scnsical spccchcs has no vrirrcn or cryprographic cquivalcnr. ^s is vcll
knovn, onlyprinrcdvorks ollircrarurc, nor illcgiblc commonplaccs, so-
licirinrcrprcrarions.
urinspirc olirs rirlc andirs vcncrarion olrcud, ^braham`s cssay
docs norlimirirscllrorhc oldmcdiumolvriring.Vharbroughr rhc cs-
say ro vriring orro shock vas somcrhing larmorc modcrn and ingc-
nious" . aphonographinrhc handsolaparicnr.
Lbscrvation. zdpaticnt,vhoinrcsponsctohisgucstionvas adviscd bymcnot
tovritcdovndrcams,produccsavhocscricsoIdrcamsinthcIoovingnights.
\ponavakcning-in thc middc oIthcnight-hcingcniousytricsto savcIrom
obivionthc drcamshc considcrsimportant.!c ovns an apparatusIorrccording
dictations and procccds to spcak thc drcams into thc bc-mouth. Charactcristi-
cay, hc Iorgctsthat Ior thc ast coupc oIdays thc machinc has bccnmaIunc-
tioning. ^s arcsutthcdictationisdiIhcutto undcrstand. aticntisIorccdto h
in a otIrommcmory. Jhc dictation hadto bccompcmcntcd by thc drcamcr`s
mcmory! Jhc drcam anaysis procccdcdvithoutnotabc rcsistancc, thus vc can
assumcthatinthisparticuarcascthcdrcamvoudhavcbccnrctaincdcvcnvith-
outanyrccording.
Jhc paticnt, hovcvcr, vas not convinccd by this cxpcricncc and instcad
rcpcatcd thc cxpcrimcnt onc morc timc. Iooving a drcam-hcd night, thc
machinc, vhich inthc mcantimchad bccn rcpaircd, dcivcrcd a ccary audibc
dictation.butaccordingtothcpaticntitscontcntvassoconIuscdthathchaddiI-
hcutics cnIorcing somc kind oI ordcr. ^s thc succccding nights Iurnishcd a
bounty oI drcams vhich ccntcrcd on thc samc compcxcs and coud bc rcpro-
duccd vithout artihcia aid, this casc, too, provcd thc usccssncss oIimmcdiatc
rccording.
I64
n rcrms oldcposirionpsychology, a paricnr vho no longcrvrircs dovn
burphonographically rccords his drcams is onrhc samc lcvcl ashis psy-
choanalysr. Iovriringmarcrialorhlrcrinrcrposcsirscllbcrvccnrhc un-
conscious and irs sroragc, no consciousncss making rhc sclccrions" dis-
daincdbyrcudcrcarcsordcr. Rcasoncnoughrobringalongrhcrcpaircd
machincro rhc scssion and scrirupncxrrorhccouch. Jhcnrhc paricnr
Granojbone ,
vould bc lrcc ro go lor a valk vhilc his phonograph-ro paraphrasc
Kalka-couldcxchangcdrcam-rclarcdinlormarionvirhrhcrclcphoncrc-
ccivcr callcd a docror. ur no, prcprogrammcd by rhc analysr`s insrruc-
rions, ^braham`s paricnr lor oncc rcvcrscs rhc judgmcnr rhar dcposirion
psychology had passcdonphonography, irs idcal mcrhod. audiblc rorhc
carandrorhc unconscious, burconluscdandusclcssvhcnircomcsro con-
rcnrandlcvclolconsciousncss.Jhusisrhchisroricopporrunirymisscdro
rcsr, during rcud`slilcrimcandvirhourarrihcial aid, vhar disringuishcs
absolurc-phonographic-lairhlulncsslrommcdicalrcproducrion.
Jhc rcsrdidnorrakc placc unril :,6,, vhcn Ldison`s avkvard ma-
chinc vas rcplaccd bymass-produccdmagncrophoncs. ]can-aul Sarrrc
rcccivcd ,and publishcd) ananonymous rapcvirh ancncloscdlcrrcrrhar
suggcsrs rharrhcrccordingbccnrirlcd "sychoanalyric Oialoguc. "''`^.,
a -ycar-oldparicnrin a lunaric asylum, smugglcd a rapc rccordcrinro
hislasrscssionandrccordcdcvcryrhing: associarions,inrcrprcrarions,and
ulrimarclyrhc rcrror olrhc docrorupon discovcringrhcmachinc.
Dr X. !cp! ^urdcr! !cp! !cp!
A. Shutup andsitdovn.
Dr X. !cp! ,screansaain)
A. `ou`rcaIraid!` mgoingtocutoIIyourvccnic:
Dr X. !cp! , Tbat`stbenostoeauti[u/screan o[tbena//.)
A. Jhat`s a Iunnyrccording!
ndccd. orrhc hrsrrimc a machinc inrhc paricnr`s hands has rcplaccd
cascsrudics,rharis,cssayslromrhcdocrors`hands.^ "largcparr" olrhc
convcrsarionmaybclosr "ducrorhcnoisc olrhcrccording,"''burinrhc
cndarcrccordcdallrhoscdararharrcud,orallyoronpapcr,vasunablc
ro imirarc.Subjccrro ncirhcrsclccrionnorrclusal,aspccchllov-rharol
rhcpsychoanalysrhimscll-ispcrpcruarcdaspurcvoiccphysiology.
^s a rcsulr ol vhich-accordingro rhc cdiror, Sarrrc-"rhc analysr
nov bccomcs an objccr" and "rhc cncounrcr ol man virh man is
rhvarrcdonccagain. " , romancxisrcnrialisrpcrspccrivc,psychoanalysis
vasitscllalrcadyalormolalicnarion. ) ''`
Vrircrslaccdvirhmcdiaandphilosophcrslaccdvirhrcchnologyarc
blind. ^silso-callcdlacc-ro-lacccommunicarioncoulddovirhourrulcs
orinrcrlaccs,sroragcorchanncls,Nanonccagainhasro sccro irrharin-
lormarionsysrcmsarcignorcd.VharSarrrccallsrhcsccondalicnarionis
, Granojbone
simply rhc dcmolirion ol a monopoly. n rhc paricnr`s hands, rhc rapc
rccordcr advanccs on a norarion rcchniquc rhar could ncvcr bc "ab-
solurcly-phonographically-cxacr" andrhcrclorc oncc morc rccnacrs
ldLuropcundcrrcchnologicallyadvanccdcondirions.onrhconchand,
paricnrs,vhounlikcbygoncillircrarcscanrcadandvrirc bur arcnor al-
lovcdro, onrhc orhcr,highlyprolcssionalvrircrs,vhoguard and mo-
nopolizcrhcirarchivcs asilunivcrsallircracy orcvcnmcdiarcchnology
vcrc somc pic in rhc sky.^ccordingro oucaulr, "rhc polirical crcdir ol
psychoanalysis"rcsrcdonrhclacrrharirscr"rhcsysrcmollav, rhcsym-
bolicordcr,and sovcrcignry" againsrrhcunrcsrricrcd "cxrcnsion andin-
rcnsihcarion ol micro-povcrs"-povcrs nor cvcn oucaulr rcvcalcd as
mcdiarcchnologics.'''Jhislav, hovcvcr, lrom rcud`s "NysricVriring-
ad" roLacan`s "nsisrcncc olrhc Lcrrcr inrhc\nconscious, " is vriring
abour vriring, alphabcrizcd monopoly squarcd. nly psychoanalysrs
,rhcysay) canvrircvhardocsnorccasc norrovrircirscll.
urrhcbcarmusrgoon.Jcchnologyandindusrrydonorrolcrarcanydc-
laysimplybccausc a couplc olvrircrs orpsychoanalysrs srickrovhirc
papcr. romLdison`sprimirivc phonographcylindcrs allrhcvayro pop-
ularmusic,rhcrrucpocrryolrhcprcscnr,cvcryrhinghasgonclikcclock-
vork. crlincr`sgramophoncrccord ol 88;, vhich no longcr allovcd
consumcrs ro makc rhcir ovn rccordings bur vhich sincc : 8, has al-
lovcd produccrs inhnirc rcproducrions ola singlcmcralmarrix, bccamc
rhc "prcrcquisirc olrhc rccord mass markcr, "'virh a rcrurn rhar cx-
cccdcd rhc :oo million dollar mark bclorc rhc advcnr ol radio.'' Jhc
mass-produccdsoundsroragcmcdiumonlynccdcdmass-produccdcom-
municarionandrccordingmcdiaro gainglobalasccndancy. arrcmovcd
lrom old norions ol sovcrcignry, all rhc povcrs olrhis and only olrhis
ccnrury srrivc ro rcducc rhc "popularion`s lcadcrship vacuum"'` ,ro
quorcaGcrmanmcdiacxpcrrol :,,) ro zcro.
roadcasring olvcighrlcss marcrial camc abour lor rhc purposc ol
rhcmassrransmissionolrccords.in :,z: inrhc\nircdSrarcs,in :,zz in
Grcar rirain, and in :,z in rhc Gcrman Rcich. "Jhc uniring olradio
virhphonographrharconsrirurcsrhcavcragcradioprogramyicldsavcry
spccialparrcrnquirc supcrior in povcr ro rhc combinarion olradio and
rclcgraphprcssrharyiclds ourncvs andvcarhcrprograms. "'`Vhcrcas
Norsc signs arc muchroo discrcrc andbinaryro bc a symboliccodclor
radio vavcs, rhcconrinuous lovlrcqucncicsolrccords arc idcal lor rhc
amplirudc andlrcqucncymodularionsknovnas broadcasring.
n :,o a principal svirch lor rransmirring such rccords vas dcvcl-
Granojbone p
opcdbyrolcssorSlabyolrhccrlin1cchnical\nivcrsiry,vhosc \o,ages
oj Discoter, into tbe /ectric cean dclighrcd "ismpcrial Najcsry`s
dinncr rablc ar rranquil ubcrrussrock."' 1hc samc mpcrial Naj csry
pur Slaby`s assisranr Counr von ^rco in chargc ol 1clclunkcn Gmb.
uildingonValdcmaroulscn`sproccdurc,rhcrvo crlincrsvcrc ablcro
producc a high lrcqucncyvhosc virclcss oscillarions "vcrc no longcr in
rhcrangcolaudibiliry burdclighrcdrhcclccrricianasmuchasrhcrhricc-
acccnrcdC olalamousrcnorvouldamusiclovcr. "'` nrhisradiocar-
ricrlrcqucncy, "Caruso`ssinging,rhoughcmanaringlromrhc bcll-mourh
olagramophonc, could bcrransmirrcdinallirspuriryro ourcarsrhrough
rhc roaring mcrropolis ", '' rhar is, all rhc vay lrom Sakrov ro ors-
dam.'Slaby`schoiccolrcnorsvasnorcoincidcnral.onNarcht 8 , tpoz,
Carusohadrcvampcdhisimmorraliry-lromrhchcarsayollururcopcra
audicnccsro gramophony.
Slaby and ^rco, hovcvcr, vcrc conducring rhcir rcscarch in rhc scr-
vicc olrhc cmpcror and his navy. ur soon civilians, roo, camcro cnjoy
clccrricallyrransmirrcd rccords. ^rccordingolandcl`s Messiab is said
rohavcbccnparrolrhchrsracrualradio broadcasr,hosrcdby Rcginald
^. csscndcn ol rhc \nivcrsiry ol cnnsylvania on Chrisrmas Lvc,
tpo6. ' Long bclorc rhc Sr. crcrsburg rcvolurionarics, ranr Rock,
Nassachuscrrs,hadsrarrcdirsbroadcasrvirh"CQ,CQ-roall,ro all"-
buronlyvirclcss opcrarors on ships''vcrcablcrorcccivcrhccalland
rhc Chrisrmasrccord.
^ vorldvar,rhc hrsr olirs kind, had ro brcak our ro lacilirarc rhc
svirchlromoulscn`s arcrransmissionro LicbcnorOcorcsr`srubc-rypc
rcchnology and rhc mass producrion olcsscndcn`s cxpcrimcnral procc-
durc.rvasnoronlyin Gcrmany,vhcrcrhcsignalcorpscrcarcdin tpt t
vcnrrovarvirh oolhccrsand , 8oomcnburrcrurncdvirhq, 8t ol-
hccrs and t 8 ,ooomcn,'rharrhc dcvclopmcnr olamplihcr rubcs vas
givcnrhchighcsrprioriry.''ighrcr plancs and submarincs,rhcrvoncv
vcapons sysrcms, rcquircd virclcss communicarions, jusr as milirary
command rcquircd vacuumrubc rcchnology lor rhc conrrol olhigh and
lovlrcqucncics.1anks,hovcvcr,vhichvcrc cqually innccdolcommu-
nicarions, kcpr losing rhcir anrcnnas in rhc barbcdvirc olrhc rrcnchcs
andlorrhcrimc bcinghadro makcdovirh carricrpigcons. '
ur rhc cxponcnriallygroving radio rroops vcrc also in nccd olcn-
rcrrainmcnr, bccauscaparrlrommachinc-gunskirmishcs anddrumhrcol-
lcnsivcs, rrcnch varlarc is norhing burscnsorydcprivarion-or Conoat
as nner jerience, as]ngcrsosuccincrlypur ir.'`^lrcrrhrccycarsin
rhc vasrclandbcrvccnlandcrsand rhc^rdcnncs, rhc milirary sralls-
,6 Granojbone
OcIorcst`saudion.
rhc rirish oncs in Iandcrs' ` and a Gcrman onc in RcrhcI in rhc ^r-
dcnncs-rook piryon rhcirrroops. Jhough rrcnch crcvs had no radios,
rhcyvcrcin posscssion ol army radio cquipmcnr. " cginning in Nay
, ), Or. ans rcdov, an ^LG cnginccrbclorcrhcvar and alrcrvard
rhchrsrundcrsccrcrarylorrhc narional Gcrman radio ncrvork,vasabIc
ro "usc a primirivc rubc rransmirrcr ro broadcasr a radioprogramcon-
sisring ol rccords and rhc rcading ol ncvspapcr arricIcs. Jhc projccr,
hovcvcr,vascanccIcdvhcnasupcriorcommandposrgorvindolirand
prohibircdrhc'abuscolarmycquipmcnr`loranylururcbroadcasrolmu-
sicorvords! " ' ``
urrhar`srhcvayirgocs.Jhccnrcrrainmcnrindusrryis,inanycon-
Granojbone ,;
ccivablcscnscolrhcvord,anabuscolarmycquipmcnr.VhcnKarlhcinz
Srockhauscnvasmixinghishrsrclccrroniccomposirion,Konta/te, inrhc
Colognc srudio olrhc Vcsrdcurschcr Rundlunk bcrvccn cbruary :,y8
andlall:,y,, rhcpulscgcncraror,indicaringamplihcr, band-passhlrcr,as
vcll asrhc sinc and squarc vavc oscillarors vcrc madcupoldiscardcd
!.b. ^rmy cquipmcnr. an abusc rhar produccd a disrincrivc sound. ^
dccadclarcr, vhcn rhc Colognc srudio had ar irs disposalprolcssionally
dcvclopcdaudioclccrroniccquipmcnrandrhcrccordindusrrydcmandcd
rharKonta/te arrainhi-hsrcrcoqualiry, Srockhauscnarrcmprcdinvainro
rcproducc rhc sound. as anccho ola vorldvarircould nordovirhour
rhcabuscolmilirary cquipmcnr.
^nd vhar is rruc microcosmically is also rruc macrocosmically. In
Iovcmbcr :,: 8, rhc :,o,ooo radio opcrarors olrhc impcrial Gcrman
army vcrc dcmobilizcd bur kcpr rhcir cquipmcnr. Supporrcd or supcr-
viscdbyrhccxccurivcs olrhc\SO ,IndcpcndcnrSocialisrarry) , rhcin-
spccrorarcolrhcrcchnicaldivisionolrhcsignalcorps , Ircnachr) loundcd
a Ccnrral roadcasring urcau , ZL), vhich on Iovcmbcr zy vas
granrcda broadcasring liccnsc byrhccxccurivccommirrccolrhcvorkcrs
and soldicrs council. '' ^ "radio spccrcr" rhar could havc nippcd rhc
Vcimar Rcpublic in rhc rcchnological bud rriggcrcd rhc immcdiarc
"counrcrarrack" byOr. rcdov. 'orrhcsimplcpurposcolavoidingrhc
anarchisric abusc olmilirary radio cquipmcnr, Gcrmanyrcccivcdirs cn-
rcrrainmcnr radio ncrvork. Rccordsrharhirhcrro had bccn uscd ro livcn
up milirary communicarion in rhc rrcnchcs olrhc ^rdcnncs nov camc
inrorhcirovn.rhcrviscpcoplcrhcmsclvcs,rarhcrrhanrhcgovcrnmcnr
andrhcmcdiaindusrry, couldhavcmadcpolirics. InOcccmbcr :,z, rvo
monrhsalrcrrhchrsrcrlinbroadcasr,osralNinisrcrOr.llc,amcm-
bcr ol rhc ccnrrisr parry, lisrcd , in ordcr ol incrcasing imporrancc) rhc
rhrccrasksolrhc "LnrcrrainmcnrroadcasringIcrvork" .
1 . irccssmusic, ccturcsctc. arcto providcthcgcncrapubicvith guaity
cntcrtainmcntandcducation.
:. !tisto bca ncv andimportantsourccoInationarcvcnuc.
. Jhcncvinstaations arcto providca convcnicntmcansIorthcnationand
thcstatcsto convcyvhcncvcrncccssary oIhciainIormationto thc pubic at
argc;thcattcrmaybcoIimportanccvith rcgardto statc sccurity.
!nthcintcrcstoIstatc sccurityitisncccssaryto cnsurcthatonythoscciti-
zcnsovnandopcratccguipmcntvho havcsccurcdanoIhciaiccnscto opcratc
radio stations, and that, in addition, ovncrs oIradiocguipmcntony rccord
thatvhichisintcndcdIorthcm. '
,8 Granojbone
urvharisinrcndcdlorconsumcrsisdcrcrmincdnoronlybysrarc sccu-
rirybur also by rcchnology. "Lvcn arrhc risk ollosingro radio allrhcy
havccarncdvirhrhcirrccords, "' ' rhc rccord indusrry hadro submirro
rhc srandards olrhc ncv mcdium. Strugg/e in tbe tber vas rhc hrring
namc ol^rnolrronncn`snovcl dcaling virhrhc csrablishmcnr olrhc ra-
dioncrvorksandrhcmusicindusrry-anovclrharcunninglypursrhcdc-
sircsolposralminisrcrs inrorhcmourhs olrhcpcoplc andin parricular
inro rharolacrlinrypisr: "'Rccords,gramophoncs,moncy, ` shc smilcd,
losr in a drcam, 'il onc could sir hcrc virhour rccords, gramophoncs,
moncybursrillhcarmusic . . . ` `` ''
n ordcrrolulhllrhcsc vishcs, rhc major arms and communicarions
rcchnologycorporarionshadrogcrridolrhc oldshcllaccralt. ionccring
rinkcrcrs likcLdisonandcrlincrlclrrhc sragc. Jhcvacuum-rubc ampli-
hcr procccdcd lrom high ro lov lrcqucncics, lrom radio ro rccords. n
,z,, cllLabsdcvclopcdclccrromagncriccurringamplihcrslorrccording
and an clccrromagncricpickuplorrcplaying andrhcrcbydclivcrcdsound
rccordingslromrhcmcchanicalscrarchingolLdison`snccdlc. nrhcsamc
ycar, Sicmcnsprcscnrcdrhcrccordingsrudios olrhcmcdiaconglomcrarcs
virh cqually clccrric ribbon microphoncs, as a rcsulr olvhich groovcs
vcrchnallyablcrosrorclrcqucncicsranginglrom lOO basshcrrzro y kilo-
hcrrzovcrroncs,rhusrisingro rhclcvclolmcdium-vavcrransmirrcrs.
Ldison`s prororypc hadlorgood rcasons prclcrrcdhumanvoiccsro
orchcsrras. nly virh clccrrical sound proccssing arc rccords rcady lor
ollc`s "virclcss music. " "^r lasr, " rhc Sunda, Tines vrorc, misraking
lrcqucncy bandvidrh lor scnsualiry, "an orchcsrra rcally sounds likc an
orchcsrra, vc gcr lrom rhcsc rccords vhar vc rarcly had bclorc-rhc
physical dclighrolpassionarcmusicinrhcconccrrroomoropcrahousc.
Vc donormcrclyhcarrhc mclodicsgoingrhis,rhar, orrhc orhcrvayin
asorrollimboolronal absrracrion, rhcycomcro usvirhrhcscnsuouscx-
circmcnrolacrualiry."'''
^nd acrualiry irscllcanbc produccd oncc composcrsarcupro darc.
or rhc rhirdmovcmcnr ol|ini di ona, Rcspighi vrorc orrarhcr dc-
mandcdrhc rccordcdvoiccola nighringalc playcdagainsrrhc backdrop
olcomposcd-oursrring arpcggios. Villicrs dc l`slc-^dam`shcrionalLdi-
sonhad alrcadysurroundcdhisvomanolrhc lururcvirhmcrallicbirds
olparadisc,vho "byusingrhcNicrophonc"makc "animmcnscvolumc
olsound" virhrhcirsongs. ''uronlycllLabsnighringalcsvcrccapa-
blc ol ourplaying cnrirc symphonic orchcsrras. Jhus, ^rruro Joscanini
vas ablcro prcmicrc Rcspighi`s sound pocm as a mcdia linkcombining
anorchcsrralscorcvirhphonographickilohcrrzscnsualiry. ''`
Granojbone ,,
^ndrhc bandplaycdon. nrhcsamcycar, ,z, !. b. rcscarchcrshir
uponrhcidcaolapplyingro soundproccssingrhcrcchniqucolproducing
inrcrmcdiarc lrcqucncics. Jhanksro lrcqucncyrcducrion, barvoiccs our-
sidcolrhcrangcolhumanaudibiliryvcrccaughronrccord. ^rlcasrrhar
isvharvasrcporrcdbyncvspapcrsinraguc,rhcsamcragucinvhich
a srory vas vrirrcn immcdiarcly alrcrvardcnrirlcd "]oschnc rhc Singcr,
orJhc Nousc olk. " "s ]oschnc`s arr singing arall : "Kalka`s micc ask.
!s it notpcrhaps just a piping: ^ndpipingis somcthing vc a knov about, it
is thc rca accompishmcnt oI our pcopc, or rathcr no mcrc accompishmcnt,
but a charactcristic cxprcssion oI our iIc. c a pipc, but oI coursc no onc
drcams oImaking outthat ourpiping is an art,vc pipcvithoutnoticing it, and
thcrc arc cvcn many amongus vho arc guitc unavarc that piping is onc oIour
charactcristics.'''
"Jhc univcrsc ol sound," Cocrcau`s radio rhcory concludcs, "has
bccncnrichcdbyrharolulrrasound,vhichissrillunknovn. . . . Vc shall
knovrharhshshour,rharrhcscaislullolnoiscsandrharrhcvoidispco-
plcdvirhrcalisricghosrsinvhosccycsvc arcrhc samc. "''`
nordcrrolocarc Cocrcau`s submarincghosrs, a vorldvar,rhcscc-
ondonc,hadro brcakour.Jodayrcalismisinanycvcnrsrrarcgic.^nun-
parallclcdsurgcolinnovarionsrharlrom ,, onhllcdland, sca, and air
virhnoisc hnallyprovidcd us , bcyondcllLabs)virh rccords vhosclrc-
qucncyrangc approachcd borhlimirsolrhc audibiliryrangc,rharis,virh
highhdcliry.n ,o, lourycars bclorc consumcrs vcrc also ablcropur-
chasc "RR" , lull lrcqucncyrangc rccording) rccords and scvcnycars
bclorc ^nscrmcr`s hi-h |etroucb/a hclpcd drivc up annual rccord pro-
ducrionrolourhundrcdmillion,rhcOccca RccordCompanysuccccdcd
in capruring rhcghosrly noiscs on shcllac. Quicrlyanriciparing "Ycllov
Submarinc" andrhcsoundqualiryolrhc carlcs,
thc K^I Coasta Command had approachcdthc Ingish-ovncdOccca Kccord
Company vith a sccrct and diIhcut assignmcnt. Coasta Command vantcd a
trainingrccordtoiustratcdiIIcrcnccsbctvccnthc sounds oIGcrmanandbritish
submarincs. Such aura distinctions vcrc cxtrcmcy dcicatc, and to rcproducc
thcmaccuratcyonarccordcacdIora dccidcdcnargcmcntoIthcphonograph's
capabiitics. !ntcnsivc vork undcr thc supcrvision oI Occca's chicI cnginccr,
^rthur !addy, cd to ncvrccording tcchnigucs and thc kind oI rccord Coasta
Commanddcsircd.''
urrhccncmyvasnorlclr srandingbchind. Gcrmanrccordcompa-
nics parriciparcd in rhc arrlc olrhc ulgc. Jo avoid ^llicd suspicions
vhcnrhcchiclol^rmyCommunicarionsordcrcda suddcnradiosilcncc
oo Granojbone
IorallarcasoIrroop conccnrrarionsourhoIrhcColognc-^achcnlincon
Iovcmbcr, z, :,, rhc cncmy hadro bcIcd simularcdarrackprcpara-
rionsarorhcrparrsoIrhcIronr.Jhc^rmyighCommand`spropaganda
division dcvclopcd spccial rccordings Ior army loudspcakcrs, "vhich,
amongorhcrrhings, simularcd. rank noiscs,marchingrroops, dcparring
andarrivingrrucks,rhcunloadingoIcquipmcnr,crc. "''`
JhcvholcspccrrumoIsoundIrominIra- roulrrasoundis,asvasrhc
cascvirhKaIka`s micc,norarrburan cxprcssionoIliIc.Irhnallyallovs
modcrn dcrccrion ro locarc submarincs vhcrcvcr rhcy may bc, or rank
brigadcs vhcrcrhcy arc nor. Jhc grcarmusicologisr ornbosrcl had al-
rcadyspcnrrhcirsrVorldVararrhcIronr
,
soundlocariondcviccsvirh
hugcbcll-mourhsandsupcrhumanaudibiliryrangcsvcrcsupposcdro cn-
ablccarsrodcrccrcncmyarrillcryposirionscvcnaradisrancc oIo kilo-
mcrcrs.Lvcrsincc,humancarshavcnolongcrbccnavhimoInarurcbur
a vcapon, as vcll as ,virh rhc usual commcrcial dclay) a sourcc oI
moncy. Long bcIorcrhc hcadphonc advcnrurcs oIrock`n`roll ororiginal
radio plays, cinkcl and Ncsscrschmirr pilors cnrcrcd rhc ncv agc oI
soundspacc. Jhc arrlc oIrirain, Gring`s Iurilc arrcmpr ro bomb rhc
islandinrosubmissioninprcpararionIorpcrarionScaLion,bcganvirh
a rrick Ior guiding vcapon sysrcms. radio bcams allovcd LuIrvaIIc
bombcrsro rcach rhcir dcsrinarionsvirhourhavingro dcpcndondaylighr
orrhcabscnccoIIog. Radio bcamscmirrcdIromrhccoasrIacingrirain,
Ior cxamplc Irom ^msrcrdam and Chcrbourg, Iormcd rhc sidcs oI an
crhcrcal rrianglc rhc apcx oIvhichvas locarcd prcciscly abovc rhc rar-
gcrcd ciry. Jhc righr rransmirrcr bcamcd a conrinuous scrics oI Norsc
dashcsinrorhcpilor`srighrhcadphonc,vhilcrhclcIrrransmirrcrbcamcd
ancqually conrinuous scrics oINorsc dors-alvayscxacrlyin bcrvccn
rhc dashcs-inro rhclcIr hcadphonc. ^s a rcsulr, any dcviarionIromrhc
assigncdcourscrcsulrcdinrhcmosr bcauriIulping-pongsrcrcophony ,oI
rhc rypc rhar appcarcd onrhchrsr poprccords burhas sincc bccndis-
cardcd). ^ndonccrhccinkclsvcrccxacrlyabovcLondonorCovcnrry,
rhcn and only rhcn did rhc rvo signalsrrcamscmanaringIromcirhcrsidc
oIrhchcadphonc,dashcsIromrhcrighranddorsIromrhclcIr,mcrgcinro
oncconrinuousnorc, vhichrhcpcrccprionappararuscouldnorburlocarc
virhinrhcvcryccnrcroIrhcbrain.^hypnoriccommandrharhadrhcpi-
lor-or rarhcr, rhc ccnrcr oIhis brain-disposc oIhis payload. isrori-
cally,hchadbccomcrhchrsrconsumcroIahcadphonc srcrcophonyrhar
rodayconrrolsusall-Iromrhc circlingoIhclicoprcrsorcndrix`s/ec-
tric Lad,/and all rhc vay ro rhc simularcd pscudo-monophony, in rhc
Der/y
Coventry _0ltz3
kmrlNI
trrl0r um
Iinc`-8eams
as set}r
Coventry R/. XI40.
50 l00
mmrlr
Granojbone :o:
l50 20

midsr oIrhc soundspacc oIink loyd`s Wisb You Were Here, rhar oncc
morcvishcsIorrhc acousrics oIrargcrcdbombing. ''`
Jhc diIhculry rirish inrclligcncc had incounrcring srcrcophonic rc-
morcconrroliscxplaincdbyirschicIrcchnicaloIhccr,roIcssorRcginald
]oncs. ccausc rhc LuIrvaIIc`s radio bcamrransmirrcrs opcrarcd in Irc-
qucncyrangcscvcnbcyondV,vhichin:,o rhcSccrcrScrviccvasin-
capablc oIrccciving and oIvhichirhadnoconccprion,hclpcouldonly
lO2 Granojbone
!ughcsmicrophoncvithrccordcdIy. JhcsamcIyvhosc
lootstcpvas ampihcd by !ughcs`scarbonmicrophoncin
8
;
8 tomakcit audibccirccsbctvccnthccltandright
channcsin!inkIoyd`s \mmagumma. "
comcIromaproIanc illuminarion.^n incidcnr occurrcdonrhc arnbor-
ough airhcldvhilc rcsring a loudspcakcr sysrcm arrachcdro a Iusclagc,
vhich, jusr as in roday`s cnragon projccr, vas dcsigncd ro blasr rcbcl-
liousnarivcsinnorrhvcsrcrnndiavirhdivincvoiccs. Vhcn rhc oIhccr
srandinginIronroIrhcmicrophonchcardhisvoicccomingIromrhc dis-
ranr loudspcakcrrvosccondslarcr, hclaughcdabourrhis acousric dclay.
is laughrcr, inrurn,vasrcrurncdasanorhcrcchounril rhc IccdbackaI-
Iccrcd allrhc parricipanrs andarnboroughrcsoundcdvirh a noisc simi-
larrorharhcardvhcnrockmusicianslcanrhcirguirarsagainsrrhcspcak-
crs. ^ "sysrcm rhar laughcd by irsclI, " ]oncs callcd ir. ur insrcad oI
laughingalong,hcchoscroundcrsrand.ccdback,rhcprinciplcoIallos-
cillarors, can also gcncrarc ccnrimcrricvavcIrcqucncics, somcrhingrhc
cxpcrrs rcIuscdrobclicvc.''']oncsordcrcdrhcconsrrucrion oIsynchro-
nizcd rcccivcrs, vhich,inrurn, locarcd rhcLuIrvaIIc`s radio bcamrrans-
Granojbone to
mirrcrsandrhcirrargcrs.JhcarrIcolrirainvasvon. ,Lvcnilrhcvar-
Iord ChurchiII, norvanring ro rcvcaI ro rhc cncmy rhar his sccrcrs had
bccnrcvcaIcd, disaIIovcdrhccvacuarionolCovcnrry,vhichhadaIrcady
bccnidcnrihcdasarargcrciry. )
Survivors and rhosc born Iarcr, hovcvcr, arc aIIovcd ro inhabir
srcrcophoniccnvironmcnrsrharhavcpopuIarizcdandcommcrciaIizcdrhc
rrigonomcrry olair barrIcs. Lvcr sincc LN inrroduccd srcrco rccords in
tp,;,pcopIccaughrbcrvccn spcakcrs orhcadphoncs havc bccnascon-
rroIIabIc asbombcrpiIors. Jhc submarinc Iocarion durics olaspiring air
lorcc olhccrs orrhc bombingrargcrIocarions olcinkcI piIors rurn inro
hypnosis, vhich in Srokcr`s t 8p;Dracu/a sriII had ro bc uscdro soIvc,
virhourrhchcIpolradiorcchnoIogy, avcrysrrarcgicsubmarincdcrccrion
probIcm.'urin tp66,loIIovingrvovorIdvars andsurgcsininnova-
rion, hypnosis andrccording rcchnoIogy hnaIIy coincidc. cnginc noiscs,
hissingsrcam,anda brass bandmovcacrossrhcvaIIslromIclrrorighr
andbackvhiIcaririshvoicc singsolrhc IircraIchainrharIinkcdLivcr-
pooI`s submarinc crcvsro posrvarrockgroups.
!nthctovnvhcrc!vasborn
ivcdamanvho saicdto sca
andhctodus oIhisiIc
inthcandoIsubmarincs.
Sovcsaicduptothcsun
tivcIoundthcscaoIgrccn
andvc ivcdbcncaththcvavcs
in ourycovsubmarinc.
^ndourIricnds arcaaboard
manymorcoIthcmivcncxtdoor
and thcbandbcginstopay
c aivcin aycovsubmarinc

`=l=
Jhc carIcs simpIy rransporrcd cvcrybodyro rharimpossibIc spacc rhar
onccconccaIcd CounrOracuIainhis bIack colhninrhc bIack bcIIyolhis
ship, Loaringinrhc IackScaunriIhcvas Iocarcd, andsubscqucnrIydc-
srroycd,byhypnoricsounddcrccrion.i-hsrcrcophonycansimuIarcany
acousricspacc, lromrhc rcaI spacc insidca submarincro rhc psychcdcIic
spacc insidcrhc brainirscIl.^nd shouIdIocaringrhar spacccirhcrlaiI or
bcaruscdcsigncdro looIrhcconsumcr, irisonIybccauscrhcsupcrvising
sound cnginccr has procccdcd as shrcvdIy as rhc disinlormarion cam-
paignpriorro rhcarrIcolrhcuIgc.
: o Granojbone
ncc again, rhcsc dcccprions vcrc programmcd by rhc admirablc
Villicrs dc l`slc-^dam. y dcsign or accidcnr, his Ldison placcs his
handonrhcccnrralconrrolpanclolrhclaborarory," vhcrcuponrhcrclc-
phonicvoiccolhisagcnrinIcvYorksccmcdro comclromallrhccor-
ncrsolrhcroomaroncc. "^dozcnspcakcrsscarrcrcdacrossrhclabora-
rory-obviouslymodclcdonrhchrsrsoundspacccxpcrimcnrsconducrcd
bcrvccn rhc aris pcra and rhc alacc olndusrry in t 8 8 t-makc ir
possiblc.`
Virh rhc hclp olsrcrco rccordings and srcrco,V acousric dcccp-
rions caninvadc opcras complcrcly. Vhcn, in tpp, ]ohn Culshavpro-
duccd Solri`s bcaurilullyovcrmodularcdbinego/d, rhc homclcssncss ol
spirirsvasimplcmcnrcd. lcoursc rhc orhcr gods and goddcsscs, malc
and lcmalc singcrs, vcrc cach assigncd rhcir ovn spacc bcrvccn rhc
srcrcochanncls. urVagncr`sgrcarrcchnician^lbcrich,uponrcaringrhc
ncvlycomplcrcdJarnhclmourolhis brorhcrNimc`s hands and dcmon-
srraringin hands-on lashionrhc advanragcs olinvisibiliry, appcarsro bc
coming, likc Ldison`s rclcgraphcr, lrom all corncrs ar oncc. Jhus, in
sccnc, ^lbcrichpurs onrhc Jarnhclm, disappcars, andrhcnrhrashcs
rhc unlorrunarc Nimc. Nosr sragc producrions makc ^lbcrich sing
rhrough amcgaphonc arrhispoinr,rhccllccrolvhichisolrcnlcss dom-
inaringrhan rhar ol^lbcrich inrcaliry. nsrcad olrhis, vc havc rricdro
convcy, lor rhirry-rvo bars, rhc rcrrilying, incscapablc prcscncc ol ^l-
bcrich. lclr, righr,orccnrrcrhcrcisno cscapc lorNimc."
Culshav`ssrcrcomagicsimplypursinropracriccvharrhc grcarmc-
dia rcchnician Vagncr had in mind lor his dramaric doppclgangcr.
Lvcryvhcrc novhc lics invair," sings ^lbcrich, losr in acousric spacc,
makingrhosc hc kccps undcr guard" subjccr ro him lorcvcr. ` n
orhcrvords,Vagncrinvcnrcdrhc radio play, asIicrzschcimmcdiarcly
rcalizcd. is arralvays carrics himinrvo dirccrions, ourolavorldol
audirory drama inro a mysrcriouslykindrcdvorld olvisual drama, and
vicc vcrsa. "' Tbe ing oj tbe Nioe/ung, rhar zcro scrics ol all vord
vars,couldjusrasvcllbccallcdStrugg/e in tbe tber.
Granojbone oy
Jo broadcasrrhccrhcrcalsrrugglc,radiomcrclyhadro rakc ovcrrhc
innovarions olrhc vorld vars and, in a movc rharrcvcrscdrhc onc loI-
loving rhc irsr VorldVar, adapr irscll ro rhc srandard olrccords. c-
causc amplirudc modularion did nor Icavc cnough lrcqucncy rangc, rhc
old^Nradiovouldhavcbccnunablcrorransmirhi-hsongsorsrcrcora-
diopIays.
Jhcspcctaculargrovth oII^is attributablctoits tcchnica supcriorityto^^,
and rcativc chcapncssasan invcstmcntmcdium. !nthc atchItics, it vas Iound
that thc grcat rangc oII^ channcs coud not ony sustain a highcr hdcity Ior
singc transmissions, but coud in Iact aso bc uscd to broadcast scparatc signas
simutancousyin a proccss calcd mutipcxing. " Jhis discovcrymadc possibc
stcrcomusicalbroadcast.Stcrcobroadcastvasparticuarlyattractivctothoscau-
dicnccs discriminating andvcathycnoughto prcIcrhighhdclitymusic. . . . ^s
thc rock audicnccgrcvin sizc and sophistication, it camc to dcmand thc samc
sound guaityvhichitcoud gctIrom rccords athomc rcIcctcd in thc trcmcn-
dous incrcascinthcmiddcandatcsixticsinthcstcrcocomponcntmarkct) , but
coudnotgctIrom^^radio.

rcqucncy moduIarionand signaI mulripIcxing, rhc rvo componcnrs

ol V, arc ol coursc nor a \. S. commcrciaI discovcry ol rhc :,y os.
Virhour hisingcnious rcchnicaI dccision" in lavor olsignal muIriplcx-
ing, GcncraI clIgicbcl, chiclol^rmy Communicarions, vouIdnorhavc
bccn abIc ro conrroI rhc invasion olRussia, rhar is, rhc mosrimmcnsc
rask cvcr laccd by any signal corps in rhc vorId."` Virhour ColoncI
Gimmlcrol^rmyrdnanccandhisrclurarionolrhcdcIusionrharvcry
high lrcqucncics , bcrvccn :om and tm) propagarc ina srraighr linc and
arcrhcrclorc olno uscinrhc barrlc hcld, "' Coloncl Gcncral Gudcrian,
rhc srrarcgisrolrhc rank blirzkricg, vouId havc bccn lorccd ro rcsorrro
Vorld-Var--cracarricrpigcons.nsrcad,hisarmorcdvcdgcs, lromrhc
ranks in rhc mosr lorvard posirion back ro divisionaI, corps, and army
command, "vcrc,unIikchiscncmics, cquippcdvirhV

.'
-
Jhc cnginc
is rhc soul ol rhc rank, " Gudcrian uscd ro say, and radio, " Gcncral
Ichring addcd, irs numbcr onc. "Jhcn asnovV radio rcduccsrhc
Icadcrshipvacuumro zcro.
n Scprcmbcr , :,, ^mcricanrankvanguards libcrarcd rhc ciry ol
Luxcmbourgandirsradiosrarion.RadioLuxcmbourgrcrurncdroirsprc-
var srarus as rhc largcsr commcrciaI broadcasrcr and advcrriscr ol
rccords on a conrincnr ol posraI, rclcgraphic, and radio srarc monopo-
lics.''urlourycarsasanarmysrarionhadlclrirsrraccs.rraccsolancv
vayolsroringrraccs.
o6 Granojbone
LIemroatma0!
d`ac0r

00nroulcmc0t
basicdiagramoI!ouscn`stccgraphonc.
bythccary tqos, Gcrmantcchnicians hadmadcsomcstartingadvanccs. Kadio
monitors vho istcncd to thc Gcrman broadcasting stations day aItcr day Ior
british and \nitcd Statcs intcigcncc soon rcaizcd that many oIthc programs
thcyvcrchcaringcoudnotpossibydcrivcIromivc studiobroadcasts.`ctthcrc
vcrcahdcityandacontinuityoIsound, pusanabscncc oIsurIaccscratching,in
thc Gcrman transmissions that ordinary transcription rccords coudncvcr havc
yicdcd. Jhc mystcry vas sovcd . . . vhcn thc ^ics capturcd Kadio Luxcm-
bourg . . . anddiscovcrcdamongthcstation`scguipmcntancv^agnctophonc oI
cxtraordinarycapabiitics.
'
r vas nor unril ,,o rhar rcchnicians ar ^S and ^LG had by
chancchir uponrhc rcchniquc olradio lrcqucncyprcmagncrizing,rhus
rurning Valdcmar oulscn`s cxpcrimcnral rclcgraphonc ol 8,8 inro an
opcrarionalaudiorapcvirha o kilohcrrzlrcqucncybandvidrh.\punril
rhcn, rhc rccord-radio mcdia link had opcrarcd as a onc-vay srrccr.
Jransmirrcrs andgramophoncuscrs rcplaycdvharcrlincr`s masrcrdisc
had oncc and lor all rccordcd, cvcn ilradio srarions-in a larcvindica-
rion olLdison-madcusc olspccialphonographs dcvclopcdlorrhc spc-
cihc purposc olprogram sroragc.
'
` ur undcrcombarcondirions rhosc
vax cylindcrs, vhich, sincc ,o, vcrc allovcdro rccord parliamcnrary
scssions srricrly lor "archival purposcs," vcrc usclcss.
'
^ propaganda
minisrry rhar rurncd radio inro "rhc culrural SS olrhc Jhird Rcich"
'
`
nccdcdarccordingandsroragc mcdium as modcrn and mobilc as Gudc-
rian`srankdivisions.
Naj orGcncralvonVcdcl,chiclol^rmyropaganda, rccounrs.
cvcrc aso csscntiay dcpcndcntondcvcopmcnts oIthcpropagandaministry
vith rcgardto radio cguipmcntIorvarcorrcspondcnts.Jhat aso appicdto thc
Granojbone : o;
appropriatc vchiccs. hcn it camc to tank divisions, thc LuItvaIIc, or parts oI
thcnavy, thcopportuniticsIororiginacombatrccordingsvcrchampcrcd bythc
IactthatvccoudnotobtainthcstablcandhorizontasupportsncccssaryIorpro-
ducing discs. ^t hrst, vcvcrc Iorccd to makcdovithbclatcddispatchcs.
^ signihcant changc occurrcd aItcr thc ^agnctophonc vas invcntcd and
thoroughydcsigncdIorthcpurposcoIvarrcports. LriginalcombatrcportsIrom
thc air, thc moving armorcdvchicc, or thc submarinc, ctc., nov bccamcimprcs-
sivchrsthand accounts.'
^s Ludcndorllhadpoinrcdour, iris a rrurh olTota/ Var rharrhc
mass usagc ol rcchnologicaI cquipmcnr can bc rcsrcd much bcrrcr in
varrimcrhanvouIdcvcrbcpossiblcinpcacc."
'
`Jhcmororizcdandmo-
bilizcdaudiorapc hnaIly dcIivcrcdradio lrom discsroragc, Ycllov Sub-
marinc, "orvarasacousriccxpcricncc,"bccamcplayablc.
urrcachingbcyondrhcacousriccxpcricnccsolrhcso-callcdgcncral
pubIic, rhc magncric rapc also rcvoIurionizcd sccrcr rransmissions. ^c-
cording ro ynchon, opcrarors svcarrhcy can rcll rhc individual scnd-
ing-hands. "' ^s a conscqucncc, rhc ^bvchr Gcrman Counrcrinrclli-
gcncc Scrvicc] , as parr ol rhc Gcrman ^rmy igh Command, had rhc
handvriring" olcvcry singlcagcnr rccordcd arrhc VohIdorlradio sra-
rion closc roamburg bclorcrhcyvcnr abroad on rhcir sccrcrmissions.
nlymagncricrapcsguaranrccdro Canaris and his mcnrharir vas rc-
ally rhcir agcnrsirringar rhc orhcr cnd and nor an cncmy opcraror."''
nspircd by rhis succcss, rhc ^bvchr svirchcd lrom dclcnsc ro ol-
lcnsc. ccauscrhccncmyvasnorycrinposscssionolmagncricrapcs,rhc
^bvchr vas in a posirion ro rransmir irs lamous Iun/sjie/e ,radio
gamcs),vhichinspircolrhcirnamcrcsulrcdnorinrhccnrcrrainmcnrol
miIlionsinlronrolspcakcrsburinrhcdcarholyo ririshagcnrs.Jhc^b-
vchr managcd ro caprurc and rurn aroundagcnrsvhohad parachurcd
inrorhc Icrhcrlands. ^s ilnorhinghad happcncd, rhcyvcrc lorccd ro
conrinucrhcirrransmissions inrhcirovnhandvriring. Jhc rransmission
ol Gcrman Iun/sjie/ mcssagcs ro London ,or, in onc paraIlcl casc, ro
Noscov) lurcdaddirionalagcnrsinrorhc^bvchrrrap.Iormally,inrclli-
gcnccagcncicsarrangccmcrgcncysignalsvirhrhciragcnrs lor suchsiru-
arions, suchasusingan old codc, makingabsurdmisrakcs, orinscrring
oromirringccrrainIcrrcrs olpuncruarion."LachNorscmcssagcolrhc
convcrrcdagcnrsvas rapcd, anaIyzcd, and, ilnccd bc,manipularcdbc-
lorcirvasrransmirrcd.Jhisproccdurcconrinucduninrcrruprcdlorycars
inrhchardIyciviliancrhcr.
Jhcvorld-var audiorapc inaugurarcd rhc musical-acousric prcscnr.
cyondsroragc and rransmission, gramophonc and radio, ircrcarcdcm-
o8 Granojbone
pircsolsimuIarion. n Lngland, Juring himscIlconsidcrcdusinga cap-
rurcdGcrmanNagncrophoncasrhcsroragcmcchanismlorhisprojccrcd
largc compurcr. Likc rhc papcr srrip olrhc univcrsaI discrcrc machinc,
rapcs can cxccurc any possiblc manipuIarion ol dara bccausc rhcy arc
cquippcdvirhrccording,rcading,andcrasinghcads,asvcllasvirhlor-
vardandrcvcrscmorion.'Vhichisvhycarly,chcap!Csvorkvirhar-
rachcd rapcdccks.
n alarmorcpracricaIvcin,caprurcdmagncricrapcsarouscdslccpy
\.S. clccrric and musicgianrsvhohad, naruraIIy, rakcnonduricsorhcr
rhancommcrcialoncsbcrvccntpqzand pq, . nscrrcd inrorhc signaI
parh, audiorapcs modcrnizcd sound producrion, by rcpIacing gramo-
phoncsrhcymodcrnizcdsounddisrriburion.Japcdccksmadcmusiccon-
sumcrsmobiIc,indccdauromobiIc,asdidrhcradioproduccrsinrhcNag-
ncrophonc-cquippcd Gcrman Icad ranks ol old. Jhus, rhc "^mcrican
massmarkcr"vas "opcncd up" by "rhccarpIaybacksysrcm. "
`Jomin-
imizcrhc Icadcrshipvacuum and cxploirrhcpossibiIiricsolsrcrcophony,
rhc only rhings missingvcrc ncv V srarions virh rock`n`roIl and rral-
hc rcporrs onrhc rransmirring cndand car radiosvirh N and dccodcrs
onrhcrcccivingcnd. Six-cylindcrcngincsvhispcr, burrhc srcrco cquip-
mcnrroars.Lngincandradio arc ,roparaphrascGudcrianandIchring)
aIsorhcsouIolourrourisrdivisions,vhichundcrso-caIIcdposrvarcon-
dirionsrchcarscorsimuIarcrhcblirzkricg.
JhcccnrraIcommand,hovcvcr,hasmovcdlromgcncralsrallsrocn-
ginccrs. SoundrcproducrionrcvoIurionizcd by magncricrapc has rcn-
dcrcd ordcrs unncccssary. Sroring, crasing, sampIing, lasr-lorvarding,
rcvinding,cdiring-inscrringrapcsinrorhc signaIparhIcadinglromrhc
microphonc ro rhc masrcr disc madc manipularion irscllpossibIc. Lvcr
sincc rhc combar rcporrs ol Iazi radio, cvcn livc broadcasrs havc nor
bccnIivc.JhcdcIayrharinrhccascolrapcsisducroscpararchcadmon-
iroring , and rhar is nov morc clcganrly achicvcd by digiral shih rcgis-
rcrs)`sulhccslorso-calIcdbroadcasrobsccnirypoIicingIincs.rappcars
rharlisrcncrs, onccrhcyhavc bccncalIcdbya discj ockcyandarc onrhc
air, arc pronc ro cxhibir an unqucnchablc dcsirc lor obsccnirics. Joday
cvcrybodycanand, accordingro^ndyVarhoI)vanrsro bccomclamous,
ilonIy lor rvo minurcs ol airrimc. n rhc bIindrimc ro vhich mcdia, as
opposcdro arrisrs, arc subjccr, chancc is principally unprcdicrablc. ur
rhc 6.qsccondsoldcadrimcrhc broadcasrobsccnirypolicing lincinscrrs
bcrvccnrclcphonc calIand acruaIbroadcasrmakcccnsorship ,ilnorarr)
possiblcinrhcdaraLovolrhcrcaI.
JharisprcciscIyrhcluncrionolaudiorapcsinsoundproccssing.Ldir-
Granojbone : o,
ing and inrcrccprion conrrol makcrhc unmanipulablc asmanipuIablc as
symboIic chains had bccn in rhc arrs. Virh projccrs and rccourscs, rhc
rimc olrccurrcnccorganizcspurcrandom scqucnccs, crlincr`sprimirivc
rccordingrcchnoIogyrurnsinroaMagica/ M,ster, Tour. n :,y, ^bbcy
RoadSrudios,vhichnorcoincidcnrallyproduccdrhc carIcs` sound,hrsr
uscd srcrco audiorapcs, by :,;o cighr-rrack machincs had bccomc rhc
srandard,rodaydiscos urilizc z or6 rracks, cach olvhichcan bc ma-
nipularcd on irs ovn and in unison.' "Vclcomc ro rhcmachinc, "ink
loydsang,byvhichrhcymcanr, "rapc lorirs ovncnds-alormolcol-
Iagc using sound. " n rhc Iun/sjie/e ol rhc ^bvchr, Norsc hands
couIdbccorrccrcd,inroday`s srudios, srarsdonorcvcnhavcrobcablcro
singanymorc.VhcnrhcvoiccsolVarcrsandGilmourvcrcunabIcrohir
rhchighnorcsin "VclcomcrorhcNachinc, "rhcysimpIyrcsorrcdrorimc
axis manipularion. rhcy droppcd rhc rapc dovn hall a scmironc vhilc
rccordingandrhcn droppcdrhc Iincinonrhcrrack.
urncirhcrisrapcrcchnologyalvaysancndinirscll,nordocscdiring
alvays amounrro corrccrionorbcaurihcarion.lmcdia arcanrhropolog-
ical a prioris, rhcnhumans cannorhavcinvcnrcdIanguagc, rarhcr,rhcy
musrhavccvolvcd as irs pcrs, vicrims, or subjccrs.^ndrhconlyvcapon
ro hghr rharmayvcII bcrapc saIad. Scnsc rurns inro nonscnsc, govcrn-
mcnr propaganda inro rhc vhirc noisc olJuring`s vocodcr, impossiblc
hIlcrslikcis/ortbe arccdircdour.' prccisclyrhcingrcdicnrs olViIliam
urroughs`srapc cur-up rcchniquc.
"Iaybacklrom Ldcnro Varcrgarc" bcgins ,Iikc alI books) virhrhc
vord,and inrhc bcginningrharvordvasvirhGod. urnoronlyinrhc
shapcolspccch,vhich animals,roo, havc arrhcircommand, bur aIso as
vriring, rhc sroragc and rransmission ol vhich madc cuIrurc possiblc
inrhchrsrpIacc. "Iova viscoldrarmayknova lor abourrraps and
poison bur hc cannor vrirc 'Ocarh Jraps in Your Varchousc` lor rhc
eader's Digest. "' Such varnings, or "racrics," arc rcsrricrcd ro hu-
mans-virh rhc onccxccprionrharrhcyvcrcnorcapabIcolvarningol
rhcvarning sysrcm olvriring,vhich subscqucnrly rurncdinro a dcadIy
rrap. ccausc apcs ncvcrmasrcrcd vriring rhc "vrirrcnvord" masrcrcd
rhcm. a "kiIIcr virus" rhar "madc rhc spokcn vord possibIc. Jhc vord
has norycr bccn rccognizcd as a virus bccausc irhas achicvcd a srarc ol
srablc symbiosis virh rhc hosr, " vhich nov sccms ro bc "brcaking
dovn. "`' Rcconsrrucringrhcapcs`inncrrhroar,vhichvasnordcsigncd
lor spccch, rhcvirus crcarcd humans, cspcciaIlyvhircmalcs,vhovcrc
srrickcnvirhrhcmosrmalignanrinlccrion.rhcymisrookrhchosrirsclllor
irs Iinguisricparasirc. Nosr apcs dicd lromscxuaI lrcnzy or bccausc rhc
: : o Granojbone
viruscauscd"dcarhrhroughsrrangularionandvcrrcbrallracrurc. "
`ur
virhrvo orrhrccsurvivorsrhcvordvasablcrolaunchancvbcginning.
Lctusstartviththrcctapc rccordcrsinthc GardcnoIIdcn.Japc rccordcroncis
^dam.JapcrccordcrtvoisIvc.JapcrccordcrthrccisGod,vhodctcrioratcdaI-
tcr!iroshima into thc \gy ^mcrican. Lr,to rcturnto our primcvasccnc: tapc
rccordcroncisthcmacapc inahcpcssscxuaIrcnzyasthcvirusstrangcshim.
Japc rccordcr tvo is thc cooing Icmac apc vho straddcs him. Japc rccordcr
thrcc isI~:.

Vhar bcganas amcdiavarhasrocndasamcdiavarsoasroclosc

rhclccdbacklooplinkingIixon`sVarcrgarcrapcsrorhcGardcnolLdcn.
"asically, rhcrcisonlyonc gamc and rhatgamcisvar. "`Vorldvar
vcaponslikcrhc Nagncrophonchavcbccnpurro commcrcialusc inrhc
shapcolrapcrccordcrs,asarcsulrolvhichcx-vrircrslikcurroughscan
rakc acrion. Jhc classic rilr bcrvccn rhc producrion and rcccprion ol
booksisrcplaccdby asinglcmiliraryinrcrccprion.``
c novhavcthrcctapcrccordcrs. So vcvimakc a simpcvordvirus. Lctus
supposcthatourtargct is a rivapoitician. Lntapcrccordcroncvc vi rccord
spccchcsandconvcrsations,carcIuycditinginstammcrs,mispronunciations,in-
cptphrascs-thcvorstnumbcroncvccanasscmbc.Pov, ontapcrccordcrtvo
vcvimakcaovctapcbybugginghisbcdroom.ccanpotcntiatcthistapcby
spicing it vith a scxua objcct that is inadmissibc or inacccssibc or both, say,
thc Scnator`s tccnagc daughtcr. Lntapcrccordcrthrccvcvi rccord hatcIu, dis-
approvingvoiccs.c'spiccthcthrccrccordingsintogcthcratvcryshortintcr-
vas and pay thcm back to thc Scnator and his constitucnts. Jhis cutting and
payback canbcvcry compcx,invovingspccch scrambcrs andbattcrics oItapc
rccordcrs,butthcoasi:prin:ip/eissinp/ysp/i:insextapeanJJisapproia/tapes
toetber.'
^s simplc as any abusc olarmy cquipmcnr. nc jusr has ro knov
vhar Shannon`s and Juring`s scramblcr or rhc Gcrman Nagncrophonc
canbcuscd lor.``lconrrol, " or, ascnginccrs say, ncgarivclccdback,is
rhckcyro povcrinrhisccnrury,
``rhcnhghringrharpovcrrcquircspos-
irivclccdback. Crcarc cndlcss lccdback loopsunrilVor srcrco,rapc
dcck or scramblcr, rhcvholcarray olvorld vararmycquipmcnrpro-
duccsvild oscillarionsolrhc arnboroughrypc. layro rhc povcrsrhar
bcrhcirovnmclody.
Vhich is cxacrly vhar urroughs docs alrcr having dcscribcd "a
numbcrolvcapons and racricsi nrhc vargamc".`'hcj oinsLauric^n-
dcrson in producing rccords. Vhich is cxacrly vhar rock music docsin
rhc hrsr placc. ir maximizcs all clccrro-acousric possibilirics, occupics
Granojbone
rccording srudios andN rransmirrcrs, and uscsrapcmonragcsro subvcrr
rhcvriring-induccdscpararioninrocomposcrsandvrircrs, arrangcrs and
inrcrprcrcrs. Vhcn Chaplin, Nary icklord, O. V. Grilhrh, and orhcrs
loundcd\nircd^rrisrslollovingrhc irsrVorldVar, amoviccxccurivc
announccdrhar "rhclunaricshavcrakcnchargcolrhcasylum. "Jhcsamc
rhing happcncd vhcn Lcnnon, cndrix, arrcrr and orhcrs srarrcd
rccordingrhcir Gesant/unstuer/e bymakinglulluscolrhcmcdiainno-
varionsolrhc SccondVorldVar.
Iun/sjie/, Vrankradio,vocodcrs,Nagncrophoncs, submarinclo-
carionrcchnologics, airvarradio bcams,crc., havc rclcascdanabuscol
armycquipmcnrrharadaprscarsandrcacrionspccdsroVorldVar n+ J.
Radio,rhchrsrabusc,lcadlrom Vorld Var ro,rock music,rhcncxr
onc, lrom ro . olloving a vcry pracrical piccc oladvicc lrom ur-
roughs`s/ectronic eto/ution,'' Lauric^ndcrson`svoicc, disrorrcdas
usualonig Science byavocodcr, simularcsrhcvoicc ola ;,; pilorvho
uscs rhc planc`s spcakcr sysrcm ro suddcnlyinrcrruprrhc ongoingcnrcr-
rainmcnrprogram and inlormpasscngcrs olan immincnr crashlanding
orsomcorhcrcalamiry. Nassinrcrccprionmcdialikcrockmusicamounr
ro mobilizarion,vhichmakcs rhcmrhc cxacropposircolcnjamin`s dis-
rracrion.n , 6, onlyrhc uniquc eicbsautozug Deutscb/and, amo-
rorcadcconsisring olcighryvchiclcs, "vasablcro "broadcasrparrycon-
grcsscsandmassrallicsvirhourany localhclp byscrringup spcakcrsys-
rcms on a gianr scalc, crccring srands, and so on" .` roday,rhc samc is
achicvcdnighralrcrnighrbyrhcrrucksandkilovarrsysrcmsolanyrock
group. illcd ro rhc brimvirh clccrronics orarmy cquipmcnr, rhcy carry
us avayro /ectric Lad,/and. Jhc rhcmc ollovc, rhar producrion sccrcr
olrhclircrarurclornonrcadcrs,hasrunirscoursc. Rocksongssingolrhc
vcrymcdiapovcrvhichsusrainsrhcm.
Lcnnon and NcCarrncy`s srcrco submarinc isnor rhc only posrvar
lyric in rhc lircral scnsc ol rhc vord. Tbe Iina/ Cut, ink loyd`s lasr
rccord, vas vrirrcn by RogcrVarcrs , born :,,) lor Lric lcrchcrVa-
rcrs , :, : :,,,) , rharis, lor avicrim ol avorld var. r bcgins, cvcn bc-
lorcrhc hrsrsound,virhrapccur-upsolncvsbroadcasrs ,onrhcalk-
lands,I^J llccrrransporrcrs,nuclcarpovcrsrarions) , vhichallsimply
scrvcro poinr ourrhar "posrvar, " borhrhcvordandrhcrhingirscll, isa
"drcam, "a disrorrionmadcromollilyconsumcrcars. "osrVarOrcam"
islollovcd by "Jhc cro`s Rcrurn. " Jhc cur-up rcrurns ro irs origins.
vhcn army communicarion cquipmcnr, rhc prccursor olrhc mass mc-
diumradio,cursuprhcsymbolicandrhcrcal,ordcrsandcorpscs.^com-
mcmorarionrharisrhcllipsidcolposrvar, lovcandNuzak.
11z Granojbone
Svccthcart, svccthcart,arcyouIastasccp,good
`costhat`sthconytimc!canrcaytaktoyou
andthcrcissomcthingthat !`vc ockcd avay
amcmorythatistoopainIu
tovithstandthc ightolday.
hcnvc camc backIromthcvar
thcbanncrs andIagshungon cvcryonc`sdoor
vcdanccdandvc sanginthcstrcct
andthcchurchbcsrang.
butburninginmyhcart
amcmorysmouldcrson
oIthc gunncr`s dyingvords
onthcintcrcom.
nrcrccprion, chopping, lccdback, and amplihcarion ol var rcporrs:
"Symparhy lor rhc Ocvil" mcans norhing clsc. Lcgcnd has ir rhar rhc
RollingSroncsuscdcur-uprcchniqucsro producc rhc lyrics loreggars
anquet. Jhcy cur our ncvspapcr hcadlincs, pasrcd rhcm ro rhc srudio
vall, andshorarrhcm. Lvcryhirvas a linc. ^nriciparingmodcrnsraris-
rics,rhc prccondirionolcur-up andsignalproccssingingcncral, Iovalis
rcmarkcd: "Jhcindividuallacrsarcrandomcvcnrs-rhccombinarionol
randomcvcnrs-rhcir concurrcncc is irscllnor subjccr ro chancc, burro
lavs-arcsulrolrhc mosrproloundsysrcmaricvisdom."
`
Jhus, rhc random disrriburion olncvspapcr hcadlincs rcsulrs inrhc
lav olinlormarion rcchnology and a marrial hisrory olrock music. Jhc
dcvil, vhosc voicc is immorralizcd by "Symparhy lor rhc Ocvil," vas
rhcrcvhcnrhcrcvolurionarics olSr.crcrsburgkillcdrhcczarand,virh
rhcir radio rransmission "CQ-ro all , " rurncd army cquipmcnr inro
global^N radio, hcvasrhcrc vhcn rclcvision broadcasr borh Kcnncdy
assassinarions,rurncd "youandmc" inromurdcrcrs,andcxorciscdallra-
dio magic. ur abovc all, Lucilcr scrcams our rhar radio spccrcr, ghosr
army, orrankgcncralvhichV androckmusicarcindcbrcdro:
!rodcatank
hcda gcn`rals`srank
vhcnthcbitzkricgragcd
andthc bodicsstank.

Jhcblirzkricg,asisvcllknovn,ragcd lrom ,, ro , , vhcn Gudc-

rianrodchislcadrank. Jhcbodicssranklongcr.
rom "Var crocs" ro /ectric Lad,/and. a mncmorcchnology ol
rockmusic.Iicrzschc`sgodshadycrro rcccivcrhcsacrihccollanguagc,
Jhc]imi!chdrixIxpcrichcc, /ectricLaJy/anJ, 68. CourtcsyoI^uthchtic
!chdrix, LLC, ahd^C^Kccords, !hc. )
|| 1mc LL|b N|c |LYc

M Hb7
|et whiSte


p, \mp, 1 . O
. .
(Sow Speed|

}p.
O.
ZI , bacXwd & fozwazd tapeS of Spech
|
FiSto Shot
1 .
ZV, HmonicS ID up and down at hig Speed
|

etuS Xnow when we _
emt ezom euo . L.
1O.
(Sow Spee
llq Granojbone
cur-uprcchniqucshavcdoncavayvirhrharvirus. cIorccndrix,rhc
pararroopcroIrhctotsr^irbornc,curshismachinc-gun-likcguirarrorhc
rirlcsong,rapcrcchnologyopcrarcs Iorirsovn sakc. rympana,jcrcngincs,
pisrolshors.VriringcanvrircnorhingoIrhar.1hcSongooo/ Ior/ectric
Lad,/and norcs rhc rapc`s Iorvard and backvard morion as vcll as irs
changingspccdandrhcrcsrpoinrsoIablindburmanipulablcrimc.
`Jhc
rirlconrhccovcr-rharvhich docs norccascnorro vrirc irsclI.
FLI
Ncdiacrossoncanorhcrinrimc,vhichisnolongcrhisrory.Jhcrccording
olacousricdaravas accomplishcdvirhsoundrricks,monragc, andcurs,
ir is virh hlm rricks, monragc, and curs rhar rhc rccording ol oprical
proccsscs bcgan. Sinccirsinccprion,cincmahasbccnrhcmanipularionol
opric ncrvcs and rhcir rimc. Jhis is provcd, among orhcr vays, by rhc
nov-prohibircdrrickolrcpcarcdlysplicingindividuallramcs ola Coca-
Colaadinrolcarurchlms.bccauscirsllashlikcappcaranccloro milliscc-
ondsrcachcsrhc cycsburnorconsciousncss,rhcaudicnccdcvclopsanin-
cxplicablcycrirrcsisriblcrhirsr.^curhasundcrcurirsconsciousrcgisrra-
rion. Jhc samc is rruc ol hlm. cginning virh Lasrman in 88;, vhcn
cclluloid supcrscdcd Oagucrrc`s phorographic glass plarcs and providcd
rhc marcrial basis lor lcarurc hlms, such manipularions bccamc lcasiblc.
Cincma,inconrrasrrosoundrccording,bcganvirhrccls,curs,andspliccs.
r is said rhar rhc Lumicrc brorhcrs documcnrcd simply and inccs-
sanrlyvharrhcirlcns couldrccord and vharrhc rypcolprojccrionrhcy
dcvclopcdcouldrcproducc.Lcgcndhasir,hovcvcr,rharGcorgcsNclics,
rhc grcarhlmpionccr, ran our olcclluloid vhilcshooringa srrccrsccnc.
clclrrhc rripod and camcra in posirion and loadcd a ncvrccl, burin
rhcmcanrimc so-callcd lilc narurallyvcnr on. Vicving rhc lully spliccd
hlm, irs dirccrorvas conscqucnrly surpriscd by rhc magical appcarancc
and disappcarancc olhgurcs againsrahxcdbackground.Nclics,vhoas
lormcr dirccror ol rhc Jhcarrc Robcrr oudin had alrcady projccrcd
manyamagicalrrickonrorhcrcchnologicalscrccn,'hadaccidcnrallyalso
srumblcduponrhcsroprrick.cnccinNay 8p6, bclorcrhccycsolan
asronishcdanddumbloundcdaudicncc,"hc prcscnrcd

L'scanotenent
d'une dane, rhc disappcarancc olavomanlrom rhcpicrurc. "

Jcchno-
logical mcdia , lolloving Villicrs and his Ldison) liquidarc rhar grcar
y
6 Ii/n
jean Cocteau, LeSan J`un poete, to.
Lady, Iarurc," as irhad bccn dcscribcd, burncvcrvicvcd, byrhcninc-
rccnrhccnrury.Voman`s sacrihcc.
^ndcasrrarion.orvharhlm`shrsrsroprricksdidrovomcnonlyrc-
pcarcd vhar rhc cxpcrimcnral prccursors ol cincma did ro mcn. Sincc
8;8 Ldvard Nuggcridgc ,vho changcd his namc ro Ladvcard Nuy-
bridgcro commcmorarc old Saxonkings)`had bccncxpcrimcnringvirh
rvclvc spccial camcras on bchall olrhc Calilornia railroad rycoon and
univcrsiry loundcr, Lcland Sranlord. Jhc locarionvas alo ^lro, vhich
larcr savrhcinvcnrionolrhcvacuumrubc, and rhc assignmcnrvasrhc
rccording ol movcmcnrs vhosc spccd cxcccdcd rhc pcrccprion ol any
painrcr`s cyc. Racchorscs and sprinrcrs dashcd pasrrhc individually and
scqucnrially posirioncd camcras, vhosc shurrcrs vcrc rriggcrcd succcs-
sivcly by an clccrromagncric dcvicc supplicd by rhc San rancisco Jclc-
graphSupplyCompanv- millisccondlorcvcryo milliscconds.'
Virhsuchsnapshors , lircrallyspcaking)Nuybridgc`shandsomcvol-
umcsonnina/ Loconotion vcrcmcanrro insrrucrignoranrpainrcrsin
vharmorionlooks likc inrcal-rimc analysis. or his scrialphorographs
rcsrihcdrorhcimaginaryclcmcnrinhumanpcrccprion,asinrhcposirions
olhorscs`lcgsoncanvasoronLnglishvarcrcolorpapcr.Jospcakolcin-
cma asNuybridgc`shisroricalgoalvould, hovcvcr, bcinaccurarc, sincc
cclluloidvas norycr availablc. Jhcrcchnologicalmcdiumvasmcanrro
modcrnizcavcncrablcarrlorm, asindccdhappcncdvhcnimprcssionisrs
likcOcgascopicdphorographsinrhcirpainrings.cnccSranlord\nivcr-
siry`s lcnccrs, discus rhrovcrs, and vrcsrlcrs poscdas lururc modcls lor
Ii/n ;
painrcrs,rharis,nudc-arlcasraslongasrhcyrurncdrhcir backsro onc
olrhc rvclvc camcras. n all rhc milliscconds ollronral shors, hovcvcr,
Nuybridgc rcachcdonc lasrrimclorrhcpainrcr`s brush in ordcr ro prac-
ricc ,longbclorcNclics) rhcdisappcaranccolrhc malcanaromyvirhrc-
rouchcdgymnasricshorrs.
ad rhcy bccn copicd onro cclluloid and rollcd onro a rccl, Nuy-
bridgc`s glass plarcs could havc anriciparcd Ldison`s kincroscopc, rhc
pccpholcprccursorrorhcLumicrcs`cincmaricprojccrion.Jhcasronishcd
visirorsrorhc 8, Vorld`sairinChicagovouldrhcnhavcbccnvirncss
ro rhc hrsrrrick hlm. rhc j umpy appcarancc and disappcarancc olmoral
rcmains, vhich in rhc agc olcincma approximarc rhc condirion olpurc
imagc-llickcring.
Jhc rrick hlmrhcrclorc has no darablc origin. Jhc mcdium`s possi-
biliricslorcurringandsplicingassailirsovnhisroriography. ugoNin-
srcrbcrg,rhc privarc lccrurcrarrhc\nivcrsiry olrciburgvhomVilliam
]amcs callcdrorhcarvardsychologicalLaborarory, clcarlyrccognizcd
rhis in :,:6 inrhchrsrhisroryolcincmavrirrcnbyaprolcssor.
!tisarbitrarytosayvhcrcthcdcvcopmcntolthcmovingpicturcsbcgananditis
impossibc to lorcscc vhcrc it vi cad. hat invcntionmarkcd thc bcginning:
asitthchrstdcvicctointroduccmovcmcntintothcpicturcson ascrccn: Lrdid
thcdcvcopmcntbcginviththc hrstphotographing olvarious phascs olmoving
obccts: Lr did itstartvith thchrstprcscntation olsucccssivc picturcs atsucha
spccd thatthc imprcssion olmovcmcntrcsutcd: Lrvasthc birthday olthcncv
artvhcnthccxpcrimcntcrslorthchrsttimcsuccccdcdin projccting such rapidy
passing picturcs onaval:`
Ninsrcrbcrg`s qucsrions rcmain unansvcrcd bccauscrhc making ol
hlms is in principlcnorhing burcurring and splicing. rhc chopping up ol
conrinuous morion, or hisrory, bclorc rhc lcns. "Oiscoursc, " oucaulr
vrorcvhcn hc inrroduccd suchcacsurasinrohisroricalmcrhodologyir-
scll, "is snarchcd lrom rhc lavoldcvclopmcnr and csrablishcd in a dis-
conrinuousarcmporaliry. . . . scvcralcrcrniricssuccccding onc anorhcr, a
play olhxcd imagcs disappcaringinrurn, do nor consrirurc cirhcr movc-
mcnr, rimc, orhisrory. "' ^s ilconrcmporaryrhcorics, such as discoursc
analysis,vcrc dchncdbyrhcrcchnologicalaprioriolrhcirmcdia.
Ncrhodologicaldrcamsllourishinrhiscomplicarion orimplicarion.
Jhcory irscll sincc rcud, cnjamin, and ^dorno has arrcmprcd ro
pscudo-mcramorphosc inro hlm. r is also possiblc, hovcvcr, ro undcr-
srandrcchnological a prioris in a rcchnological scnsc. Jhclacrrharcurs
sroodarrhcbcginningolvisualdaraproccssingburcnrcrcdacousricdara
8 Ii/n
proccssing only arrhc cnd can rhcn bc sccn as a lundamcnral dillcrcncc
inrcrms olour scnsory rcgisrrarion. Jhardillcrcnccinaugurarcdrhc dis-
rincrionbcrvccnrhcimaginaryandrhcrcal.
Jhc phonograph pcrmirrcd lorrhc hrsrrimcrhcrccording olvibra-
rions rhar human cars could nor counr, human cycs could nor scc, and
vriring hands could nor carch up virh. Ldison`s simplc mcral nccdlc,
hovcvcr, could kccp up-simply bccausc cvcry sound, cvcn rhc mosr
complcxorpolyphonous,oncplaycdsimulrancouslybyahundrcdmusi-
cians, lormcd a singlc amplirudc on rhc rimc axis. ur inrhc plain lan-
guagcolgcncralsignrhcory,acousricsisonc-dimcnsionaldaraproccssing
inrhclovcrlrcqucncyrangc.
Jhcconrinuous undularionsrccordcdbyrhcgramophoncandrhcau-
diorapcassignarurcsolrhcrcal,orravmarcrial,vcrc rhuspasscdonin
an cqually conrinuous vay by sound cnginccrs. Curring and splicing
vouldhavcproduccdnorhingburcracklingnoiscs,namcly, squarc-curvc
jumps. ^voidingrhcmprcsupposcsgrcarskillonrhcparrolrccordingcn-
ginccrs, il nor rhc compurcr algorirhms ol digiral signal proccssing.
Jhcrclorc, vhcn pionccrs ol rhc radio play such as rcslau`s Valrcr
ischollvcrclookinglor gcnuincly "radio-spccihc" ,jun/iscb, mcans ol
cxprcssion, rhcy srudicd rhc parallcl mcdium olsilcnr lilms and consid-
crcdonlyrhcladc-our,norrhccur,asapossiblcmodcl. "Jhcmanvork-
ingrhc amplihcr, " asischoll argucd inDranaturg oj tbe adio |/a,,
"isinchargcolaluncrionsimilarro rhar olrhc camcra man. cladcs in
and our, as vc say in rhc abscncc ol a radio-spccilic rcrminology. y
slovlyrurningdovnrhccondcnscrarrhc amplihcr, hclcrsrhcsccnc,rhc
hnishcdscqucnccolcvcnrs, ladcinrorhc background,jusrashccan, by
graduallyrurningrhccondcnscrup,givcincrcasinglormandshapcrorhc
ncxracousricscqucncc. "' ylollovingsuchconrinuiry, vhichisdiamcr-
rically opposcd ro rhc hlm cur, rhings vorkcd vcll lor rhirry ycars. ur
cvcr sincc V radio bcgan rransmirring srcrcophonically, rhar is, rvo
amplirudcspcr unir olrimc, ladc-ours havc bccn "morc dilhculrro cxc-
curc". "rhcmisc-cn-sccnc,invisiblcycrlocalizablc,cannorbcdismanrlcd
and rcplaccd by a ncv oncin lronr olrhclisrcncrascasilyasinrhccasc
ola monophonic play. "' ncc rcrhcrcd, such arc rhc consrrainrs pro-
duccdbyrhcrcal.
or oncrhing,oprical darallovs arcrvo-dimcnsional, lor anorhcr,
rhcy consisr olhigh lrcqucncics. Iorrvo burrhousands olunirs ollighr
pcr unir olrimc musr bc rransmirrcd in ordcr ro prcscnr rhc cyc virh a
rvo- orcvcnrhrcc-dimcnsionalimagc. Jharrcquircs ancxponcnrialmag-
nihcarion olproccssing capacirics. ^nd sincc lighrvavcs arcclccrromag-
Ii/n ,
ncricIrcqucncics inrhcrcrahcrrz rangc, rharis, arrillionrimcsIasrcrrhan
conccrr pirch , ^) , rhcy ourpacc noronly human vriring hands bur cvcn
, unbclicvably) roday`s clccrronics.
Jvo rcasons vhy hlm is nor dirccrly linkcd ro rhc rcal. nsrcad oI
rccordingphysicalvavcs,gcncrallyspcakingironlysrorcsrhcirchcmical
cIIccrson irs ncgarivcs. prical signal proccssing in rcal rimc rcmains a
rhingoIrhcIururc.^ndcvcniI,IollovingRudolphLorhar`srarhcrrimcly
mcraphysics oIrhc hcarr, cvcryrhing Irom sound ro lighr is a vavc ,or
hcrrz) , ''opricalvavcs srilldon`rhavc asroragcorcompuringmcdium-
nor,aranyrarc,unrilhbcrrcchnologicsrunningarrhcspccdoIlighrhavc
purroday`s scmiconducrorsouroIbusincss.
^mcdiumrharis unablc ro rraccrhcamplirudcsoIirs inpurdara is
pcrmirrcd a priori ro pcrIorm curs. rhcrvisc, rhcrc vould bcno dara.
Sincc Nuybridgc`s cxpcrimcnral arrangcmcnr, all hlm scqucnccs havc
bccnscans, cxccrprs, sclccrions. ^nd cvcrycincmaric acsrhcric has dcvcl-
opcd Iromrhc zq-Iramc-pcr-sccond shor,vhich vas larcr srandardizcd.
Sroprrickand monragc, slovmorionandrimclapsconlyrranslarc rcch-
nology inro rhc dcsircs oI rhc audicncc. ^s phanrasms oI our dcludcd
cycs,curs rcproduccrhc conrinuirics andrcgulariricsoImorion.honog-
raphy and Icarurc hlmcorrcspond ro onc anorhcras dorhc rcal and rhc
imagmary.
ur rhis imaginary rcalm had ro bc conqucrcd. Jhc parh oIinvcnrion,
IromNuybridgc`shrsrscrialphorographsro Ldison`skincroscopcandrhc
Lumicrc brorhcrs, docs normcrclyprcsupposcrhccxisrcncc oIcclluloid.
nrhc agc oIorganic liIc srorics ,as pocrry) and organic vorld hisrorics
,as philosophy), cvcninrhcagcoImarhcmaricalconrinuiry, cacsurashrsr
hadrobcposrularcd.^sidcIromrhcmarcrialprccondirion,rhcspliccablc
cclluloid, rhcrcvas ascicnrihconc. rhc sysrcmoIpossiblcdcccprionsoI
rhccychadro bcconvcrrcdIromarypcoIknovlcdgcspccihcroillusion-
isrs andmagicians , suchasoudini) ro onc sharcd byphysiologisrsand
cnginccrs.]usr asrhc phonograph ,Villicrsdc l`slc-^dam norvirhsrand-
ing) bccamcpossiblconlyaIrcr acousrics hadbccnmadc anobjccroIsci-
cnrihc invcsrigarion, so "cincmarography vould ncvcr havc bccn in-
vcnrcd" hadnor"rcscarchcrsbccnoccupicdvirhrhcconscqucnccsoIrhc
srroboscopiccIIccrandaIrcrimagcs. "
1Z
^Ircrimagcs, vhich arcmuchmorc common and Iamiliarrhanrhc
srroboscopiccIIccr,vcrcalrcadyprcscnrin Gocrhc`s Tbeor, oj Co/ors
buronly,asin Wi/be/n Meister's Years oj jjrenticesbij, roillusrrarcrhc
cIIccrsoIClassic-Romanric lircrarurc on souls. a voman hovcrs in Ironr
zo Ii/n
oIrhc inncr cyc oIrhchcro orrhc rcadcrsasrhc oprical modcloIpcrIccr
alphabcrizarion, cvcn rhough hcr bcaury simply cannor bc rccordcd in
vords.VilhclmNcisrcrobscrvcsrohimsclIandhislikc-mindcdrcadcrs,
"Iyoucloscyourcycs,shcvillprcscnrhcrsclIro you,iIyouopcnrhcm,
shc vill hovcr bcIorc all obj ccrs likc rhcmaniIcsrarionvhicha dazzling
imagc lcavcs bchindinrhc cyc.Vasnorrhc quicklypassinghgurc oIrhc
^mazon cvcr prcscnrinyour imaginarion: "'`orIovalis, imaginarion
vasrhcmiraculousscnscrharcouldrcplaccIorrcadcrsalloIrhcirscnscs.
^rlcasraslongasGocrhcandhisTbeor, oj Co/ors vcrcalivc.orir
vas cchncr vho hrsrcxamincdrhc aIrcrimagc cIIccrvirhcxpcrimcnral
rigor. Lxpcrimcnrcr and subjccrin onc, hc srarcdinrorhc sun-virh rhc
rcsulr rhar hc vcnr blind in 8p Ior rhrcc ycars and hadro rcsign Irom
hisphysicschairarrhc\nivcrsiryoILcipzig.Jhchisroricalsrcp Irompsy-
chologyro psychophysics ,cchncr`s bcauriIul ncologism) vas asconsc-
qucnrialasrhccmcrgcncc oImodcrnmcdiaIromrhcphysiologicalhand-
icapsoIirsrcscarchcrsvaslircral.
Io vondcr,rhcn, rharrhc acsrhcrics oIrhc aIrcrimagccIIccris also
duc ro a halI-blind pcrson. Iicrzschc, rhc philosophcr virh : diop-
rcrs,' produccd a hlm rhcory bcIorc irs rimc undcr rhc prcrcxr oI dc-
scribingborhTbe irtb oj Traged, inancicnr GrccccandirsGcrmanrc-
birrhinrhcmassspccraclcsoIVagncr.'`nIicrzschc,rhcrhcarcrpcrIor-
manccs rhar vcrc produccd in rhc shadclcss midday sun oI an ^rric
scrring vcrc rransIormcdinrorhc hallucinarions oIincbriarcd or vision-
ary spccrarors, vhosc opric ncrvcs quirc unconsciously proccsscd vhirc-
and-blackhlmncgarivcsinroblack-and-vhirchlmposirivcs. "^Ircrancn-
crgcric arrcmprro Iocus onrhc sun, vc havc, by vay oIrcmcdy almosr,
darksporsbcIorcourcycsvhcnvcrurnavay. Convcrscly,rhcluminous
imagcsoIrhcSophoclcanhcrocs-rhosc^pollonianmasks-arcrhcncc-
cssary producrions oI a dccp look inro rhc horror oI narurc, luminous
spors,asirvcrc,dcsigncdro curcancychurrbyrhcghasrlynighr. "''
riorrocchncr`shisroricalsclI-cxpcrimcnr, blindingvasnoramar-
rcroIdcsirc. ^ncychurrbyrhcghasrlynighrrharrcquircsIorirsrcmcdy
invcrrcd aIrcrimagccIIccrs is no longcr dirccrcd rovard rhc sragc oIrhc
^rric amphirhcarcr bur onro rhc black surIacc oI soon-ro-comc movic
scrccns, as rhc Lumicrc brorhcrs vill dcvclop rhcm in dchancc oI rhcir
namc.Iicrzschc`sghasrlynighrisrhchrsrarrcmprrochrisrcnscnsorydc-
privarion as rhc background ro and orhcr oIall rcchnological mcdia.
Jharrhc llov oIdararakcsplacc ar all is rhc clcmcnrary Iacr oIIicrz-
schc`sacsrhcric,vhichrcndcrsinrcrprcrarions,rcllccrions,andvaluarions
oIindividualbcaury,andhcncccvcryrhing^pollonian)sccondary. I"rhc
Ii/n : z:
vorId"canbc "j usrihcdro allcrcrniry . . . onlyasanacsrhcricproducr, "'
irissimplybccausc"Iuminousimagcs" oblircrarcarcmorsclcssbIackncss.
JhcIicrzschcmoviccallcd edijus isrcchnologicalcnoughro prc-
darc rhc innovarion olrhc Lumicrcs by a quarrcr ccnrury. ^ccordingro
Tbe irtb oj Traged,, arragichcro, asincbriarcdspccrarorsvisualIyhal-
lucinarchim,is "arborromnomorcrhanaluminousshapcprojccrcdonro
a dark vaIl, rhar isro say, ajjearance rhrough and rhrough. "'' risprc-
cisclyrhis darkvall, vhich alIovs acrorsro rurninrorhc imaginary, or
hlmsrars,inrhchrsrplacc,rharhas bccn opcningrhcarcr pcrlormanccs
sincc : 8;6, rhcycarolrhcinaugurarionolrhcrhcarcrinayrcurh,vhosc
prophccy Tbe irtb oj Traged, undcrrook. Vagncr didvhar no drama-
rurg bclorc him had darcd ro do , simply bccausc ccrrain spccrarors in-
sisrcdonrhclcudaIprivilcgcolbcingasvisiblcasrhcacrorsrhcmsclvcs) .
during opcningnighr,hcbcgan Tbe ing oj tbe Nioe/ung i nroral dark-
ncss,bclorcgradualIyrurningonrhc, asycrnovcI)gaslighrs.Iorcvcnrhc
prcscncc olancmpcror, ViIhclm , prcvcnrcdVagncr lrom rcducinghis
audicnccro aninvisiblc mass sociologyand rhc bodics ol acrors ,such as
rhc Rhinc maidcns) ro visual hallucinarions or alrcrimagcs againsr rhc
backgroundoldarkncss.Jhccurscpararingrhcarcrarrsand mcdia rcch-
nologics could norbc dclincarcdmorc prcciscly. Vhich is vhy allmovic
rhcarcrs,arrhc bcginningolrhcirscrccnings,rcproduccVagncr`scosmic
sunrisc cmcrging lrom primordial darkncss. ^ :,: movic rhcarcr in
Nannhcim, asvcknov lrom rhc hrsrsociologyolcincma, uscdrhc slo-
gan, "Comc in,ourmovic rhcarcrisrhcdarkcsrinrhcvholcciry! "'
^Ircadyin : 8,: , lourycarspriorro rhcprojccrionscrccn olrhcLu-
micrcbrorhcrs,ayrcurhvasrcchnologicallyupro darc.Iorlornorhing
didVagncr jokc rharhcvouIdhavc ro complcrc his invcnrion olan in-
visiblc orchcsrrabyinvcnringinvisiblc acrors.cncchisson-in-lav,rhc
subscqucnrly nororious Chambcrlain, planncdrhc pcrlormancc olsym-
phonics byLiszrrharvouIdhavc bccomc purclcarurchlmsvirh cqually
purchImmusic. accompanicd byrhcsoundolanorchcsrrasunkinVag-
ncrianlashion,andsiruarcdina "nighrcladroom," acamcraobscuravas
supposcd ro projccr moving picrurcs againsr a "background" unril all
spccrarors lcIl inro "ccsrasics."` Such cnchanrmcnrs vcrc unrhinkablc
virhold-lashioncd vicving. cycsdidnormix up srarucs orpainrings, or
rhc bodics olacrors, lor rharmarrcr-rhosc basic sragc props olrhc cs-
rablishcd arrs-virh rhcir ovn rcrinaIproccsscs. Jhanks only ro Cham-
bcrlain`splansandrhcirglobal disscminarion byollyvood,rhcphysio-
Iogicalrhcoryolpcrccprionbccomcsapplicdpcrccprualpracricc. movic-
gocrs, loIloving Ldgar Norin`s briIlianr lormuIarion, "rcspond ro rhc
1 ll Ii/n
projccrionscrccnlikcarcrinainvcrrcdrorhcoursidcrharisrcmorclycon-
nccrcdro rhc brain."^ndcachimagclcavcsanaIrcrimagc.
n ordcrro implcmcnrrhcsrroboscopiccIIccr, rhc sccondrhcorcrical
condirion oIcincma, virh rhc samc prccision, onc nccds onlyro illumi-
narcmovingobjccrsvirhonc oIrhclighr sourccs rharhavcbccomc om-
niprcscnrandomniporcnrsinccrhc 8pos.^sisvidclyknovn,backrhcn
Vcsringhousc von our ovcrLdison, alrcrnaring currcnrovcr dirccrcur-
rcnr,asapublicuriliry.JhcglovoIlighralrcrnarcshIryrimcspcrsccond
inLuropcanlighrbulbs,sixryrimcsin^mcricanoncs. rhcuncomplicarcd,
andhcnccimpcrccpriblc,rhyrhmoIourcvcningsandoIananrcnnacallcd
rhc body.
Jhc srroboscopic illuminarion rransIorms rhc conrinuous lIov oI
movcmcnr inro inrcrIcrcnccs, or moircs, as can bc sccninrhcvhccling
spokcs oIcvcryVcsrcrn. Jhis sccond and imaginaryconrinuirycvolvcd
Iromdisconrinuiry, a discovcryrharvas hrsrmadc byphysiologisrs dur-
ingrhc Ioundingagc oImodcrnmcdia. Vc ovcalargcparroIrhcrhcory
oI alrcrnaring currcnr ro araday, as vcll as ro rhc srudy n a |ecu/iar
C/ass oj jtica/ Decejtions , t 81) .`CouplcdvirhrhcaIrcrimagccIIccr,
araday`s srroboscopic cIIccr bccamc rhc ncccssary and suIhcicnr condi-
rion Ior rhc illusions oIcincma. nc only had ro auromarizc rhc curring
mcchanism, covcrrhchlmrcclvirhavingdiskbcrvccnmomcnrsoIcx-
posurc and virh a Nalrcsc cross during momcnrs oIprojccrion, andrhc
cyc savscamlcssmorionrarhcrrhan lq singlc andsrill shors. ncpcrIo-
rarcdroraringdiskduringrhcrccordingand projccrion oIpicrurcsmadc
possiblcrhchlmrrickprcccdingallhlmrricks.
Choppingorcurringinrhcrcal,IusionorlIovinrhcimaginary-rhc
cnrirc rcscarch hisroryoIcincma rcvolvcs only aroundrhis paradox. Jhc
problcm oI undcrmining rhc rhrcshold oI audicncc pcrccprion rhrough
araday`s "dcccprions" rclIccrcd rhc invcrsc problcm oIundcrminingrhc
rhrcsholdoIpcrccprionoIpsychophysicsirsclIroavoiddisappoinrmcnror
rcaliry. ccausc rcal morion ,abovc and bcyond oprical illusions) vasro
bccomc rccordablc, rhcprchisroryoIrhc cincma bcgancxacrlyasrharoI
rhcgramophonc.
[
ricnnc-]ulcs Narcy, proIcssor oInaruralhisroryar rhc
Collcgc dcranccinaris,and larcr , Iollovinghis succcssIulhlmcxpcri-
mcnrs) prcsidcnr oIrhc rcnch phorographic socicry,' carncd his inirial
IamcvirhasphygmographcopicdIromrhcvorkoIGcrmanphysiologisrs
rharvascapablcoIrccordingpulscrarcsonrosoor-covcrcdglassplarcsas
curvcs. n rhc samc vay, Vcbcr and Scorr had mcchanically srorcd
sounds ,musicalinrcrvalsrhcmsclvcs)rharvcrcnoracousricillusions.
cginningvirhhcarrmusclcconrracrions,Narcyinvcsrigarcdmovc-
Ii/n 1z
^arcy`schronophotographicgun.
mcnr in gcncral. is chronographic cxpcrimcnrs on humans, animals,
birds-pubIishcd as La nacbine anina /e 1 by) , arirlcrhardocsj usricc
ro La Ncrrric-inspircd Govcrnor Sranlord olCalilornia ro givc Nuy-
bridgchis assignmcnr. JhcprolcssionaIphorographcronIyhadrorcplacc
Narcy`smcchanizcdlormolrraccdcrccrionvirhamorc appropriarc, or
prolcssional, opricalonc-andvhcrccycshadalvays sccnonIypocric
z Ii/n
ving-llaps could bcginrhcanalysisolrhclighrolbirds,rhcprccondirion
lor all lururcaircralr consrrucrions. r vas no coincidcncc rhar pionccrs
olphorography such asIadar oprcd againsrrhc nontgo/jeres ol ;8
and i nlavor ol lircral airships. lor lying machincs hcavicr rhan air.`
"Cincmasn`rScc,r`sly, "'saysVirilio`sVar and Cinena, invicvol
rhc hisroricallypcrlccr collusion olvorld vars, rcconnaissancc squad-
rons,andcincmarography.
nrhcmcanrimc,rhchrsrphorographslromnina/ Loconotion had
hardlyappcarcdvhcnNarcybcganvorkonimprovingNuybridgc`sim-
provcmcnrolhis ovnvork.Jhcrimcvasripclorcnginccrsrovorkro-
gcrhcr, lor innovarions olinnovarions. Narcy also srorcdmorion opri-
cally, bur hc rcduccd rhc numbcr olcamcras lrom rhc rvclvc olhis prc-
dcccssorro oncandconsrrucrcd-hrsrvirhhxcdphoroglassplarcs,and,
lrom 8 8 8 on,virhmodcrncclluloid`

-rhc hrsr scrial-shor camcra. n-

srcadolindulginginvharynchoncallcd "rhc^mcricanviccolmodular
rcpcririon,"`' hcrcalizcdrharlormovingobjccrs,asinglc,movablcappa-
rarusvascnough.rs namc-rhcchronophorographicgun-spokcnorh-
ing burrhcrcalrrurh.
!tvasin 86, vhisttravcingonapaddc-stcamcrandvatchingitsvhcc, that
thc luturc Coonc Gating hit upon thc idca ola cyindrica, crank-drivcn ma
chinc gun. !n 8;(thc Ircnchman]ucs]ansscntookinspirationlrom thc muti-
chambcrcd Cot patcntcd in 8 z) to invcntanastronomicarcvovingunitthat
coudtakcascricsolphotographs vhcnattachcdtoatccscopcj.Lnthc basis ol
this idca,
]
ticnnc-]ucs^arcythcnpcrlcctcdhischronophotographicriIc,vhich
aovcditsuscrto aim atandphotographanob cctmovingthrough spacc.

Jhc hisrory olrhc movic camcra rhus coincidcs virh rhc hisrory ol
auromaricvcapons. Jhc rransporrolpicrurcs only rcpcars rhc rransporr
olbullcrs.nordcrrolocusonandhxobj ccrsmovingrhroughspacc, such
aspcoplc, rhcrcarcrvoproccdurcs: ro shoorandro hlm.nrhcprinciplc
olcincma rcsidcs mcchanizcd dcarh as irvas invcnrcd inrhc nincrccnrh
ccnrury: rhc dcarh no longcr olonc`s immcdiarc opponcnr bur olscrial
nonhumans. Colr`s rcvolvcr aimcd ar hordcs ol ndians, Garling`s or
Naxim`s machinc-gun , arlcasrrharisvharrhcy hadoriginallybccndc-
signcdro do)araboriginalpcoplcs.``
Virhrhcchronophorographic gun, mcchanizcddcarhvaspcrlccrcd.
irsrransmissioncoincidcdvirhirs sroragc. Vhar rhc machincgun anni-
hilarcdrhccamcramadcimmorral.OuringrhcvarinVicrnam,\.S.Na-
rincCorpsdivisionsvcrcvillingrocngagcinacrionanddcarhonlyvhcn
JVcrcvslrom^C, CS, andICvcrcon locarion. ilmisanimmca-
Ii/n zy
^ndrc Naraux, lsotr.
surablccxpansionolrhc rcalmsolrhc dcad, duringandcvcn bclorcbul-
lcrs hir rhcirrargcrs. ^ singIcmachinc-gun , accordingro]ngcr`s obscr-
variononDer roeiter) hnishcsollrhclrarcrniry-bascdhcroismolcnrirc
Langcmarckrcgimcnrs oltptq,`a singlc camcra docs rhc samcvirhrhc
dying sccncs rhcrcalrcr.
r vas rhcn only a marrcr ol combining rhc proccdurcs olshooring
andhlmingrorakcNarcy`sbrandnamclircrally.Jhcchronophorographic
gun bccamc rcaliry inrhc cincma olarrihcial, rhar is, lcrhaI, birdlIighrs.
RcconnaissanccpilorsolrhcirsrVorldVarsuchasRichardGarroscon-
srrucrcd anon-board machinc-gun vhosc barrcI vas poinrcdparaIlcl ro
rhc axis olrhcpropcllcrvhiIc rhcy hlmcd irs cllccrs.``Ouringrhc Sccond
VorIdVar,vhichaccordingro GcncraIvonrirschvassupposcdrohavc
bccnvon by supcriorrcconnaissancc, "rhcconsrrucrion olrccordingdc-
viccsvirhinaircralryicldcdsrillbcrrcrrcsulrs. "Naj orGcncralvonVcdcl,
chiclol^rmyropaganda,vas "cspcciallydclighrcdrharnspccrorJan-
ncnbcrg vas succcsslul in having dcvcIopcd a camcra unirrhar could bc
buiIrinrohghrcrpIancs,Srukas,andorhcraircralrandrhar,synchronizcd
virhrhc vcapon, madcpossiblcvcryimprcssivc combarpicrurcs. "`
^silrargcringnspccrorJanncnbcrgandhisappropriarcnamc,``yn-
7
Irnst^ach,Ircczc-Iramc photos oIbucts.
Ii/n : z;
chondcscribcsinGratit,'s ainoou "rhissrrangcconnccrionbcrvccnrhc
Gcrman mind and rhc rapid llashing ol succcssivc srills ro counrcrlcir
movcmcnr, lorar lcasrrvoccnrurics-sincc Lcibniz, inrhcproccssolin-
vcnringcalcuIus, uscdrhc samc approach ro brcak up rhc rrajccrorics ol
cannonbaIlsrhroughrhcair. "``Jharishovvcncrablc,insrricraccordancc
virh Nnsrcrbcrg) rhc prchisrory olcincma is. urirmakcs a dillcrcncc
vhcrhcr balIisricanalysis appcarsonrhc papcrolamarhcmaricianoron
cclluloid. nly lrcczc-lramcphorographs olllyingprojccriIcs, dcvclopcd
in : 8 8 y byoncnolcssrhanLrnsrNach,madcvisiblcaIlinrcrlcrcnccs,or
moircs,inrhc mcdiumolrhcair. nlylrcczc-lramcphorographsrun au-
romarically and as rcaI-rimc analysis ,sincc rhcn, JV camcras havc rc-
duccdrhcproccssingrimcolpicrurcsro ncar-zcro) . Vhichisvhynspcc-
rorJanncnbcrg`spropagandavcaponsrillhadorhasalururc.rovardrhc
cndolrhc SccondVorldVar,vhcncvcn 8. 8 millimcrcranri-aircralrguns
virh rhcir rcams ol opcrarors vcrc incllccrivc againsr rhc ^Ilicd carpcr
bombingsolGcrmany,rhchrsrdcvclopmcnrsrovardoursrrarcgicprcscnr
rook placc-rhc scarch by rcchnicians lor vcapons sysrcms virh auro-
maricrargcrscarching.`'Jhcchronophorographvasmadclorrhar.
uilrinro aircralr, JV camcras orinlrarcd scnsors arcno longcrrhc
ovlsolNincrva, laggingbchindso-caIlcdrcalhisrorylikccgcl`snighrly
philosophy. Jhckindsolinhnircsimalmovcmcnrrhcyproccss rhroughin-
rcgrarion and dillcrcnriarion arc much morc clhcicnr. virh scrvomorors
clccrricallyIinkcd ro a missiIc guidancc sysrcm, rhcy can honc in on rhc
cncmy rargcr. \nril camcra and rargcr, inrcrccprmissilc and hghrcr air-
cralr, cxplodcinalIasholIighrning, a blirz.
Joday`scruiscmissilcsprocccdinrhcsamclashion,lorrhcycomparc
abuilr-inhlmolLuropc`sropography,lromcssiaroclarus,lromSicily
ro\krainc) virhrhcir acrual llighr parh in ordcrro corrccr any possiblc
dcviarions. Narcy`schronophorographic gun hasrcachcdirsrargcrinaIl
irsscnscs.VhcnacamcrablovsuprvovcaponssysrcmssimuIrancously,
andmorcclcganrIyrhankamikazcpilorsdid,rhcanalysisandsynrhcsisol
movcmcnrhavcbccomconc.
^rrhccndolGratit,'s ainoou, aVz-rhchrsrcruiscmissilcinrhc
hisrory olvarlarc, dcvclopcd ar rhc ccncmndc ^rmyJcsr Sirc-cx-
plodcs ovcrrhcrphcusmovicrhcarcrin Los^ngclcs.ngrandioscrimc
axismanipularion,vhichahcririousdrugbyrhcnamcolncirincgranrs
rhc vholc novcI, rhc Iaunch is corrccrly darcd Narch :,,y, bur rhc
rockcr docs norhirirsrargcrunril :,;o, vhcnrhcnovclvasvrirrcn. Jhar
is hov inrcrminably vorld vars go on, nor lcasr bccausc ol Gcrman-
^mcrican rcchnologicaI rranslcr. Jhc oll-ground dcronaror ol rhc Vz
1 zb Ii/n
kicks in, and a ron ol ^marol, rhc rockcr`s payload, cxplodcs. Shorrly
rhcrcalrcr, rhc imagc on rhc scrccn dissolvcs, as il rhc projccrion bulb
vcrc bloving our, buronlysorharirs orphicrrurhcanshinclorrh. Vc,
old lans, vho`vc alvays bccn ar rhc movics, " arc hnally rcachcd by a
hlm vc havc norlcarncdro scc"' burhavc bccn hankcring alrcr sincc
NuybridgcandNarcy:rhcmcldingolcincmaandvar.
Iorhing, rhcrclorc, prcvcnrcd rhc vcapons-sysrcm movic camcra lrom
aiming arhumans as vcll. n rhc rhrcc lronrs olvar, discasc,andcrimi-
naliry-rhcmaj orlincsolcombarolcvcryinvasionbymcdia-scrialpho-
rography cnrcrcd inro cvcryday liIc in ordcr ro bring abour ncv bodics.
^s is vidclyknovn,duringrhc irsrVorldVarrhcbarrcls olma-
chinc-guns movcd avay lrom rhc black, ycllov, and rcd skins againsr
vhich rhcy had bccn dcvclopcd and srarrcd aiming ar vhirc rargcrs.
Novic camcras, hovcvcr, kcprpacc and cxpcricnccda boomrharmighr
havc bccn a misusc olarmy propcrry , asvirh ^N radio) . ^r any rarc,
Ninsrcrbcrg,vho had ro knovabourir, sincc hc soughrroprcvcnrrhc
ourbrcakolrhc Gcrman-^mcricanvarinlurilchrcsidccharsvirh rcsi-
dcnrVilsonuprorhcvcrycnd , andvho,lorrharrcason,rcmainsunac-
knovlcdgcdby his collcagucs ararvard ro rhisvcryday)-Nnsrcr-
bcrgvrorcin 1 16.
!tiscaimcdthatthcproduccrsin^mcricadisikcdthcsctopicapicturcsbccausc
thc accidcntacharactcroIthc cvcntsmakcsthc production irrcguar and intcr-
IcrcstoomuchviththcstcadyprcparationoIthcphotopays. Lnyvhcnthcvar
brokc out, thc grcat vavc oI cxcitcmcnt svcpt avay this apathy. Jhc picturcs
Irom thc trcnchcs, thc marchcs oIthc troops, thc iIc oIthcprisoncrs, thcmovc-
mcntsoIthc cadcrs,thc busyiIc bchindthcIront,andthc actionoIthcbigguns
absorbcdthcpopuarintcrcstincvcrycorncroIthcvord.hicthcpicturcsguc
od-timcvarrcportcrhasalmostdisappcarcd,thcmovingpicturcmanhasinhcr-
itcdahiscouragc,paticncc, scnsationaism, andspiritoIadvcnturc.
^nd as virh rhc rcporrcrs, so virh rhc srars ol rhc ncv mcdium.
Shorrlyalrcrrhcrrcnchvar,vhcnrhcSou/ oj tbe Cinena vasindcmand
again,Or.Valrcrlocm,S.].,cxplaincdvharvasarrhcccnrcrolrhcscn-
sarionalismcririqucdbyNnsrcrbcrg: Ouringrhcvar,hlmacrorsbusily
srudicd rhc rhousands oldcad, rhc rcsulrs olvhich vc can nov admirc
onrhc scrccn."
Sincc^pril 1 1y, rhcloundingdays olradiocnrcrrainmcnrlorarmy
radio opcrarors asvcll, suchsrudicshad bccn rcsring on a solid lounda-
rion. Jhcchicls olrhc ncv^rmy igh Command, indcnburg and Lu-
Ii/n : z,
dcndorll, vcrc scrious abour roral var, and lor rharrcason ,among orh-
crs) rhcy advanccd ro rhc rop olGcrmany`s hIm dirccrors. Vhar cvolvcd
in rhc Grand Gcncral Srallvas a urcau ol icrurcs and iIm \^,
i/d- und Ii/nant] "vhosc lounding and modc olopcrarion vas kcpr
rarhcr sccrcr. " SriIl, irisknovnrharrhc burcau`s "rangc olopcrarions"
includcd "suppIyingrhc inland and rhclronr virh hlms, scrring up hcld
movicrhcarcrs,rhcpIaccmcnrolvarrcporrcrs, . . . ccnsoringalIhlmsro
bc imporrcd and cxporrcd, as vcll as providing all ccnsoring agcncics
virh insrrucrionslromrhc govcrningmilirary ccnsorship aurhorirics. "`
Jhcvay Ludcndorllj usrihcd rhcsc changcs is morcrhanjusrmcmo-
rabIc, irhas madc hImhisrory. ^mcmo byrhc gcncral quarrcrmasrcrlcd
viarhcchainolcommandrorhcloundingolrhc\^.^sa majorcorpo-
rarion,\^ vas ro rakc ovcrrhc classihcd assignmcnrs olrhc urcauol
icrurcsandilminamuchmorcpublicandclhcicnrvay-lromrhccnd
olrhc irsrVorldVar unril, as isvidcIy knovn, rhc cnd olrhc Sccond.
ChicIoIthc GcncraStaIIoIthc^rmy. !Q. q]uytt;
^.].Po. :o8 t !.
Jothc
!mpcriaar^inistrybcrin
JhcvarhasdcmonstratcdthcovcrvhcmingpovcroIimagcsandhms
asaIormoIrcconnaissanccandpcrsuasion.\nIortunatcy, ourcncmics
havc cxpoitcdthcirknov-hovin this arca sothoroughy thatvc havc
suIIcrcd scvcrc damagc. Ivcn Iorthc morc distantcontinuation oIthc
var, hm vi not osc its signihcancc as a poitica and miitary mcans
oIinIucncc. !rccisclyIorthatrcason, Iora succcssIuconcusiontothc
var it is absoutcy impcrativc that hm havc a maximacIIcctin thosc
arcasvhcrc Gcrmanintcrvcntionisstipossibc.
sineJLuJenJor'
Jhus,hImasa mcans olrcconnaissanccandpcrsuasionhas bccn cx-
plaincd,orrcconnoircrcd,inrhcsrricrcsr,rharis,miIirary)scnscolrhcrcrm.
Jhc parh lcads, as virh radio, lrom inrcrccprion ro rcccprion and
mass mcdiaIiry. ^nd Ludcndorll donarcd ,oo olhismovicrhcarcrs arrhc
lronrro rhis rcccprion, making irpossibIcro dccodc Licurcnanr]ngcr`s
Conoat as nner jerience.
osirionaIvarlarcprohibirsinncrcxpcricnccinGocrhcanrcrms,rhar
is, scnsory subsrirurions bcrvccn rhc lincs olIircrarurc. n borh his rirlc
andhis subjccr,]ngcr announccs a vcrydillcrcnrrypc olscnsuousncss:
"VhcnrcdlilccIashcs againsrrhc bIackclills oldcarh,vharvc gcrarc
sharp picrurcs composcd olbrighrcolors. . . . Jhcrc is no rimc ro rcad
o Ii/n
onc`sVcrrhcrvirhrcarycycs. "'ormcdia-rcchnologicalrcasons,pocrry
comcs ro an cnd in rhc rrcnchcs, rhosc "purc brainmills" . "Jhis lailurc
cvcn appcarsro bca marrcr olvriring," says a lcllovolhccrand lricnd
ol ]ngcr vhosc "inrcllccrual laculrics, in rhc daily rhyrhm bcrvccn
varchduryand slccp, graduallydvindlcrovardzcro. "Vhichrhcrroop
lcadcr and rccipicnr olrhc rdrc pour Ic Ncrircdcmonsrrarcsand con-
hrmsvirhhisrclcgram-srylcansvcr, "rharrhisvarisachokcholdonour
lircrarurc."`
urghosrs, a.k.a. mcdia, cannor dicar all. Vhcrc onc srops,anorhcr
somcvhcrc bcgins. Lircrarurc dics norinrhc no-man`s-land bcrvccn rhc
rrcnchcs bur in rhar ol rcchnological rcproducibiliry. ^gain and again,
Licurcnanr]ngcrasscrrshovcomplcrclyrhcinncrcxpcricnccolrhcbar-
rlc has bccomc amarrcrolncurophysiology. ^lrcrrhc "baprism byhrc"
ol ,, soldicrs had bccomc "so ccrcbral rhar rhc landscapc and rhc
cvcnrs, in rcrrospccr, managcdrocscapclrom mcmory only as darkand
drcamlikc shadovs."' Lvcn morc clcarly, and in rcrms olradio. "Lvcry
brain,lromrhcsimplcsrrorhcmosrcomplicarcd,vibrarcdvirhrhcvavcs
olrhcmonsrrous,vhichpropagarcdirscllovcrrhclandscapc. "`Jhcvar,
cvcn rhough "ir vas so palpablc, and rcsrcd hcavily, likc lcad, on our
scnscs"-as vhcn, lor cxamplc, "an abandoncd group rravcrscd un-
knovn rcrrirory undcrrhc canopy ol nighr"-vas hcncc and simulranc-
ously "pcrhapsonlyaphanrasmolourbrains. "`'
rainphanrasms,hovcvcr, "glovingvisions"`rhar"burdcnanxious
brains"`` likc rhc rrcnchcs: rhcy cxisr only asrhc corrclarivcs ro rcchno-
logical mcdia. Jhc soul bccomcs a ncurophysiological appararus only
vhcn rhc cnd ol lircrarurc dravs ncar. cncc, rhc "scrcams lrom rhc
dark" rhar "rouchrhc soulmosrimmcdiarcly, . . . sinccalllanguagcsand
pocrs,byconrrasr,arconlysrammcrings, " combinc rhc "clamorolhghr-
crs" virh "rhc auromaric play ol rhc barrcl-organ. "` ^nd as virh
acousrics, sovirhrhc oprics olvar: "ncc again, onc`s individual cxpc-
ricncc,rhcindividual, . . . vascomprcsscd,onccagainrhccolorlulvorld
rollcdlikca svilrhlmrhroughrhc brain."``
n rhc days olrhc lounding agc olmodcrn mcdia, rhc ncurologisr
cncdicrdcscribcd hovrhcdyingvisualizc rhcirpasrasrimc-lapscpho-
rography.Licurcnanr]ngcrcoulddorhisvirhourpscudomorphosis.^l-
rcroncolhis "lourrccn"`'varinjurics,hcvas,lorpurposcsolrcconva-
lcsccncc,rclocarcdro Oouchy, avillagcandcommunicarionssircinlan-
dcrs, "rhc hcadquarrcrs olrhc ;d lighr-inlanrry rcgimcnr] . "` "Jhcrc
vasarcadingroom,acalc,andlarcrcvcnacincmainalargcbarnskill-
lullyconvcrrcd."``
Ii/n t
nIy in Storn oj Stee/, his Iacr-bascd Diar, oj a Gernan Storn-
Trooj cer, docs]ngcr spcak oIrhc \^ and irs vork. "supplying
rhcinIand and rhcIronrvirh hlms, scrring uphcIdmovic rhcarcrs, " and
soon.In Conoat as nner jerience, rhishymnrorhcrrcnchvorkcr,hc
docsnorsomuchignorcmcdiarcchnologyasrransIarc irs cIIccrs cxprcs-
sionisricaIly. Vriring irsclI rclocarcs in rhc projccrion room oIOouchy.
1harisvhy andvhyalonc "rhc blossoms oIrhc vorId, bIindingand bc-
numbing, cirics on varcrs oIlighr, sourhcrn coasrs vhcrc bIuc vavcs
vashcd againsr rhc shorc, vomcn casr in sarin, quccns oI boulcvards, "
andrhcvholcrangcoIIcarurc-hlmarchivcsoIinncrcxpcricnccs, "opcncd
rhcmscIvcs" up ro rhc "vandcring brains"`'oI soIdicrs in rhc rrcnchcs,
cvcninrhcirdarkcsrmomcnrsoIscnsorydcprivarion.
nc ycar bcIorc rhc ourbrcak oI rhc var, Kurrh inrhus`s Motie
oo/ announccd: "nc has ro gcr uscd ro rhc rhoughrrLar kirsch vill
ncvcr bc cIiminarcdIromrhc vorld oIhumans. ^Ircrvc`vc bccnrrying
IordccadcsrogcrridoIkirschinrhcrhcarcr,irrcsurIaccsincincma.^nd
onc is Icd ro bclicvc rharrhc masscshavc Iound rhc kirsch cxpclIcdIrom
rhc sragc somcvhcrc clsc. "
In a vorld var, Ior cxamplc. "^Il hcarrs pound virh cxcircmcnr
vhcn rhc armics oI soIdicrs Iinc up Ior barrlc virh dcspcrarcly harsh
Iaccs,vhcngrcnadcs bursr,rcIcasinga shovcroIsmokc, andvhcnrhc
camcra rcIcnrlcssIy rravcrscs rhc barrIchcld, ingcsring rhc sriIIand muri-
IarcdbodicsoIscnsclcsslykilIcd varriors."'
^ prophccyrhar]ngcr, rhc myrhic var rcporrcr, rcalizcs orrccog-
nizcs.1orccognizc combarasaninncrcxpcricnccmcans , Iolloving Lu-
dcndorII) undcrsrandingrharrhc uscoIhlm "in rhosc arcas vhcrc Gcr-
maninrcrvcnrionissriIlpossiblc"is "absoIurcIyimpcrarivc. . . Iorasuc-
ccssIulconcIusionro rhc var. " oralrhoughhisroricalprosc suggcsrs, as
isvidclyknovn,rharrhcorhcrsidcvon,]ngcr`scamcrasrylcdrivcsIor-
vardGcrmanarracksagainand again, onlyro Ircczcrhc conrinuarion oI
hisroryorrhcmovicsin a lasrsrilI. Inrhc hnalanaIysis,sucha hImrrick
bccomcs possiblc simply bccausc in mcchanizcd varIarc, machinc-gun
opcrarors kilIvirhour sccingany corpscs, andsrormrroopcrs-Ludcn-
dorII`sncvIyIormcdprccursorsrorhcbIirzkricg`-srormvirhoursccing
inrocncmyrrcnchcs.
1har is vhy rhc rirish, vhcn rhcir arrack rcars ]ngcr our oIhis
hlmic"casrlcinrhcair, " appcaronly "Ioroncsccond. . . likcavisioncn-
gravcd . . . on my cycs. "' 1har is vhy rhc novcl succccds in lcrring irs
cnd, irs goal andvish Iulhllmcnr-namcly, rhc IaiIcd LudcndorIIoIIcn-
sivc oI"Narch z, tpt 8"`-succccdinrhcvorldoIhaIlucinarion.^sa
z Ii/n
camcra shor, and alrcr "an crcrniry in rhcrrcnchcs, "'' anarrack is norh-
ingshorrolrcdcmprion.
Lnyrarcy docs thccncmyappcar to us . . . in Icsh and bood,cvcnthough vc
arcscparatcdonybyanarrov,torn-uphcdstrip.c`vcbccnhunkcringdovnin
thc trcnchcs Iorvccks and months, svarms oIprojcctics shovcring dovn upon
us, surroundcd by thundcrstorms. !t happcns thatvc amostIorgctvc arc hght-
ingagainsthuman bcings. JhccncmymaniIcstsitscIasthcunIodingoIagigan
tic,impcrsonapovcr,asIatcthatthrustsits hstintothcunsccn.
hcnvcstormIorvardandcimboutoIthctrcnchcs,andvcsccthccmpty,
unknovn and inIront oIus vhcrc dcathgocs aboutits busincssbctvccnIaring
coumnsoIsmokc,itappcarsasiIancvdimcnsion has opcncdup to us. Jhcnvc
suddcny scc up cosc, in camouIagc coats and in Iaccs covcrcdvith mud ikc a
ghosty apparition,vhat avaitsusin thc andoIthc dcad:thccncmy.Jhatisan
unIorgcttabcmomcnt.
!ov diIIcrcnty onc had cnvisioncd thc sccnc. Jhc boomingcdgc oIa Ior-
cst, a Iovcry mcadov, and guns banging into thc spring. Ocath as a IIurrying
back andIorth bctvccnthc tvo trcnch incs oItvcnty-ycar-ods. Oark bood on
grccn badcsoIgrass, bayonctsin thc morningight,trumpcts andIIags,ahappy,
shimmcring dancc.
urconrcmporaryrcchnologics olrhc bodyhavc donc rhcir dury, in
milirary asvcllaschorcographic rcrms. Vhcnvarandcincmacoincidc,
a communicarions zonc bccomcs rhc lronr, rhc mcdium olpropaganda
bccomcs pcrccprion, and rhc movic rhcarcr ol Oouchy rhc schcmc or
schcmcsloranorhcrviscinvisiblccncmy. "Vhcnoursrormsignalsllash
across, rhcLnglish] gcrrcadyloravrcsrlingmarchabourbirsandpicccs
olrrcnchcs, lorcsrs, and rhc cdgc olvillagcs. urvhcnvc clash in rhc
hazc olhrc andsmokc,rhcnvc bccomc onc, rhcnvc bccomcrvo parrs
olonc lorcc, luscd inroonc body. "'` Licurcnanr]ngcr mccrs his imagi-
naryorhcr, as Lacanvill dchncirin , 6. asa mirror imagc rharmighr
rcsrorc rhc body ol rhc soldicr, dismcmbcrcd lourrccn rimcs, back ro
vholcncss. ''lonlyvcrcrhcrcnovarandrhc orhcrnoradoppclgangcr.
or "all cruclry, allrhccompilarionolrhcmosringcnious bruralirics,can-
norhllahumanbcingvirhasmuchhorrorasrhcmomcnraryapparirion
olhis mirror imagc appcaringinlronrolhim, virh] all rhc hcry marks
olprchisroryrcllccrcdinhisdisrorrcdlacc."
]ngcr`s hlm brcaks ollarprccisclyrhis imagc, longbclorc Gratit,'s
ainoou cnds in rhc blackour ola rcal orhlmcd rockcr hir abovc \ni-
vcrsalSrudiosolCalilornia.oronccrhccncmyvasrccognizcdasadop-
pclgangcr, "rhcn,inrhclasrhrc,rhcdarkcurrainolhorrormayvcllhavc
Ii/n
lilrcd inrhc brains, burvharvas bchind, lying in vair, rhc rigid mourh
could no longcr spcak."'
Ludcndorlland]ingcr`s lalling srorm rroopcrs arc silcnr, cirhcr bc-
causc , lolloving a hcrmcncuric raurology) rhcy arc lalling, or bccausc
, lollovingamcdia-rcchnologicalanalysis)rhciraprioriisrhcsilcnrhlm.
Iov, hovcvcr, vchavcvarhlmsvirh soundrharcanspcllourrhcpuz-
zlc bchind rhc darkcurrain olhorror. Vharvas lyingin vairvcrchrsr
olalllacrsrhar]ingcrsysrcmaricallybypasscd. rhclailurcolrhc Ludcn-
dorllollcnsivc,rhcrcrrcarrorhcSicglricdposirion, andcapirularion. Scc-
ond, andmorchorrihcsrill,rhchlmdoppclgangcr harborcd rhcpossibil-
iryolhcrion.^cincmaricvarmaynorcvcnrakcplaccarall.nvisiblccn-
cmics rhar marcrializc only lor scconds and as ghosrly apparirions can
hardly bc said any longcrro bc killcd. rhcy arcprorccrcdlrom dcarh by
rhc lalsc immorraliryolghosrs.
n Gratit,'s ainoou, rhc novclabourrhc SccondVorld Var irscll,
GvoncldaskscclcbrarcdhlmdirccrorGcrhardrvonGll ,alias Springcr,
Lubirsch,absr,crc. ) abourrhclarc ola Gcrman rockcrrcchnologisrvho
had lallcninrorhc hands olrhc Rcd ^rmy.
butvhatilthcydidsboothim:"
Po.Jhcyvcrch`tsupposcdto. "
Sprihgcr. Jhis aih`tthcluckihgnoiieshov, comc oh. "
Potyct.^aybchotguitcyct.`ou`dbcttcrchoyitvhicyoucah. Somcday,
vhch thc hm is last chough, thc cguipmcht pockct-sizc ahd burdchlcss ahd
sclihg at pcopc`s priccs, thc ights ahd booms ho ohgcr hcccssary, tben . u
thch u . . "
Joraluscolmcdiainsrcadolrorallircracy. soundhlmandvidcocam-
crasas mass cnrcrrainmcnrliquidarcrhc rcal cvcnr. nStorn oj Stee/ no-
body cxccpr lor rhc diary kccpcr survivcs, in Gratit,'s ainoou all rhc
pcoplc pronounccd dcad rcrurn, cvcn rhc rockcr rcchnician ol ccnc-
mndc.\ndcrrhcinlIucnccolrhchcririousdrugncirinc,rhcvriringol
vorld-varnovclsrurns inromovichcrion.
r isvidclyknovnrharvar-lrom rhc sandboxmodcls olrhc rus-
sian GcncralSrallro rhc compurcrgamcs olrhc^mcricans-hasbccomc
incrcasinglysimulablc."urrhcrc,roo," asrhcscsamcgcncralsraIlsviscly
rccognizcd, "rhclasrqucsrionrcmainsunansvcrcd, bccausc dcarhandrhc
cncmycannor 'bc lacrorcdinrcalisrically.```ricdlacndcr,mcdia-rcchno-
logicallyasalvays,hasdravnlrom rhis rhc daring,invcrrcdconclusion:
lordcarhinbarrlcro coincidcvirhcincmavould bcirsovndcarh.
Ii/n
s AL CmC IRI BOLABrOBR, IATA mCRGArA mACHI rB

CA. t p : o )
Or many yCars rOCssOr sCnOrr nad bCCn prCOCCupICd VIIn OnC O InC
mOsI InICrCsIIny prObCms O Hm: nIs IdCa Vas IO aCnICVC InC OpIICa rCprO-
duCIIOn O naIurC, arI, and anIasy InrOuyn a sICrCOsCOpIC prOCCIIOn appa-
raIus InaI VOud paCC IIs InrCC-dImCnsIOna COnsIruCIs InIO spaCC VIInOuI
InC aId O a prOCCIIOn sCrCCn. \p IO InIs pOInI, Hm and OInCr Orms O pnO-
IOyrapny nad bCCn pursuCd Ony In OnC-CyCd asnIOn. sCnOrr usCd sICrCO-
sCOpIC dOubC CnsCs CVCryVnCrC and, CVCnIuay, IndCCd aCnICVCd InrCC-
dImCnsIOna COnsIruCIs InaI VCrC dCIaCnCd rOm InC suraCC O InC prOCC-
IIOn sCrCCn. nCn nC nad COmC InaI COsC IO nIs IdCa, nC apprOaCnCd InC
^InIsICr O ar IO CCIurC nIm abOuI II. uI my dCar rOCssOr, InC ^In-
IsICr smICd, VnaI nas yOur apparaIus yOI IO dO VIIn Our ICCnnOOyy O
manCuVCrs and Var: nC rOCssOr OOKCd aI nIm VIIn asIOnIsnmCnI and
ImpCrCCpIIby snOOK nIs InVCnIIVC nCad. I Vas InCrCdIbC IO nIm InaI InC
^InIsICr dId nOI naVC InC OrCsIynI IO rCCOynIzC nOV ImpOrIanI InaI appara-
Ius Vas dCsIInCd IO bCCOmC In IImCs O Var and pCaCC. Car ^InIsICr, nC
InsIsICd, VOud yOu pCrmII mC IO IaKC sOmC snOIs O InC manCuVCr sO InaI
yOu Can COnVInCC yOursC O InC adVanIayCs O my apparaIus: d raInCr
nOI, InC ^InIsICr COnICmpaICd, buI yOu arC IrusIVOrIny. AOu KnOV InC
danyCrOus arIICC On nIyn IrCasOn, O COursC, and VI surCy KCCp InC sC-
CrCI. C yranICd InC rOCssOr unImIICd aCCCss. ^COupC O VCCKs aICr
InC manCuVCr, a InC yCnCras yaInCrCd In OpCn ICrraIn InaI Vas In parI
rOIny, mOunIaInOus, and VOOdCd, and InaI COnIaInCd sCVCra aryC pOnds
and raVInCs, sOpCs, and a COupC O VIayCs. IrsI, dCar ^InIsICr and nOn-
OrCd yCnCras, aOV mC IO IC yOu InaI InC VnOC andsCapC, InCudIny Our
OVn bOdICs, appCars as nOInIny buI a sInyC, purCy OpIICa pnanIasmayOrIa.
naI Is purCy OpIICa In II VI maKC dIsappCar by supCrImpOsIny prOCC-
IIOns O OInCr InInys OnIO II. C VarIOusy COmbInCd bCams O !OOdIynIs
and sVIICnCd On a Hm rCC, VnICn bCyan IO run. mmCdIaICy InC ICrraIn
IransOrmCd: OrCsIs bCCamC nOusCs, VIayCs bCCamC dCsCrIs, aKCs and
raVInCs bCCamC CnarmIny mCadOVs; and suddCny OnC COud sCC busIIny
mIIIary pCrsOnnC CnyayCd In baIIC. \ COursC, as InCy VCrC sICppIny Or
rIdIny InIO a mCadOV, InCy dIsappCarCd InIO a pOnd Or a raVInC. ndCCd,
CVCn InC IrOOps InCmsCVCs VCrC rCguCnIy Ony OpIICa IusIOns, sO InaI
rCa IrOOps COud nO OnyCr dIsIInyuIsn InCm rOm aKC OnCs, and nCnCC
Ii/n : y
CnyayCd In InVOunIary dCCCpIIOns. rIICry InCs appCarCd as purC OpIICa
IusIOns. oInCC InC pOssIbIIIy CXIsIs O! COmbInIny, prCCIsCy and sImuIanC-
Ousy, OpIICa VIIn aCOusIIC C!CCIs, InCsC VIsIbC buI unIOuCnabC CannOns
Can bOOm as VC, maKIny InC IusIOn pCr!CCI, saId sCnOrr. y InC Vay,
InIs InVCnIIOn Is O! COursC asO usC!u !Or pCaCC!u purpOsCs. rOm nOV On,
nOVCVCr, II VI bC VCry danyCrOus IO dIsIInyuIsn InInys InaI arC Ony VIsIbC
!rOm IOuCnabC OnCs. uI I!C VI bCCOmC a InC mOrC InICrCsIIny !Or II.
OOVIny InIs nC CI a bOmbCr sguadrOn appCar On InC nOrIzOn. C, InC
bOmbs VCrC drOppCd, buI InCy dId InCIr ICrrIbC damayC Ony !Or InC CyC.
oIranyCy CnOuyn, InC ^InIsICr O! ar In InC Cnd dCCIdCd ayaInsI purCnas-
Iny InC apparaIus. u O! anyCr, nC CaImCd InaI Var VOud bCCOmC an Im-
pOssIbIIIy InaI Vay. nCn InC sOmCVnaI OVCry numanIsIIC sCnOrr CXaICd
InaI C!!CCI, InC ^InIsICr CrupICd: AOu CannOI Iurn IO InC ^InIsICr O! ar
IO puI a drCad!u Cnd IO Var. naI !as undCr InC purVICV O! my COCayuC,
InC ^InIsICr O! LuIurC. s InC ^InIsICr O! LuIurC prCparCd IO buy InC
apparaIus, nIs pans VCrC VCIOCd by InC ^InIsICr O! InanCC. n brIC!: InC
sIaIC Vas unVIIny IO buy. IOV InC hm COrpOraIIOn InC aryCsI hm IrusI)
nCpCd IIsC!. VCr sInCC InIs mOmCnI, hm nas bCCOmC a-pOVCr!u In InC
VOrd; buI Ony InrOuyn OpIICa mCans. I Is, guIIC sImpy, naIurC OnCC
ayaIn, In a IIs VIsIbIIIy and audIbIIIy. nCn a sIOrm Is brCVIny, !Or CXam-
pC, II Is unCCar VnCInCr InIs sIOrm Is Ony OpIICay rCa Or a rCa OnC
InrOuyn and InrOuyn. bnOssan sCnOrr nas bCCn CXCrCIsIny arbIIrary ICCn-
nOOyICa pOVCr OVCr InC !aIa mOryana, sO InaI CVCn InC \rICnI !C InIO
COn!usIOn VnCn a rCCCnI !aIa mOryana prOduCCd by sOCy ICCnnICa
mCansCOn urIny CrIn and OIsdam !Or dCsCrI nOmadsVas IaKCn !Or
rCa. sCnOrr rCnIs OuI CVCry dCsIrCd andsCapC IO InnKCCpCrs. ourrOundIny
!uICKs OIC zur CnmuI InCsC days Is InC `ICrVadsIaIICr aKC. Crr V.
\nnCnIn CnOys nIs purCy OpIICa spOusC. ^uaCK InC prOCIarIan rCsIdCs In
a purCy OpIICa paaCC, and bIIOnaIrCs prOICCI InCIr CasICs InrOuyn InCIr
OpIICa COnVCrsIOn InIO snaCKs.
IOI IOO Ony ayO, a dOppCyanyCr !aCIOry Vas CsIabIsnCd . . . . n InC
nOI IOO dIsIanI !uIurC, InCrC VI bC VnOC CIIICs madC O! IynI; CnIIrCy dI!-
!CrCnI COnsICaIIOns nOI Ony In InC panCIarIum, buI CVCryVnCrC In naIurC
as VC. sCnOrr prCdICIs InaI VC VI asO bC abC IO naVC ICCnnOOyICa COn-
IrO OVCr IOuCn In a sImIar Vay: nOI unII InCn VI radIO Ira!hC VIIn rCa
bOdICs sCI In, VnICn mCans nOI usI hm buI I!C, and VnICn VI CaVC !ar
bCnInd a Ira!hC ICCnnOOyICs . . .
j 6 Ii/n
JhcNinisrcroIVar`squcsrionabourvharschorr`sappararus has ro do
virh rhc rcchnology oImancuvcrs and var is rhc only hcrion in ricd-
lacndcr`srcxr.Lvcnin irs cxpcrimcnral prchisrory, rharis,cvcnbcIorc ir
bccamc cincma, hlmcondirioncdncvbodics. urminisrcrsoIvarvcrc
inrouchvirhcurrcnr dcvclopmcnrs.
n 8p , GcorgcsOcmcny, Narcy`s assisranrandanaromisrarrhcn-
srirurc, bcganvork on his |botograjb, oj Sjeecb. nirially, his purposc
inconducringrhissrrangccxcrciscvasroadvanccrhcbrcakdovnoIdis-
coursc inro scpararc subrourincs. n his cxpcrimcnrs, mororic and opric
daravcrc ro bc on an cqual Iooringvirh rhc scnsoryandacousric dara
dcrivcdIromLdison`sphonograph.^ndNarcy`ssilcnrchronophorograph
vasrhcpcrIccrinsrrumcnrIorrhcir sroragc.
cncc a scrial camcra virh shurrcr spccds in rhc milliscconds vas
aimcd ar Ocmcny himsclI,vho adhcrcdro rhc honor-common during
rhcIoundingagcoImodcrnmcdia-oIpcrIormingsimulrancouslyascx-
pcrimcnrcr and subjccr, pricsr and vicrim oI rhc appararus. ^ human
mourhopcncd, cxpccrorarcdrhc syllablcs Vi-vc la ran-cc' " andcloscd
again,vhilcrhccamcradissccrcd,cnlargcd,srorcd,andimmorralizcdirs
succcssivc posirions, including rhc hnc play oI all Iacial musclcs, " in
componcnrparrsvirh a Ircqucncy oIt6z.Joconrcmporarics, many
oI rhcsc oral movcmcnrs appcarcd cxaggcrarcd bccausc our cyc cannor
pcrccivc Ilccring movcmcnrs such as rhcsc, burrhc camcra makcs rhcm
visiblc by bringing morion ro a srandsrill." ur rhar vas prcciscly rhc
poinr. Ldisonvasrumorcdro havc bccn cnamorcdoIrhc cnlargcdshors
oIhiscollcaguc`smourh.`
ascdonrhc daraoIaIrcczc-Iramcdparriorism,Ocmcny ,Iascinarcd
byphysicalimpairmcnrs,asis cvcrymcdiarcchnologisr)hrsrrcvolurion-
izcd insrrucrion Ior dcaIand murc pcoplc. aricnrs oIrhc rcl dcVillc
in aris vcrc askcd ro synrhcsizc acousrically rhc mourh posirions hlm
had analyzcd oprically. Jhcn rhcy could-in ora/ cxaminarions" rhar
provcd scnsarionaI'-scrcam Vi-vclaran-cc' " virhourcvcrhcaringa
syllablc. nrhc marcrial barrlcs soon ro comc, vhcn rhc]oIIrc divisions
srormcdanddicdlikcIlics,sclI-pcrccprionvashardlyncccssaryanymorc.
^scarlyast 8pz, "Ocmcnycnvisioncdallrhcproccdurcsrharhavc
sincc bccninuscinso-callcdcincmarographic appararuscs andvhicharc
norhing burrcvcrsiblcchronophorographs. "` nc onlyvould havc had
ro Iollovrhcprinciplcs oIrhc rcvolvcr and supplcmcnr aroraringphoro
sroragc dcvicc virh a roraring phoro proj ccror. urcvcnrhoughOcmcny
vas cnvious oI rhc Lumicrcs` succcss, rcscarch inro slov morion vas
morcimporranr rhan rhc illusions oIIcarurchlms. c rcmaincdIairhIul
Ocmcny says, Vi-vcaIran-cc! "
8 Ii/n
ro rhc chronophorographic gun and movcd lrom srudyingsinglcparrioric
mourhs ro masscs ol parrioric lcgs. n olhcial assignmcnr lrom rhc
!rcncharmy, hchlmcdrhcrradirionalgooscsrcpinordcrrooprimizcir.`
Vharjb,sio/ogists oj art , olallpcoplc) announccdin 8,; asancv
lccdback loopbcrvccnpsychophysics,mancuvcrdrills, andrhc uncon-
sciousvasrcalizcdro rhclcrrcr.Rcgardingrhc "condirionvccall 'tbin/
ing, ' ' Gcorgirrhvrorc.
Jhat condition as vc bccomcs automatizcd Iooving Ircgucnt rcpctition;
namcy,vhcnoptica,acoustic, andothcrstimui-vhichcIIcctcvcrycosingap-
pcrccption-rccurin roughypcriodicintcrvas andinaknovnintcnsity. Kcca,
Iorcxampc,thcactivityoIamarksmaninashootinggacry.^tthcbcginningoI
his scrvicc, thc man is thoroughy inIuscdvith thc condition oIconscious and
prospcctivc attcntivcncss: graduay, hovcvcr, hcbccomcssurcandrcaxcd; aItcr
cach buct hits hc stcps mcchanicay upIrontto shovthc mark. !is attcntion
cangoIoravak-itrcturnsto busincss onyiIthcimpactisdcaycdongcnough
Iorhisautomatic-rhythmicIccingtosubsidc.JhcsamcistrucIorthcrccruitdur-
inghis cxcrciscs. !ndccd, thcvhoc dcbatc surroundingthccngth oIactivc mii-
taryscrviccrcvovcsaroundthc gucstion: hovongdocsittakctoautonatizethc
miitarymoraasvcastcchnica) mcmorystructurcoIthcavcragctvcnty-ycar-
od in such a vay that thc apparatus docsnot Iai in thc rca-iIc cvcnt and that
thc attcntion attcntivcncss) -vhich cvcry man must bc cguippcd vith at any
timcintimcs oIvarandpcacc-isnot absorbcdbymindcss scrvicc:"
Mecbanization Ta/es Connand-Siglricd Gicdion could nor havc
comcupvirhabcrrcrrirlclora book rharrcrraccsrhcparhlromNarcy`s
chronophorographic gunvia modcrn arrro milirary-indusrrial crgonom-
ics. Jhc auromarizcdvcapons olvorldvarsycrro comc dcmandcd sim-
ilarly auromarizcd, avcragc pcoplc as "appararuscs" vhoscmorions-in
rcrms ol borh prccision and spccd-could only bc conrrollcd by hlmic
slovmorion. Sinccrhcyvcrcinrroduccdduringrcvolurionarycivilvars,
cxclamarionssuchas "Vivcla!rancc! " hadnurrurcdrhcdcarhdrivconly
psychologicallyand had lclrrhc rcacrionrimc arrhcgunro a "rhinking"
rharcxisrsonlyinquorarionmarkslorphysiologisrsolarrandhlm.
Srorm-rrooplcadcrs such as]ngcr, hovcvcr, havcsinccLudcndorll
bccn rraincd ro vork in rimc lramcs bclov any rhrcshold olpcrccprion.
Jhc apparirion ol rhc cncmy appcars ro rhcm only "lor onc sccond,"
barclypcrccpriblc, burmcasurablc. ^s]ngcrnorcs immcdiarclypriorro
rhcLudcndorllollcnsivc, "phosphoricdigirs arcglovingonrhcvarchon
myvrisr.Varchdigirs,anunusualvord.`ris y . o. Vc`llbcginrosrorm
in onc hour. "`'
Jvo common ircms olroday, rrcnch coars , or, lircrally,
"coars lor rhc rrcnchcs") and varchcs virh sccond hands, arc rhc prod-
Giacomobaa, Kaga,,a cbecorresu/oa/cone study), 11z.
. ]. ^arcy, ^mpitudcsoIthcLcghicaking,"
bcIorc 18 8 .
Ii/n : ,
ucrs ol rhc irsr Vorld Var. ` n rhc srandardizcd j ump ol rhc sccond
hand,hlmrransporrimposcsirsrhyrhmuponavcragcpcoplc.Iovondcr
rharsrorm-rroopIcadcr]ngcrhalIucinarcdrhc bodyolrhccncmy-rhar
unrcaIiryhiddcnlormonrhsinrhcrrcnchcs-inrhcmcdiumolhlm.Jhc
opponcnrcouIdonIybcahlmdoppclgangcr.Ocmcny,vcrccall,hadsran-
dardizcd rhc movcmcnrs ola vholc army rhrough chronophorography.
:o Ii/n
^ndrolcssorschorr, as alvays, onlyhadro do his cxccssivc sharc
ro rranslormrhc bodics" ol soldicrs and rhc cnrirc landscapc olrhcir
mancuvcrinro a singlc, purcly oprical phanrasmagoria," vhich, morc-
ovcr, could bc combincd prcciscly and simulrancously virh acousric
cllccrs.
^ lara morgana machinc rhar can nov bc had around rhc globc.
Virhourvar, simply by paying an admissionlcc.ormcchanizarionhas
alsorakcncommandovcrso-callcdrimcs ollcisurc andpcacc. Iighr al-
rcr nighr, cvcry discorhcquc rcpcars Ocmcny`s goosc-srcp analyscs. Jhc
srroboscopiccllccrarrhcbcginningolhlmhaslclrphysiologicallabsand
novchopsup danccrsrvcnryrimcs pcr sccondinro hlmimagcs olrhcm-
sclvcs. Jhc barragc olhrc has lclr rhc major lincs olcombar and rhcsc
days cchocs lrom sccurirysysrcms-includingrhcirprccisc andsimulra-
ncouscombinarionvirhopricalcllccrs.Ocmcny`sphorographyolspccch
conrinucs as a vidcoclip, his Vi-vc la ran-cc! " as a salad olsyllablcs.
OanccrhcNussolini! Oanccrhc ^dollirlcr! `
Ocal, murc, and blind, bodicsarcbroughruprorhcrcacrion spccd ol
VorldVar n+t, as ilhouscd in a giganric simularion chambcr. Compur-
crizcd vcapons sysrcms arc morc dcmanding rhan auromarizcd oncs. l
rhcj oysricksol^rarividcogamcsmakcchildrcnillircrarc,rcsidcnrRca-
ganvclcomcdrhcm lor jusrrhar rcason. as arrainingground lorlururc
bombcr pilors. Lvcry culrurc has irs zoncs olprcpararion rhar lusc lusr
and povcr, oprically, acousrically, and so on. ur discos arc prcparing
ouryourhslorarcraliarorysrrikc.
Var has alvays alrcady bccn madncss, hlm`s orhcr subjccr. ody
movcmcnrs, as rhcy arc provokcd by rhc srroboscopcs olroday`s dis-
corhcqucs, vcnr by a psychoparhologicalnamc a ccnrury ago. a largc
hysrcrical arc. "Vondrous ccsrasics, rvirchingsvirhourcnd, circus-likc
conrorrionsolcxrrcmiricsvcrcrcasoncnoughrocallrhcmupvirhallrhc
mcans olhypnosis and ausculrarion. ^ lccrurc hall lull olmcdical sru-
dcnrs, asycrall malc, vas allovcd ro varchrhcmasrcr, Charcor,andhis
lcmalcparicnrs.
^handvrittcnnotc jinthcasyctunpubishcdarchivcsoIthc Sapctrirc] givcsan
account oI thc scssion oI Povcmbcr z, t 8;;. Jhc subjcct cxhibits hystcrica
spasms; Charcot suspcnds an attack by pacing Irst his hand, thcn thc cnd oIa
baton, on thc voman`s ovarics. !c vithdravs thc baton, and thcrc is a Ircsh at-
tack, vhich hc accccratcs by administcring inhaations oIamynitratc. Jhc aI-
Iictcd voman thcn crics out Ior thc scx-baton in vords that arc dcvoid oI
mctaphor: G. istakcnavayandhcrdciriumcontinucs."
`'
Ii/n :
1hc Sapctrircmakcs icohographsoI itshystcria.
urrhispcrlormanccvasnor, ornoranylongcr,rhcrrurhabourhys-
rcria. vharvasproduccd bypsychoparhicmcdiavasnorallovcdsimply
ro disappcar insccrcrmcmorics ordocumcnrs. Jcchnologicalmcdia had
ro bc ablc ro srorc and rcproducc ir. Charcor, vho rranslormcd rhc
Salprricrc lrom a dilapidarcd insanc asylum inro a lully cquippcd rc-
scarch lab shorrly alrcr his appoinrmcnr, ordcrcd his chiclrcchnician in
t 88 ro srarrhlming.Vhcrcupon^lbcrrLondc,larcrknovnasrhccon-
srrucrorolrhcRollcillcxcamcra,` anaromizcd , srricrlylollovingNuy-
bridgc andNarcy) rhc "largchysrcrical arc" virhscrialcamcras.^young
physiologyassisranrlromVicnna visiring rhc Salprricrcvasvarching.'
ur Or. rcud did nor makc rhc hisrorical connccrion bcrvccn hlms ol
hysrcriaandpsychoanalysis. ^s inrhccasc olphonography, hcclung ,in
rhclaccolorhcrmcdia)rorhcvcrbalmcdiumandirsncvdccomposirion
inrolcrrcrs.
or rhis purposc, rcud hrsrsrills rhc picrurcs rhar rhc bodics olhis
lcmalcparicnrsproducc.hcpursrhcmonhiscouchinrhccrggassc.Jhcn
a ralkingcurcis dcploycd againsrrhc imagcssccnorhallucinarcd. Virh-
our mcnrioning rhc gcndcr dillcrcncc bcrvccn malc obscssivc-ncurosis
and lcmalchysrcria,inStudies on H,steria hcobscrvcs.
hchmcmorics rcturh ihthcIorm oIpicturcsour task is ih gchcra casicr thah
vhchthcyrcturh as thoughts. !ystcrica patichts,vho arcasarucoIa visua"
typc,dohotmakcsuchdiIhcuticsIorthcahaystasthoscvith obscssiohs.
LhccapicturchascmcrgcdIromthcpaticht`smcmory,vcmayhcarhimsay
that it bccomcsIragmchtary ahd obscurc ih proportioh as hcprocccdsviththc
dcscriptioh oI it. Tbe patient is, as it uere, ettin riJ o[it oy turnin it into
z Ii/m
uorJs.cgoonto cxamincthcmcmorypicturcitscIinordcrto discovcrthcdi-
rcctioninvhich ourvork istoprocccd. Look atthcpicturconccmorc. !as it
disappcarcd: " ^ostoIit,ycs, but!stisccthisdctai. " Jhcnthisrcsiduc must
stimcansomcthing.Iithcryouvisccsomcthingncvin additionto it,orsomc-
thing vi occurto you in conncctionvith it. " hcn thisvork has bccn accom-
pishcd, thc paticnt's hcd oIvision is oncc morcIrcc and vc canconjurc up an-
othcrpicturc. Lnothcr occasions, hovcvcr,apicturcoIthiskindvircmainob-
stinatcy bcIorcthcpaticnt's invard cyc,inspitcoIhishaving dcscribcdit;and
this is an indicationto mcthat hc sti has somcthingimportanttotc mc about
thctopicoIthc picturc. ^ssoonasthishasbccndoncthcpicturcvanishcs, ikca
ghostthat has bccn aid.`
Iarurally, suchscqucnccs olimagcsinhysrcrics orvisuallyoricnrcd
pcoplcarcaninncrhlm. asinrhccascolpsychoanalyricaldrcamrhcory,
a "parhogcnic rccollccrion, " norvirhsranding rhc paricnr`s "lorms ol rc-
sisranccand his prcrcxrs, "provokcsirs oprical "rcproducrion."`` Vhcn
rroRank subjccrcd Tbe Student oj |rague, asrhc sccondGcrmanau-
teur hlm, ro psychoanalyrical cxaminarion in ,, hc obscrvcd rhar
"cincmarography . . . in numcrous vays rcminds us ol drcam-vork. "
Vhich,convcrscly,mcanrrharinrcrnalimagcsvcrcmodclcd,asvirhhys-
rcrics, alrcrrhc "shadovy, llccring, bur imprcssivc sccncs" olhlm. Con-
scqucnrly, "rhc rcchniquc olpsychoanalysis, "vhich "gcncrally aims ar
uncovcring dccply buricd and signihcanr psychic marcrial, on occasion
procccding lrom rhc manilcsr surlacc cvidcncc, . . . nccd nor shy avay
lromcvcnsomcrandomandbanalsubjccr"-suchas "rhchlm-drama"-
"ilrhcmarrcrarhandcxhibirspsychologicalproblcmsvhoscsourccsand
implicarionsarcnorobvious."`'
urrhis rarhcr hlmic uncovcring, rhc rcrurn lromrhc cincma ro rhc
soul,lrommanilcsrsurlaccorcclluloidskinro unconscious larcncy,lrom
arcchnologicalro a psychic appararus, onlyrcplaccsimagcsvirhvords.
Vhilcopricaldarainhlmarcsrorablc,rhcyarcalso "shadovy, llccring" .
onccannorlookrhcmup, asvirh books,orroday`svidcorapcs) . Jhisin-
rangibiliry govcrns Rank`s mcrhodology. "Jhosc vhosc conccrn isvirh
lircrarurcmaybcrcassurcdbyrhclacrrharrhcsccnarisrolrhishlm,Tbe
Student oj |rague, is an aurhor currcnrly in voguc and rhar hc has ad-
hcrcdropromincnrparrcrns,rhccllccrivcncssolvhichhasbccnrcsrcdby
rimc. "'Vhichisvhypsychoanalysis ,roparaphrascrcud)basicallyim-
irarcsrhc doppclgangcrhlm byrranslaringirinrovords. Rank`sdiscus-
sionolrhcdoppclgangcrquorcs allavailablc sourccs lrom 8oo onand
rurnsmovicsbackinrolircrarurc.''
or a ralking curc, norhing clsc is lclr ro do. Srill, alrcr arrcnding
Ii/n
Londc`shlmingsolhysrcria,rcuddidjusrrhcopposircvirhir. LircraIly,
psychoanalysis mcans chopping up an inrcrnal hIm, in srcps rhar arc as
mcrhodical asrhcyarc discrcrc, unril alI olirsimagcs havc disappcarcd.
Jhcy brcakro picccs onc by onc, simplybccausclcmaIcparicnrshavcro
rranslarcrhcirvisionsinrodcpicrions ordcscriprions. Inrhc cndrhc mc-
dium olrhcpsychoanalysrrriumphs, bccausc hcsrills bodiIymovcmcnrs
and slays rhcrcmaining, inrcrnal sighringsIikcsomanyghosrs orOracu-
las.Vhcnrcud"unIocksimagcs, " hcdocssonorrosrorcrhcm,asChar-
cordocs, burro dccodcrhcpuzzlcsolrhcirsignihcrs.Jhus,rhccmcrgcncc
parricuIarlyolnonvcrbaIsroragcrcchnologicsaround ,oo lcadsro adil-
lcrcnriarion rhar csrablishcs discoursc asa mcdiumamong mcdia. rcud
rhcvrircris srilIviIlingroadmirrhccompcririonolrhcphonograph, bc-
causcgramophony , dcspircalIirsdillcrcnccsvirhrhcralkingcurcandirs
casc-srudynovcIs) dcalsvirhvords. JhccompcririonolsiIcnrhlm,hov-
cvcr,rcud docs norcvcnacknovlcdgc. ^ndcvcnil^brahamand Sachs
opcrarcas"psychoanalyricaIcolIaborarors" ona ,z6 projccrrharmakcs
Tbe M,steries oj tbe Unconscious inroahlm, andhcnccrcachcsconrcm-
porarics "rhc ncccssirics olmodcrn-daycducarionvirhour pain and job
rraining, "'rcudhimscIllIarIydcnicsanollcrlromoIlyvood.
Jhis dillcrcnriarion ol sroragc mcdia dccidcs rhc larc ol madncss.
sychoanalyrical discoursc, vhich, loIIovingLacan`s rhcsis, is a consc-
qucnccanddispIaccmcnrolhysrcricaIdiscoursc,rranslarcsrhcmosrbcau-
riluI parhology inro rhc symbolic. ^rrhc samcrimc,rhcscrial phorogra-
phy olpsychiarry, undcrsrood asrhc rracc dcrccrion ir is, srorcs rhcrcal
aIong rhc "grcar hysrcricaI arc. " Londc`s srill shors ol cach individuaI
rvirch and ccsrasy rravcI , duc ro a lack olopporrunirics lor projccring
hlms) inro rhc muIrivolumc conograjb, oj tbe Sa/jeriere. Jhcrc rhcy
rcsr, bur onIy ro cmigrarc hcncclorrh lromrhc rcal and ro rcrurn ro rhc
imaginary, lorvhichrcudhadnousc.oraIrhoughrhc "grcarhysrcrical
arc" can no longcr bc lound in rhc lccrurc haIIs ol roday`s mcdicaI
schools, rhc counrlcss]ugendsti/ imagcs olvomcn, virh rhcir bovs and
rvisrs, can onIy dcrivclromrhis iconograjbie jbotograjbique.'` Vorks
olarrolrhc]ugendsti/ didnorsimplysullcrlromrhcagcolrhcirrcchno-
logicaI rcproducibiliry, in rhcir srylc, rhcy rhcmscIvcs rcproduccd mca-
surcddaraandhcnccpracriccdrhcprcciscapplicarionNuybridgchadas-
cribcdlrom rhcvcrybcginningU hissrudyolnina/ Loco

otion.
ysrcria,hovcvcr, bccamc as omniprcscnr as irbccamcllccring. In
rhc rcaI, ir gavc risc ro archivcs olrracc dcrccrionrhar rcrurncd in rhc
imaginaryolrhcpainrings olrhc]ugendsti/, inrhc symboIic, irgavcrisc
ro a scicnccrharrcrurncdin rhclcmaIchysrcricsololmannsrhaI`s dra-
lqq Ii/n
Jhc]uenJsti/makcsiconographs oIits hystcria.
mas.' nc rcproducrion chascd rhc orhcr. Virhrhc rcsulrrhar madncss
mighrnorrakcplaccundcrcondirionsolhighrcchnology.rbccomcs,likc
var,asimulacrum.
^ succcssor ro Londc, Or. ans cnncs olrhc rovinzial-cil- und
llcgcansralronn,almosrmanagcdrohgurcourrhisrusc.isrrcariscon
Cinenatograjb, in tbe Sertice oj Neuro/og, and |s,cbiatr, idcnrihcd
only oncappropriarcmcdiumlorrhc vcalrh olb,sterica/ notoric na/
junctions": hlming.namanncr "morcvisualandcomplcrcrhanrhcbcsr
Ii/n ,
dcscriprion" ,and prcsumabIyphorographs as vcII) ,'` rcchnoIogicaImc-
dia rcproduccd psychoparhoIogicaI oncs. ur sincc scriaI phorographs
couIdbcprojccrcdashImsby ,o,, cnncsvcnroncsrcpbcyondLondc.
Ior unriI psychiarryvas in a posirion "ro convcrr a rapid succcssion ol
movcmcnrsinroa sIovoncrhroughcincmarographicrcproducrion"vas
irpossibIcro sccrhings "vhoscprccisc obscrvarionis, inrcaIIilc, hardIy
ornoraraIIpossibIc. "'^silcincmahadcnIargcdrhc madncss ,olborh
paricnrsandphysicians)rhroughrhcvhoIcrcaImolunrcaIiryandhcrion,
asilcnncshad,invagucanriciparionolNcLuhan,undcrsroodrhcmc-
dium asrhc mcssagc. !or "in aII cascs . . . irvas rypicaI rhardisrracrion
lrom rhc symproms olrhc discasc and rhc suspcnsion olcxrcrnaIsrimuIi
vcrc sulhcicnr ro rcducc, or aImosr compIcrcIy cIiminarc, hysrcricaI]
movcmcnrs.yconrrasr,iriscnoughro dravarrcnrionrophcnomcna,or
lor rhc physicianrocxamincrhcparicnr, cvcnjusrsrcp up ro him, in or-
dcrlordysluncrionsro appcarvirhgrcarcrinrcnsiry. "'
Jharishovpsychiarry-vhoscarrcnrionhadIarcIy bccnrunningon
auromaricpiIor, rharis, hImicaIIy-irscIldiscovcrcd Charcor`s simpIc sc-
crcr,Iongbclorc!oucauIrcvcrdid,namcIy,rharcvcryrcsrproduccsvhar
ir aIIcgcdIy onIy rcproduccs. ^ccording ro Or. cnncs, vho is lcarIcss
abourconrradicringhimscIlandcouIdcvcndcscribcrhcdocror`sarrcnrion
as a conrraindicarionalrcr rccommcnding ir a momcnr bclorc, iris quirc
IikcIyrharrhcrcvouId bcno madncssvirhourhImingir.
!ov oItcn docs ithappcntothc proIcssor that a paticntIaisduring a ccturc,
thatamanicsuddcnychangcshismood,acatatonicsuddcnyIaistopcrIormhis
stcrcotypcdmovcmcnts.^thoughhccxccutcdhispathoogicamovcmcntsvith-
outdisturbancconthcvard,thcchangcdcnvironmcnt oIthcccturchahasthc
cIIcct oInot ctting him producc his pccuiaritics-so that hc docs not dispay
prcciscyvhat thc proIcssor vantcd him to dcmonstratc. Lthcr paticnts shov
thcirintcrcstingodditicsmaiciousy, " onyvhcnthcrcarcnoccturcs,continu-
ing cducation courscs, and so on. Such occurrcnccs, vhich arc Ircgucnty dis-
turbingto thc cinicaccturcr,arc amostcompctcycorrcctcd bythc cincmato-
graph. Jhc pcrson doing thc hming is in a position to vait camy Ior thc oest
possio/enonenttomakcthcrccording.Lnccthchmingisdonc,thcpicturcsarc
avaiabcIorrcproduction at anymomcnt.Iim is avays inthc mood. " Jhcrc
arcno Iaiurcs. '`
Jhar mcans rhar hIms arc morc rcaI rhan rcaIiry and rhar rhcir so-
caIIcd rcproducrions arc,in rcaIiry, producrions. ^psychiarry bcclcdup
bymcdiarcchnoIogics, apsychiarryIoadcdvirh scicnrihcprcsumprions,
lIips ovcrinro ancnrcrrainmcnrindusrry. n vicvolrhc "rapid disscmi-
narionolrhisinvcnrionand rhc unmarchcdpopuIariry irhas arraincdin
such a shorr rimc, "'' cnncs adviscs his prolcssion ro crcarc, rhrough
collccrivc parriciparion and collaborarion, a cinenatograbic arcbite
analogousro rhcphonographiconc. "'
--
cnccirisnovondcrrharrhc grcarhysrcricalarc" disappcarslrom
nosologyorrhcvorldshorrlyalrcrirssroragcon hlm. Sincc rhcrc arc no
lailurcs" andmadpcoplconhlmarc alvays 'in rhcmood,` ` inmarcs ol
insanc asylums can lorgo rhcir pcrlormanccs and virhhold rhcir inrcr-
csring oddirics 'maliciously` ` lromall sroragc mcdia. ^rrhc samc rimc,
psychiarrisrs no longcr havc ro hunrlorrhcirungrarclulhuman dcmon-
srrarion marcrial. Jhc only rhing rhcy havc ro do is shoor silcnr hlms,
vhichas such ,rhroughrhc isolarion olmovcmcnrs lromrhcconrcxr ol
allspccch)alrcadycnvcloprhcirsrarsinanauraolmadncss.Jo saynorh-
ing olrhc many possiblc hlm rricks rharcouId chop up and rcasscmblc
rhcscbodymovcmcnrs,unrilrhcsimulacrumolmadncssvaspcrlccr.
Jhc agcolmcdia ,norjusr sinccJuring`s gamc olimirarion) rcndcrs
indisringuishablc vharishuman and vhar is machinc,vho is madand
vho is laking ir. lcincmarographcrs can corrccr in an almosr pcrlccr
vay" disrurbing occurrcnccs ol non-madncss, rhcy mighr as vcll hlm
paid acrors insrcad ol asylum inmarcs. ^lrhough rhc hisroriography ol
hlmprcsumcsalincoldcvclopmcnrlromlairgroundcnrcrrainmcnrrocx-
prcssionisr hlm arr, ir is closcr ro rhc rrurh ro spcak ol an clcganr lcap
lrom cxpcrimcnralscrupsinroancnrcrrainmcnrindusrry. ^crors, rhar is,
rhc doppclgangcrs olrhc psychiarrically cnginccrcd insanc, visircd rhc
movtc scrccn.
Ccrrainly, Or.RobcrrVicnc`s Caoinet oj Dr. Ca/igari , ,zo, sccmsro
scc cincma irscllas parr olrhc gcncalogy olrhc circus. Jhc acrion as a
vholcconlronrssmall-rovnlilcand vagranrs. Jhcrirularhcroappcarsas
a rravcling circus arrisr accompanicd by a somnambulisr mcdium vho
prcdicrs rhc lururclor Caligari`spayingcusromcrs. urrhcparhs lcading
lrom rhc lairgrounds ro Caligari arcasrcnuous asrhosclcading , accord-
ingro SicglricdKracaucr`s simplihcdsociologicalrcading)Iron Ca/igari
to Hit/er. n hlm and/orhisrory, masshysrcrias arc, rarhcr, rhc cllccr ol
massivcly uscd mcdia rcchnologics, vhich in rurn havc solid scicnrihc
loundarion in rhcorics ol rhc unconscious. Caligari`s vagon movcs ro-
vardrhcmororcadcolrhcJhirdRcich.
Jhar isvhy Caligari`s rirlc olOr. " rcmainsrhcvacuous prcsump-
rion ol a charlaran only in Carl Naycr`s and ans]anovirz`s dralr ol
rhc scrccnplay, acharlaranvhomisuscshismcdiumCcsarc as arcmorc-
conrrollcdmurdcrvcaponandvho cndsupinasrrairjackcrinaninsanc
asylumoncchisruschasbccnloundour.Jhclairgroundisconqucrcdby
Ii/n :;
anordcrvhoscdisruprionsnorcoincidcnraIlyhavccosrrhclivcsoIamu-
nicipaIoIhccvorkcrandayourhIulacsrhcrc,rvopcopIc,morcovcr,vho
arc inrcrcsrcd in books. ^s iIscrccnpIays asvcIIhadro dcIcnd scripras
rhcirmcdium.
olIovinganidcaoIrhcgrcarrirzLang,'' hovcvcr,rhc complcrcd
hlm Iramcs rhc acrion in a vayrhar rcprcscnrs nor onIy rhc rransvalua-
rionoIalIvalucs buralsorhcircnigmarizarion. Cirizcns and mad pcopIc
cxchangcrhcirrolcs. nrhcIramcdsrory, rhcyourhIuIhcro kiIls Caligari
andinrhcproccssundcrscorcshisbourgcoismcdialovcIorIcmaIcrcad-
crs and books. n rhc Iraming srory, hc rurns mad, and drivcn by his
crazcd Iovc hc sralks anorhcr pcrson inrhc asylum, rhc alIcgcd Iovcr oI
rhcIcmaIc rcadcr.isprivarcvaragainsrCaIigarishrinksrorhcoprical
haIlucinarion oI a paranoid. ^s iI rhc hlm arrcmprcd ro uncovcr rhc
parhology oIa mcdiumrharcnrvincd rcading and loving burhas abdi-
carcd irs povcrrohIm.Jhc madvomansimplydocsnorrcgisrcrIoving
glanccsanymorc.
CaIigari,hovcvcr, or, aranyrarc,aIaccrharlooksjusrlikchis),rov-
crs abovcrhcinsancasylum oIrhc Iramingsroryasdirccrorandpsychia-
rrisr.IomurdcrchargcscanprcvaiIagainsrhispovcrromakcadiagno-
sis such as paranoia. ^pparcnrIy, "vhilc rhc original srory cxposcd rhc
madncss inhcrcnr in aurhoriry, " rhc cvcnrual hlm "glorihcd aurhoriry"
simplybccauscir "convicrcdirsanragonisroImadncss."'urKracaucr`s
arrack againsr undchncdaurhoriricsIaiIsrorakcinroaccounrapsychiarry
vhosccIIccrshavcproduccdncvbcings, norjusrCarINaycr`sbiograph-
icaIcxpcricnccsvirh Gcrmanmilirarypsychiarrisrsduringrhcvar. '
`
r is prcciscIy rhis indisringuishabiIiry bcrvccn Iramcd and Iraming
srory, bcrvccn insaniry and psychiarry, rhar docs j usricc ro hIm rcchnol-
ogy.IorhingprcvcnrsrhcasylumdirccrorinrhcnarrarivcIramcroacrsi-
muIrancously as rhc mad CaIigari. r is only rhar such ascriprions arc
communicarcdvia rhc symbolic ordcroIdocroralrirIcs orrhc srorics oI
paricnrs,vhich arcnorparroIrhc siIcnrhlm. Jhcidcnrirybcrvccnpsy-
chiarrisr and murdcrcr rcmains opcn-cndcd bccausc ir is oIIcrcd ro rhc
cycs onIy and is norinsrirurionalizcd by anyvord. ^ ncvcr-commcnrcd-
uponsimiIarirybcrvccnIaccsrcndcrsalIrcadingsindisringuishablc.
JharishovIairhIuIlyVicnc`shlmIoIlovscincmarographicaIIymod-
crnizcdpsychiarry. VhcnproIcssorialmcdia rcchnoIogisrs oIrhcIound-
ing agc conducr rhcir cxpcrimcnrs, rhcy simuIrancously play projccr di-
rccror and subjccr, murdcrcr andvicrim, psychiarrisr and madman, bur
sroragc rcchnologics do norvanrro, and cannor, rccord rhis diIIcrcncc.
Or. ]ckyII and Nr. ydc, Srcvcnson`s hcririous doppcIgangcr pair oI
8 Ii/n
886, arconlyrhcpscudonymsolacrualprivycouncilors.^gramophonc
rccords rhc vords olSrransky, rhc psychiarrisr, as a salad olsyllablcs, a
chronophorographrccordsrhcparrioric grimacing olOcmcny.Jhcsirua-
rioninVicnc`slcarurchlmisnodillcrcnr. ilmcdpsychiarrisrsgomadol
ncccssiry, cspcciallyilrhcy, likcrhcdirccrorolrhcasylum,dcclarcanold
bookcxplicablcinpsychiarricasvcllasmcdia-rcchnologicalrcrms.
Sonnanou/isn. Conendiun oj tbe Unitersit, oj Usa/a. |uo-
/isbed in tbe ,ear 12. Jhus rcadsrhc Iraltur-lcrrcrcdrirlcolrhcbook
rharrhcasylumdirccror srudics in ordcrrolcarncvcryrhingabourahis-
rorical"mysric,Or.Caligari,"andhis "somnambulisrbyrhcnamcolCc-
sarc. " Likcvisc, Charcor and his assisranrs srudicddusr-covcrcdhlcs on
virchcsandrhcobscsscdasrhcyvcrcrranslormingmysricisminroapsy-
chiarrically propcr diagnosis olhysrcria.'Jhc rcscarchcrs olhypnosis,
Or. rcudandOr.Caligari, arcrhusdoppclgangcrs.'
-
s
Jhc onc "lound"
rhc cdipuscomplcxlorpurposcs oldiagnosisandrhcrapy inirially "in
my ovn casc", '' rhc orhcr, according ro rhc hlm`s subrirlc, "undcr rhc
dominarion ola hallucinarion" rcads a scnrcncc invhirclcrrcrsvrirrcn
onrhc valls olrhc asylum.
-
YC! N!5J BLCCNL C^!IG^RI.

Chargcs rhar
"rhcdirccror"musr,loronc, bcmadand,sccond, "bc Caligari" arcrono
avail, bccauscmodcrncxpcrimcnrcrssayordorhcsamcrhingmuchmorc
clcarly-namcly, immorally-rhan bourgcois hcrocs do. Jhc similariry
bcrvccnpsychiarrisrsandmadmcn,ancnigmarhroughourrhcvholchlm,
originarcslromrcscarchsrrarcgicsandrcchnologics.
Jhclacrrhar anasylumdirccroris dirccrcdby hallucinarcdvrirings
ro bccomc Caligari in rhc lramcd srory is simply a hlm rrick. ^n acror
playsborh rolcs. Virhcclluloid and curs ,rhcvcapons olOr. Vicnc) Or.
Caligariorhisolhcial doppclgangcrcmcrgcs vicrorious.
ris only bccausc ola lilc-sizcpuppcrrhar simularcs Ccsarc slccping
insomnambulisrsrillncssrharrhcrirlchcrocanprovidchismcdiumvirh
prorccrivc alibis vhilc cxccuring nighrly murdcrs undcrrhc inllucncc ol
hypnoric ordcrs. Jhc puppcr dcccivcs rhc bourgcoishcro ,as conrcmpo-
rary rhcorics n tbe |s,cbo/og, oj tbe Uncann, prcdicrcd). '` riorro
rhcinrroducrionolsrunrmcn,andmuchrorhcdismayolacsrhcrcs),hlms
cngagcd in rhc "lrcqucnrly uscd pracricc ol rcplacing rhc arrisr virh a
puppcr in parricularly dangcrous sccncs. "'` Jhus, Ccsarc is alvays al-
rcadyasilcnrmovicmcdium,andirislorrhisrcason aloncrharhccanbc
asomnambulisricandmurdcrousmcdium.Jhcphorographrakcnvirh a
camcra obscura ,rhc cabincr inrhcrirlc olrhc hlmirscll) lcarnsro movc,
rhc conograbie botograbique de /a Sa/etriere cnrcrs inro ^lbcrr
Londc`s hlming sragc. ^s rhc mobilizarion ol his puppcr alibi, Ccsarc
Ii/n ,
vaIkssriIIIyandvirhraiscdarms,hcsrumbIcs,rricsrorcgainhisbalancc,
andhnalIyroIlsdovna sIopc. Or. cnncs dcscribcsinvirrualIyidcnricaI
rcrmsrhc "accidcnrhysrcria" oIhisparicnr|ohannL. ,vhois
6 ycars
old" and a "vorkhorsc". "cvaIksin srraddlc-lcggcdandsriIIIashion,
andoIrcnriIrsashcrurnsaround,morcovcr,hcparrcrsandvalksinsmaIl
srcps, rhis gairis accompanicd by grorcsquc anciIIarymovcmcnrs oIhis
arms, and is, in gcncral, so bizarrc rhar ir appcars arrihcially cxaggcr-
arcd. " Iorhing bur indcscribabIcs, Iorvhich,hovcvcr, "rhc cincmaro-
graphic imagcprcscnrcdavcryvividillusrrarionandsuppIcmcnr. "'
'
^nd rhar-vhcn bizarrcncss and arrihcial cxaggcrarion originarc in
a hypnoric command-is abovc aII vhcn parhology and cxpcrimcnr co-
incidconccagain. Ccsarc opcrarcs asrhcvcaponoICaIigarirhcarrisr.
sychiarrisrsconsrrucrcdrhchrsrcruiscmissiIcsysrcms,rcusabIcsysrcms
ro boor,IongbcIorc cybcrncricisrs did.Virhrhc scrialmurdcrsoICcsarc
,and his numcrousdcsccndanrs in cincma) , rhc scriaIiry oIhIm imagcs
cnrcrs plor irscII. 1har is vhy his hypnosis hypnorizcs movicgocrs. n
Vicnc`spicrurcs,rhcyIalIvicrimroarrompcl`ocilvhosccxisrcnccLacan
dcmonsrrarcdrhroughhisroricaIpcriodsoIpainring.rhcincarnarclookoI
apovcrrharaIIccrcdpicrurcsIongbcIorcircrcarcdrhcm,''"orrharcvcn
produccdrharlookaspicrurcs.Ycsrcrdayrhcaccidcnrhysrcric|ohannL.,
rodayCcsarc,romorrovmovicIansrhcmscIvcs.Virhrhcsomnambulism
oIhis mcdium, Or. Caligari alrcadyprograms "rhc colIccrivc hypnosis"
inro vhich rhc "darkncss oIrhc rhcarrc and rhc glov oIrhc scrccn"' ' '
rransporranaudicncc.
ilmdoppcIgangcrshlmhImingirscII.1hcydcmonsrrarcvharhappcnsro
pcoplc vho arc in rhc linc oIhrc oIrcchnoIogical mcdia. ^ mororizcd
mirrorimagcrravcIsinrorhc dara banksoIpovcr.
arbara LaNarr, rhc subrirlc hcroinc oIa novcl by ^rnoIr ronncn
virhrhccynicaIrirlcIi/n and Lije , ,z;) , cxpcricnccdirhcrsclI. Shchad
jusr hnishcd doing hcr hrsr scrccn rcsrs Ior ollyvood and vas sirring
ncxr ro rhc dirccror irzmauricc in rhc darkcncd projccrion room vhiIc
hIm buycrs vcrccxamininghcrbody.
barbara suddcny got Irightcncd. Shc stoppcd brcathing. Shc cutchcd hcr chcst,
vas hcr hcart sti bcating, vhat happcncd on thc scrccn: Somcthing tcrribc
starcdathcr,somcthingstrangc,ugy,unknovn,thatvasn'tshc,thatcoudn'tbc
shcvho starcdathcr,ookcdtothc cIt,tothc right,aughcd,cricd,vakcd,Ic,
vhovasthat:Jhcrcc rocd, thcprojcctionistsvitchcd onthc ight. Iitzmauricc
ookcd athcr.
c:" Shc rcgaincdhcr composurc,smicd. "Lh.Jhat ishov angcs upin
: y o Ii/n
hcavcnmustookdovnupon us, thcvay! ook inthispicturc. "Iitzmauriccdis-
agrccdaughingy: !voudncvcrhavcthoughtoIyouasanangc.butthatisnot
badat a.!n Iact, justthcoppositc. bcttcr than ! thought. ^uchbcttcr." but shc
got up, trcmbing, it cruptcd Irom vithin hcr, amost scrcaming: totay bad,"
shcscrcamcd, tcrribc, ghastly, mcan, ! amcompctcy untacntcd, nothingvi
bccomcoImc,nothing, nothing! "''
ilm rranslorms lilc inro a lorm olrracc dcrccrion,jusras lircrarurc
during Gocrhc`s rimc rranslormcd rrurh inro an cducarional disciplinc.
Ncdia, hovcvcr, arc rurhlcss,vhilc arrglosscs ovcr. nc docs norhavc
robchypnorizcd,likcrhcmadCcsarc,robccomcsrrangc,ugly,unknovn,
rcrriblc, ghasrly, mcan, in bricl, norhing" on rhc scrccn. r happcns ro
cachandcvcryonc,arlcasrbclorcrhcplorsollcarurchlms ,lollovingrhc
logic olphanrasms andrhcrcal) bcgin ro obscurcrhcundcsirablc.^pro-
ragonisroloncolIabokov`s novclsgocsrorhcmovicsvirhhisgirllricnd,
uncxpccrcdly sccs his "doppclgangcr" ,lollovinghis briclcngagcmcnr as
amoviccxrramonrhscarlicr) , andlccls "noronlyshamc bur also ascnsc
olrhcllccringcvancsccnccolhumanlilc. "' '`ronncn`srirlcIi/n and Lije
hcncc rcpcars rhc classic linc olrhc srick-up man, "Yourmoncy oryour
lilc! "Vhocvcrchooscsmoncyloscshislilcanyvay,vhocvcrchooscs lilc
virhourmoncyvill dic shorrly rhcrcalrcr. ''
Jhcrcasonisrcchnological.hlms anaromizcrhcimaginarypicrurcol
rhcbodyrharcndovshumans,inconrrasrro animals)virhaborrovcd
and, lorrharrcason, rcmains rhcir grcar lovc. rcciscly bccauscrhc cam-
craopcrarcsasapcrlccrmirror,irliquidarcsrhclundolsrorcdscll-imagcs
in La Narr`s psychic appararus. n cclluloid all gcsricularions appcar
morc ridiculous, onrapcs,vhichbypass rhcskclcralsoundrransmission
lromlarynxro car,voiccshavcnorimbrc,onOcards , accordingroyn-
chon, olvhom no phoro cxisrs) a "vaguclycriminal lacc" appcars, "irs
soulsnarchcdbyrhcgovcrnmcnrcamcraasrhcguillorincshurrcrlcll . "''`
^ndallrharnorbccauscmcdiaarclyingburbccauscrhcirrraccdcrccrion
undcrmincsrhcmirror sragc. Jharisro say. rhcsoulirscll,vhoscrcchno-
logical rcchrisrcning is norhing bur Lacan`s mirror sragc. n ronncn`s
vork,buddingsrarlcrsmusrcxpcricnccrhar,roo.
Iim is not Ior tcndcr sous, ^iss, . . . just ikc art in gcncra. !I you insist on
shoving your sou-vhich nobody csc is intcrcstcd in, by thc vay; vc arc Iar
morc intcrcstcd in your body-you nccd to havc a tough and hard-boicd sou;
othcrviscitvon`tvork.but!don`tthinkyouviachicvcanyparticuarygrcat
Iootagcvithyourittc indication oIa sou. Lct go oIyoursouvithoutgctting
bcnt outoI shapc. ! hadto carn it myscI, to ct go oImyinncr scI. Joday ! do
hms; back thcn!vaspoct. ' '
Ii/n y
Jhcrrucvordsoladcscrrcrvhohasgraspcdrhcdillcrcnccbcrvccn
mcdiaandrhcarrs.Lvcnrhcmosrpocricolvordscouldnorsrorcbodics.
Jhcsoul,rhcinncrscll,rhcindividual:rhcyallvcrconlyrhccllccrsolan
illusion, ncurralizcdrhroughrhchallucinarionolrcadingandvidcsprcad
lircracy. ,/baoetise, asLacanpurir. ) ' 'Vhcn,inrhclasrromanriccom-
cdy, chncr`s King crcr olrhc kingdom olopo scarchcd lor his son
Lconcc,vhovas arlargc, hc purrhcpolicc olrhc^rchduchyolcssia
oncc morc in an cmbarrassing siruarion. Jhcy could only go by "rhc
'vanrcdposrcr,`rhcdcscriprion,rhcccrrihcarc" ola "pcrson, " "subjccr,"
"individual," "dclingucnr, "andsoon. "valksonrvolccr,hasrvo arms,
also amourh, a nosc,rvocycs. Oisringuishinglcarurcs: a highly dangcr-
ousindividual . "''`
Jhar is hov lar lircrarurcvcnrvhcnircamc rosroring bodics-ro
rhc poinr olindividual gcncraliry, bur no lurrhcr. Vhich is vhy lircrary
doppclgangcrs,vhichbcganro shovupin Gocrhc`srimc, appcarcdprin-
cipallyro rcadcrs. n Gocrhc, Iovalis, Chamisso, Nusscr-rhc unspcci-
hcdvarranrolrhcbook`sproragonisr,vhoscappcaranccrhcrcxrslcavc
opcn,alvaysmcrgcdvirhrhcunspccihcdvarranrolarcadcr,vhomrhc
rcxrs addrcsscd simplyasalircrarc human bcing. '''
n 8 8o, hovcvcr, ^lphonsccrrillon, chiclolrhc arisian lhcc ol
dcnrihcarion, blcsscsrhccriminalpolicc lorccs olrhccarrhvirhhisan-
rhropomcrric sysrcm: 11 mcasurcmcnrs oldivcrsc bodyparrs, allvirh a
rarhcr consranr, lilclong lcngrh, arc sulhcicnr lor an cxacr rcgisrrarion,
sincc rhcy alrcady allord ;;, ; possiblc combinarions or individual-
izarions.urrhcrmorc,rhcpolicc archivcdocumcnrs rhc namc, surnamc,
pscudonym, agc, as vcll as rvo phoros , lronr and sidc) . rom vhich
Noravaginc, Ccndrars`sproragonisr, dcduccsconscgucnccslorlircrarurc
rhrcc days bclorc rhc ourbrcak ol var in ,. c srarrs on a llighr
around rhc globc, narurally plans a hlm abour himscll, and chidcs rhc
camcraman lornorcoming along:
!canundcrstandyourvantingtorcstandgctbacktoyourbooks. . . . `ou avays
nccdcdtimctothink aboutavhocpicoIthings,to look,toscc,tocomparcand
rccord,to takc notcs on thcthousandthings you havcn`t had a chancc to cassiIy
inyour ovn mind. butvhy don`tyou cavc that to thc poicc archivcs: !avcn`t
you got itthroughyour hcad thathumanthoughtis a thing oIthc past andthat
phiosophyisvorscthanbcrtion`sguidcto harasscd cops:'
Vhcncrrillon`spoliccarchivcand Charcor`s iconography,rhoscrvo
complcmcnraryrccordingrcchnologics,chopup rhc humanbcing olphi-
losophy inro counrlcss criminals and lunarics, vhar rcsulrs arc doppcl-
y z Ii/n
gangcrs ondoppclgangcrs.^nd onconly nccds ,asinNoravaginc`scasc)
rosupplanrsrillphorographsvirhacombinarionolmororizarionandhlm
rorcachdoppclgangcrshovromovc. ncnolcssrhanNallarmc alrcady
cclcbrarcd rhc vicv rhrough a moving car as rhar ol a camcra on
vhccls,'' oncnolcssrhanSchrcbcr,duringhisrclocarionlromrhcinsanc
asylumar Cosvigro rhc onc ar Sonncnsrcin, "misrakcs" allrhc "human
lorms rhar hc] has sccn on rhc drivc and in rhc srarion in Orcsdcn lor
miraculous 'llccring mcn. `` ' 1ralhc in rhc agc olmororizarion alvays
mcanscncounrcringdoppclgangcrs,schcmaricallyandscrially.
1hc shapcs rharcomc ro rhc surlacc rhcsc days our ol rhc dcprhs ol
mobilcmirrors no longcrhavc anyrhingrodo virh lircrarurcandcduca-
rion. n t 8 8 6, rolcssorLrnsrNachdcscribcdhovhc hadrcccnrly sccn
a srrangcron a bus and hadrhoughr, "'vhar a shabby-looking school-
masrcrrharis,vhojusrgoron.``'`rrookcvcnrhcgrcarrhcorisrolpcr-
ccprion a couplc olpracrical milliscconds bclorc hc could idcnrily rhar
srrangcr as his ovn mirror imagc. ^nd rcud,vho rccapirularcs Nach`s
uncannycncounrcrin tptp,canollcrarravclingsroryolhisovn.
!vassittihgaohcihmyuaon-/itcompartmchtvhchamorcthahusuayviocht
jotoIthctraihsvuhg backthc dooroIthcadjoihihgvashihgcabihct, ahdahc-
dcrygchtcmahihadrcssihg-govhahdatravcihgcapcamcih.!assumcdthatih
cavihg thc vashihg-cabihct, vhich ay bctvcch thc tvo compartmchts, hc had
takchthcvrohg dircctioh ahdcomcihto mycompartmcht bymistakc.]umpihg
upviththcihtchtiohoIputtihghimright, !atohccrcaizcdtomydismaythatthc
ihtrudcrvashothihgbutmyovhrcIcctiohihthcookihg-gassohthcopchdoor.
!cahstirccocctthat!thoroughydisikcdhisappcarahcc.!hstcad,thcrcIorc,oI
bcihg [ribteneJ by our doubcs," both ^ach ahd! simpy Iaicdto rccoghizc
thcm as such. !s it hot possibc, though, that our disikc oIthcm vas a vcstigia
traccoIthcarchaicrcactiohvhichIccsthc doubc"tobcsomcthihguhcahhyr'

'
1hc horror olsrarlcrs likc arbara LaNarr allccrs rhcorisrs asvcll.
^rahundrcdkilomcrcrspcrhour,assoonasrhcyparriciparcinmororizcd
rralhc, cvcryday lilc ncccssarily bccomcs cincmaric. rom rhc cabincr ol
Or.rcudcmcrgcshisorhcr.nrhcarchivcolcrrillonorCharcor,prolcs-
sors appcarasdirry old mcnvho rcmindcvcnrhclarhcrolpsychoanaly-
sisolhisbodilyluncrions.urrhcpsychoanalysisolrhcuncanny docs nor
rouchuponmodcrnrcchnologicsolrraccdcrccrionvirhasmuchasa sin-
glc vord. rcudand Rank, inrhcirhunrlorrhcrcmaindcrs olanarchaic
rcacrion,rcrurnmobilcmirrorsrosrarionaryoncsonccagain,rurncincma
andrailroadinrorhcromanricvorldolbooks. 1hconcdcciphcrsrhcdop-
pclgangcrinL.1.^.ollmann,rhcorhcr,inChamissoandNusscr.
1zvcran 1odorov obscrvcs rhar "rhc rhcmcs ol lanrasric lircrarurc
Ii/n y
Schcmclor a doppcgangcrshot.
havc lircrally bccomcrhc vcryrhcmcs olrhc psychologicalinvcsrigarions
olrhc lasrhlryycars. . . . Vc nccd mcrclymcnrion rharrhc doublc vas
cvcnin rcud`srimcrhcrhcmc ola classic srudy , rro Rank`sDer Do-
e/ganger, . "

'` ^s ascicnccolunconsciouslircralirics,psychoanalysisin-
dccdliquidarcsphanromssuchasrhcdoppclgangcr,vhomromanricrcad-
crsoncchallucinarcdbcrvccnprinrcdlincs.nmodcrnrhcoryandlircra-
rurc "vordshavc gaincd an auronomyvhichrhings havclosr."''urro
ascribc rhc dcarh ol "rhclircrarurc olrhc lanrasric" solclyro a "psycho-
analysis" rhar has "rcplaccd" ir and rhcrcby madc ir "usclcss"' is
1odorov`scrirical-rhcorcricalblind spor. Vrircrs knovbcrrcrrharrhco-
ricsandrcxrsarcvariablcsdcpcndcnruponmcdiarcchnologics.
Jhcvritcrolycstcrycarcmpoycd imagcs" in ordcr to havc a visua" cllcct.
Jodayanguagcrichinimagcshasanantiguatcdcllcct. ^ndvhyisitthatthcim-
agcdisappcarslromlront-pagcarticcs,cssays,andcritigucsthcvayitdisappcars
lromthcvasolmiddc-cass apartmcnts:!nmyjudgmcnt: bccauscvithhmvc
havc dcvcopcd a anguagc that has cvovcdlromvisuaity against vhich thc vi-
suaitydcvcopcdlrom anguagccannotcompctc.Iinay,anguagcbccomcspurc,
clcan,prccisc.'`
nly in rhc compcririon bcrvccn mcdia do rhc symbolic and rhc
imaginarybilurcarc.rcudrranslarcsrhcuncannyolrhcRomanricpcriod
inroscicncc,Nclics,inromasscnrcrrainmcnr. risprccisclyrhislanrasiz-
ing, anaromizcd bypsychoanalysis, rharhlm implcmcnrs virh povcrlul
cllccr. 1his bilarcral assaulr dispcls doppclgangcrs lrom rhcir books,
vhichbccomcdcvoidolpicrurcs. n-scrccn, hovcvcr, doppclgangcrs or
rhcirircrarions cclcbrarcrhc rhcoryolrhcunconsciousasrhcrcchnology
olcincmariccurring, andvicc vcrsa.
1hcdoppclgangcrrrickisnorhinglcssrhanuncanny. allolrhclcns
iscovcrcdvirha blackdiaphragmvhilcrhcacroracrs onrhc orhcr hall
: y Ii/n
JhcIiIIcJovcrIromLctobcr 1q, 888, to ^arch t, 88p.
olrhcpicrurc lramc. Jhcn, virhour changingrhccamcra`s posirion, rhc
cxposcdhlmisrcvound,rhc orhcrhallolrhclcnsiscovcrcdup,andrhc
samc acror,novinhisrolc asrhcdoppclgangcr, acrs onrhcopposircsidc
olrhclramc. urdillcrcnrly,Nclics onlyhadro rccordhissroprrickonro
rhc samc roll olcclluloid rvicc. "^ rrick applicd virh inrclligcncc, " hc
dcclarcd, "can makc visiblc rhar vhich is supcrnarural, invcnrcd, or
unrcal."''
Jharishovrhcimaginaryrcrurncd, morcpovcrlulrhanircouldcvcr
bc in books, and as ilmadc ro ordcr lor vrircrs olcnrcrrainmcnr lircra-
rurc. n :,: z, cinzLvcrsvrorc. " harc Tbonas /ta dison, bccausc
vc ovc ro him onc olrhc mosr ghasrly olinvcnrions. rhcbonograb!
Ycr lovc him.hcrcdccmcd cvcryrhingvhcnhcrcrurncd lanrasy ro rhc
marrcr-ol-lacrvorld-inrhcmovics! "'`
Jhcsc arc scnrcnccs olmcdia-rcchnological prccision. vhcrcas rhc
groovcsolrccordssrorcghasrlyvasrc, rhc rcal olbodics, lcarurc hlms
rakc ovcr all olrhc lanrasric orrhc imaginary, vhich lor a ccnrury has
gonc byrhc namc ollircrarurc. Ldison, or, rhc splirring oldiscoursc inro
vhirc noisc and imaginarion, spccch and drcam ,nor ro mcnrion harrcd
and lovc) . romrhcn on nco-Romanric vrircrs inrcrcsrcd in lovc had ir
casy. nc ycar larcr, Lvcrs vrorc rhc scrccnplay lor Tbe Student oj
|rague bydravingonallolrhcbook-doppclgangcrsinhislibrary. '`'Jhc
hlmrrickro cndallhlmrricks , or, asaconrcmporaryrcvicvpurir, "rhc
cincmaric problcm ro cnd all cincmaric problcms" ) '` conqucrcd rhc
scrccn.
Ii/n y y
Jhc StudchtoI!raguc !aucgchcr) hcxtto his bclovcd Grctc bcrgcr) ahdih
IrohtoIhis doppcgahgcr, ih a]cvishccmctcryih !raguc.
Lvcrs`s Student, Gcrharrauprmann`s|banton, Vicnc`s Ca/igari,
Lindau`snderer, Vcgcncr`s Go/en: adoppclgangcr boom. ooks ,sincc
Noscs andNohammcd)havcbccnvriringvriring,hlmsarchlminghlm-
ing.Vhcrcarrcriricismdcmands cxprcssionism orsclI-rcIcrcnrialiry, mc-
diahavcalvaysbccnadvcrrisingrhcmsclvcs.inally, mororisrs,rrainrrav-
clcrs, and proIcssors, srarlcrsandcriminals,madmcnandpsychiarrisrs-
rhcy, roo, rccognizcd rhar camcra anglcs arc rhcir cvcryday rcaliry.
OoppclgangcrhlmsmagniIyrhcunconsciousinmobilc mirrors,rhcydou-
blcdoublingirsclI. JhcIcarurchlmrransIormsrhc "shock"'``oIrhcmo-
mcnr oIrccognirion in ronncn, Iabokov, Nach, and rcud inro slov-
morion rracc dcrccrion. Ior yo minurcs, unril his cvcnrual disinrcgrarion
and suicidc, rhc srudcnr oI raguc musr scc hov rhc "horrihcally un-
changing apparirion oIrhc 'orhcr` ` sccs him. '` IorvirhsrandingValrcr
locm`s Tbe Sou/ oj Cinena, cincma is vhar kills rhc soul. rcciscly bc-
causc "humans" arc nor "vorms, Iorvhom somcrhing likc" division or
doubling "is apiccc oIcakc, . . . rhcnorionoIaunihcdarrisricpcrsonal-
iry" disinrcgrarcs.Nimcsbccomcsrarsbccauschumanbcingsorcivilscr-
y 6 Ii/n
vanrshavcbccnmadcinro guinca pigs.VhcncxccuringrhcdoppcIgangcr
rrick, "mcchanics bccomcs acoproduccr. "'``
n crobcr , 8, , Tbe tber: |/a, in Iour cts had irs prc-
micrcinNunich.n ,o6, auILindau`shorrorplayvaspublishcdbyrhc
RccIam \nivcrsal Library onIyro Iand onrhc dcsks olrhc RoyaI olicc
orcc in Nunich, lrom vhosc copy musr olncccssiry quorc. or on
cbruary y , , , changc ovcrrook aII Iibrarics. Tbe tber, consisring
ol
o
2OOO mcrcrs" and "hvc acrs," appcarcd asrhc hrsr Gcrmanauteur
hlm.'`
"NcnsuchasaulLindau, "Gorrlricdcnnvrorc, "havc rhcirmcr-
irsandrhcirimmorraIiry. "'`Jhcyarcamongrhchrsrromakcrhcchangc
lromrhcpcnrorhcrypcvrircrandrhusroproduccrcxrssuirabIclorhlm-
ing,rhcscriprolTbe Student oj |rague vasarypcscripr,roo) . '`Jhcyarc
amongrhchrsrro makcrhc changclromrhc souIro mcchanics and rhus
ro producc subjccrmarrcr suirablc lor hIm, rhar is, doppclgangcrs. Virh
LindauandLvcrs,cincmainGcrmanybccomcssociaIlyacccprabIc.
Lxccpr rhar Lindau`s proragonisr, Nr. aIlcrs, ]. O. , has nor ycr
achicvcdvidccuIruralacccprancc, lorvhichpocric-hlmic jusricc simpIy
compcnsarcs him virh a doublc. n ordcr ro abolish a supcrannuarcd
civiI-scrvicc crhos, allcrs ,j usr Iikc Or. ydc orrhcsrudcnrolraguc)
musrhrsrbccomcrhcorhcrolrhcrirIc.^rrhcbcginning,Iarcarnighr,rhc
prosccuror is inrhc proccssoldicraring Tbe Constraints oj Wi//ouer in
Ligbt oj Crinina/it, rooncolrhclasrmalcsccrcrarics,vhorakcsirdovn
in shorrhand. Lacking Lindau`s rypcvrircr, hc also Iacks any knovlcdgc
olpsychiarry. ypnosis, suggcsrion, hysrcria, rhc unconscious, splirpcr-
sonaliry-rhc civiIscrvanrvanrs ro rakc our olcircularion aII olrhcsc
rcrms,vhichhavcbccnincommonusagc "sinccippoIyrcJainc`ssrudy
onrhcinrclIccr. "'`'
Ha//ers ,Jictatin). hcrcvoudthatcvcntuaycad:!tvoudcadto
Icons incvcryscriouscasc guoting aphysicianto cs-
capcj usticc . . . tomcdicinc bcinginstarkcontrastto
justicc.Lctus bc on guardagainstsuchinsidious . . .
,interruptinlinse/[)no,changcthatto: againstsuch
highydisconccrtingIasctcachings. ,Slortoreal.He
ua/ls oelinJtle Jesl clairanJraJua//y/apsesun-
tlinlin/yintotlerletorica/toneo[arunentation. )
LctusnotdcstroythcconsciousncssoI morascI-dctcr-
mination, oIthcrcsponsibiity oIthc individuaIorhis
ovn actions,throughthcmisconstrucdpracticaappi-
cation . . . , interruptinlinse/[)!ovdid!putit:
Ii/n y ;
K/einclen , reaJsuitloutenplasis) . Lctusnot dcstroythcconsciousncssoI
morascI-dctcrmination, oIthcrcsponsibiity oIthc
individuaIorhisovnactions . . .
Ha//ers ,interruptin). JhroughthcmisconstrucdpracticaappicationoIan
intcigcnt, iIyou vi, butyct highy dubious dcduc-
tion. . . thcorcticadcduction. Lctusciminatc,asIar
as possibc,thc Constraints oIipovcr" Irom our
court procccdings!'
^ highly rhcroricaI pcrlormancc, vhosc rclurarion bcgins virh
rcudianslipsandhIIs alllour acrs. aIlcrs`sslipsaloncrclurchis dicra-
rionandhis pIainr, vhichrurnsinrocomplcrc nonscnsc inirsmcchanicaI
rcproducrion ,rhc gramophoncluncrionolalIsccrcrarics,lromLindauro
VaIcry). '' oucaulr vould havc dcscribcd hisroricaI ruprurcs no Icss dc-
risivcly. jusricc ccdingro mcdicinc, Iav ,virhvriringasrhc mcdium ol
civil scrvicc) ccding ro biorcchnologics rhar arc mcdia rcchnoIogics as
vcIl.Jhcsamcycar, Scnarc rcsidcnrSchrcbcrolrhcRcgionaICourrol
^ppcals in Orcsdcndisappcars inro an asylum simpIy bccausc a "con-
spiracy" olpsychiarrisrs "dcnicd" him ,a lavycr) "prolcssions, Iikc rhar
ol a ncrvc spccialisr, rhar Icad ro a closcrproximiry ro God. "' cncc
aIIcrs, roo, brcaks oll his dicrarion, bccausc "parhoIogicaIly srraincd
ncrvcs"''` arc in dirc nccd olrhc "rcsrimony olan avaiIablc ncrvc spc-
cialisrandpsychiarrisr."'
rolcssorcldcrmannmakcsanighrIyhousccalI,cannorconvincchis
paricnrolhis spIirpcrsonaliry cvcnbyrclIing olclassic casc srudics, and
concIudcsrharhis " duIl, gnavinghcadachc" is arrriburabIc ro allcrs`s
"lall lrom a horsc . . . lasr laII. "'`Vharmusrrcmainraboo in Ligbt oj
Crinina/it, bccomcsancpisrcmicmarrcrolcourscinGuyau`s "Ncmory
andhonograph" . consciousncssandmcmory arcmurualIy cxcIusivc. n
rhc dcprhs olhisbrain cngrams, rhc discipIcollrccvilIis lisrcningrorhc
dicrarcsolrhc unconscious.
Jharis hov rhc incvirablc comcs abour. Vharrhc consciousncss ol
rhcIavycrdcnics,his bodycnacrs. Jhc orhcrappcars ,as docs, in Schrc-
bcr`scasc, alcmalcorhcr.a "scxualIydcpcndcnrvoman"vhoappcarsin
rhcsamcposirionasrhcprcsidcnrolrhcscnarc) . ''aIlcrslaIlsaslccpas
aprosccuroronlyrovakcup immcdiarclyasacriminal. ismovcmcnrs
bccomc "auromaron-Iikc, "'' "srraincd, " "bcIaborcd and hcavy, as il
againsrhisviII . "'` Conscqucnrly, rhc orhcris ,as in Caligari`s casc) rhc
samconcc again, burrhis rimc as a cincmarographic guinca pig. "^ bur-
glar"'' has posscsscdrhc civiI scrvanr/pcrson and, conscqucnrly, plans
y 8 Ii/n
ro brcak inro aIlcrs`sovn villa rogcrhcrvirh somccrooksIromcrlin.
orvhcrcasrhclavycrhalIoIhis splirpcrsonaliry surmiscsdarklyonIy
rhar "nolongcramam, "'`

rhccriminalhaIIproudlyannounccs,inrhc
unparallclcd phrasc oIYahvch, " am. . . vhar am. "'`' ^s in aIl cascs
oIsplirpcrsonaIirysinccOr.^zam`sclidaandVagncr`sKundry, uncon-
sciousknovlcdgc ovcrrcachcs conscious knovlcdgc,nor rhc orhcrvay
round. '`
Jhc orhcr,virhaIloIhiscompIicarions,knovsandsrcalsIrom
allcrs`s villa, vhiIc rhc prosccuror ,vho rcrurns as such aIrcr Ialling
aslccpasccondrimc)onlyappcarsasanuninrcnrionaIcomcdianvhcnhc
inrcrrogarcshis accomplicc. risnorunrilhcisconIronrcdvirhroIcssor
cldcrmann`s knovlcdgc oIpsychiarry rhar hc is broughrup ro par on
conrcmporarydcvclopmcnrs andbroughrro hisrcnunciarionoIalIunrc-
srraincd villpovcr in rhc civil-scrvicc sccror. ^ happy cnding, nor lcasr
bccauscalIcrsis rcvardcdvirha bourgcoisgirl asvcll.
ovcvcr,rhc cxponcnrial burgIar,vho invadcsborhrhc pcrsonaIiry
and rhc viIla oIrhc Iavycr, lovcs nor rhc bourgcois girl bur rarhcr hcr
maid , or srcnorypisr, had Lindauvrirrcn a couplc oIycars larcr), vho
vas lcr go Ior disgraccIuI bchavior. Jhc civiI-scrvicc domain oI :,oo
drcams,inrcrmscriminaIandcroric,malcandIcmalc,oIallirsundcrbcl-
IicsanddoppcIgangcrs.Jhisdrcam,hovcvcr,rcsidcsprccisclyinrhcmid-
dlc ground bcrvccn hlm and anrhropomcrrics. Jhc onIy indicarion rhar
borhsidcsoIallcrs`s doubIcIiIcarcrcIaycdisaphorographoIrhcvair-
rcss^malic. c rcccivcs rhc phorographas a criminal and hnds iragain,
havingchangcd backinro rhc prosccuror, in his jackcrpockcr, arvhich
poinr hc can , IolIoving crriIIon) idcnriIy rhc voman hc vorships ar
nighr. urrhisphoromarcrializcs inrhc imaginary, cvcnbcIorcrhc hrsr
rransIormarion,duringcIdcrmann`s diagnosis.
e/Jernann.
Ha//ers.
e/Jernann.
Ha//ers ,re/uctant/y).
e/Jernann.
Ha//ers.
^rcyourdrcamingata:
`cs
LIvhat:
LIuncomIortabcthings.!Icc asiImydrcamsap-
pcarcdin a kindoIscgucncc, asiI!rcturncdtothc
samchaunts cvcryoncc ina vhic.
hathaunts arcyou takingabout:
!can`trccathc dctais. ,Morequiet/y. )!avays
scc . . . somcthingrcddish . . . thc gcamoIaight. . .
e/Jernann.
Ha//ers.
Ii/n 1
somcthing ,pointinto tbejrep/ace) likcthc cmbcrs in
thc hrcplacc . . . and, insidc thc rcddish lighting ,yet
norequiet/y),thc hcad oIavoman . . .
JhchcadoIavoman.
!t's alvaysthc samconc . . . alvaysa bitrcd . . . likc a
dravingvith rcd chak. . . . JhcIaccoIthcgirl is also
pursuing mc vhilc avakc. . . . ^ssoonas!tryto visu-
alizcitindctail, itIalls apart, !cannotputit
togcthcr. . . . !Ishouldcvcrscchcragain,!villask
hcrIorhcrpicturc.
e/Jernann ,turnintouarJbin[urtberanJ/oolinatbinattentiie/y) .
Ha//ers.
e/Jernann.
hatisityouarcsayinghcrc:
!tbothcrsmc thatthcIaccviththcrcdshincalvays
hovcrs in IrontoImc andthatcannotstabilizc it.
!undcrstandthat. but! donotundcrstandvhat
you coud bccxpcctingoIa photographproduccd
inyour drcamsoIa drcamimagcIrom yourvaking
liIc.'`
ilmprojccrionas inrcrnal rhcarcrcxisrs rvo ycarspriorroirs inrro-
ducrion. RcasoncnoughlorLindau,rhcvrircr,ro lorsakcvriringlorcin-
cmaasquicklyaspossiblc.^svirh rcud orRank, drcamsarchlms and
vicc vcrsa. nc only has ro havc ancrvous disordcrlikc allcrs`sro rrig-
gcrrhc shurrcrvhilc drcaming insrcad olsurrcndcring ro rhc shadovy,
IIccring . . . sccncs ol rhc hlm drama" and making lircrarurc again, as
docs Rank. Nadncss is cincmarographic nor onlyin mororic andphys-
iognomicrcrms,cincmaimplcmcnrsirspsychicmcchanismsirscll.
Jharvas prccisclyNinsrcrbcrg`s insighr. Tbe |boto/a,: |s,cbo-
/ogica/ Stud,, rhcslcndcr, rcvolurionary, andlorgorrcn rhcory olrhclca-
rurchlm,vaspublishcd inIcv`orkin 1 16. Vhilcpsychiarrisrsconrin-
ucdroconccnrrarconparhologicsolmorionandpsychoanalysrsconrinucd
roconsumchlms andrcrranslarcrhcminrobooks,rhcdirccrorolrhcar-
vard sychological Laborarory vcnr pasr consumprion and usagc. is
^mcricanlamcopcncdrhc Icv`ork srudiosro him, hcncc hc could ar-
gucborhlromrhcproduccr`ssrandpoinrandlromrhcclcmcnrarylcvclrhar
rclarcshlmandrhcccnrralncrvoussysrcm.JharisrhcvholcdiIlcrcnccbc-
rvccnRankandNinsrcrbcrg,psychoanalysisandpsychorcchnology.
sychorcchnology, ancologismcoincdbyNtnsrcrbcrg,dcscribcsrhc
6o Ii/n
scicnccoIrhc souIasancxpcrimcnraIscrup. asics oj |s,cbotecbno/og,,
publishcdin ,, rcIramcs in ;oo pagcsrhc collccrcd rcsulrs oI cxpcri-
mcnral psychology in rcrms oIrhcir Icasibiliry. Vharbcgan rhcpionccr-
ingvork oIVundr in Lcipzig and vhar broughr Ninsrcrbcrg ro Cam-
bridgc,Nassachuscrrs,vasrhcinsighr , dispcIIingprcsumprions in cIirisr
labs ro rhc conrrary) rhar cvcryday rcaIiry irsclI, Iromrhc vorkpIacc ro
Icisurcrimc,haslongbccnalabinirsovnrighr.Sinccrhcmororandscn-
soryacriviricsoIso-caIlcdNan , hcaring,spcaking,rcading,vriring)havc
bccnmcasurcdundcraIlconccivabIccxrrcmccondirions,rhcircrgonomic
rcvoIurionisonIyamarrcroIcoursc.JhcsccondindusrriaIrcvoIurioncn-
rcrsrhcknovlcdgc basc. sychorcchnology rclayspsychoIogyand mcdia
rcchnologyundcrrhcprcrcxrrhar cachpsychicappararusis also a rcch-
noIogicalonc,andvicc vcrsa. Ninsrcrbcrgmadchisroryvirhsrudics on
asscmbIy-Iincvork, oIhcc daramanagcmcnr,combarrraining.
cncchis rhcoryvas IulIyabsorbcdbyrhc hlm srudios ,vhich had
nor ycr migrarcd ro olIyvood) . rom hlm rcchnoIogy and hIm rricks,
knovIcdgconIycxrracrcdvharirhadinvcsrcdinrhcsrudicsoIopricalil-
lusionssinccaraday.Virhrhcindirccrconscqucnccrharhlmrcchnology
irsclI,asvirhphonographyinGuyau`scasc)bccamcamodcloIrhcsouI-
iniriaIlyasphiIosophyand,cvcnrualIy, aspsychorcchnology.
n ,o;, crgson`s Creatite to/ution culminarcd in rhc cIaimrhar
rhcphilosophicaIIycIcmcnraryIuncrionsoI"pcrccprion,inrclIccrion,lan-
guagc" aIl IaiI ro comprchcnd rhc proccss oI bccoming. "Vhcrhcr vc
vould rhink bccoming, or cxprcss ir, or cvcn pcrccivc ir, vc hardly do
anyrhing cIscrhanscrgoing a kind oIcincmarographinsidcus.Vcmay
rhcrcIorc sum up vhar vc havc bccn saying in rhc concIusionrhar rhc
necbanisn oj our ordinar, /nou/edge is oj a cinenatograbica/ /ind. "
nsrcad oIrcgisrcringchangc as such, "vc rakc snapshors, as ir vcrc, oI
rhc passingrcaliry, " vhich-oncciris "rccomposcd. . . arrihcialIy," Iikc
a hlm-yicIds rhc iIlusionoImovcmcnr. '`Vharrharmcans in concrcrc
physiologicaI rcrms is bcyond rhcphilosophcrcrgson,vho is soIclyin-
rcrcsrcd rhar hIm mark a hisroricaI diIIcrcncc. n anriquiry, "rimc com-
priscs as many undividcd pcriods as our narural pcrccprion and our
IanguagccurourinirsucccssivcIacrs. "yconrrasr,modcrnscicncc,asiI
Nuybridgc vcrc irs Iounding hcro, isoIarcs ,Iolloving rhc modcI oI
diIIcrcnriaI cquarions) rhc mosrminurcrimc diIIcrcnriaIs. "r purs rhcm
aII in rhc samc rank, and rhus rhc gaIIop oIa horsc sprcads our Ior ir
inro as many succcssivc arrirudcs as irvishcs," rarhcr rhan ,as "on rhc
Iriczc oIrhc arrhcnon" ) "massing irscIIinro a singIc arrirudc, vhich is
Ii/n 6
supposcd ro IIash our i na privilcgcd momcnr and illuminarc a vhoIc
pcriod."'``
crgson docsnorvanr ro rcvcrsc rhis panning shor Irom arrro mc-
dia, bur his philosophy oIliIc docs cnvision a kind oI knovlcdgc rhar
could rcgisrcr bccomingirscII, indcpcndcnr oIanriquc and modcrn rcch-
nologics oI pcrccprion. rhc rcdcmprion oI rhc soul Irom irs cincmaro-
graphicillusion.
sychorcchnoIogyprocccdscxacrlyrhc orhcrvayaround.orNn-
srcrbcrg,ascqucnccoIsrills,rharis, crgson`scincmarographiciIlusionoI
consciousncss,isbynomcanscapablcoIcvokingrhcimprcssionoImovc-
mcnr.^IrcrimagcsandrhcsrroboscopiccIIccrbyrhcmsclvcsarcncccssary
burinsuIhcicnr condirions IorhIm. Rarhcr, a scrics oIcxpcrimcnral and
Gcsralr-psychoIogicaI hndings dcmonsrrarcs-conrra crgson-rhar rhc
pcrccprion oImovcmcnr rakcs pIacc as "an indcpcndcnrcxpcricncc. "'`'
JhccycdocsnotrcccivcthcimprcssionsoItrucmovcmcnt.!tisonlyasuggcstion
oImovcmcnt, andthc idca oImotion isto a highdcgrccthcproductoIourovn
rcaction. . . . Jhcthcatcrhas bothdcpthandmotion,vithoutanysubjcctivchcp;
thc scrccnhasthcmandyctacksthcm.csccthingsdistantandmoving,butvc
Iurnish to thcm morc than vc rcccivc; vc crcatc thc dcpth and thc continuity
throughourmcntamcchanism.'`
nccannordchnchlmmorcsubj ccrivcIyrhanNinsrcrbcrgdocs,bur
onIyro rclayrhcscsubjccrivcidcasro rcchnoIogy. Cincmaisapsycholog-
ical cxpcrimcnr undcr condirions oIcvcryday rcaliry rhar uncovcrs un-
conscious proccsscs oIrhcccnrralncrvoussysrcm. ConvcrscIy, rradirional
arrs such as rhcarcr, vhich Nnsrcrbcrg , IolIoving VachcI Lindsay) '`
conrinuously circs as a counrcrcxamplc, musrprcsupposc an alvays-aI-
rcady Iuncrioning pcrccprion virhour playing virh rhcir mcchanisms.
JhcyarcsubjccrrorhccondirionsoIancxrcrnaIrcaIiryrharrhcyimirarc.
"Spacc,rimc,causaliry. "'`'nrhcorhcrhand,Ninsrcrbcrg`sdcmonsrra-
rion rhar rhc ncv mcdium is compIcrcly indcpcndcnr acsrhcricalIy and
nccd nor imirarc rhcarcr suggcsrs rhar ir asscmbIcs rcaliry Irom psycho-
logicaI mcchanisms. Rarhcr rhan bcing animirarion, hIm playsrhrough
vhar "arrcnrion,mcmory, imaginarion,andcmorion" pcrIormasuncon-
scious acrs. ''orrhchrsrrimc inrhc gIobal hisroryoIarr, amcdiumin-
sranriarcsrhcncurologicaIIIovoIdara.^lrhoughrhcarrshavcproccsscd
rhc ordcrs oIrhc symbolic orrhc ordcrs oIrhings,hlmprcscnrs irs spcc-
rarorsvirhrhcirovnproccsscsoIpcrccprion-andvirhaprccisionrhar
is orhcrvisc acccssiblc onlyro cxpcrimcnrandrhus ncirhcrro conscious-
ncssnorro Ianguagc.
: 6z Ii/n
Ntnsrcrbcrg`s crrand ro rhc hIm srudios vas vorrh ir. is psy-
chorcchnoIogy, insrcad olmcrcly assumingsimilariricsbcrvccnhlm and
drcamsasdocspsychoanaIysis,canascribcahImrrickrocachindividual,
unconsciousmcchanism.^rrcnrion, mcmory, imaginarion,cmorion. rhcy
aIlhavcrhcirrcchnologicalcorrcIarivc.
Iarurally, rhis analysis bcgins virharrcnrion, bccausc inrhc agc ol
mcdia lacrs arc gcncraIIy dchncd by rhcir signal-ro-noisc rario. "Jhc
chaos olrhcsurroundingimprcssions is organizcdinroa rcalcosmos ol
cxpcricnccbyoursclccrion, "''vhich,inrurn,cancirhcrbcvoIunraryor
involunrary. ur bccausc volunrary sclccrion vould scpararc spccrarors
lromrhc spcIl olrhc mcdium, iris norconsidcrcd.Vharcounrs is soIcIy
vhcrhcr and hov rhc dillcrcnr arrs conrrol involunrary arrcnrion and
hcncc "pIayonrhckcyboardolour mind. "

l
thc vhoc argc sccnc, vc scc ony thc hngcrs oIthc hcro cutching thc rcvovcr
vithvhich hc is to commit thc crimc. Lur attcntion is cntircy givcn up to thc
passionatc pay oIhis hand. . . . Ivcrything csc sinksintoa gcncravaguc back-
ground, vhicthat onchandshovsmorcandmorcdctais.Jhcmorcvc hxatc
jonj it, thc morc itsccarncss anddistinctncssincrcasc.Iromthis onc pointvcs
ourcmotion, andour cmotion again conccntratcs our scnscson this onc point. !t
is as iI this onc hand vcrc during this pusc bcat oIcvcnts thc vhoc sccnc, and
cvcrythingcsc had Iadcd avay. Lnthc stagc thisisimpossibc;thcrcnothingcan
Iadc avay. Jhat dramatic hand must rcmain, aItcr a, ony thc tcn thousandth
partoIthcspaccoIthcvhoc stagc;itmustrcmainaittcdctai.Jhcvhocbody
oIthchcroandthcothcrmcnandthcvhocroomandcvcryindiIIcrcntchairand
tabcinitmustgoonobtrudingthcmscvcson ourscnscs. hatvcdonotattcnd
cannotbcsuddcnyrcmovcdIromthc stagc. Ivcry changcvhich is nccdcd must
bcsccurcd byourovn mind. !nourconsciousncssthc attcndcdhandmustgrov
andthcsurroundingroom mustbur. butthcstagccannothcp us.Jhc artoIthc
thcatcr has thcrcitsimits.
!crcbcginsthcartoIthcphotopay.JhatoncncrvoushandvhichIcvcrishy
graspsthc dcady vcaponcan suddcny Ior thc spacc oIa brcathortvo bccomc
cnargcd andbcaoncvisibcon thc scrccn, vhiccvcrythingcschasrcayIadcd
intodarkncss.JhcactoIattcntionvhichgocsoninourmindhasrcmodccdthc
surrounding itscI . . . . !n thc anguagc oIthc photopay produccr it is a cosc-
up. "Tbec/ose-upbasooectijeJinouruor/Jo[perceptionournenta/acto[at-
tentionanJoy it bas[urnisbeJartuitbaneansubicb[artranscenJs tbepouer
o[anytbeaterstae.''

Ntnsrcrbcrg`s paricnr gazc, vhich vc havc long sincc unlcarncd,

locuscs nor lornorhingonrhc rcvolvcr. irs drumsrandsarrhc origin ol
cincma. Vhcn ir appcars as a closc-up,hImhIms involunraryandrcch-
nological mcchanisms ar rhc samc rimc. Closc-ups arc nor jusr "objcc-
Ii/n 6
rivizarions" olarrcnrion, arrcnrion irscIl appcars as rhc inrcrlacc ol an
appararus.
Jhis is rruc olall rhcinvolunrarymcchanismsNinsrcrbcrginvcsri-
garcs.Vhcrcas cacholrhc rcmporalarrs,in "rhcmosrrriviaIcasc," prc-
supposcs rhc sroragc ol pasr cvcnrs, "rhc rhcarcr can do no morc rhan
suggcsrro ourmcmoryrhisIookingbackvard"-namcly,virhvords,lor
vhich "our ovn marcrial ol mcmory idcas" musr "supply rhc pic-
rurcsj . "''nrhc "sIang" andpracriccolphoroarrisrs,byconrrasr,rhcrc
arc cur-backs or Iashbacks, vhich arc "rcally an obj ccrivarion ol our
mcmoryluncrion. "''`Jhcsamcisrrucolrhcimaginarionasunconscious
cxpccrarion and ol associarions in gcncraI. ^sidc lrom IIashbacks and
IIash-lorvards, cincmaric monragc conqucrs "rhcvholc maniloldncss ol
paralIcIcurrcnrsvirhrhcircndIcssinrcrconnccrions. "'''^ccordingrorhc
hlm rhcory ol cla alazs, vho unknovingIy lurrhcrcd Ninsrcrbcrg`s
vork,unconscious proccsscs "canncvcrbcrcndcrcdsovisuaIlyinvords
asincincmaricmonragc-bcrhcyrhcvordsolaphysicianorapocr.ri-
marily bccausc rhc rhyrhm olmonragc can rcproducc rhc origina/ seed
olrhc proccss olassociarion. ,Rcading a dcscriprion rakcs much longcr
rhanrhcpcrccprionolanimagc) . "''
^nd ycr, lircrarurc-vhosc povcrhlminhnircly cxcccds or "rran-
sccnds,"accordingroNtnsrcrbcrg-arrcmprsrhcimpossibIc.Schnirzlcr`s
novcIIas simularc proccsscs olassociarion in phonographic rcal rimc,''
Ncyrink`snovclsinhlmicrcalrimc. Tbe Go/en appcarsin, y asadop-
pcIgangcrnovclinosrcnsiblccompcririonvirhLvcrs`sand Lindau`s suc-
ccsscsonrhcscrccn,asasimularionolhlm,hovcvcr,irunknovingIyan-
riciparcs Ninsrcrbcrg`s rhcory. Ncyrink`s lramingnarrarivcbcgins virh
a namclcss ,vho isrranslormcd byhis hall-asIccp associarions inro rhc
doppclgangcr olrhc lramcd srory. ^s ilin a Iashback, rhis pcrson, cr-
narh, rcappcars in rhc ragucghcrro,long sincc rorn dovn, onIyro cn-
counrcrinrurn a GolcmvhoiscxprcsslycaIlcdcrnarh`s "ncgarivc, "'''
rharis,rhcdoppclgangcrolrhcdoppclgangcr.Jhisircrarionolmirrorsir-
uarions, associarions, rranslormarions lolIovs rhc rcchniqucs olhIm so
closcIyrharNcyrink`s lramingnarrarivc cvcn sacrihccsrhcrimc-honorcd
pasr rcnsc olrhc novcI ro ir. r is nor j usr sincc Gratit,`s ainoou rhar
novcIshavc bccnvrirrcninrhc prcscnrrcnscro suggcsrrhcIIovolasso-
ciarionandcasyhImabiliry.
Vhichmakcsinrcrprcrarionmcaninglcssand onIyinvircs rhc rcvrir-
ingolNcyrink`s bcginningasascrccnplay. VcIl,hcrcisrhc hrsrchaprcr
,rhc narrarivc lramc) olTbe Go/en onccmorc,rhisrimc inrvo coIumns
virhNtnsrcrbcrgianinsrrucrions lorrhccamcra.
6 Ii/n
Iadc-outto drcam
Caption tcxt)
strrr
Jhcmoonightis Iaingon tothcIootoImybcd.!tics
thcrcikca trcmcndousstonc,Iatandgcaming.
^sthcshapcoIthcncvmoonbcginstodvindc,andits
cIt sidc starts tovanc-asagc vitrcatahumanIacc,
caving his tracc oIvrinkcs hrst upon onc hooving
chcck-my sou bccomcs a prcyto vaguc unrcst. !ttor-
mcnts mc.
cannot sccp; cannotvakc; in its haIdrcaming statc
my mind Iorms a curious compound oI things it has
sccn, things it has rcad, things it has hcard-strcams,
cachvithitsovndcgrccoIcarityandcoor, thatintcr-
mingc, andpcnctratcmythought.
bcIorc vcntto bcd, had bccnrcadingIromthciIc oI
buddha; onc particuarpassagc nov sccks mc out and
hauntsmc,drummingitsphrascsinto my cars ovcr and
ovcr and ovcr again Irom thc bcginning, in cvcrypossi-
bcpcrmutationandcombination:
^crovIcv dovnto astoncthatookcd, as itay,ikc
a ump oIIat.
Jhought thccrov, '!crc is a toothsomcmorsc Ior my
dining`; buthndingitto bcnothing oIthc kind, avayit
Icv again. So do vc crovs, having dravn ncar to thc
stonc,cvcnsodovc,voud-bcscckcrsaItcrtruth,aban-
donGautamathc^nchoritc,sosoonasinhimvcccasc
tohndourpcasurc. "
Cosc-up , attcntion) Jhisimagc oIthc stoncthatrcscmbcda ump oIIat as-
sumcs cvcr argcr and argcr proportions vithin my
brain.
^ovingcamcra am stumbing aongthcdricd-up bcdoIarivcr,picking
up smoothcd pcbbcs.
Cosc-ups Pov thcy arc grayish-buc, coatcd in a hnc, sparking
dust;pcrsistcnty grubthcmup inhandIus,vithoutin
thc castknoving vhat usc sha makc oIthcm; nov
thcy arc back, vith suIury spots, ikc thc strivings oI
a chid to crcatc in stonc sguab, spotty, prchistoric
monstcrs.
, invountaryattcntion) strivc vith a my might and main to throv thcsc
stonc shapcs Irommc, butavays thcy drop out oImy
Ii/n 1 6
hand, and, do vhat ! vi, arc thcrc, Ior cvcr thcrc,
vithinmysight.
Cut-back invountarymcmory) hcrcuponcvcrystoncthatmyiIchascvcr
containcd sccms to risc into cxistcncc and compass mc
around.
PumbcrsoIthcmaborpainIuytoraiscthcmscvcsout
oI thc sand tovards thc ight-ikc monstrous, saty-
hucdcrayhshvhcn thc tidc is atthc Iu-and a rivct
thcir gazc upon mc, asthough agonizingto tc mc tid-
ingsoIinhnitcimportancc.
Iading Lthcrs, cxhaustcd, Ia back spcntinto thcirhocs, asiI
onccIoraabandoningthcirvainscarchIorvords.
Iadc-outtocvcryday Jimc and again do ! start up Irom this dim tviight oI
drcams,andIorthcrcaityspaccoIamomcntcxpcricncc
oncc morc thc moonshinc on thc cnd oI my bioving
countcrpanc,ikc a argc, Iat, brightstonc,onyto sink
bindybackintothcrcamsoIscmi-consciousncss,thcrc
to gropc and gropc in my painIu gucst Ior that ctcrna
stonc that in somc mystcrious Iashion urks in thc dim
rcccsscsoImymcmory inthcguiscoIa umpoIIat. . . .
hat happcns ncxt ! cannot say. hcthcr, oImy ovn
Ircc vi, ! abandon a rcsistancc; vhcthcr thcy ovcr-
povcrandstiIc mc,thoscthoughtsoIminc . . .
! ony knovthatmy bodyics sccpinginits bcd,vhic
mymind, no ongcrpartoIit,gocsIorthon itsvandcr-
mgs.
Wbo QD Ir Jhat is thc gucstion ! am suddcny bcsct
vithadcsirctoask; butatthcsamcinstantdo!bccomc
conscious oIthc Iactthat! no ongcr posscss any organ
tovhomthisgucrymightbcaddrcsscd;addcdtovhich,
! am in morta tcrror cst that idiotic voicc shoud
rcavakcn and bcgin a ovcr again that ncvcr-cnding
busincss oIthcstonc andthcumpoIIat.
Iadc-out onto doppcgangcr) !capituatc.'
Tbe Go/en bcginsashlm,morcprcciscly, asasilcnrhlm. nlyhlms
makcirpossiblcroprcscnrallrhcmcchanismsolmadncss,rorunrhrough
chains ol associarions in rcal rimc, and ro jump conrinually lrom a
mcraphoric sronc ar rhc bcdsidc ro a rcal sronc inrhcghcrro olrhc dop-
pclgangcr. , mmcdiarclyalrcrrhccapirularion olrhc "," crnarhbcgins
hislilchisroryinrhcpasrrcnscasrhcolrhc lramcdsrory. )
66 Ii/n
^nd only silcnr hlms commandrhc robbingoIrhc narrarivc oIall
irs organsoIspccch.n licuoIrcllcxivcinrrospccrionsvchavcncurolog-
ically purc dara llovs rhar arc alvays alrcady hlms on rhc rcrina. ^ll-
povcrIul opricalhallucinarionscan lloodandscvcra body, andcvcnru-
allymakcirinroanorhcr. crnarhandGolcm,rhcsubsrirurcs oIrhcnar-
rarivc in rhc Iramcdsrory, arc rhc posirivc and ncgarivc oIa cclluloid
ghosr.
adingoIconsciousncssirsclI. . . simplyasascqucnccoIhlmrricks.
"ur psychic appararus rcvcals irsclI in rhcsc rransIormarions,"
vrorc alazs. "IIading, disrorring, orcopyingcould bc cxccurcdvirh-
our any spccihc imagc, rhar is, iIrhc rcchniquc could bc divorccd Irom
any parricular objccr, rhcn rhis 'rcchniquc as such` vould rcprcscnrrhc
mind assuch. "
i

i
ur as Nnsrcrbcrg dcmonsrrarcd, rhc rransIormarion oIa psychic
appararusinrohlm-rrickrransIormarionsislcrhalIorrhcmind Geist] as
such. Narhcmarical cquarions can bc solvcd in cirhcr dirccrion, and rhc
rirlc "psychorcchnology" alrcady suggcsrs rharhlm rhcorics bascdoncx-
pcrimcnral psychology arc arrhc samcrimc rhcorics oIrhc psychc ,soul)
bascdonmcdiarcchnologics.nTbe Go/en, rousr`sbclovcdsouienir in-
io/ontaire bccomcs a llashback, arrcnrion a closc-up, associarion a cur,
andsoon. nvolunrary mcchanisms, vhich hirhcrro cxisrcdonlyinhu-
mancxpcrimcnrs, bidrhcirIarcvcllrohumans onlyropopularchlmsru-
dios as rhc doppclgangcrs oIa dcccascd soul. nc Golcm as rripod or
musclcs,onc ascclluloidor a rcrina, onc as cur-back or random acccss
mcmory . . .
Golcms, hovcvcr, posscssrhc lcvcl oIinrclligcncc oIcruisc missilcs,
andnoronlyrhoscinNcyrink`snovclorVcgcncr`shlm.Jhcycanbcpro-
grammcd virh condirional jump insrrucrions, rhar is, hrsr ro cxccurc
cvcryrhing conccivablc and rhcnro counrcrrhc dangcr oIrhc inhnirc spi-
ralspraiscdbyGocrhc.rccisclyIorrharrcason,inNunsrcrbcrg`ssuccincr
vords, "cvcrydrcam bccomcs rcal" inhlm. '`^llrhchisrorical arrriburcs
oIa subjccrvhoaround 8oocclcbrarcdhisorhcraurhcnriciryundcrrhc
rirlclircrarurccanaround poobcrcplaccdorbypasscd byGolcms,rhcsc
programmcdsubjccrs.^nd abovc all, drcams asapocric arrriburc.
Jhcromanricnovclparcxccllcncc,Iovalis`sHenr, ion jterdingen,
programmcd rhc pocriccalling oIirs hcrovirhmcdia-rcchnologicalprc-
cision. as a library-inspircd Ianrasy and a drcam oI vords. ^s iI by
chancc, Ircrdingcn vas allovcd ro discovcr an illusrrarcd manuscripr
virhncirhcrnamcnorrirlc,burvhichdcalr"virhrhcvondrousIorruncs
oIapocr."'`rspicrurcs "sccmcdvondcrIullyIamiliarro him,andashc
Ii/n 6;
lookcd morc sharply, hc discovcrcd a rarhcr clcar picrurc ol himscll
amongrhc hgurcs. c vas srarrlcd andrhoughrhc vas drcaming"' -
rhcvondcrolrhcdrcamvas rhcncccssiry olrhcsysrcm.n 8o, rhc rc-
cruirmcnrolncvaurhorsvas,alrcrall,achicvcdrhroughlircrarilyvaguc
doppclgangcrs,invhombibliophilcrcadcrscouldrccognizc,ornor)rhcir
similarly unrccordablc Gcsralr. " ^nd lrcrdingcn promprly dccidcdro
mcrgcvirhrhc aurhor andhcro olrhc book hclound.
Jhismix-upolspccchanddrcamvasprogrammcdarrhcnovcl`s bc-
ginning.Jhcrclrcrdingcnlisrcncdrorhc srorics" olasrrangcrrharrold
ol rhc bluc llovcr" rharnobodyhad cvcrsccnorhcard ol. urbccausc
prospccrivc vrircrs nccdcd ro bc ablc ro changc vords inro oprical-
acousrichallucinarions,lrcrdingcnquicklylcll aslccpandbcgandrcam-
ing. ocricvondcrdidnorvair. vords bccamcanimagc, andrhcimagc
asubjccr, lrcrdingcn`s lururc bclovcd.
but vhat attractcd him vith grcat Iorcc jin thc drcam] vas a ta, pac buc
IIovcr, vhich stood bcsidc thc spring andtouchcdhimvith its broad gistcning
cavcs. ^round thisIIovcrvcrccountcss othcrs oIcvcry huc, andthcmostdci-
ciousIragrancchcdthc air. !csavnothingbutthc bucIIovcr and gazcdupon
it ong vith incxprcssibc tcndcrncss. Iinay, vhcn hc vantcd to approach thc
IIovcr,itaatoncc bcgantomovcandchangc;thccavcsbccamcmorcgistcning
andcuddcduptothcgrovingstcm;thcIIovcrcancdtovardshimanditspctas
dispaycd ancxpandcd buc coroavhcrcina dcicatcIacc hovcrcd.`
Iovord,no book, novrircrcanvrircvharvomcnarc.Jharisvhy
rhar rask vas pcrlormcd during rhc agc ol Gocrhc by pocric drcams,
vhich, virh rhc hclp ol psychorricks, produccd an idcal voman and
hcncc a vrircrlrom rhcvord llovcr. " Jhc rrick hlm , lollovingNin-
srcrbcrg`sinsighr) makcs suchinrcrnalrhcarcrolsubjccrs orlircrarcpco-
plcaspcrlccrasirissupcrlluous.
Pothcatcrcoudcvcrtrytomatchsuchvondcrs,butIorthccamcrathcyarcnot
diIhcut. . . . KichartisticcIIccts havc bccnsccurcd, and vhic on thc stagc cvcry
Iairpayiscumsyandhardy abctocrcatcaniusion,inthchmvcsccthcman
transIormcd into a bcast and thc IIovcr into a gir. Jhcrc is no imitto thc trick
picturcs vhich thc ski oIthc cxpcrts invcnts. Jhc divcrs jump, Iccthrst, out oI
thcvatcrtothcspringboard.!tooksmagica, andyctthccamcramanhassim-
py u rcvcrsc hishm andtorun it Irom thc cndtothc bcginningoIthc action.
Ivcrydrcam bccomcsrca.'
^ mcdiumrharrurnsmoonsporsinro sroncs or,bcrrcrsrill, llovcrs
inrogirlsnolongcrallovsloranypsychology. Jhcsamcmachinclikcpcr-
lccrioncanmakcllovcrs inro a so-callcd.Jharisprccisclyrhc claimol
: 6b Ii/n
UucaVc mirror
~ " "" " " * * m
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Lacah`s schcmcoIthcihvcrtcdvasc. IromLacah :8 8a, t ;rcproduccd by
pcrmissiohoI.. Portoh Compahy, !hc. C :; byLcsIditiohsduScui;
IhgishtrahsatiohC t8 8 byCambridgc\hivcrsityrcss)
Lacan`srhcory, vhich,cspcciaIIyasananri-psychoIogy, isupro darcvirh
conrcmporary rcchnoIogical dcvclopmcnrs. Jhc symboIic ollcrrcrs and
numbcrs,onccccIcbrarcdasrhchighcsr crcarion olaurhorsorgcniuscs:a
vorIdolcompuringmachincs.JhcrcaIinirsrandomscrics, onccrhcsub-
jccrolphilosophical srarcmcnrs orcvcn "knovlcdgc": an impossibiIiry
rhar only signaI proccssors , andpsychoanaIysrs olrhc lururc) can bring
undcrrhcir conrrol. inalIy, rhc imaginary, oncc rhc drcam produccd by
andcoming ourolrhc cavcrns olrhcsoul: asimplc opricalrrick.
n Tbe nterretation oj Dreans, rcud lolIovcd rhc posirivisric
"suggcsrionrharvc shouIdpicrurcrhcinsrrumcnrvhichcarrics ourour
mcnral luncrions as rcscmbling a compound microscopc or a phoro-
graphic appararus, or somcrhing olrhc kind. "'`` Lacan`s rhcory olrhc
imaginaryisanarrcmprrruIyro "marcriaIizc"'`suchmodcIs.^s arcsuIr
olvhich, cincma-rhc rcprcsscd olrcud`s ycar arrhc Salprricrc-rc-
rurnsropsychoanaIysis. Lacan`s opricaI appararuscs shov a compIcxiry
rhar can only dcrivclromcincmaric rricks. Stcp by srcp, rhcygo bcyond
rhcsimpIcmirrorandrhc,mis)rccognirionrharinduccsinrhcsmaIlchild
ahrsrburrrcachcrousimagcolscnsory-mororicvhoIcncss.
olIoving ouassc`s |botonetrie ol,, a concavcmirrorinirially
proj ccrsrhcrcaIimagcolahiddcnvascinrorhcsamcroomvhcrc,inbc-
rvccn andy, iriscxpccrcdbyirsacrualllovcrs.lrhcopricbcamscom-
Ii/n 6,
^csstcr`s ^abastraJhcatcr.
ingourolrhcparabola,hovcvcr, arc also dcllccrcdbyaplancmirrorpcr-
pcndicularro rhc cyc,rhcnrhc vasc,miraculouslyhllcdvirhlIovcrs,ap-
pcarsrorhc subjccrS ncxrU irs ovn, bur onlyvirrual,mirrorimagc \S.
"Jharis vhar happcns in man, " vho hrsr achicvcs "rhc organizarion ol
rhcroraliry olrcaliry inro a limircd numbcr olprclormcd ncrvorks"''
andrhcnlivcsrhroughhisidcnrihcarionvirhvirrualdoppclgangcrs.Iar-
cissismisduplicarcd.
Lacan, hovcvcr, did nor nccd ro scarch lor his oprical rricks in rhc
scicncc olouassc. ilm pionccrs, vho havc alvays bccn drcaming ol
-Ocincmavirhourglasscs, builrappararuscsolasimilarnarurc.n ,:o
skarNcssrcr, rhc loundcr olrhcGcrmanhlmindusrryandrhcpcrson
in chargc olall phorography and hlm looragc rakcn ar rhc lronr during
rhcirsrVorldVar,'`inrroduccdhis^labasrraJhcarcrincrlin.crc-
placcdrhc concavc mirror olouassc and Lacanvirha hlmprojccror C
: ;o Ii/n
rharncvcrrhclcss hadrhcsamcIuncrionasrhcmirror. hislcnscsprojccrcd
rcalimagcsoIacrorsrharvcrcallovcdro acronlyagainsrrhcblackback-
groundoIallmcdia-ona scrccn locarcdbclovrhcsragc. Jhcaudi-
cncc,hovcvcr, onlysavrhcvirrualimagcoIrhis scrccn,projccrcdbyrhc
planc mirror . Virhrhc rcsulr rharhlmcd Icmalc danccrs appcarcd on
rhc sragc oIrhc^labasrraJhcarcrirsclIandgavcrhcimprcssionoImov-
ingrhroughrhrcc dimcnsions.
1o1
"cncc," Lacan said, addrcssinghis scminarparricipanrs asvcll as
rhc audicncc oIrhc ^labasrraJhcarcr, "you arcinhnirclymorc rhan you
can imaginc, subjccrs or undcrlings] oIgadgcrs and insrrumcnrs oI all
kinds-ranging Irom rhc microscopc ro radio and rclcvision-rhar vill
bccomcclcmcnrs oIyourbcing. "
'o2
Vhar`smissingnovisIorrhcplancmirror robccomcapsychoan-
alysr and, promprcd by rhc rcmorc conrrol oI languagc rhar occupics
him,'``rurnby,o dcgrccs,sorharrhcsubjccrS sacrihccsallirsimaginary
doppclgangcrs ro rhc symbolic. Jhcn, rhrcc dimcnsions or mcdia-rhc
norhing callcd a rosc, rhc illusion oIcincma, and discoursc-vill havc
bccn scpararcd in a rcchnologically purcvay.Jhc cnd oIpsychoanaly-
sis/csisdcpcrsonalizarion.'`
Conscqucnrly,Lacanvasrhchrsr,andlasr)vrircrvhosc bookrirlcs
only dcscribcd posirions in rhc mcdia sysrcm. Jhcvrirings vcrc callcd
Writings, rhc scminars,Seninar, rhc radio inrcrvicv, adiobonie, and
rhcJVbroadcasr, Te/etision.
Ncdia-rcchnologicaldiIIcrcnriarionsopcncduprhcpossibiliryIormcdia
links. ^Ircirhc sroragc capacirics Ior oprics, acousrics, and vriring had
bccn scpararcd, mcchanizcd, andcxrcnsivclyurilizcd, rhcir disrincrdara
llovscouldalsobcrcunircd.hysiologicallybrokcndovninroIragmcnrs
andphysicallyrcconsrrucrcd,rhcccnrralncrvoussysrcmvasrcsurrccrcd,
burasa GolcmmadcoIGolcms.
Suchrccombinarionsbccamc possiblcno larcrrhanrhcirsrVorld
Var,vhcnmcdiarcchnologics,rcachingbcyondinIormarionsroragc,bc-
ganroaIIccrrhc vcryrransmissionoIinIormarion.Soundhlmcombincd
rhcsroragcoIacousricsandoprics,shorrlyrhcrcaIrcr,rclcvisioncombincd
rhcir rransmission. Ncanvhilc, rhc rcxr sroragc appararus oI rhc rypc-
vrircr rcmaincd an invisiblc prcscncc, rharisrosay,in rhc burcaucraric
background.Lacan`shnalscminarsallrcvolvcaroundpossibiliricsoIcon-
nccringandcouplingrhc rcal, rhcsymbolic,andrhcimaginary.
Lnginccrs, hovcvcr, had bccnplanning mcdia links all along. Sincc
cvcryrhingIrom soundrolighrisavavcoraIrcqucncyinaquanrihablc,
Ii/n ;t
nonhuman rimc, signaI proccssing i s indcpcndcnr ol any onc singIc
mcdium. Ldison pcrccivcd rhis vcry cIcarIy vhcn hc dcscribcd rhc dc-
vcIopmcnr olhis kincroscopc in t 8pq. "n rhc ycar 8 8;, rhc idca oc-
currcdromcrharirvaspossibIcrodcviscaninsrrumcnrvhichshouIddo
lorrhc cyc vharrhc phonograph docs lor rhc car,and rhar by a combi-
narionolrhcrvoaIImorionandsoundcouIdbcrccordcdandrcproduccd
simuIrancousIy. "
1d
Cincmaasanadd-onrorhcphonograph-inrhcory, rhisappIicdonIy
ro sroragc and norro rhc sysrcmic dillcrcnccs bcrvccn onc- and rvo-di-
mcnsionaI signaI proccssing, in pracricc, hovcvcr, rhc anaIogy had lar-
rcachingimpIicarions. Ldison`s IackNary, rhcvcry hrsr hIm srudio, si-
muIrancousIy rccordcd sound and morion, rhar is, phonographic and
kincrographicrraccs.norhcrvords,soundhImprcccdcdsiIcnrhIm.ur
rhcsynchronizarion oldarasrrcamsrcmaincdaprobIcm.Vhcrcasinrhc
opricaI rcaIm, proccssing vas a marrcr ol cquidisranr scanning, vhich
rcIcvisionvasro incrcascro miIIionsolpoinrspcrsccond, inrhc acousric
dimcnsion proccssing vas bascd on anaIogics in a conrinuous srrcam ol
rimc.^sarcsuIr,rhcrcaroscsynchronizarionprobIcmssimiIarrorhoscol
goosc-srcppingrcnchrcgimcnrs,probIcmsmorc dilhcuIrro amcndrhan
Ocmcny`s.VhichisvhyLdison`smasrcr-sIavcrcIarionshipvasrurncdon
irs hcad, and hIm,virhirs conrroIIabIc rimc, rookrhc Icad. Nass-mcdia
rcscarch, virh sracks olbooks on hIm and hardIy any on gramophony,
loIIovcdinirsvakc.
urpurcsiIcnrhImhardIycvcrcxisrcd.VhcrcvcrmcdiavcrcunabIc
roconnccr,humaninrcrlaccshIIcdrhcnichc.^cousricaccompanimcnrin
rhc shapc ol vords and music camc our ol cvcry lairground, varicry
shov,andcircuscorncr.VagncrpicccsIikcrhcLieoestod orrhc "Ridcol
rhc VaIkyrics" posrhumousIy provcd rhar rhcy had bccn composcd as
soundrracks.^rhrsr,soIopianoorharmoniumpIaycrsloughrlorimagc-
soundsynchroniciryinmovichouscs,lrom tpoon,sodidcnrirccnscm-
bIcsinurbanccnrcrs.VhcnrhcIircrariOaubIcr, inrhus,VcrlcI,ascn-
cIcvcr, Lhrcnsrcin, Zcch, and Laskcr-SchIcr sav Tbe dtentures oj
Lad, G/ane in Ocssauin pt , rhc "dismaI backgroundpianocIinking"
vas "drovncd ourbyrhcvoicc ola narraror commcnring on rhc acrion
in a broad Saxon. '^nd `crc on a dark and srormy nighr vc scc Lady
GIahncy. . .
1
JhcrcpuIsioninrhcprogrcssivcIircrarirriggcrcdbyrhc
Saxon diaIccrgavc riscrorhcirMotie oo/. r"incircdcxrcnsivcandlar-
rcachingdiscussions abour rhcmisguidcdambirionsolrhcncvIycmcrg-
ingsiIcnrhImro imirarcrhc vord- orsragc-ccnrcrcdrhcarricaIdramaor
rhcvaysin vhich novcIs usc narrarivc Ianguagcinsrcadolprobing rhc
:;z Ii/n
ncv and inIinirc possibilirics inhcrcnr in moving imagcs, and inrhus]
raiscd rhc qucsrion vhar cach oI us, iI askcd ro vrirc a scripr, vould
comcup virh. "'`
inrhuscral.rhus rurncdrhchandicapsoIconrcmporaryrcchnology
inroacsrhcrics. Sound, languagc, andcvcninrcrrirlcsvcrc allburpurgcd
Iromrhclircraryscriprsrhcy, rarhcrunsucccssIully)oIIcrcdrorhchlmin-
dusrry.orrhcmcdiumoIsilcnrhlmasIorrhcvriringmcdium,rhcguid-
ingmorrovasappropriarcncssoImarcrial. ,JhcIacrrharrhcMotie oo/
irsclIlinkcdrhcrvovasmisscd byinrhus.)^siIrhc diIIcrcnriarion oI
disrincrsroragcmcdiahadcallcdIorrhcorcricalovcrdcrcrminarion,carly
hlm analyscs all srrcsscd /` art our /` art Ior rhc silcnrhlm. ^ccordingro
locm, "rhc rcmoval oIsilcnccvould dissolvcrhc lasrandmosr impor-
ranr barricr prorccringhlms Iromrhcir complcrc subj ugarion ro rhc dc-
picrionoIplainrcaliry. ^nurrcrlyunbridlcdrcalismvouldcrushanyrc-
mainingrouchoIsrylizarionrharycr characrcrizcscvcnrhc mosr impov-
crishcd hlm."'`` Lvcn Ninsrcrbcrg`s psychorcchnology disccrncd
insolublcacsrhcricrarhcrrhanmcchanicalproblcmsinrhcmcdialinkoI
hlmandphonograph.
^ photoplay cahhot gaih butohy osc iIits visua purityis dcstroycd. !Ivc scc
ahd hcaratthcsamctimc,vcdoihdccdcomchcarcrtothcrcathcatrc, butthis
isdcsirabcohyiIitisourgoatoimitatcthcstagc.`ctiIthatvcrcthcgoa,cvch
thcbcstimitatiohvoudrcmaihIar ihIcriorto ah actuathcatrcpcrIormahcc.^s
soohasvchavcccaryuhdcrstoodthatthcphotopay is ahartih itscI, thccoh
vcrsatiohoIthcspokchvordis asdisturbihgascoourvoudbc oh thccothihg
oIamarbc statuc. ' `
"
Jhc "invcnrion oI rhc sound hlm camc dovn likc a landslidc" on
rhcsc rhcorics. n :,o, ar rhc cnd oIrhc silcnr hlm cra, alazs sav "a
vholc rich culrurc oIvisual cxprcssion in dangcr. "'' Jhc nrcrnarional
^rrisrsLodgcasvcllasrhc^ssociarionoIGcrmanNusicians,rhchuman
inrcrIaccs oIrhc silcnr movic palaccs, agrccd and vcnr cvcn Iurrhcr in
rhcir labor dispurc, rurning Nnsrcrbcrg`s argumcnrs inro a pamphlcr
"Jo rhc ^udicncc! " . "Soundhlm is badlyconscrvcdrhcarcr ar a highcr
pricc!"'''
Lircrarurcasvordarr,rhcarcrasrhcarcr, hlmasrhchlmicandradio
asrhcradiophonic.allrhcsccarchvordsoIrhc :,zos vcrcdcIcnsivcmca-
surcsagainsrrhcapproachingmcdialinks. "^volunraryrcsrricrionoIrhc
arrisrro rhcrcchnicalmarcrialarhand-rharrcsulrsinrhc obj ccrivc and
immurablc srylisric lavs oI his arr. "'' n srricr accordancc virh Nal-
larmcsmodcl,rhchlmicandrhcradiogcnicvcrcroimporr/'art our /'art
Ii/n ;
inro rhc opricaI and acousric rcaIms. urrhc radiogcnic arrolrhc radio
playvasnorkilIcdollbyrhcmass-mcdialinkolrcIcvision, aIrcadyarirs
birrh irvas nor as vhoIIy indcpcndcnr olrhc oprical asrhc principIc ol
appropriarc marcrial dcmandcd. Virhirs acccIcrarcd drcamIikc succcs-
sion olcolorluI and rapidIy passing, jumping imagcs, irs abbrcviarions
andsupcrimposirions-irs spccd-irs changc lrom cIosc-upro longshor
virh ladc-in, ladc-our, ladc-ovcr, " rhc carly radio pIay consciousIy
rranslcrrcdhlmrcchnoIogyro radio. "

'`
Jhc rcvcrsc passagc lrom sound ro imagc, or lrom gramophonc ro
hlm,vasrakcnIcssconsciousIy,maybccvcnunconsciously.uronlyoncc
rccords cmanarclromrhcir clccrric rransmission mcdium olradio docs
rhcrayongirldccidcro vrirchcrlilclikcamovic. " nronncn`soIly-
voodnovcl, arbaraLaNarrIcarnslromrhcrccordpIaycraIlrhcmovc-
mcnrsrharvillmakchcramovicsrar. Vchavcagramophonc,rhar`saIl.
Somcrimcs dancc ro ir. ur rhar is all knov abour largc cirics and
singcrs and varicry shovs, ol movics and ollyvood."'' n rurn, rhc
gramophonc ,andsomcjazzbands)lclrcompclIcdrorcchnologicaIlysyn-
chronizc a voman`s body. vhilc making lovc,''` invcnring rhc srrip
rcasc,'''raking scrccn rcsrs,''and so on. Jhclururcmovic srararbara
LaNarrvasacousricalIyprcprogrammcd.
Jvo cnrcrrainmcnrvrircrs virh Iobcl prizcs, crmann cssc and
Jhomas Nann, lollovcd rhc bcarcn rrack. mmcdiarcIy prior ro rhc in-
rroducrionolsoundhlm,Iinksconnccringcincmaandgramophonc,cspc-
ciaIlyvhcnrhcysraycdinrhcrcaImolrhclanrasric,vcrcrhc bcsradvcr-
riscmcnr.cssc`sStejjenuo/j culminarcsinaNagicJhcarcr, " cvidcnrly
rhccducarcdcircumscriprionolamovicrhcarcrrharuscs radiorccordsro
producc irs oprical hallucinarion. rom rhc paIc cooI shimmcr" olan
car" rhar, asvirh cll and Clarkc`s Cr-rcIcphonc, bclongs ro a corpsc,
cmcrgcsrhcmusicolandcIin amixrurcolbronchialsIimcandchcvcd
rubbcr,rharnoiscrharovncrsolgramophoncsand radioshavcagrccdro
caIlradio. "uririsprccisclyrhismusicrharconjurcsupanopricallyhal-
lucinarcdNozarrvhoscinrcrprcrarionoIandcl`smusiccncouragcscon-
sumcrs ro pcrccivc rhc Iarrcr`s cvcrIasring vaIuc bchind rhc mcdium. ''`
Jhcsragcisscrlorsoundrracks.
JhomasNann couId alrcadyIook back on onchlm vcrsion olud-
denoroo/s vhcna vcrygoodcrlinproduccr"approachcdhimin ,z;
virh plans lor rurning Tbe Magic Mountain inro a movic. Vhich vas
nor surprising" roNann. Lvcr sincc Occcmbcr z8, 8,y, vhcn rhc Lu-
micrcs prcscnrcd rhcir cincma proj ccror, non-hlmabiIiry has bccn an un-
misrakablc crircrionlor lircrarurc. Vharmighrnorhavc bccnmadc" ol
; Ii/n
cnrcrrainmcnr novcls, parricularly ol rhc "chaprcr 'Snov,` virh irs
Ncdircrrancan drcam olhumaniry! " ''' Orcams olhumans and human-
iry, vhcrhcrrhc rcsulrs olmcrcorological snov or olrhc povdcr olrhc
samc namc, sragc rhc mirror sragc and arc rhcrclorc cincma lrom rhc
srarr.
Jhcparricularhumaninqucsrion,alrcrcscapinghisdismcmbcrmcnr,
cmbarks ona carccr in alung sanarorium. JhcNagicNounrain alrcady
hasarirs disposalasrcrcoscopc,a kalcidoscopc, and,rhoughdcmorcdro
rhc srarus ol an amusing divcrsion, Narcy`s cincmarographic cylindcr.'
n rhc cnd, hovcvcr, and shorrly bclorc rhc irsr Vorld Var and irs
rrcnchcs,rhc so-callcdcnginccrCasrorpalsorcccivcsamodcrnolyhym-
niagramophonc,vhichhcprocccdsro adminisrcras "anovcrllovingcor-
nucopia ol arrisric cnjoymcnr." pporrunirics lor scll-advcrriscmcnr
lollov svilrly, cvcn rhough parhology oncc again srands in lor lururc
rcchnology. Jhc sanarorium`s ovn psychoanalysr and spirirualisr is un-
ablcroconjurcuprhcspirirolCasrorp`sdcccascdcousinunrilrhcgramo-
phonc adminisrraror comcs up virh rhc obvious solurion. nly vhcn
promprcdbyrhcphonographic rcproducrionolhislavorircrunc docs rhc
spirir appcar,` rhus rcvcaling rhis mcdia link ro bc a sound-hlm rcpro-
ducrion.IorhingrcmainsrokccpTbe Magic Mountain lrombcingmadc
inroamovic.
!nrcrrainmcnr vrircrs in parricular, vho insisr on playing Gocrhc
cvcn undcr advanccd rcchnological condirions, knov lully vcll rhar
Gocrhc`s "vriringlorgirls"`isnolongcrsulhcicnr.rhcgirlsolrhcNagic
Nounrain havc dcscrrcd ro rhc villagc movic rhcarrc,rhcir "ignoranr rcd
laccs] . . . rvisrcdinro ancxprcssionolrhchugcsrcnj oymcnr. "'

Jhar, roo, is a mcdia link, bur an ordinary and unassuming onc bc-
ncarhrhcdigniryolIobclrizcvinncrs.Sincc 8 8o, lircrarurcnolongcr
has bccn ablc ro vrirc lor girls, simply bccausc girls rhcmsclvcs vrirc.
Jhcyarcnolongcrrakcnbyimaginingsighrsandsoundsbcrvccnpocric
lincs, lor ar nighr rhcy arc ar rhc movics and duringrhc day rhcy sir ar
rhcirrypcvrircrs. !vcnrhcNagicNounrainhas asirs "busincssccnrcr"
a "ncarlirrlcolhcc"virh arypisrbusyarhcrmachinc. "
Jhcmcdialinkolhlmandrypcvrircrrhoroughlycxcludcslircrarurc.
n ,z,, rhccdirorandGcrmanCommunisrarrymcmbcrRudollraunc
publishcdamisccllanyonrhccmpiricalsociologyolrcadcrs inrhclircra-
rurc sccrion ol rhc Iran/jurter Zeitung. ursuing rhc qucsrion "Vhar
Jhcy Rcad, " raunc had approachcd "Jhrcc Srcnographcrs" and rc-
ccivcdansvcrsrharrriggcrcdhispublicourcry. Colcrrc, Gangholcr, !dgar
Vallacc,crmann cssc . . . Iorcvcnraunc`s dcspcrarc arrcmprro in-
Ii/n ;
rcrcsrrhcrhrccolhccvorkcrsi nlircrarurcloyalrorhcparrylincmcrvirh
succcss. ivc vccks larcr, hovcvcr, onNay z6, tpzp,rhc rypisrs rcccivcd
a boosr. Iamclcss lcmalc collcagucs vrorc orrypcd lcrrcrs ro rhc cdirors
and rcadcrs olrhc Iran/jurter Zeitung, inlormingrhcmvharis dillcrcnr
abour modcrnvomcn.
!lvc stchographcrsrcadittcorhothihg,doyoukhovvhy:bccauscathightvc
arc much too tircd ahd cxhaustcd, bccausc to us thc rattihg olthc typcvritcrs,
vhich vc havc to istch to lor cight hours, kccps rihgihg ih our cars throughout
thc cvchihg, bccausc cach vord vc hcar or rcad brcaks dovh ihto cttcrs lour
hoursatcr. Jhatisvhyvccahhot spchd cvchihgs othcrthahatthcmovics orgo-
ihglorvaksvithourihcvitabclrichd.
`
Vhcrcassocialcngagcmcnrqucricsrhcrcccprionornon-rcccprionollir-
crarurc in sociological rcrms, rhc rcsr subjccrs rcspond in rcchnological
rcrms.Jypcvrircrsrharbrcakdovnrhcirinpurinrosinglclcrrcrsinordcr
ro dclivcr an ourpur in rhc shapc ol scrics and columns olsrandardizcd
blocklcrrcrsalsodcrcrminchisroricalmodcsolrcccprion.^ssclccrivcas
a band-pass hlrcr, rhc machinc posirions irscll bcrvccn books and
spccchcs onrhconchandand cycsorcvcn cars onrhc orhcr. ^s arcsulr,
languagcdocsnorsrorcorrransmiranymcaningvharsocvcrlor srcnog-
raphcrs,onlyrhcindigcsriblcmarcrialiryolrhcmcdiumirhappcnsro bc.
Lvcrynighrrhcmovic-conrinuumhasrorrcarrhcvounds rhara discrcrc
machincinlicrsupon sccrcrarics duringrhcday. ^ncnranglcmcnrolrhc
imaginary andrhcsymbolic. Jhcncvmcdia linkrharcxcludcs lircrarurc
vas ncvcrrhclcss commirrcd ro papcr. in rhc shapc ola scrccnplay rhar
vas ncvcr hlmcd. inrhus`s Motie oo/ prinrcd plain rcxr on cincma,
books,andrypcvrircrs.
RI CHARO A. SBRmArr,

LYRB ArO IYIBRI IBR

t t )
Rcrurninghomclromhcrbclovcdmovics, asvarrhylirrlc rypisrshouldrcll
hcr smiling lricnd abour amovicrhus.
ovrhcrc`s amovicrharclcarlyshovshov imporranrvcrypisrs arc-
vcvho copyandsomcrimcs alsooccasionyourpocms. You scc,hrsrrhcy
shovcdvharyou pocrs arc likc vhcn vc`rc nor around. Onc olyou-virh
longhairand bigric, lors olarrirudc lorno rcason-hc`s sirring arhomc
chcving on ahugc pcn.Maybc hc`s gornorhingro car,and vhy shouldhc?
Ishcvorkingcncrvouslyruns aroundrhcroom.cvrircs avcrscona
t;6 Ii/n
pICCC O papCr OdCd In a unny Vay. C sIands In rOnI O InC mIrrOr, rC-
CIICs InC vCrsC, and admIrCs nImsC. n a vCry saIIshCd mOOd, nC ICs dOVn
On InC sOa. C yCIs up ayaIn and yOCs On CnCVIny-nC Can InInK O ab-
sOuICy nOInIny. nyrIy nC rIps up InC pICCC O papCr. AOu Can IC nC CCs
IynOrCd bCCausC nC dOCsnI yCI anyInIny dOnC. C puIs On a rOmanIIC COaI
and nurrICs IO a IICrary CaC. Is summCr, sO nC Can sII OuIsIdC On InC sIrCCI.
nCn sbe VaKs bya vCry bOnd CnCryCIIC musC. C guICKy Cas InC
VaIICr and VIIn yrCaI adO dOCs nOI pay Or InC mCanyC. C nurrICs aICr
InC musC. onC IaKCs InC IubC. s uCK nas II nCs yOI ICn CCnIs CI, sO nC
IaKCs a rIdC IOO. C apprOaCnCs nCr VnCn snC CavCs InC sIaIIOn, buI snCs
nOI OnC O InOsC and sCnds nIm paCKIny. C, nC sII OOVs nCr. onC CnICrs
nCr nOusC, yrabs InC CCvaIOr KCy, and IaKCs a rIdC upsIaIrs. C runs up InC
sIaIrs IKC a madman and arrIvCs usI as snC COsCs nCr dOOr. uI InCrCs a
sIyn On InC dOOr:
:iNNir :irr
TypinSertice
Trnscription o[Literary Worls
Dictation
C rInys InC bC. nC dOOr OpCns. ^InnIC Ipp Is arCady IypIny aVay. onC
VanIs IO InrOV nIm OuI buI nC CaIms IO bC a CusIOmCr VIIn a dICIaIIOn. C
assumCs a pOsC and dICIaICs: ^Iss, OvC yOu! onC IypCs II and InC VrIIIny
appCars On InC VnIIC sCrCCn. uI snC InrOVs InC sCrap O papCr aI nIs CCI,
sIIs dOVn ayaIn, and VrIICs: navC nO IImC Or IdC suyyards. LOmC baCK
VnCn yOu navC sOmC IICrary VOrK InaI nCCds COpyIny. LOOdbyC!
IKC, VnaI Can nC dO In InC aCC O s O muCn vIrIuCr C yOCs baCK nOmC
rCay dCCCICd and dCspaIrs In rOnI O InC mIrrOr. C yCIs papCr, OIs O
papCr, and pans IO VrIIC IKC InCrCs nO IOmOrrOV. uI nC CanI dO any mOrC
Inan CnCV InC pCn, VnICn by nOV Is guIIC snOrI. C rCCInCs On nIs InamOus
sOa. ouddCny, InC ImayC O ^InnIC appCarsInC uprIynI, dIIyCnI, CnCr-
yCIIC IypIsI. onC snOVs nIm a pCrCCIy IypCd payC InaI rCads: VOud OvC
yOu, IOO, I yOu COud yCI sOmC rCa VOrK dOnC! nC ImayC vanIsnCs and nC
rCIurns IO nIs dCsK. nd nOV, yOu sCC, InC bOy VIIn bOV and guIvCr appCars
In a darK COrnCr O InC rOOm. C darIs IO InC dCsK aI VnICn InC brOOdIny
pOCI Is sIIIIny and pOurs a guIvCr u O InK InIO nIs sICrIC InKVC. nCn InC
bOy sIIs dOVn VIIn CrOssCd Cys On InC sOa and VaICnCs. nC pOCI dIps nIs
pCnnOV IIs runnIny a by IIsC. s sOOn as InC pCn IOuCnCs InC papCr, II
Is u O InC mOsI bCauIIu vCrsCs and VnIsKCd aVay. n nO IImC InC rOOm Is
u O manusCrIpIs. nC pOCI may dICIaIC aICr a. nCy arC a OvC pOCms.
nC hrsI OnC sIarIs:
hchhrst bchcdyourcycs so buc
^yimbsvcrc hcdvithmotch orc.
vork, ahdvorkihgam socosctoyou-
ivcohccmorc!
Ii/n :;;
Shcvritcs vith ohgsharphhgcrs, butshcdocsh`tookatthcmachihcahd
cavcs hospaccs bctvcchthcvords.Shcisdahcihga dahccoIovcohhcr
machihc.!tisa mutcduct. cisa vcryhappyyricpoct. crcturhshomc
iha rapturc.
^ coupcoIdays atcra mah appcars vitha vhccbarrovahdbrihgs
thc poct a coupcoIhuhdrcdpouhds oIpcrIcctycopicd mahuscripts. c
aso has a cttcr-apcrIumcd, hcatytypcdohc. Jhc poct kisscs thc cttcr.
c opchsit.Jhc boyvith thc bovis backihthc room agaih ahd pccrs ovcr
thcpoct`sshoudcr. butaas! Jhcpoctistcarihghishair-ahdthchicc boy
pusa Iacc, Iorthccttcrrcads:
OcarSir,youvi bcrcccivihgyour mahuscriptsvithtoday`smai.!casc
aovmctoihIormyouthat amchrapturcd bythchrcoIyourvcrscs. aso
bcgto dravyourattchtiohtothcchcoscdihvoicc oIzCC^arks.voudbcdc-
ightcdiIyouvcrcto commuhicatcthcamouhttomcihpcrsoh, atvhichpoiht
vccoudchtcrihtoa discussiohcohccrhihgthccohtchtoIyourvcrscs. `ours,
^ihhicJipp.
Jhat`s vhathappchs," thcsvarthyittc typist tcs hcrsmiihgIrichd,
vhchvc vomch arc Iorccd tovork. !tmakcsus so cmihchtypractica . "
c,oIcourscthcpoorpocthash`ta pchhytohi shamc.cscarchcs
thcvhocroom ahdhhds ohymahuscripts. cscarchcshispockcts ahd
hhds ohyimprcssivchocs. ^morvahtsto hcp ahdturhshisguivcrohits
hcad-butvhyvoud ^morvak arouhdvithtvo huhdrcd^arks:Ii-
hay, thcrc ishothihgcItIorthc pocttodobuttogctbchihdthcvhccbar-
rovahdcartthc mahuscriptstoa chccscdcacr. cbuysthcmtovrap soIt
cov chccsc.Pov,thc Iamous critic IixIax is oIa dcicatchaturc ahd ovcs
ruhhycovchccsc. Sohcprocccdsto thcchccscdcacrihpcrsoh, buys a
portioh,ahdtakcsithomc. Lhthc strcct pcdcstriahs hod thcir hoscs ahd
bot. butIixIaxovcssmcihgthcchccsc.^shcisabouttodrihishosc-
covcrcd, oIcoursc, by back,horh-rimmcdspcctaccs-ihtothcchccsc,
hc happchs torcada vcrscahdis absoutcychchahtcd. cgctsihto a car
ahddrivcsstraighttothcpubishcrSoomohditiohahdshovshimthc
chccsc.Jhcpubishcrcah`tstahdthcsmcoIchccscahdvrithcsahd
sguirms. butthccriticisaovcrhim ahdguotcsthcpoct`svcrscs.Povthc
pubishcrischthusiastic, too. Jhctvoimmcdiatcyruhto thc chccsc dcacr
ahdbrihgaohga hugcsackstuIIcdvithahadvahcc. `ouhavc to khov, "
:;8 Ii/n
InC sVarIny IIIC IypIsI ICs nCr smIIn_ rICnd, InIs Is a anIasy mCVIC. )
C, InC IVC buy a InC CnCCsC C InC dCaCr, nIrC InIrICCn mCn VnC a
CCVCr InCIr nCsCs, and prCCCCd IC InC pCCI. nC pCCI Is sIandIn_ Cn a CnaIr
and abCuI IC nan_ nImsC, bCCausC nC CanI CCmC up VIIn InC IVC nundrCd
^arKs. aInI sICnCn bC_Ins IC pCrVadC nIs rCCm. ICV, dC yCu rCay nan_
yCursC VnCn IIs sIInKIn_ sC abCmInaby: IC, yCu _CI a an_ry and dC-
VCCp a nCw zCsI Cr IC. nC InIrICCn _uys marCn In buI nC InrCVs InCm CuI
VIIn suCn CrCC InaI InC ChCCsC IrICKCs dCVn InC sIaIrs. C Cny guICIs
dCVn VnCn InC pubIsnCr and nIs saCK u C mCnCy arrIVC. IC sIInKIn_
CnCCsC Can maICn IhC ra_ranCC C InC adVanCC.
nC pCCI nCV nurrICs IC InC IypIn_ burCau. C hnds InIs snCIIy busI-
nCssman VnC Is dICIaIIn_ snCIIy CIICrs IC ^InnIC and CCmIn_ Cn IC nCr. uI
InC pCCI InrCVs hIm CuI; nC Can aCrd II, nC Can nCV aCrd IC nIrC InC Iyp-
IsI Cr nCurs, days, and VnCC CICrnIIICs. C ImmCdIaICy dICIaICs anCInCr
pCCm IC nCr. uI VnaI dCCs snC VrIIC: oIupId CCVl snC VrIICs, CVC
IhC nardVCrKIn_ and suCCCssu. \ndCrInCd IVICC. \n InaI day InCy dId
nCI IypC any urInCr.
Is a mCra hm, InC sVarIny IIIC _Ir says. I snCVs nCV an Indus-
IrICus VCman Can CduCaIC a man.
Cr a mCmCnI, InC rICnd nC Cn_Cr smICs. I shCVs, nC says, nCV
an IndusIrICus VCman ruIns a man. nC hm VI dCmCnsIraIC IC VrIICrs
InaI VnIC InIs damnCd IypCVrIICr maKCs InCm dII_CnI, II maKCs VCmCn
Iurn CCd. nC hm VI rCVCa InC spIrIIua dan_Crs C InC IypCVrIICr. LC
yCu rCay InInK InaI pCCIs IndusIrICus manusCrIpIs VCrC any OOd: nC
ChCVIn_ and InC sCa, InaI Vas _CCd. uI yCu prCCssICna VCmCn VI
nCVCr undCrsIand InaI.
nC sVarIhy IIIC CnC au_hs.
nd VIIh _CCd rCasCn. nIC a IhC mCn C InC IImC Ira_ICay CCIdC
VIIh IhCIr DmIC dCubCs, IhC sVarIny IypIsI and nCr CCCa_uC ^InnIC
Ipp arC unIICd by sCrCnC harmCny. \r, In mCrC ICCnnICa ICrms: by pCsI-
IIVC CCdbaCK. \nC VCman _CCs IC hCr bCCVCd mCVICs sIarrIn_ IhC CIhCr;
InC pan Vas IC maKC a mCVIC CaIurIn_ bCIn. hC C_IC C rCprCsCnIaIICn
VCud naVC bCCn pCrCCI: CnC and IhC samC VCman spCnds hCr days In InC
rCa C VCrK IImC and InC symbCIC C ICXI prCCCssIn_, and nCr nI_nIs In a
ICCnnIHCd mIrrCr sIa_C. nICn Is CXaCIy nCV raunCs InrCC sICnCIypIsIs
dCsCrIbCd II.
= . , . , . . , . , . , . . . , , . . . . . . @ . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . [ . . . . . = . .
__ , . . . , . . . . . . . . , _ . . . . . . . .
. . . @_ . .
Ocmchyspcaks ]cNLUo ai-mc" ihto thc chrohophotograph.
8o Ii/n
^gainsr rhis hlm-virhin-a-hlm-virhin-a-hlm, rhis cndlcss Iolding oI
vomcnandmcdia,lircrarurcdocsnorhavcachancc. orhmcn,rhcsmil-
ingIricnd and his doublc, donormovc bcyond pcns and pocrry. Subsc-
qucnrly, rhcyarc lcIrvirhan old-IashioncdmirrorsragcinrhcshapcoI
cphcmcralandunpublishcd aurhorship. Yousrarcarcmpryvhircpapcr,
sincc Nallarmcrhc background oI all vords, and hghrvirh rhc srcriliry
Nallarmc rurncd inro a pocm,' unril onc lonc vcrsc hnds irs vayonro
rhc papcr. urnor cvcn rhc clcmcnrary consolarion aIIordcd bymirrors
rharmagicallyrurnbodicsinrovholcsandunconsciouslircrarcsinrosclI-
assurcd aurhors isoIlasring valuc. Jhcvcrsc docs norcarry oninrorhc
ncxr, ahand rcars upirs handvriring, simplybccausc ircannordoirvirh
rhc body irsclI.
ocrs oItp j acrin old-Iashioncdvays. nc "srandsinIronroIrhc
mirror, and rccircs rhcvcrsc,and admircs himsclI. " Jvcnry-rvo ycars aI-
rcrOcmcnyhadrcplaccdIorgcrIulmirrorsvirhrracc dcrccrionandsnap-
shors oIspccch,vordsarcsrill losr. ro dcclamarions andrornpapcr. Jhc
mcdia rcvcngc Iollovs sviIrly. Vhcn rhis parricular pocr upgradcs his
mirrordcclamarionsrorypcddicrarions,rhcmosroralscnrcnccoIallIalls
inrorcchnologicalsroragc and arrhcspcakcr`sIccr. ^ndro rop iroII,rhc
rypcd "Niss, lovc you! " appcars on scrccn, publishcdIorrhc bcnchr oI
all oINinnicJipp`s doublcs.
SuchisrhcsolidariryoIhlmandrypcvrircr,OcmcnyandNissJipp.
!vcryvordrhcyhcar, rcad, spcak,orrypcbrcaksdovn ,asrhcsrcnoryp-
isrspurir)inroirs lcrrcrs. Jhcrypisrrurns apocricandcroricallychargcd
llov oIspccch, rhcmaniIcsr sccrcr oIGcrmanlircrarurc, inrorvclvclcr-
rcrs,Iourcmpry spaccs, andrvopuncruarionmarks,alloIvhich , as hcr
corrcspondcnccmakcsclcar) comcvirha pricc.]usrashchaddoncvirh
"Vi-vc la ran-cc! " Ocmcny rurns rhis dcclararion oIlovc inro rvcnry-
millisccondshorsoIhiscmpryandmcdia-inIaruarcdmourh.cposirions
himsclI inIronr oIa camcra ,insrcad oIrhc mirror), dcclaims rhc vcrsc
oIallvcrscs, and bccomcs a rcsrsubj ccr , insrcad oIan admircd aurhor) .
-
)L YC!5 ^INL.

Jorhc pocric inrcllccr, rhc unassumingmcdia link oIsilcnr hlm and

rypcvrircr, imagc lov and inrcrrirlcs, vas norhing shorr oIdcsccrarion.
n ordcrro savc rhcSou/ oj tbe Ii/n, locmdccrccd. "!morion docsnor
rcsidcinrhcrirlcs, ir isnorro bcspokcn, irisro bc cmbodicd mimically.
Ycrrhcrcarcdirccrorsvho do norshy avayIrom blaringour' lovcyou`
,rhcmosrhcryandrcndcrpossibiliryoIrhis arr) inarirlc. "'
^ criricismrharcomplcrclymisscdrhcrcchnological, cxpcrimcnral,
and social ncccssiryoIsuchprosrirurion. Jo bcginvirh, lovcconsisrs in
imstrip:lrom shakc to typist, 1z.
8z Ii/n
vords, rhcrclorc, silcnr hlms havc ro rranslcr rhcm dirccrly lrom rypc-
scripr ro scrccn. n addirion, Ocmcny`s cxpcrimcnr dclivcrcd rhc grand
kalcidoscopc olhuman spccch, asVillicrsvouldhavcpur ir, ro rhc dcal
and dumb,andNinnic1ippcvcndclivcrcdirrovrircrs.1hc dccomposi-
rionandhlrcringollovccnsurcdrharhcrncvcusromcrvouldriscrorhc
parricularvorkcrhicrharcharacrcrizcs prolcssionalvomcn" andmarks
virhin rhargroup a ncccssary, rhough nor alvays sulhcicnr, disrincrion
bcrvccnrypisrs and vhorcs.''Virh rhc rcsulrrhara man, roo, graspcd
rhc sccular dillcrcncc bcrvccn pocr and vrircr. rom handvriring ro
rypcd dicrarion,lromrhclonclincssinlronrolmirrorsro rhc scxualdivi-
sionollabor and bcsr-scllingpocrry. asa "moral hlm, " "Lyrcand1ypc-
vrircr" shovs "hovanindusrriousvomancancducarcaman. "rhov,
in a hnc animarcd scqucncc, rhc oldsnakcbccomcs rhc Lvc ol rhc rvcn-
ricrhccnrury.
"1hcrcarcmorcvomcn vorking arrypingrhanaranyrhingclsc. "'
ilm,rhcgrcarmcdiascll-advcrriscmcnr,hasrcachcdirsrargcrgroup and
irs happycnding.
1XFEWR1ER
"Jypcvrircr" is ambiguous. Jhcvordmcanrborhrypingmachinc and
lcmalcrypisr. inrhc\nircdSrarcs,asourccolcounrlcsscarroons. ,Jypcd
lcrrcrolabankruprbusincssmanro hisvilc. "Ocarlanchc,havcsold
allmyolhcclurnirurc,chairs,dcsks,crc. crc.,andamvriringrhislcrrcr
undcr dilhculrics virh my rypcvrircr onmy lap. ") ' urrhcconvcrgcncc
ola prolcssion, a machinc, and a scx spcaks rhcrrurh. crmann`s vord
"srcnorypisr" gradually camc ro rcquirc loornorcs cxplaining rhar sincc
t 8 8 , irhas rclcrrcd ro vomcn vho havc complcrcd crdinand Schrcy`s
combincdrrainingprograminrhcammondrypcvrircrandsrcnography.
n rhc casc ol "rypcvrircr, " by conrrasr, cvcryday languagc lor oncc
marchcs srarisrics ,sccrhc accompanyingrablc).
Jhc rablc unlorrunarcly docsnor disringuish bcrvccn srcnographic
handvriring and Rcmingron`s rypcvriring. Icvcrrhclcss, ir is clcar rhar
rhcsrarisricalcxplosionbcginsin t 88 , virhrhcrccordsalcsolrhcRcm-
ingron . ^lrhoughrhc numbcr ol mcn dvindlcs likc a bcll curvc, rhc
numbcr ollcmalcrypisrs incrcascs almosrvirh rhc clcgancc olancxpo-
ncnrialluncrion.^saconscqucncc,irmighrbcpossiblc-asvcapproach
rhcrhrcsholdolinhniry-rolorccasrrhcycarinvhichrypisrandvoman
convcrgc. NinnicJippvillhavc bccn Lvc.
^ninnocuousdcvicc, "an'inrcrmcdiarc`rhing,bcrvccnarooland a
machinc, " "almosr quoridian and hcncc unnoriccd, "has madc hisrory.
Jhc rypcvrircr cannor conjurc up anyrhing imaginary, ascancincma, ir
cannorsimularcrhcrcal,ascansoundrccording,ironlyinvcrrsrhcgcndcr
olvriring.nsodoing,hovcvcr,irinvcrrsrhcmarcrial basis ollircrarurc.
Jhc monopoly ol scripr in scrial dara proccssingvas a privilcgc ol
mcn. ccausc ordcrs and pocms vcrc proccsscd rhroughrhc samc chan-
ncl,sccuriryprorocolscvolvcd.Lvcnrhoughmorcandmorcvomcnvcrc
t 8( 1ypeurtter
Srcnographcrs andJypisrsinrhc\nircd SrarcsbyScx, t 8;c-tpjc
Wonenasa
percentae
Year Total Men Wonen o[total
t 8;o tq tq; ; q. /
t 88o ,ooo ,ooo z,ooo qo.o
t 8o ,qoo tz, too zt,oo 6 . 8
too t tz,6oo z6,zoo 86,(oo ;6.;
tto z6,;oo ,qoo z6 , oo 8o. 6
tzo 6t , toc o,qoo 6q,;oo t . 8
to 8 t t, zoo 6, too ;;, too . 6
s C D R C : \. b. DurCau C! IC LCnsus, tXlccUlb LcUSuS O[ lbc OUtlcd ldlcS, 1(o:
!OuldltOU 1q), as CIICd In aVICs 1q, J.
raughr lcrrcrs in rhc vakc olgcncralcducarional rclorm, bcing ablc ro
rcadvasnorrhcsamc as bcingallovcdrovrirc.riorro rhcinvcnrionol
rhcrypcvrircr,allpocrs,sccrcrarics,andrypcscrrcrsvcrcolrhcsamcscx.
^s larcas t 8jp, vhcnrhcsolidariry ol^mcricanvomcn`sunionscrcarcd
posirions lor lcmalc rypcscrrcrs, rhcir malc collcagucs on rhc prcsscs
boycorrcd rhc prinring olunmanly rypc lonrs.` nly rhc Civil Var ol
t 86t-6(rharrcvolurionarymcdiancrvorkolrclcgraphcablcsandpar-
allclrrainrracks-opcncd rhc burcaucracyolgovcrnmcnr, olmailand
srcnography,rovriringvomcn,rhcirnumbcrs,olcoursc,vcrcasycrroo
smallro rcgisrcrsrarisrically.
Jhc Gurcnbcrg Galaxy vas rhus a scxually closcd lccdback loop.
Lvcnrhough Gcrmanisrs arc lundamcnrally obliviousroir, ir conrrollcd
norhing lcss rhan Gcrman lircrarurc. \nrccognizcd gcniuscs svung rhc
quill rhcmsclvcs, vhcrcas narional pocrs had pcrsonal sccrcrarics, as in
rhccasc olGocrhc,]ohn, Schuchardr,Lckcrmann,Ricmcr,and Gcisr. ris
prccisclyrhismcdiancrvork-namcly,rharrhc\r-aurhorcanbringlorrh
his spirir in Lckcrmann-rharrolcssor schorr had bccn ablc ro provc
phonographically in Gocrhc`s srudy.` nc`s ovn or dicrarcd scripr vas
proccsscd bymalcrypcscrrcrs, bindcrs, publishcrs, and soon,inordcrh-
nallyro rcachinprinrrhcgirlslorvhomGocrhcvrorc. ^s Gocrhcpurir
inconvcrsarionvirhRicmcr,vhoolcourscrccordcdir), "hcconccivcsol
rhc dcal inrcrms ollcmalc lormorrhc lormolVoman.Vharaman is,
hcdidn`rknov. "
Vomcn could and had ro rcmain an idcal absrracrion, likc ausr`s
Grcrchcn, aslongasrhcmarcrialiricsolvriringvcrcrhcjobsolmcn, lar
: 86 T,euriter
roo closc lorrhcmro bcavarcolir. ncGrcrchcninspircdrhcvork,hcr
many sisrcrs vcrcallovcdro consumc irrhroughrhciridcnrihcarionvirh
hcr. "rhcrvisc," rhar is, virhour salcs and lcmalc rcadcrs, "rhings
vould bc bad" lor him, rhc "aurhor, " ricdrich Schlcgcl vrorc ro his
lovcr.urrhchonorolhavingamanuscriprappcarinprinrundcrrhcau-
rhor`s propcr namc vas barrcd ro vomcn, ilnor lacrually rhcn ar lcasr
mcdia-rcchnologically.rhcpropcrnamcarrhchcadolrhcirvcrsc,novcls,
anddramasalmosralvayshasbccnamalcpscudonym.
l only bccausc ol rhar, an omniprcscnr mcraphor cquarcd vomcn
virhrhcvhirc shccrolnarurc orvirginiryonrovhich avcrymalcsrylus
could rhcn inscribc rhc glory olirs aurhorship. `o vondcr rhar psycho-
analysisdiscovcrcdduringirsclcan-upopcrarionrharindrcams, enci/s
,
en-bo/ders, e . . and orhcr instrunents arc undoubrcd malc scxual sym-
bols. "` r only rcrricvcd a dccply cmbcddcdmcraphysics olhandvriring.
^nd conscqucnrly did nor disclosc any unconscious sccrcrs, cirhcr.
orrhar, rhc "symbols " olmanandvomanvcrcroo closcly arrachcdro
rhc monopoly olvriring. Vhcn, in 8 8,
, rhc cdirors ol rhc illusrrarcd
j ournal \on Ie/s zun Meer ,as usual) madc apirchlorammondrypc-
vrircrsandSchrcy,rhcirgcncralrcprcscnrarivc,rhc"vrircrolrhcsclincs"
vasrhrillcd by ascll-srudy. "^lrcadyalrcr acouplcolvcckshcrcachcd
a spccd ol: zy lcrrcrspcr minurc. " nlyrvorhings vcrc "losr" during
rhismcchanizarionolvriring. hrsr, "rhcinrimacyolhandvrirrcncxprcs-
sion,vhichnobodyisvillingrorclinquishvolunrarily, parricularlyinpcr-
sonalcorrcspondcncc", and sccond, accnrcrpicccoloccidcnralsymbolic
sysrcms.
^achihcscvcryvhcrc,vhcrcvcrohcooks! ^substitutcIorhumcroustypcsoIa
bor, vhichmah voudothcrviscdo vith his ihdustrioushahd, ahd vhatccoh-
omyoIcxcrtiohahd timc, ahdvhatadvahtagcsihtcrmsoIIavcsshcssahdrcg-
uarityoIvork.!tvasohyhaturathataItcrthcchgihccrhaddcprivcdvomah`s
tchdcrhahdoIthc actua symbo oIIcmacihdustrioushcss,ohcoIhiscocagucs
hitupohthcidca oIrcpacihgthcqui,thcactuasymbooImacihtccctuaac-
tivity, vith amachihc."
Jhclircral mcaning olrcxr is rissuc. Jhcrclorc, priorrorhcir indus-
rrializarion rhc rvo scxcs occupicd srricrly symmcrrical rolcs. vomcn,
virh rhc symbol ollcmalc indusrriousncss inrhcir hands, vovc rissucs,
mcn,virhrhcsymbololmalcinrcllccrualacriviryinrhcirhands,vovcris-
sucs ol a dillcrcnr sorr callcd rcxr. crc, rhc srylus as singular nccdlc-
poinr,rhcrc,rhcmanylcmalcrcadcrsaslabriconrovhichirvrorc.
ndusrrializarion simulrancously nullihcd handvriring and hand-
T,euriter 8;
bascdvork.Iorcoincidcnrally, irvasVilliamK. ]cnnc,rhchcadolrhc
scving-machinc subdivision olRcmingron Son, vho in 8; dcvcl-
opcdSholcs`sprororypcinroamass-produciblc "1ypc-Vrircr."'Iorco-
incidcnrally as vcll, carly compcring modcls camc lrom rhc Oomcsric
Scving Nachinc Co. , rhc Ncrcor Saxon Knirring-Nachinc acrory, or
Scidcl `aumann. ipolar scxual dillcrcnriarion, virh irs dchning
symbols, disappcarcd on indusrriaI asscmbly lincs. 1vo symbols do nor
survivc rhcir rcplaccmcnr by machincs, rhar is, rhcir impIcmcnrarion in
rhcrcal.Vhcnmcnarcdcprivcdolrhcquillandvomcnolrhcnccdlc,all
handsarcuplorgrabs-ascmpIoyablcascmployccs.1ypcscripramounrs
rorhcdcscxualizarionolvriring,sacrihcingirsmcraphysics andrurningir
inrovordproccssing.
^ rransvaluarion ol alI vaIucs, cvcn il ir arrivcd on pigcon rocs, as
Iicrzschc vould havc ir, oron "high-burroncd shocs" ,inrhc vords ol
rhc mosramusingchroniclcr olrhc rypcvrircr) . '1omcchanizcvriring,
our culrurchadro rcdchncirs vaIucs or ,as rhc hrsrGcrmanmonograph
onrhcrypcvrircrpurir,inanriciparionoloucaulr) "crcarcavhollyncv
ordcrolrhings. "'`1hcvorkolingcnious rinkcrcrsvaslarlromachicv-
ingrhar.n ; cnryNilI,ancnginccrvirhrhcIcvRivcrVarcrCo.
inLondon, rcccivcdhisinconscqucnriaI rirish parcnr ,no. ,y , "lor'a
machinc or arrihciaI mcrhod,roprinr lcrrcrs conrinuouslyoncalrcr an-
orhcrvhilcvriring,inalashionsoclcanandprcciscrharrhcy arcindis-
ringuishablclromrhcprinringollcrrcrs. ` ` '1hcprccisionolrhisconccpr
or prcmisc, namcly, ro inrroducc Gurcnbcrg`s rcproducrivc rcchnology
inrorcxruaIproducrion,vasconrradicrcdbyrhcvagucncssolrhcparcnr`s
phrasing.1hcvorkolKcmpclcn,rhc cnginccr olphonographs, ro dcsign
an appropriarcvriringinsrrumcnr lor a bIind duchcss vas similarly in-
conscqucnrial. \ndcr rhc discursivccondirions olrhc agc olGocrhc, rhc
rcrm "vriring-machinc" vasboundro rcmainanon-rcrm, asvasprovcn
rarhcrinvolunrarilybyanorhcrVicnncsc.
In 8z, rhc physician C. L. Nllcr publishcd a rrcarisc cnrirlcd
Neu/, ntented Vriting-Macbine, uitb Vbicb ter,ood, Can Vrite,
Vitbout Ligbt, in ter, Language, and egard/ess oj ne`s Handurit-
ing, Generate ssa,s and i//s, tbe /ind, Too, Can, Un/i/e uitb |retious
Vriting Tao/ets, Vrite Not n/, uitb Greater ase out ten ead Tbeir
un Vriting jteruard. Vhar Nllcr mcanrand inrroduccd vas a mc-
chanical conrraprion rhar, irs namc norvirhsranding, only cnablcd rhc
blindroguidcrhcirhandsacrosspapcrvhiIcvriring.1hcmappingolrhc
pagc and rhc conccnrrarion olink cvcn allordcd rhcm rhc possibiliry ol
rcrcading rhcir vriring rhrough rouch. or NIlcr could "nor dcny" an
8 8 T,euriter
aurhorial narcissism rhar promprs "all rhosc so inclincd, " likc Ninnic
Jipp`spocr, "ro rcrcadvharhc hasvrirrcn. "'` Signihcanrly cnough, rhc
invcnrion vas aimcd primarily ar cducarcd bur unlorrunarcly blind la-
rhcrslorrhc purposc olilluminaringrhcirmorallyblindsonsvirhlcrrcrs
andcpisrolaryrrurhs. "ov olrcnvouldamanolgoodsrandingvrirca
lcv lincs ro savc a losr csrarc orrhcvcllarc olvholc lamilics,hovolrcn
vould rhc handvrirrcn lcrrcr ol a larhcr srccr a son back on rhc righr
rrack,ilsuchmcn could, virhourrcsrrainrandprompring,vrircinsucha
vayasilrhcyhad bccn cndovcd virhvision. "''
Jhc "vriring-machinc, "inrharscnsc, onlybroughrro lighrrhcrulcs
rcgularingdiscourscsduringrhcagcolGocrhc.aurhoriryandaurhorship,
handvriringand rcrcading, rhc narcissism olcrcarion and rcadcr obcdi-
cncc.Jhcdcvicclor "cvcrybody" lorgorvomcn.
Ncchanical sroragc rcchnologics lor vriring, imagcs, and sound
could only bc dcvclopcd lollovingrhc collapsc olrhis sysrcm. Jhc hard
scicncc olphysiology did avay virh rhc psychological conccprion rhar
guaranrccdhumansrharrhcy could hnd rhcirsoulsrhrough handvriring
andrcrcading.Jhc " rhink, " vhich sinccKanrvassupposcdro accom-
pany all ol onc`s rcprcscnrarions, prcsumably only accompanicd onc`s
rcadings. r bccamc obsolcrc as soon as body and soul advanccd ro bc-
comcobj ccrs olscicnrihccxpcrimcnrs.Jhcuniryolappcrccpriondisinrc-
grarcdinroa largc numbcr olsubrourincs, vhich, as such, physiologisrs
couldlocalizcindillcrcnrccnrcrsolrhc brainandcnginccrscouldrccon-
srrucrinmulriplcmachincs.Vhichisvharrhc "spirir"-rhcunsimulablc
ccnrcr ol"man"-dcnicdbyirsvcrydchnirion.
sychophysics and psychorcchnology convcrtcd inro cmpirical rc-
scarch programs ^icrzschc`s philosophical and scandalous surmisc rhar
"humans arc pcrhaps only rhinking, vriring, and spcaking machincs. "
D,sjunctiona/ Seecb ,Die Storungen der Sracbe, , lollovingKuLmaul`s
insighr or monograph ol : 8 8 : , could only bc clcarcd up undcr rhc
prcmiscrharspccchhasnorhingro dovirhrhc "rhink".
LhccahcohccivcoI ahguagcihitsihitiadcvcopmchtas a conJitioneJrcIIcx.!t
is thc charactcroIrcIIcctcd ihtchtiohaitythatdistihguishcscohditiohcdIrom ih
borhmovcmchtsoIcxprcssioh,thcirgrcatcrabiityto adapt,ihappropriatcIorm
ahd dcgrcc, to thcihtchdcdpurposc. bccausc oIthisquaity, vcarc hotquitcprc-
parcd to scc ih thcm ahythihg but thc pay oI mcchahica circuits acquircd
through cxcrcisc. ^hd yct, pahtomimc, thc spokch vord, ahd thcvrittchvord
arc hothihg but thc products oI ihtcrha, scII-rcguatihg mcchahisms that arc
chahhccdahdcoordihatcdthroughcmotiohsahdcohccptiohs,justasohccahop-
cratc a scvihg,typihg, or spcakihg machihc vithout khovihg its mcchahism.
T,euriter 8,
Vhcn,lromrhcpoinrolvicvolbrainphysiology, languagcvorksas
a lccdback loop olmcchanical rclays, rhc consrrucrion olrypcvrircrs is
onlyamarrcrolcoursc.arurc,rhcmosrpirilcsscxpcrimcnrcr,paralyzcs
ccrrainparrs olrhcbrainrhroughsrrokcsand bullcrvoundsro rhchcad,
rcscarch , sinccrhcarrlcolSollcrino in 8 y ,, is onlyrcquircdromca-
surcrhcrcsulringinrcrlcrcnccsinordcrro disringuishrhcdisrincrsubrou-
rincsolspccchinanaromicallyprcciscvays. Scnsoryaphasia ,vhilchcar-
ing) , dyslcxia ,vhilc rcading) , cxprcssivc aphasia ,vhilc spcaking) ,
agraphia ,vhilc vriring) bring lorrh machincs i nrhc brain. KuImaul`s
"soundboard,"virhirs "corricalsoundkcys, "'virruallyconjurcs uprhc
rodsand lcvcrs ololdRcmingrons.
Oisabilirics or dclormarions rhcrclorc suggcsr nor only Nllcr`s
"svccr hopc" ro bc "olusc ro his lcllov humans" and "ro allcviarc rhc
sullcring ol many unlorrunarcs. "'' lindncss and dcalncss, prcciscly
vhcnrhcyallccrcirhcrspccchorvriring, yicld vharvould orhcrviscbc
bcyondrcach.inlormarion onrhchumaninlormarionmachinc. Vhcrc-
uponirsrcplaccmcnrbymcchanicscanbcgin.Knic,cach,Jhurbcr,Nal-
ling anscn, Ravizza. rhcy all consrrucrcd rhcircarlyrypcvrircrs lorrhc
blind and/or rhc dcal. Jhc rcnchmcn oucauld and icrrc cvcn con-
srrucrcd rhcm lorrhc blind as blind pcoplc rhcmsclvcs.nrcrcsrin au-
rhorship,orinrhcpossibiliryolrcadingonc`sunconsciousourpouringsin
rhcmirror, disappcarcdcomplcrcly.
Vhar rhc rypcvrircrs lor rhc blind in mid ccnrury vcrc srill missing
vas spccd. ur cvcr sincc 8 o, rhcinrroducrionolrhc roraryprcss and
conrinuouslorminrorhcprinringrradcmadcrypcscrring machincs dcsir-
ablcinvhich , "asvirhapiano" ) "rhcvariousrypcslall,rhrougharouch
ol rhc kcys, inro placc almosr as quickly as onc spcaks."' ^nd vhcn
SamuclNorscparcnrcdhisclccrriccablcrclcgraphin 8o, hcinrroduccd
acommunicarionsrcchnologyvhosc spccdollighrlarourpaccdalllorms
olmanual communicarion. "Jhc avcragc spccd, vhich can bc susraincd
lor hours by hand, is abour zozy vords pcrminurc." Conscqucnrly,
nor long rhcrcalrcr "a vholc gcncrarion olrclcgraph opcrarors had ap-
pcarcd vho could undcrsrand codc much lasrcr rhan rhcy could vrirc ir
dovn. Srcnographcrs lound rhcmsclvcs in a similarhx. Jhcy could rakc
rhcir norarions as quickly as a man could spcak, and ycr rhcy couldn`r
rranscribclasrcrrhanarasnail`spacc. "`
Vharrhcrclorc bccamcparrolrhcvishlisrvcrcvriringinsrrumcnrs
rhar could coincidcvirh rhc opcraring spccd olncrvous parhvays. Sincc
aphasia rcscarchcrs had hgurcd ourrhc numbcr olmilliscconds irrakcs
loralcrrcrrorravcllromrhccycrorhchandmusclcsviarhcbrain`srcad-
:,o T,euriter

0r
SchcmaticdiagramoIthcahguagcsubsitc
ihthcbraih.A dchotcsthccchtcr Ior souhd
imagcs,,thccchtcrIorvisuaimagcs.
ingandvriringccnrcrs,rhccguarionolccrcbraIcircuirsvirhrclcgraphic
disparchcshadbccomcaphysioIogicalsrandard.Vhcn "rhcavcragcIa-
rcncy,rharis,rhcrimcbcrvccnrhcsrimulusandrhcpushingolrhcburron
rakcs abour zyo milIiscconds, " and vhcn, lurrhcrmorc, "rhc ryping ola
givcnourpurrcscmblcsallyingprojccrilc" bccausc "ironly nccds asrarr-
ing signal" and "rhcn gocs all by irscll"`-rhcn, rhc rypcvrircr as a
mass-produccdarriclcvas bound ro rolIauromaricaIlyollrhcproducrion
lincsolagunmanulacrurcr.
\nconhrmcd rumors havc suggcsrcd rhar Sholcs soldrhc Rcmingron
company a parcnrrhar hc had sroIcnlromrhc poor JyrolcancrcrNir-
rcrholcr during his srudics arrhc Royal andmpcrial olyrcchnicalnsri-
rurcinVicnna.urpIagiarism,or,inmodcrnrcrms,rhcrranslcrolrcch-
noIogy, is ollirrlc imporranccinrhc lacc olcircumsranccs. Rumorhasir
rhar, in rclcrcncc ro Nirrcrholcr`s rcgucsr lor moncy, Lmpcror ranz
]oscph aIlcgcdly rcmarkcd ro his cabincr rharrhc invcnrion olsupcrior
var srrarcgics vould bcmorc appropriarcrhanrharolusclcss rypcvrir-
crs. Rcmingron Son vcrc abovc such pscudo-aIrcrnarivcs. rhcy rrans-
lcrrcd "rhc srandardizarion olrhc componcnrparrs olvcapons, vhich
had bccn vidcIy pracriccd sinccrhc IapoIconic Vars, "ro rhosc olcivil
vriring insrrumcnrs.` ,Vcapons manulacrurcrs such asNauscr, Nanu-
lacrurc d` ^rmcs dc aris, and rhc Gcrman Vcapons and ^mmunirions
acrory OVj vcrcro lolIovsuir.)
JhcrcchnoIogicsolrypcvriringandsoundrccordingarcby-producrs
olrhc ^mcrican CivilVar. Ldison,vho vas ayoungrclcgraphcr during
rhcvar, dcvclopcd hisphonographinanarrcmprro improvcrhcproccss-
ingspccd olrhc Norscrclcgraph bcyondhumanlimirarions. Rcmingron
T,euriter JJ
^htoh Giuio bragagia ahd^rturo bragagia, Datillora[a, 11 1 .
bcgan rhc scrial producrionol Sholcs`s rypcvrircr modcls in Scprcmbcr
J b yq simply bccausc alrcr rhc CivilVarboomrhings had bccn onrhc
slov sidc," andrhcyhad morccapaciryrhanrhcyvcrcusing. "`
Jhcrypcvrircrbccamcadiscursivcmachinc-gun.^rcchnologyvhosc
basic acrionnorcoincidcnrallyconsisrs olsrrikcs andrriggcrs procccds in
auromarcdanddiscrcrcsrcps, as docs ammunirionsrransporrinarcvolvcr
and a machinc-gun, orcclluloid rransporr in a hlmprojccror. Jhc pcn
vas oncc mighricr rhan rhc svord," rrourghagcn,rhc hrsrmonogra-
phcrolrhc rypcvrircr, vrircs in 1 bb, burvhcrcrhc rypcvrircr rulcs,"
hcconrinucs, Krupp`scannonsmusrrcmainsilcnr! "
'urghagcniscon-
rradicrcd,hovcvcr, byhisovndclibcrarionson rhcsignihcanrsatings oj
tine, vhichcndcarrhcmachincrorhcmcrchanr. Virh irs hclponc can
complcrcolhccvorkinarhirdolrhcrimcirvouldrakcvirhrhcpcn,lor
virh cach srrikc ola kcyrhc machinc produccs a complcrc lcrrcr, vhilc
rhc pcnhasro undcrgo abour hvcsrrokcsin ordcr ro producc alcrrcr . . . .
n rhc rimc ir rakcs rhc pcnro pur a dor on rhc "i" orro makc rhc u"
sign,rhcmachincproduccsrvocomplcrclcrrcrs.Jhcsrrikingolrhckcys
lollovs in succcssionvirh grcar spccd, cspcciallyvhcn onc vrircs virh
all hngcrs, rhcn, onc can counr hvc ro rcn kcyboard hirs pcr sccond!"`
Jhis is rhc cpic song ola hrcpovcr vhosc Gcrman rccord as ol^ugusr
Jb srands ar
;; lcrrcrs pcrminurc lorrhirry minurcs olhigh-spccd
ryping. "`'
]can Cocrcau, vho produccd a corrcspondingvork lor cach olrhc
larc-nincrccnrh-ccnrurymcdia-Iatoi bunaine lorrhcacousricsolrhc
:,z T,euriter
rclcphonc,rhcscriprIor rbee Iormirrors, doppclgangcrs, cincmariccI-
Iccrs, and "Iorcarradios, sccrcrcodcs,andshorr-vavcsignals"`-n\dc
rhc rypcvrircr inro rhc rirular hcro oIa play in ,: . Jhc rcason vas
rhcrc in^mcrican idiom. Ior rhrcc acrs, a dcrccrivc chascs anunknovn
vomanvhohas bccnrormcnringhcrcommuniryvirhanonymous,rypc-
vrirrcn lcrrcrs, going by rhc rirlc "rhc rypcvrircr."`` or rhrcc acrs, hc
"imagincsrhcculprirarvorkarhcrrypcvrircr,aimingandopcraringhcr
machinc gun. "` Jypcvrircrs arc simply "Iasr, " nor jusr "likc ]azz" ,as
Ccndrars pur ir) bur also likc rapid-hrc vcapons. n hcr conIcssion,
Cocrcau`sanonymous lcrrcr-vrircr purs ir rhisvay. "vanrcdro arrack
rhc vholcciry. ^ll rhc hypocrirical happincss, rhc hypocrirical picry, rhc
hypocriricalluxury, rhc vholc lying, cgorisrical, avaricious, unrouchablc
bourgcoisic.vanrcdro srirrharmuck,arrackandrcvcalir.rvaslikca
hoax! VirhouraccounringIormysclI, choscrhcdirricsrandchcapcsroI
allvcapons,rhcrypcvrircr."``
^bour vhich rhc playvrighr, in his prcIacc oI :,:, only rcmarkcd
rharhc had porrraycd rhc rcrriblc Icudalprovincc" oIrancc "prior ro
rhcdcbaclc. "`'^sinnocuousasrhcyvcrc,rypcvrircrscouldsrillprovidc
covcr Ior rhc vork oI Gudcrian`s submachinc guns and rank divisions.
^ndindccd.vhcrcasrhc^rmyIighCommandsupplicdirsvarphorog-
raphcrs virh "^rriIlcx hand-hcld camcras, ^skania Z-rripod camcras,
and] spccial-assignmcnrvchiclcs" andirs rccordingspccialisrsvirh"ar-
morcdvchiclcsandranksIorradiobroadcasrs"andvirhmagncrophoncs,
"var rcporrcrs vcrc cquippcd solcly virh rypcvrircrs, and spccihcally,
mosroIrcnvirhcommcrciallyavailablcrravclingrypcvrircrs."`Nodcsry
oIlircrarurcundcrcondirions oIhighrcchnology.
Jhar is prcciscly hov Rcmingron bcgan producrion. Jhc Nodcl
hardly sold, cvcn rhough or prcciscly bccausc onc no lcss rhan Nark
Jvainpurchascd a Rcmingron in 8;. Ic scnr his novcl Ton Sau,er,
rhc hrsr rypcscripr in lircrary hisrory, ro his publishcr, and scnr a para-
doxical lcrrcroIsupporrro rhcrypcvrircrmanuIacrurcr.
LLIJlL!LIt rlLL L IJ L M I JI FIY WY
rlLL L IJ LLI LJlLL JHL LJ JHJ J WN
!LHJNL J HL LIJJHLlY JrrLL JIL JHL JYrL~
WHJJLH H JHL HLI JHJ J ILLH LUiL WHJJL
lLJJLH WJJH JJ J FIYLLY WJJHJ HLLLJJIL
HL_LJ LY HLJI !Jl JHJ J W\lL IJ NlY LLLHJLL
JHL !LHJIL L\J JJL WHJ rHLHL J HL !FLL JI JHL
\L JJ LJL. LJL. J LI ` J lJL J WHJJL
T,euriter ,
lLJJLH IL J LI J WIJ rLriL J W JHJ
J WI JHJ LHJJJY LHLLLJIL iJJJiL LH.
YH JHlY
l. LlLII .
JhcNodclol: 8;8, vhichallovcdrhcsvirchlromlovcrrouppcr
casc lor a pricc ol $ zy , inirially did nor larc much bcrrcr. ur alrcr a
slov srarr ol 6 salcs pcr ycar rhcrc camc a risc rhar approximarcd a
globalsnovballcllccr.`'orin : 88 :, rhc markcring srrarcgisrs olVyck-
oll, Scamans, and cncdicr madc a discovcry. rhcy rccognizcdrhc lasci-
narionrhcirunmarkcrablcmachinchcldlorrhcbarralionsoluncmploycd
vomcn. Vhcn Lillian Sholcs, as "prcsumably" rhc "hrsr rypc-vrircr" in
hisrory,sarandposcdinlronrolhcr larhcr`sprororypc in 8)z, lcmalc
rypisrs camc inro cxisrcncc lor purposcs oldcmonsrrarion, buras a pro-
lcssion andcarccr, rhc srcnorypisr hadycrro comc.Jharvas changcd by
rhc ccnrral branch olrhc YoungVomcn`s Chrisrian^ssociarioninIcv
York Ciry,vhich rraincd cighryoungvomcn in 8 8 ro bccomc rypisrs
andimmcdiarclyrcccivcd hundrcds olinquirics , ar$o a vcck) lromrhc
corporarc vorld.' ^lccdbackloopvas crcarcd connccring rccruirmcnr,
rraining,supply, dcmand,ncvrccruirmcnr,andsoon-hrsrinrhc\nircd
Srarcs, and shorrlyrhcrcalrcrrhrough Chrisrianvomcn`s associarions in
Luropc.
Jhus cvolvcd rhc cxponcnrial luncrion ollcmalc sccrcrarics and rhc
bcllcurvcolmalc sccrcrarics.ronicallycnough,rhcclcrks,olhcchclpcrs,
and pocr-apprcnriccs ol rhc nincrccnrh ccnrury, vho vcrc cxclusivcly
malc, had invcsrcd somuch pridc inrhcir laboriouslyrraincd handvrir-
ing asro ovcrlookRcmingron`s innovarionlor scvcnycars. Jhc conrinu-
ous and cohcrcnr lIovolink, rharmarcrial subsrrarc olallmiddlc-class
in-dividuals and indivisibilirics, madc rhcm blindro a hisroricalchancc.
Vriring askcysrrokcs, spacing, and rhc auromarics oldiscrcrc blocklcr-
rcrsbypasscdavholcsysrcmolcducarion.cnccscxualinnovarionlol-
lovcd rcchnological innovarion almosrimmcdiarcly. Virhour rcsisrancc
mcn clcarcdrhchcld "vhcrccompcririonis as hcrcc asnovhcrcclsc."`
Vomcn rcvcrscd rhchandicapolrhcircducarion,rurning irinroa "so-
callcd cmanciparion" rhar, allprolcrarianlascinarion norvirhsranding,
vcarsrhcvhirc collar olrhc cmploycc oldiscoursc.
n 8 y , cssianschoolrcgularions dcscribcdknovlcdgc olvriring
and arirhmcric as usclul lor girls bur nor indispcnsablc.` ^nd vomcn
"virhour any ralcnr lor arirhmcric, virh rcrriblc handvriring, virh a
Jq T,euriter
Shocs`s daughtcratthcKcmihgtoh, t 8;:.
highly dchcicnrknovlcdgc olorrhographyandmarhcmarics" promprly
srarrcd "in drovcs"ro "vorkonrhc rypcvrircr"-sosays avomanvho
in JOz dcscribcd rhc job ol a jena/e c/er/ "as building a churchrovcr
inrhc air bccausconc had lorgorrcnrhc loundarions. "
urinrhc agcolinlormarion, loundarions nolongcrcounr. Jhclacr
rhar "rhc lcmalc clcrk could all-roo-casily dcgradc inro a mcrc rypc-
vrircr"` madc hcr an asscr. !rom rhc vorking class, rhc middlc class,
andrhcbourgcoisic,ourolambirion,cconomichardship,orrhcpurcdc-
sirc lor cmanciparion` cmcrgcd millions olsccrcrarics. rvasprcciscly
rhcirmarginalposirioninrhc povcrsysrcmolscriprrharlorccdvomcn
ro dcvclop rhcir manual dcxrcriry, vhich surpasscd rhc pridclul hand-
vriring acsrhcrics olmalc sccrcrarics inrhc mcdia sysrcm.Jvo Gcrman
cconomisrsnorcdirin 1b :
Joday, thc typisthas cvovcd ihto a kihd oItypc: shcisgchcrayvcryhighih dc-
mahdahdisthcruihgqucchihthisdomaihhotohyih^mcrica butihGcrmahy
asvc. !tmaycomc as a surprisc to hhd a practica usc Iorvhat has bccomc a
vcritabc paguc acrossthccouhtry,hamcy, piaho cssohs Ioryouhg girs: thcrc-
T,euriter tpj
sutant dcxtcrity is vcry uscIu Ior thc opcration oIthc typcvritcr. Kapid typing
onitcan bc achicvcd ony throughthc dcxtcrous usc oIalljners. !IthisproIcs
sion isnotyctas ucrativc in Gcrmanyas itisin ^mcrica, it isductothc inhtra-
tion oIccmcnts vho pcrIorm thc j oboItypist mcchanicay, vithout any addi-
tionaskis.'"
Ldison`smcchanicaIsroragcolsoundmadc obsoIcrcrhc piano kcy-
board as rhc ccnrraI sroragc dcvicc lor music`s scriprivc Iogic, vomcn
vcrc noIongcraskcdro cndovIyricaIIcrrcrsvirhasingabIc,crsarz scn-
suaIiry,rhcnarionaIpIagucolrhcirdcxrcrirycouIdhnaIIyhndapracricaI
usc onrypcvrircrkcyboards ,dcrivcdlromrhc piano). ^nd sinccpovcr
alrcr rhc prinr monopoIy`s coIIapsc vas divcrrcd ro cabIc and radio, ro
rhcrccordingolrraccs andcIccrricaIcnginccring, ourdarcdsccurirypro-
rocoIsvcrcdroppcdasvcII.vomcnvcrcaIIovcdrorcignovcrrcxrpro-
ccssingaIIbyrhcmscIvcs.Sinccrhcn, "discoursc hasbccnsccondary" and
dcscxuaIizcd.`
^ccrrainSpinncr,rrcasurcrolrhc\nircdSrarcsandalricndolhiIo
Rcmingron, gavcancxampIcolrhischangc. Jhc arrririon olmaIcs dur-
ingrhc CiviIVar lorccdhimro hirc oo vomcnand ro makc rhc srarc-
mcnr,"rharaurhorizcdrhchiringolvomcnlorposirionsingovcrnmcnr
sarishcs mcmorcrhanaIIrhc orhcr achicvcmcnrs inmyIilc. "`'
nc counrry alrcr anorhcr opcncdrhc maiI and vircIcss scrviccs as
vcII asrhc raiIroad ro rypisrs. JcchnoIogicaI mcdia nccdcdrcchnoIogicaI
,orhysrcricaI) mcdia. nrhcGcrmanRcich,rhisvasiniriaIIyundcrsrood
onIy by \ndcrsccrcrary ol rhc nrcrior and Naj or GcncraI von uddc,
chiclolrhcraiIroaddivisionvirhinrhcGrcarGcncraISrall,vhodicrarcd
lIavIcss ordcrs ro his sccrcrarics cvcry day and vho commirrcd subordi-
narc agcncics ro "an incrcascd appropriarion olrypcvrircrs. "` urrhc
Gcrmandrcam olmcn asciviIscrvanrs andvomcnasmorhcrs vcighcd
hcaviIy. vharhadro bccrcarcd lorgirIs invoIvcdinryping, rcIcgraphing,
and rcIcphoning vas a spcciaI, rcmporary, civiI-scrvanr srarus rhar vas
immcdiarcIy rcvokcd upon marriagc.`` \ndcrsrood rharvay, communi-
carions rcchnoIogy amounrcd ro "rhc disinrcgrarion ol rhc oId lamiIy
srrucrurc"`'and "dcnicd" irs lcmaIc machinc opcrarors "a rcrurnro any
roIcinrhclamiIy."``
GIobaIlorms oldisinrcgrarionpur an cndrorhc Gcrmandrcam.n
:,: ;, vhcnrhc^rmyigh CommandbuiIrupirsarscnaIroprcparclor
rhc Ludcndorll ollcnsivc and scrccncd rhc civiI-scrvicc corps lor barrIc
rcadincss,inaIcrrcrindcnburgcsrabIishcdrhc "principIc"rhar,rcgard-
Icss olscx, "vhosocvcrdocsnorvork,shaIInorcar. "ncycarIarcr,rhc
Zeitscbrijt jur ueio/icbe Hande/sgebi/jen ,]ournaI lorlcmaIccIcrks) rc-
:,6 T,euriter
]ahJschichodvritihg, tq8. . . . to substitutcthcihhcrvatiohoI
guidihghhgcrsIorthccohtihuousmovcmchtoIthc hahd" bchjamih).
porrcdIullcompliancc. "Jhc oIhccs oIalI manuIacrurcrs ccnrralro rhc
varcIIorrhavc bccn occupicdvirh IcmaIcvorkcrs,rhcyhavcconqucrcd
cvcn rhc ordcrIy rooms oIrhc army adminisrrarion, shiIr vork vas al-
vaysundcrsraIIcd,andrhcrcvasaconsranrdcmandIorrhcm.Jhcyvcrc
absorbcdinIargcquanrirics byrhcoccupicdrcrrirorics, domcsricadmin-
isrrarivcagcncicsoIalIkindshircdrhcminlargcnumbcrs,lcraIonccom-
litettiM. ostcr byiramo,!tay, 1zC.
,8 T,euriter
panics inrhcprivarc sccror ccnrraI ro rhcvarcIIorr. "` "^ srarc-iris,"
cidcggcrobscrvcdin, y . uronIyinordcrrodoubrvhcrhcrrhis"bc-
ing" consisrs in rhc "Iacrrharrhc poIicc arrcsr a suspccr, orso-and-so-
manyrypcvrircrs arccIarrcringin a govcrnmcnrbuiIding,rakingdovn
rhcvordsoIminisrcrsandsrarcsccrcrarics. "``
nIyhisvinrcrscmcsrcrinSraIingradrcvcaIcdrorhcrhinkcr-much
ro rhc surprisc oIhisIisrcncrs-rhcrcIarionship among cing, Nan, and
rypcvrircr.
mAR1I r HBI OBGGBR Cr 1HB HArO ArO 1HB
1YIBRI 1BR : pq :-q )
Nanhimscllacrs bande/t] rhroughrhchandHand] ; lorrhchandis,ro-
gcrhcrvirhrhcvord,rhc csscnrialdisrincrionolman. Onlyabcingvhich,
likcman, "has"rhcvord ,(0o,o ),canandmusr "havc" "rhchand."
Jhroughrhc hand occurborhpraycrandmurdcr,grccringandrhanks,oarh
and signal, andalsorhc "vork" olrhc hand,rhc "hand-vork,"andrhc
rool. Jhc handshakc scalsrhccovcnanr.Jhchand brings abourrhc "vork"
oldcsrrucrion.Jhchandcxisrsashandonlyvhcrcrhcrcisdisclosurcand
conccalmcnr.Io animalhasahand,andahandncvcroriginarcslrom a
pavoracIavorralon.vcnrhchandoloncindcspcrarion ,irlcasrolalI)
isncvcraralon,virhvhichapcrsonclurchcsviIdIy. Jhchandsprang lorrh
only ourolrhcvord and rogcrhcr virhrhc vord. Nan docs nor "havc"
hands,burrhchandholdsrhc csscnccolman,bccauscrhcvordasrhc cs-
scnrialrcalmolrhchandisrhcgroundolrhccsscnccolman.Jhcvordas
vharisinscribcdandvharappcarsrorhcrcgardisrhcvrirrcnvord,i.c.,
scripr.^nd rhcvordasscriprishandvriring.
Iris nor accidcnral rharmodcrnmanvrircs "virh" rhcrypcvrircrand
"dicrarcs" di/tiert] ,rhcsamcvordas "pocrizc" dicbten] , "inro" ama-
chinc.Jhis "hisrory" olrhckindsolvriringis onc olrhcmain rcasons lor
rhc incrcasing dcsrrucrion olrhcvord. Jhc larrcr no longcrcomcsand gocs
by mcans olrhcvriringhand,rhc propcrIy acringhand, burbymcans olrhc
mcchanical lorccs irrclcascs.Jhcrypcvrircrrcars vriringlromrhc csscnriaI
rcalmolrhchand,i.c.,rhcrcalmolrhcvord.Jhcvordirscllrurns inro
somcrhing "rypcd. "Vhcrcrypcvriring, onrhcconrrary, is onIyarranscrip-
rionand scrvcsroprcscrvcrhcvriring, orrurnsinroprinrsomcrhingal-
rcadyvrirrcn, rhcrc irhasapropcr,rhoughlimircd, signihcancc.Inrhcrimc
T,euriter :,,
O InC hrsI dOmInanCC O InC IypCVrIICr, a CIICr VrIIICn On InIs maCnInC sII
sIOOd Or a brCaCn O yOOd mannCrs. Oday, a nandVrIIICn CIICr Is an anII-
guaICd and undCsIrCd InIny; II dIsIurbs spCCd rCadIny. ^CCnanICa VrIIIny
dCprIVCs InC nand O IIs ranK In InC rCam O InC VrIIICn VOrd and dCyradCs
InC VOrd IO a mCans O COmmunICaIIOn. n addIIIOn, mCCnanICa VrIIIny
prOVIdCs InIs adVanIayC, InaI II COnCCas InC nandVrIIIny and InCrCby InC
CnaraCICr. nC IypCVrIICr maKCs CVCryOnC OOK InC samC . . . .
nCrCOrC, VnCn VrIIIny Vas VIIndraVn rOm InC OrIyIn O IIs CssCnCC,
I.C., rOm InC nand, and Vas IransCrrCd IO InC maCnInC, a IransOrmaIIOn
OCCurrCd In InC rCaIIOn O CIny IO man. I Is O IIIC ImpOrIanCC Or InIs
IransOrmaIIOn nOV many pCOpC aCIuay usC InC IypCVrIICr and VnCInCr
InCrC arC sOmC VnO snun II. I Is nO aCCIdCnI InaI InC InVCnIIOn O InC prInI-
Iny prCss COInCIdCs VIIn InC InCCpIIOn O InC mOdCrn pCrIOd. nC VOrd-sIyns
bCCOmC IypC, and InC VrIIIny sIrOKC dIsappCars. nC IypC Is sCI, InC sCI
bCCOmCs prCssCd. nIs mCCnanIsm O sCIIIny and prCssIny and prInIIny
Is InC prCImInary Orm O InC IypCVrIICr. n InC IypCVrIICr VC hnd InC Ir-
rupIIOn O InC mCCnanIsm In InC rCam O InC VOrd. nC IypCVrIICr Cads
ayaIn IO InC IypCsCIIIny maCnInC. nC prCss bCCOmCs InC rOIary prCss. n rO-
IaIIOn, InC IrIumpn O InC maCnInC COmCs IO InC OrC. ndCCd, aI hrsI, bOOK
prInIIny and InCn maCnInC IypC OCr adVanIayCs and COnVCnICnCCs, and
InCsC InCn unVIIIInyy sICCr prCCrCnCCs and nCCds IO InIs KInd O VrIIICn
COmmunICaIIOn. nC IypCVrIICr VCIs InC CssCnCC O VrIIIny and O InC
sCrIpI. I VIIndraVs rOm man InC CssCnIIa ranK O InC nand, VIInOuI mans
CXpCrICnCIny InIs VIIndraVa apprOprIaICy and rCCOynIzIny InaI II nas
IransOrmCd InC rCaIIOn O CIny IO nIs CssCnCC.
nC IypCVrIICr Is a sIynCss COud, I. C. , a VIIndraVIny COnCCamCnI In
InC mIdsI O IIs VCry ObIrusIVCnCss, and InrOuyn II InC rCaIIOn O CIny IO
man Is IransOrmCd. I Is In aCI sIynCss, nOI snOVIny IIsC as IO IIs CssCnCC;
pCrnaps InaI Is Vny mOsI O yOu, as Is prOVCn IO mC by yOur rCaCIIOn,
InOuyn VC InICndCd, naVC nOI yraspCd VnaI naVC bCCn IryIny IO say.
naVC nOI bCCn prCsCnIIny a dIsguIsIIIOn On InC IypCVrIICr IIsC, rC-
yardIny VnICn II COud usIIhaby bC asKCd VnaI In InC VOrd InaI nas IO dO
VIIn armCnIdCs. ^y InCmC Vas InC mOdCrn rCaIIOn IransOrmCd by InC
IypCVrIICr) O InC nand IO VrIIIny, I. C. , IO InC VOrd, I.C. , IO InC unCOnCCaCd-
nCss O CIny. ^mCdIIaIIOn On unCOnCCaCdnCss and On CIny dOCs nOI
mCrCy naVC sOmCInIny IO dO VIIn InC dIdaCIIC pOCm O armCnIdCs, II nas
CVCryInIny IO dO VIIn II. n InC IypCVrIICr InC maCnInC appCars, I.C. , ICCn-
nOOyy appCars, In an amOsI guOIIdIan and nCnCC unnOIICCd and nCnCC sIyn-
Css rCaIIOn IO VrIIIny, I. C. , IO InC VOrd, I.C. , IO InC dIsIInyuIsnIny CssCnCC O
man. ^mOrC pCnCIraIIny COnsIdCraIIOn VOud naVC IO rCCOynIzC nCrC InaI
zoo T,euriter
rhcrypcvrircrisnorrcallyamachincinrhcsrricrscnsc olmachincrcchnol-
ogy, burisan inrcrmcoiarc" rhing, bcrwccn aroolano amachinc, amccha-
nism. Irsprooucrion, hovcvcr, iscondirioncdbymachincrcchnology.
Jhis machinc, "opcrarcdinrhc closcsrviciniryro rhcvoro, is inusc,ir
imposcsirsovn usc. vcnilvc oonor acrually opcrarc rhismachinc,ir dc-
mandsrharvc rcgaroirilonlyrorcnouncc ano avoidir.Jhis siruarionis
consranrlyrcpcarcdcvcryvhcrc,inallrclarions olmodcrnmanrorcchnol-
ogy.Jcchnologyiscnrrcnchcoinourhisrory.``
"urvriringroolsarcaIsovorkingonourrhoughrs, "Iicrzschcvrorc.`'
"Jcchnology is cnrrcnchcd in our hisrory, " cidcggcr said. urrhc onc
vrorc rhc scnrcncc abour rhc rypcvrircr on a rypcvrircr, rhc orhcr dc-
scribcd ,in a magnihccnr old Gcrman hand) rypcvrircrs pcr sc. Jhar is
vhy irvas Iicrzschc vho iniriarcd rhc rransvaluarion olaIl vaIucs virh
hisphilosophicaIlyscandalousscnrcncc abourmcdiarcchnoIogy. n 88z,
human bcings, rhcir rhoughrs, andrhcir aurhorship rcspccrivcly vcrc rc-
placcd byrvo scxcs, rhc rcxr, and blind vriring cquipmcnr. ^s rhc hrsr
mcchanizcdphiIosophcr, Iicrzschc vas aIso rhclasr.Jypcscripr,accord-
ingro Klaphcck`spainring,vascaIIcd Tbe Wi// to |ouer.
Iicrzschc sullcrcdlromcxrrcmc myopia, anisocoria, and migraincs
, ro say norhing olhis rumorcd progrcssivc paralysis) . ^n cyc docror in
ranklurr arrcsrcd rhar Iicrzschc`s "righr cyc couId onIy pcrccivc mis-
shapcn and disrorrcd imagcs" asvcll as "lcrrcrs rhar vcrc virruaIly bc-
yond rccognirion, " vhcrcas rhc lclr, "dcspirc irs myopia," vas in 8;;
sriIl capabIc ol"rcgisrcringnormaIimagcs. " Iicrzschc`s hcadachcsrhcrc-
lorc appcarcd ro bc asccondary symprom, "' and his arrcmprs ro phi-
losophizcvirhahammcrrhcnarural conscqucncc ol"an incrcascd srim-
uIarion olrhc sirc inrhc prclronralvall olrhc rhird vcnrriclc rcsponsiblc
lor aggrcssion. "'' Jhinkcrs olrhc lounding agc olmcdia naruraIIy did
noronIyrurnlromphilosophyro physiologyinrhcory,rhcirccnrraIncr-
vous sysrcmalvays prcccdcd rhcm.
Iicrzschc himscll succcssivcly dcscribcd his condirion as quarrcr
blindncss, hall-bIindncss, rhrcc-quarrcr blindncss ,ir vas lor orhcrs ro
suggcsr mcnral dcrangcmcnr, rhc ncxr srcp in rhis marhcmarical sc-
qucncc) .'Rcadinglcrrcrs ,ormusicalnorcs) disrorrcdbcyondrccognirion
bccamc painlul alrcr rvcnry minurcs, as did vriring. rhcrvisc, Iicrz-
schcvouldnorhavc arrriburcdhis "rclcgramsrylc, "'`vhichhcdcvcIopcd
T,euriter lO1
!ohrad !aphcck, TleWilltoIouer, 1. Kcproduccdcourtcsy oIthc artist)
vhiIcvriring rhc suggcsrivcly rirlcd Tbe Vanderer and His Sbadou, ro
hiscycpain. Jo dirccrrhcblindncssolrhisshadov,hchadbccnplanning
ro purchasc a rypcvrircr as carly as 8 ;,, rhc so-calIcd "ycarolbIind-
ncss. " r happcncdin 8 8 . Iicrzschcgor "inrouchvirhirsinvcnror, a
anc lrom Copcnhagcn. "` "Ny dcar Sisrcr, knovanscn`s machinc
quirc vcll, Nr. anscn has vrirrcn ro mc rvicc and scnr mc sampIcs,
dravings, and asscssmcnrs olprolcssorslrom Copcnhagcnabourir. Tbis
isrhc onc vanr ,not rhc^mcricanonc,vhichis roo hcavy) . "
Sinccourvriringroolsalsovorkonourrhoughrs,Iicrzschc`schoicc
lolIovcdsrricr, rcchnical dara. Lnrourc bcrvccn Lngadinc and rhc Riv-
icra, hc dccidcd hrsr lor arravclingrypcvrircrand sccond asrhc crippIc
rharhc vas. ^r a rimc vhcn "only vcrylcv ovncd a rypcvrircr, vhcn
zoz T,euriter
rhcrc vcrc no saIcs rcrcscnrarivcs jin Gcrmany] and machincs vcrc
availablconlyundcrrhcrablc, "'`asinglcmandcmonsrrarcdaknovlcdgc
olcnginccring. ,Virhrhcrcsulrrhar^mcricanhisroriansolrhcrycvrircr
cIidc Iicrzschcandanscn. )'`
ansRasmus]ohannNalIinganscn, 8 y,o, , asrorandhcadol
rhcroyalOvsrummcinsrirurinCocnhagcn,''dcvcIocdhiss/rite/ug/e /
vriring baIl/sbere ecritante ourolrhc obscrvarion rhar his dcal-murc
aricnrs` sign languagc vas lasrcr rhan handvriring. Jhc machinc "did
norrakc inroaccounr rhc nccds olbusincss" burrarhcrvas mcanrro
comcnsarc lor hysioIogicaI dchcicncics and ro incrcasc vriring sccd
,vhichromrcdrhcIordicJcIcgrahy Co.rousc "anumbcrolvriring
baIls lor rhc rranslcr olincoming rcIcgrams") . ' ilry-lour conccnrrically
arrangcd kcy rods ,no lcvcrs as ycr) imrinrcd cairal lcrrcrs, numbcrs,
and signsvirha coIorribbon onro a rcIarivcly smaIl shccr olacrrhar
vas lasrcncd cylindricaIIy. ^ccording ro urghagcn, rhis scmishcric
arrangcmcnr olrhc kcys had rhc advanragc olalloving "rhc bIind, lor
vhomrhis vriring ballvasrimarilydcsigncd,ro lcarnvriring onirina
surrisinglyshorr rimc. nrhc surlacc ola shcrc cach osirion iscom-
lcrcIyidcnrihablcbyirsrcIarivclocarion. . . . risrhcrclorcossiblcrobc
guidcd soIcIy by onc`s scnsc olrouch, vhich vouId bcmuchmorc dilh-
culr inrhc casc olllarkcyboards. "` Jharis rcciscly hov ir couldhavc
bccn srarcd inrhcasscssmcnrsolrolcssorslrom Cocnhagcnlorahall-
blindcx-rolcssor.
n 86y NalIinganscnrcccivcdhisarcnr,in 86) hcsrarrcdscrial
roducrion ol his rycvrircr, in 8;z rhc Gcrmans ,and Iicrzschc )
lcarncdolir lrom rhc Leiziger //ustrirte Zeitung.`` inally, i n 88z rhc
Cocnhagcnrinring comany ol C. crslcvcombincd rying balIs and
vomcn-as a mcdium ro ollscr rhc nuisancc rhar "rhcir lcmalc rycscr-
rcrs vcrcsignihcanrlymorc rcoccuicdvirhrhc dccoding olhandvrir-
rcnrcxrs rhanvirh rhc acrual scrring olrcxr." NcIuhan`s lavrharrhc
rycvrircr causcs "an cnrircly ncv arrirudc ro rhc vrirrcn and rinrcd
vord" bccauscir "luscscomosirion andublicarion"`vas rcaIizcd lor
rhchrsrrimc. ,Joday, vhcn handvrirrcnubIishcr`smanuscrirs arc rar-
irics, "rhc cnrirc rinringindusrry, viarhc Iinoryc, dccnds] uonrhc
rycvrircr. ") '
nrhc samc ycar andlorrhc samcrcasons, Iicrzschc dccidcdro buy.
or ;y Rcichsmarks , shiing nor includcd)``cvcn a hall-bIind vrircr
chascd by ublishcrs vas ablc ro roducc "documcnrs as bcaurilul and
srandardizcd asrinr. "` "^lrcr a vcck" olrycvriring racricc, Iicrz-
schc vrorc, "rhc cycs no Iongcr havc ro do rhcir vork" .' ecriture au-
T,euriter zo
tonatique hadbccninvcnrcd,rhcshadovoIrhcvandcrcrincarnarcd.n
March 88z, rhc er/iner Tageo/att rcporrcd.
Jhc vc-khovh phiosophcr ahd vritcr sicj Iricdrich Pictzschc,vhoscIaiihg
cycsight madc it hcccssary Ior him to rchouhcc his proIcssorship ih basc thrcc
ycars ago, currchty ivcs ih Gchoa ahd-cxccptihgthc progrcssioh oIhis aIIic-
tiohtothc poihtoIcompctcbihdhcss-Iccsbcttcrthahcvcr.iththchcpoIa
typcvritcr hchas rcsumcd hisvritihg activitics, ahdvccahhchcccxpccta book
aohg thc ihcs oIhis ast ohcs. !t isvidcykhovhthat his hcv vork stahds ih
markcdcohtrastto his hrst, sighihcahtvritihgs.`
ndccd. Iicrzschc, asproud oIrhcpublicarion oIhis mcchanizarion
as any philosophcr,`' changcd Irom argumcnrs ro aphorisms, Irom
rhoughrs ro puns, Irom rhcroric ro rclcgram srylc. Jhar is prcciscly vhar
is mcanr byrhc scnrcncc rhar our vriring rools arc also vorking on our
rhoughrs. Nalling anscn`s vriring ball, virhirs opcraring diIhculrics,
madcIicrzschcinroalaconic. Jhcvcll-knovnphilosophcrandvrircr"
shcd his hrsr arrriburc in ordcr ro mcrgc virh his sccond. Ischolarship
and rhinking, cspcciallyrovardrhc cnd oIrhc nincrccnrhccnrury, vcrc
allovcdormadcpossiblconlyaIrcrcxrcnsivcrcading,rhcnirvasblind-
ncss and blindncssaloncrhar dclivcrcd" rhcmIrom rhcbook. "
`
Good ncvs IromIicrzschc rhar coincidcd virh all rhc carly rypc-
vrircrmodcls.IoncoIrhcmodclspriorro\ndcrvood`sgrcarinnovarion
oI 8,; allovcd immcdiarc visual conrrol ovcr rhc ourpur. n ordcr ro
rcad rhc rypcd rcxr, onc had ro liIr shurrcrs on rhc Rcmingron modcl,
vhcrcas virh Nalling anscn`s-norvirhsranding orhcr claims``-rhc
scmicirculararrangcmcnroIrhckcysirsclIprcvcnrcdavicvoIrhcpapcr.
ur cvcn\ndcrvood`s innovarion didnorchangc rhc Iacrrhar rypcvrir-
ingcanand musr rcmain a blind acriviry. nrhcprccisccnginccringlingo
oI^ngclo cycrlcn, rhc royalsrcnographcroIVirrrcmbcrg and rhc hrsr
rypcvrircr dcalcr oIrhc Rcich. n vriring by hand, rhc cyc musr con-
sranrlyvarchrhcvrirrcnlincandonlyrhar.rmusrarrcndrorhccrcarion
oIcachsign,musrmcasurc,dirccr, and, inshorr,guidcrhchandrhrough
cachmovcmcnr. " ^mcdia-rcchnologicalbasisoIclassicalaurhorshiprhar
rypcvriringsimplyliquidarcs. yconrrasr,aIrcroncbricllyprcsscsdovn
onakcy,rhcrypcvrircrcrcarcs inrhcpropcrposiriononrhcpapcracom-
plcrclcrrcr,vhichisnoronlyunrouchcd byrhcvrircr`shand bur also lo-
carcdinaplacccnrirclyaparrIromvhcrcrhchandsvork. "Virh\ndcr-
vood`smodcls,roo, rhcsporvhcrcrhcncxrsignrobcvrirrcnoccurs" is
prccisclyvhar. s . cannot bc sccn."` ^Ircr a Iracrion oIa sccond, rhc
acroIvriringsropsbcinganacroIrcadingrharisproduccdbyrhcgracc
zo T,euriter
^aihg !ahsch,ritihgba, t 8 6;, amodcoIPictzschc`stypcvritcr. Lur
vritihgroosarc asovorkihgohourthoughts" cttcrtoctcrGast). Kcpro
duccd courtcsyoIthc StiIruhgcimarcr!assik, Gocthc-Schicr-^rchiv)
ol a human subjccr. Virh rhc hclp ol blind machincs, pcoplc, vhcrhcr
blindornor, acquirc ahisroricallyncvprohcicncy.ecriture autonatique.
Loosclyrranslaringcycrlcn`sdicrumrhar "lorvriring,visibiliryisas
unncccssary roday as ir has alvays bccn,"`` an ^mcrican cxpcrimcnral
psychologisr ,vho in ,o mcasurcd rhc "^cquisirion ol Skill in Jypc-
Vriring" andvhoobligcdhissubjccrsrokccprypcdrcsrdiarics)rccordcd
documcnraryscnrcnccslikcrhosc ol^ndrcrcron.
Tyjeuriter zoy
ScII-advcrtiscmchtoIthc mcdium-atypcvritcrvith visibctypc.
zqrh day. !ahds ahd hhgcr arc cIcary bccomihg morc Icxibc ahd adcpr.
Jhcchahgchovgoihgoh, asidcIrom grovihg IIcxibiity, is ih carhihgro Iocarc
kcysvithoutvairihgto sccrhcm. !hothcrvords, irisIocatiohbypositioh.
zth day.Locatioh muscuar, ctc. ) , Icttcrahdvord associatiohs arc hovih
progrcss oIauromatizatioh.
8thday. Jo-day!IouhdmyscIhotihIrcquchtystrikihgcttcrs bcIorc!vas
cohscious oIsccihgthcm. Jhcy sccm ro havc bcchpcrIcctihgthcmscIvcs ust bc
Iovrhc cvc oIcohscioushcss. `
"^ unny Srory ^bour rhc lind, crc. " ,cycrlcn`s cssay rirlc) vas
alsorhcsroryolrhcmcchanizcdphiIosophcr.Iicrzschc`srcasonslorpur-
chasingarypcvrircrvcrcvcry dillcrcnrlrom rhosc olhislcvcollcagucs
who vrorclor cnrcrrainmcnr purposcs, such as Jvain, Lindau,^my ror,
Harr,Ianscn, and so on.Jhcy all counrcdonincrcascdspccd and rcx-
zo6 Tyjeuriter
rualmassproducrion,rhc halI-bIind, byconrrasr,rurncdIromphiIosophy
ro lircrarurc,lromrcrcadingro apurc, blind, and inrransirivc acr oIvrir-
ing. Jharisvhyhis NallinganscnrypcdrhcmorrooIallmodcrn,high-
brov lircrarurc. "inaIly, vhcn my cycs prcvcnrmc lrom /earning any-
rhing-and havc aImosrrcachcd rhar poinr! vill srill bc abIc ro cralr
vcrsc."
8 8, is gcncrally considcrcd rhc ycar zcro oI rypcvrircr Iircrarurc,
rhar barcIy rcscarchcd mass ol documcnrs, rhc ycar in vhich Conan
Ooylc hrsr publishcd Case oj dentity. ack rhcn, Shcrlock olmcs
managcd ro provc hisclaimrharrhcrypcdIovc lcrrcrs , includingrhc sig-
narurc) rcccivcd by onc olLondon`s hrsr and osrcnsibly myopic rypisrs
vcrcrhcvork olhcr criminal srcplarhcr cngaging inmarriagc Iraud. ^
machinc-produccdrrickoIanonymizarion rharpromprcdoImcs,scvcn-
rccn ycars prior ro rhc prolcssionals in rhcpolicc, ro vrirc amonograph
cnrirlcd n tbe Tyjeuriter and ts e/ation to Crine. '
ur csrccm Ior Ooylc norvirhsranding, ir is noncrhclcss an oprical-
philologicaIplcasurcro shovrharrypcvriringlircrarurcbcganin 8 8z-
virhapocm by ricdrichIicrzschcrharcouldvcllbcrirlcd n tbe Tyje-
uriter and ts e/ation to Writing.
n rhcsc rypcd, rhar is, lircrally lorgcd or craIrcd, vcrscs, rhrcc mo-
mcnrs oIvriring coincidc. rhc cquipmcnr, rhc rhing, and rhc agcnr. ^n
aurhor, hovcvcr, docsnor appcarbccauschcrcmainsonrhclringcsolrhc
vcrsc. as rhc addrcsscdrcadcr,vhovould "urilizc" rhc "dclicarc"'

vrir
ingballknovn asIicrzschcinallirsambiguiry. ur vriring rool noronly
vorksonourrhoughrs,ir"isarhinglikcmc. "Ncchanizcd and auromaric
vriring rcIurcs rhc phalloccnrrism oI classicaI pcns. Jhc Iarc oI rhc
philosophcruriIizcdby his hnc hngcrs vas nor aurhorship bur Icminiza-
rion. Jhus Iicrzschc rook his pIacc ncxr ro rhcyoung Chrisrianvomcn
oIRcmingronandrhcrypcscrrcrsolNallinganscnin Copcnhagcn.
urrharhappincssvasnorrolasrIong.JhchumanvriringbaIlspcnr
rvo vinrcr monrhs in Gcnoa ro rcsr and rcpair irs ncv and casily mal-
luncrioning Iavorircroy,ro uriIizc and composc upon ir. Jhcn rhc spring
onrhcRivicra,virhirs dovnpours, pur ancnd ro ir. "Jhc damncdvrir
ing," Iicrzschc vrorc, sclI-rclcrcnrially as aIvays, "rhc rypcvrircr has
bccn unusao/e sincc my Iasr card, Iorrhcvcarhcr is drcary and cIoudy,
rharis,humid. rhcn cachrimc rhc ribbon is also uet and stic/y, sorhar
cvcry kcy gcrs sruck, andrhc vriring cannor bc sccn at a//. Iyou rhink
abourir! ! "''
^IacsimicoIPictzschc's ^aihg !ahsch pocm, Icbruary-^arch :88:. Jhc
tcxt rcads,

:nr vri:iNc r.tt :s . :n:Nc tikr :r. :.or or /iroN /.r: r.sit+
:vis:ro oN ;ourNr+s. /r.:irNcr .No :.c: .rr rruirro :N .ruNo.Ncr, /.s
vrtt .s riNr r:Ncrrs, :o tsr ts.
-
KcproduccdcourtcsyoIthc StiItuhg
`cimarcr!assik, Gocthc-Schicr-^rchiv)
zo8 Tyjeuriter
^ndsoirvasarainin Gcnoarharsrarrcdandsroppcd modcrnvriring-
avriringrharissolclyrhcmarcrialiryolirsmcdium. ^ lcrrcr,a lirrcr, "a
piccc olvriring, a piccc oldirr,]oyccmockcd.Iicrzschc`srypcvrircr,or
rhcdrcamollusinglircraryproducrionvirhlircraryrcproducrion, insrcad
luscd againvirhblindncss,invisibiliry, andrandomnoisc,rhcirrcduciblc
background olrcchnological mcdia. inally, lcrrcrs on rhc pagc lookcd
likcrhc oncsonrhcrighr rcrina.
urIicrzschcdidnorsurrcndcr. noncolhislasrrypcvrirrcnlcrrcrs
hc addrcsscd mcdia-rcchnologicalcomplcmcnrs and/or human subsriru
rion. rhc phonograph andrhc sccrcrary. Jhis machinc, " hc obscrvcdin
anorhcr cquarionolvriringcquipmcnrvirhvrircr, isasdclicarc asalir-
rlc dog and causcs a lor ol rroublc-and providcs somc cnrcrrainmcnr.
Iov allmy lricndshavc ro doisro invcnr a rcading machinc. orhcrvisc
villlall bchindmyscllandvon`rbcablcro supplymyscllvirhsulhcicnr
inrcllccrual nourishmcnr. r, rarhcr. nccd ayoungpcrsonvhoisinrclli-
gcnrandknovlcdgcablccnoughro uor/ virhmc. vould cvcnconsidcr
arvo-ycar-longmarriagclorrharpurposc. "'
Virhrhccollapscolhis machinc, Iicrzschc bccamc aman again. ur
only roundcrmincrhc classicalnorionollovc.^s virh mcn sincc rimc im-
mcmorial andvomcn only rcccnrly, ayoung pcrson" and a rvo-ycar-
longmarriagc" arc cquallysuirablcro conrinucrhc lailcd lovc allairvirh
arypcvrircr.
^nd so ir happcncd. Iicrzschc`s lricnd aul Rcc, vho had alrcady
rransporrcdrhc Nalling anscnro Gcnoa, vas also scarching lorirshu-
man rcplaccmcnr. somcbody vho could aid" Iicrzschc in his philo
sophicalsrudicsvirhallkindsolvriring,copying,andcxccrpring. "'`ur
insrcad ol prcscnring an inrclligcnryoungman, hc prcscnrcdararhcr no-
roriousyoungladyvho, onhcrparh ol scholarlyjroduction, " rcquircd
a
teacber" .' Louvon Salomc.
^nd so a dcluncr rypcvrircr vas rcplaccd by rhc mosr lamous mc
nagc rrois ol lircrary hisrory. Jhc qucsrion ol vhcrhcr, vhcn, and in
vhargroupingrolcssorIicrzschc,Or Rcc,andNs. vonSalomcvcnrro
bcdvirhonc anorhcrmaybcamusingro psychologisrs. urrhcqucsrion
as ro vhy young vomcn olrhc Iicrzschc cra could rcplacc his vriring
ballandcvcnhisprovcrbiallyrarc srudcnrs is olprioriryro us. Jhclocally
knovnsisrcrolrhc globallyknovnbrorhcr, asschorrpur ir) gavc anan-
svcr ro rhar qucsrion. n hcr monograph, Iriedricb Nietzscbe and tbc
Wonen oj His Tine, Llisabcrh rsrcr dcscribcd hov prolcssors arrhc
\nivcrsiryolZurich vcrymuchapprcciarcdhavingcmanciparcdvomcn
olrhcrimcarunivcrsiricsandlibraricsassccrcraricsandassisranrs"'` ,cs-
Tyjeuriter zo,
pcciaIly oncc cmanciparion had gradually rakcn on morc rcmpcrarc
lorms" andvas nolongcrsynonymousvirhgcndcrvar).Virhrhc Iogi-
caI conscqucncc rhar young vomcn lrom Russia or russia ,vhcrc rhc
managcmcnroldiscourscandhighcrcducarionvasrorcmainamaIcmo-
nopoIyunril ,o8) hadcvcryrcasonro cnroIl, as didLouvon Salomc, ar
rhcphilosophicallaculryolZurich.VirhrhclurrhcrIogicalconscqucncc
rharlormcrprolcssorsolrhc\nivcrsiryolasclhadcvcryrcasonrovcl-
comcrhcmassccrcraricsandassisranrs.^ranyrarc,rhcdichadlongbccn
casr bclorc an impassioncd philosophcr and his Russian lovc climbcd
^onrc Sacro . . .
Iicrzschc`s philosophy simpIy implcmcnrcd rhc dcscxualizarion ol
vriring andrhc univcrsiry. Sincc no coIlcaguc andhardly a srudcnr in
ascIcouldbccnrhuscd abourIicrzschc`smosrdccplylcIrvish,namcIy,
rocsrablishaZararhusrrachair, Iicrzschcdismanrlcdrhcclcmcnrarybar-
ricr ol philosophical discourscs. c rccruircd his srudcnrs lrom rhc
vomcnvho had jusr rcccnrlybccnadmirrcd ro rhc univcrsirics.Louvon
Salomcvas onIy onc olmany srudcnrs olphilosophyinZurichvhocon-
racrcd him. asidc lrom hcr, rhcrc vcrc rhc lorgorrcn namcs Rcsa von
Schirnholcr, ^cra vonSalis, andcspcciallycIcncOruskovirz,vho suc-
cccdcd , andcompcrcdvirh) Iicrzschc aIlrhc vayro hcr dcarh inanin-
sancasyIum. Curiouslycnough,vharIicrzschccaIIcdTbe Iuture oj ur
nstitutions oj Higber ducation bcgan, olallplaccs,inrhcquicrandrc-
movcdLngadinc.cginningin 8 8 y, cmanciparcdvomcnsrudcnrs rrav-
clcd ro Sils ^aria onIy ro gcr ro knov bcrrcr rol. Iicrzschc, vho ap-
pcarcd ro rhcmasrhc mosrdangcrous cncmy olvomcn. "''
ur rhar`s hov ir gocs. ]usr as rhc hundrcd-ycar-long cxclusion ol
vomcnlrom univcrsirics andphilosophylcdro rhc idcalizarionolgrand
Oamc Iarurc, so rhcir rcncvcd inclusion aIrcrcd philosophy as such.
Vharcgclin his yourh calIcdLovc ,and a Lovcrharvas onc virh rhc
dca),Iicrzschcincce Hono nororiously rransvalucd inrorhcdchnirion
rhar Lovc in irs mcans, is] var, ar borrom, rhc dcadly harrcd ol rhc
scxcs. "' ^nd il rhc ncv philosophcr, lolIoving such insighrs, loughr
againsr cmanciparion as a lorm olconscicnrious obj ccrion and cvcn dc-
hncdVomanasborhrrurhand unrrurh,onlylcmalcphilosophcrshadan
ansvcr. Jhcharrcd lormalcs olcIcncOruskovirz, Iicrzschc`s lormcr
srudcnr,cvcnourdidhisharrcdlorvomcn.Jhccscalarionolposirionsin
rhcvork olrvo vrircrs, a man and avoman, gavc prool olIicrzschc`s
mcdia-spccihcnorionolhcrcroscxuaIiry.
Iicrzschc and Lou von SaIomc`s honcymoon vould havc bccn nicc
and lorgorrcn. Jhcir ccasclcssly cscalaring gcndcr var is vhar srarrcd
zo Tyjeurtter
Iicrzschc`s Iamc. Vomcn ,and ]cvs) broughr an almosr complcrcly si-
lcnccdcx-proIcssor back inro rhcpublic.VhcrhcrouroIharrcd, asvirh
Oruskovirz, or lovc, Iicrzschc`s privarc srudcnrs bccamc vrircrs, and
rhcir carccrs in rurn aIIordcd rhcm rhc opporruniry ro vrirc books on
Iicrzschc. "Virh all kinds oI vriring, copying, and cxccrpring, " as dc-
sircd,vomcndidrhcirsccrcrarialvork.
Jhar is j usr hov prcciscly Iicrzschc rcgisrcrcd discursivc changcs.
LvcniIrhcsysrcmoIhighcrcducarionhadarruncdhim, asirdidallorh-
crs, rohandvriringandacadcmichomoscxualiry, hchimsclIsrarrcd somc-
rhingncv.Jhcrvo rclaycdinnovarionsoIhisrimc, vriringmachincsand
vriring vomcn, rccordcdhisspccch.
"urvriringroolsarcalsovorkingonourrhoughrs. "cnccIicrz-
schc`s ncxr rhoughr-Iour ycars aIrcr rhc malIuncrioning oI his rypc-
vrircr-vas ro philosophizc on rhc rypcvrircr irsclI. nsrcad oI rcsring
Rcmingron`scompcringmodcl,hcclcvarcdNallinganscn`sinvcnrionro
rhc srarus oI a philosophy. ^nd rhisphilosophy, insrcad oI dcriving rhc
cvolurion oIrhc humanbcingIrom cgcl`s spirir ,inbcrvccnrhc lincsoI
books)orNarx`slabor,inbcrvccnrhc diIIcrcnrialporcnrial oImuscular
cncrgy) , bcganvirhaninIormarionmachinc.
n rhc sccond cssay oI n tbe Genea/ogy oj Mora/s, knovlcdgc,
spccch, andvirruousacrionarcnolongcr inborn arrriburcsoINan. Likc
rhc animal rharvill soongo bya diIIcrcnr namc,Nan dcrivcdIromIor-
gcrIulncss and random noisc, rhc background oI all mcdia. Vhich sug-
gcsrs rhar in t 886, duringrhc Iounding agc oImcchanizcd sroragc rcch-
nologics, human cvolurion, roo, aims rovard rhc crcarion oI a machinc
mcmory. Guyau`sargumcnrprcsupposcsrhcphonograph,Iicrzschc`s,rhc
rypcvrircr. Jo makc IorgcrIul animals inro human bcings, a blind Iorcc
srrikcs rhar dismcmbcrs and inscribcs rhcir bodics in rhc rcal, unril pain
irsclI brings Iorrh a mcmory. coplc kccp promiscs and cxccurc ordcrs
onlyaIrcrrorrurc.
VriringinIicrzschcisnolongcranaruralcxrcnsionoIhumansvho
bringIorrhrhcirvoicc,soul,individualiryrhroughrhcirhandvriring. n
rhcconrrary.jusrasinrhcsranzaonrhcdclicarcNallinganscn,humans
changc rhcirposirion-rhcyrurnIromrhcagcncy oIvriringro bccomc an
inscriprion surIacc. Convcrscly, allrhc agcncy oIvriring passcs on in irs
violcncc ro an inhuman mcdia cnginccr vho vill soon bc callcd up by
Srokcr`s Dracu/a. ^ rypc oI vriring rhar blindly dismcmbcrs bodyparrs
andpcrIorarcshumanskinncccssarilysrcmsIromrypcvrircrsbuilrbcIorc
8p;, vhcn \ndcrvood hnallyinrroduccd visibiliry. crcr NirrcrhoIcr`s
Nodcl z, rhcvoodcn rypcvrircr prororypc oI 8 66, unlikc rhcNaIling
Tyjeurtter
Hanscn didnorcvcnhavc rypcs andaribbon.nsrcad,rhcvriringpapcr
vas pcrlorarcd by nccdlc pins-inscribing, lor cxamplc, in a rarhcr
icrzschcanmanncr, rhcpropcrnamc olrhc invcnror.
Such isrhc solidariry among cnginccrs, philosophcrs, andvrircrs ol
rhc loundingagc olmcdia.cycrlcn`s rcchnical obscrvarionrharinryp-
ing,cvcryrhingisvisiblccxccprrhcacrualinscriprionolrhcsign, also dc-
scribcs n tbe Cenea/ogy oj Mora/s. Icirhcr inIicrzschc norin Srokcr
canrhcvicrimssccandhcnccrcadvharrhc "mosrdrcadlulsacrihccsand
plcdgcs," "rhc mosrrcpulsivcmurilarions," and "rhc cruclcsr rircs"'do
rorhcirbodyparrs. Jhconly possiblc, rharisunconscious,kindolrcad-
ing is rhcslavishobcdicncc callcdmorals. Iicrzschc`snorionolinscrip-
rion,vhichhas dcgcncrarcdinroa posrsrrucruralisrcarch-all mcraphor,
hasvalidiryonlyvirhinrhclramcvorkolrhchisroryolrhcrypcvrircr. r
dcsignarcs rhc rurning poinr ar vhich communicarions rcchnologics can
nolongcrbcrclarcdbackrohumans.nsrcad,rhclormcrhavclormcdrhc
larrcr.
\ndcr condirions olmcdia rhcgcncalogyolmorals coincidcsvirhrhc
gcncalogyolgods. olloving cycrlcn`slav-namcly,rhcinvisibiliryolrhc
acr ol inscriprion-vc can dcducc rhc ncccssary cxisrcncc olbcings rhar
couldbccirhcrobscrvcrsor, asvirhOracula,masrcrsolinhumancommu-
nicarions rcchnologics. "So asro abolish hiddcn, undcrccrcd, unvirncsscd
sulIcringlromrhcvorldandro dcnyir,oncvasinrhcpasrvirruallycom-
pcllcdroinvcnrgodsandgcniiolallrhchcighrsanddcprhs,inshorrsomc-
rhing rharcvcnroamsinsccrcr, hiddcn placcs, sccs cvcn in rhc dark, and
villnorcasilylcraninrcrcsringpainlul spccraclcpassunnoriccd."''
ris Iicrzschc`s mosr daringcxpcrimcnralscruprooccupyrhcplacc
olsuchagod.lGodisdcad,norhingisrhcrcroprcvcnrrhcinvcnrionol
gods. "Jhc poor man," as hcvasdcscribcd byancmanciparcd voman,
"is a rruc sainrand ccasclcsslyvorking, cvcnrhough hcis almosr blind
and can ncirhcr rcad nor vrirc ,cxccpr virh a machinc) "'
--
-rhis poor
man idcnrihcsvirhOionysus,rhcmasrcrolmcdia.nccagain,philoso-
phizingorsrudyingarclollovcdbyrhccralringolvcrsc. n tbe Cenea/-
og oj Mora/s dcploys irscllin rhyrhms and unlolds an inrcrcsringand
painlul spccraclc. Iicrzschc`s dirhyrambs olOionysus cnrirlcdrtadne's
Conj/atnt. Composingand dicraringinro a machinc arc, lollovingci-
dcggcr`srccollccrion,invordanddccdoncandrhcsamcrhing.
z z Tyjeuriter
^riadnc`s composcdIamcnr ariscs ourolcomplcrc darkncssorblind-
ncss. Shc spcaks abourandro a vciIcd" god rharrorrurcs hcr body, lol-
Ioving all rhc ruIcs ol mncmorcchnology or mcmory inscriprion dc-
scribcd in Genea/og. Oionysus has ncirhcr vord nor sryIc nor srylus-
cxccpr lor rorrurc irscll. is lcmaIc vicrims arc laccd virh rhc painlul
arrcmpr ro dccodc lrom rhcir bodiIypain rhc rracc ola dcsirc, vhichis
rrulyrhc dcsirc olrhc orhcr. ^nd onlyalrcr yo lincs or lamcnrs can^ri-
adnc rcad rharshchcrsclldcsircsrhc dcsirc olrhc god.
Comcback!
Witl ayour tormchts!
^thcstrcamsolmy tcars
ruhthcircoursctoyou!
ahdthcastIamcolmyhcart
it burhsuptoyou.
Lhcomc back,
myuhkhovhgod! mypain|
my asthappihcss
^I
Jhis lasrcry is nora hcrion. r is a quorarion-lrom onc olrhc ncv
vomcnvrircrs. nc ol Lou von SaIomc`spocms, accompanicdbyIicrz-
schc`s music,conraincdrhc lollovinglincs. avcyounomorchappincss
ro sharc virh mc, so bc ir! as ycr you havc your rormcnr. "Jhc pocr ol
dirhyrambs is oncc again only a sccrcrary vho purs rhc vords ol onc
voman,von Salomc, inrorhcmourholanorhcrvoman, ^riadnc. ^ndas
rhc Genea/og, prcdicrcd,rhc god olinscriprion can and musr comc lorrh
lrom inscribcdpain irscll. ^lrcr ^riadnc`s orSalomc`s lasrcry, rhc Iong-
conccalcdOionysus himscllbccomcs visibIc" in blinding and cmcrald
bcaury. " Jhc dirhyrambs comc ro a ncccssary cIosc bccausc rhcir ansvcr
rransmirspIainrcxr.rhcvhoIc sccnc olvriringhas bccnasccnc olrorrurc.
bc visc ^riadhc! . . .
`ou havc ittc cars,you havc carsikcmihc:
ct somcvisdomihtothcm!-
^ustvc hothrsthatcoursclilvc arcto ovcourscl: . . .
Iantlylaoyrintl . . .
1'Z
^ Oionysus rhar occupics rhc car ol his vicrims and inscrrs smarr
vordsrurnsinroa pocr ,Dicbter, ordicrarorinalIscnscsolrhcvord. c
dicrarcs ro hisslavcorsccrcraryro rakc dovnhisdicrarion.Jhc ncvno-
rions ol lovc and hcrcroscxualiry bccomc rcaliry vhcn onc scx inscrrs
painluI vords inro rhc car olrhc orhcr. \nivcrsiry-bascd, rhar is, maIc,
discourscs on and abour an alma marcr arc rcplaccd by rhc discoursc ol
Tyjeurtter z l
rvo scxcs abour rhcir impossibIc rcIarionship. Lacan`s rajjort sexue/.
JharisvhyIicrzschc dcscribcs Oionysus`s cxisrcncc asan "innovarion"
oncc hc has invcnrcd him as a "phiIosophcr. " \nIikc Socrarcs virhhis
GrccknobIcmcn,andunIikccgcIvirhhisGcrmanciviI-scrvanrapprcn-
riccs, Oionysus dicrarcs ro a voman. ^ccordingro Iicrzschc, rtadne's
Conj/atnt isj usronc oIrhc many "ccIcbrarcd diaIogucs" bcrvccn ^ri-
adncandhcr "phiIosophicaIIovcr" onIaxos.'`
Jhc Iaxos aIIudcd ro hcrc vas nora hcrion cirhcr, burrhcIururc oI
Gcrmany`s insrirurions oIhighcr cducarion. Jhc vidov oINax Vcbcr
has dcscribcd hov ncv IcmaIc srudcnrs, "Irom unhcard-oI inrcIIccruaI
poinrs oIconracrvirhyoungmcn, " vcrcaIIordcd "unIimircdopporruni-
rics Ior innovarivc human rcIarionships ". "camaradcric, Iricndship,
Iovc. "',JosaynorhingoIrhcinnovarivchumanrcIarionshipsrhar,asin
rhc casc oILou^ndrcas-SaIomc, grcv our oIrhc opporrunirics bcrvccn
maIcand IcmaIcpsychoanaIysrs. ) oIIovingrhcdoubIc IossoIhisNaIIing
anscnand hisSaIomc,Iicrzschc aranyrarcvasonrhcIookourIorscc-
rcraricsinrovhosccarshccouIdinscrrOionysianvords.orZaratbustra
andhisvhip hc "nccdcd. . . jusrsomcbodyro vhom hc couIddicrarcrhc
rcxr"-and "rauIcin orncr IcII Irom rhc sky, "irsccms, prcciscIy "Ior
rharpurposc. "'`Jhcn,Ioreyond Good and tt/, rharIorej/ay to |bt-
/osojby oj tbe Iuture, accrrainNrs.Rdcr-VicdcrhoIdscrIooronrhcis-
IandoIIaxos.
"amyourIabyrinrh, " Oionysussaidrorhcrorrurcd^riadnc,vhoin
rurn had hcrscII bccn rhc misrrcssoIrhcIabyrinrh duringrhc Crcran rir-
uaIdancc.^ndZararhusrra addcdrharpocr-dicrarorsvhovrircinbIood
andaphorismsvanrnorrobcrcadburrobcIcarncdbyhcarr.''Jharis
prcciscIyvhyNrs. Rdcr-VicdcrhoId causcd somcprobIcms. \nIorru-
narcIy, ccrrain gods, dcmons, inrcrmcdiarc bcings oILuropchad aIrcady
inscrrcd rhc moraIiry oI Chrisrcndom and oI dcmocracy inro hcr cars.
JharmadcrhcsccncoIdicrarioninLngadincinro asccncoIrorrurc.cr
ovnhand had rovrirc dovnvharvas bcyond good andcviI, bcyond
Chrisrcndom andmoraIiry. ^riadnc`s compIainrrurncdinro an cmpiricaI
cvcnr. Lvcryhisrory oIvriringrcchnoIogics has ro accounr Ior rhc Iacr
rhareyond Good and tt/ vas nor casiIy vrirrcn. Iicrzschc kncv and
vrorcir. "nrhc mcanrimc havc rhc admirabIc Nrs. Rdcr-VicdcrhoId
inrhchousc, shcsuIIcrsandroIcrarcs 'angcIicaIIy`mydisgusring' anri-dc-
mocrarism`-as dicrarc ro hcr, Ior a coupIc oI hours cvcry day, my
rhoughrs onLuropcans oIroday andTonorrou, inrhc cnd, Icar,shc
maysriII 'lIyoIIrhc handIc` andrun avayIromSiIs-Naria, baprizcd as
shcisvirhrhcbIoodoI 8q8. "
`
z Tyjeuriter
^gainsr human and/or rcchnological rypcvrircrs such as Iicrzschc
andrhcNallinganscn,subsrirurcsccrcraricscouldnorcompcrc.Iicrz-
schc sruck ro his lovc allair virh rhcvriring ball lrom]anuary rhrough
Narch 88z. "crvccnrhcrvoolus,"rhcmcdia masrcrvrorc abour his
"admirablcvoman". "can`rvork virhhcr,don`rvanrro scc arcpcar
, Wiederbo/ung). Lvcryrhingdicrarcdrohcrisvirhourvaluc,asvcll,shc
cricsmorc olrcnrhancanhandlc. "'
`
^ complainr ol ^riadnc rhar hcr dicraror mighr havc bccn ablc ro
lorcrcll. "Nusr vc norhrsr harc ourscll il vc arc ro lovc ourscll: . . . "
Iicrzschc andhis sccrcrarics, no marrcr hov cphcmcral and lorgor-
rcn, havc inrroduccd a prororypc inro rhc vorld. Vordproccssing rhcsc
days is rhc busincss olcouplcsvho vrirc, insrcad olslccp, virh onc an-
orhcr.^ndilonoccasionrhcydoborh,rhcyccrrainly don`rcxpcricnccro-
manric lovc. nly as long as vomcn rcmaincd cxcludcd lrom discursivc
rcchnologics could rhcy cxisr as rhc orhcr olvords and prinrcd marrcr.
Jypisrs suchasNinnic Jipp, byconrrasr, laugharanyromanricism.Jhar
is vhy rhc vorld ol dicrarcd, rypcd lircrarurc-rhar is, modcrn lircra-
rurc-harbors cirhcr Iicrzschc`s norionollovc ornonc ar all. Jhcrcarc
dcsk couplcs, rvo-ycar-long marriagcs ol convcnicncc, rhcrc arc cvcn
vomcn vrircrs such as LdirhVharron vho dicrarc ro mcnsirring arrhc
rypcvrircr. nlyrharrypcdlovclcrrcrs-asShcrlockolmcsprovcdoncc
andlor all in Case oj dentityaren't lovc lcrrcrs.
Jhcunvrirrcnlircrarysociologyolrhisccnrury. ^llpossiblcrypcsol
indusrrializarion ro vhich vrircrs rcspond havc bccn rhoroughly rc-
scarchcd-ranginglromrhc srcamcnginc and rhc loom ro rhc asscmbly
linc and urbanizarion. nlyrhcrypcvrircr, aprccondirionolproducrion
rharconrriburcsro our rhinking priorro anyconsciousrcacrion,rcmains
a crirical lacuna. ^ lricnd vrircs or dicrarcs a biography ol Gorrlricd
cnn. \ponrcrcadingrhc zoo rypcd pagcs, hc bcgins ro rcalizcrharhcis
vriring abour himscll. rhc biographcr andrhc vrircr havc rhc samc ini-
rials. ^lrcr zoo addirionalpagcs, his sccrcrary asks him vhcrhcr hc has
noriccd rhar sccrcrarics and vrircrs ,Scbrijtste//er) havc rhc samc ini-
rials. . . . Lacan`srhrccrcgisrcrscannorpossiblybcdcmonsrrarcdmorccl-
lccrivcly. rhcrcal olrhcvrircr,rhcimaginaryolhisdoppclgangcr,and,h-
nally, asclcmcnraryaslorgorrcn, rhc symbolicolmachincvriring.
\ndcrsuchcondirions,vharrcmainsrobcdoncisrosrarrarcgisrcrol
rhclircrarydcskcouplcsolrhcccnrury,crmann`shlmvasncvcrrcalizcd).
Case 1. Vhcn, bcginning in 8 8
,
Vyckoll, Scamans, cncdicr
dcvclopcd a salcs ncrvork and ,lollovingrhc cxamplc olNark Jvain)
Tyjeuriter z
solicircdvrircrs ro advcrrisc rypcvriring, "rhccrrograd salcsman camc
up virh rhc mosr spccracular big namc, Counr LyolIikolaycvirch Jol-
sroy, a man vho loarhcd modcrnmachincryin cvcrylorm , "Jhc mosr
povcrlulvcaponolignorancc-rhc dillusion olprinrcdmarrcr. "-War
and |eace, cpiIoguc,parrz, chaprcr8 ) ,andgoragrcarphorographolrhc
aurhor, looking quirc miscrabIc, dicraring U his daughrcr, ^lcxandra
Lvovna,vho sarpoiscd ovcrrhcRcmingronkcyboard. "''
Case 2. VhcnChrisriancvon olmannsrhal hnishcdrhcsixrhgradc
ol sccondary schooI, insrcad olconrinuing on shc rranslcrrcd ro lcarn
Gabclsbcrg srcnography and rypcvriring. n tpp hcr larhcr and pocr
vrorc abourhovdilhculr irvouldbc ilhc "hadrodovirhourrhclirrlc
onc asmy rypisr, vhichshcis."' '
Case _ . n 8p;, olmannsrhal`s ^usrria aIlovcd lcmaIc graduarcs
ol sccondary schooI ro srudy philosophy, in tpoo, mcdicinc , including
srarccxamsandrhcdocrorarc) . ConscqucnrIy,Sigmundrcud,univcrsiry
prolcssorolncrvcparhology,bcganhisntroductory Lectures on |sycbo-
na/ysis inVicnnaduringrhcvinrcrscmcsrcrolp -6virhrhcrcvo-
lurionaryaddrcss, "Ladics andGcnrlcmcn! " Sincc "rhcIadicsamongyou
havcmadcirclcarbyrhcirprcscnccinrhisIccrurc-roomrharrhcyvishro
bc rrcarcd on an cqualiry virh mcn," rcud scorncd "scicncc . . . lor
schoolgirIs"' ''andidcnrihcdprimaryscxualmarkcrs byrhcirnamcs. c
roldrhcvomcn in rhc lccrurchallrharrhc sccuIardisrriburionolgcndcr
rolcs,includingrhc symbols olpcn andnaruraIpapcr,vaspsychoanaIyr-
icaIIy obsoIcrc. "Vomcn posscss as parr olrhcir gcnirals a small organ
similarro rhcmaIconc. "
Vomcn, hovcvcr, vho bate a "cIiroris"' 'i nrhc rcal, andvho are
"vood,papcr, . . . books" ''`inrhcsymbolicolrhcdrcam,sroodonborh
sidcs ol vriring rcchnologics` gcndcr dillcrcnccs. Iorhing and nobody
barrcdrhcmanymorc lrom prolcssions involving casc srudics andhcncc
vriring. Sabina Spiclrcin, Lou^ndrcas-Salomc, ^nna rcud, and so on,
upunrilroday.lcmalcpsychoanalysrsbccamchisroricallypossiblc.^nin-
srirurion rhar banncd phonographs lrom irs cxaminarion rooms and ig-
norcdrhccincmaalrogcrhcrsrilladjusrcdirsvriringcquipmcnr. "ncb-
ruary oltpt j rcudrookrhcnovcIsrcp olbuyingarypcvrircr . . . . ur
ir vas nor lor himscll, lor rhcrc vas no qucsrion olhis cmpIoying an
amanucnsisandgivinguphis bcIovcdpcn. rvassimplyro hcIp Rankro
copc virh his incrcasing cdiroriaI durics. "Lxcccdingrhc mcchanizarion
olpsychoanaIyrical sccrcrarics andhIminrcrprcrcrs,rhcmachinc also al-
z: 6 Tyjeuriter
rcrcd rhcir scx, Ior, curiously cnough, rhc rypcvrircr, according ro rhc
samc biographcr, rcmaincdnorvirh Rank bur in rhc IiIcrimc posscssion
oI^nnarcud,rhc bridaIdaughrcr andpsychoanaIysr. ' '
"Jypcvrircr," aIrcr alI, signihcs borh. machinc and voman. Jvo
ycars aIrcr rhc purchasc oIrhc machinc, rcudvrorc ro ^braham Irom
oImannsrhal`sVicnna. "^ quarrcroIanhour ago concludcdrhc vork
onmclancholy.!villhavcirrypcvrirrcnsorharcanscndyouacopy. "

s
Case q. n ,o), cnry]amcs, rhc vrircr and brorhcr oINinsrcr-
bcrg`sgrcarsponsor, shiIrcdhisIamous, circumlocurionarysryIc oInovcI
vriring rovard "Rcmingroncsc. "
' c hircd Jhcodora osanqucr, a
philosophcr`s daughrcr vho had vorkcd Ior rhc oIhccs oIVhirchalI on
rhc ejort oj tbe oya/ Connission on Coast rosion andvho lcarncd
ro rypc Ior]amcs`s sakc. ^Ircra job inrcrvicv, duringvhich]amcscamc
across as a "bcncvolcnrIapoIcon, " '

novcl producriongorundcrvay.
Jhc Rcmingron, along virh irs opcraror, "movcd inro his bcdroom,"
vhcrcdicrarion "pulIcd" rcxrsIrom]amcs"somuchmorccIIccrivclyand
unccasingly" rhan did"vriring. "Soonarcllcxloopvascrcarcd.onlyrhc
clankingoIrhcrypcvrircr induccdscnrcnccsinrhcvrircr. "OuringaIorr-
nighrvhcnrhcRcmingronvasouroIordcrhcdicrarcdroanIivcrrypc-
vrircrvirhcvidcnr discomIorr,andhcIoundiraImosrimpossiblydiscon-
ccrringro spcak ro somcrhingrharmadc no rcsponsivc sound ar all. "'

So ir vcnr Ior scvcn ycars, unril a Icss bcncvoIcnr IapoIcon said

IarcvclI.]amcshadscvcraIsrrokcsin , y . islcIrlcgbccamcparaIyzcd,
andhis scnsc oIoricnrarioninspaccandrimcvasimpaircd, onlyrhccon-
dirioncd rcllcx oIpurc,inrransirivcdicrarionrcmaincdinracr.Vriringin
rhc agc oImcdia has aIvays bccn a shorrcircuir bcrvccn brain physiol-
ogyandcommunicarionsrcchnologics-bypassinghumansorcvcnIovc.
cncc,]amcs ordcrcd rhc Rcmingron, aIong virh Jhcodora osanqucr
,norrhc orhcrvay around) , ro his dcarhbcd, in ordcrro rccord rhc rcaI
bchindalIhcrion.cnry]amcshad bccomccmpcrorand dicrarcd. alcr-
rcrro hisbrorhcr]oscph,rhc kingoISpain, a dccrccspcciIyingncvcon-
srrucrion ar rhc Louvrc and in rhc Juilcrics, hnally, somc prosc on rhc
dcarh oIrhc royalcagIc and rhc covardicc oIirscommonmurdcrcrs. '

'
Jharishov dcIiriousIy, hov lucidIyaparaIyzcdbrainrccordcdirsclI,rhc
siruarion, and rhc sysrcm oImcdia. rom 8oo 8 : y, Iapolcon`s norcd
abiliry ro dicrarc scvcn lcrrcrs simulrancousIyproduccdrhc modcrn gcn-
craIsraII. issccrcraricsvcrc gcncraIs and a marshaI oIrancc. 'rom
:,o): ;, a rypcvrircr and irs IcmaIc opcraror produccd rhc modcrn
^mcricannovcl. romrhar, impcriaI cagIcs dicd.
Tyjeuriter z ;
Case _. Jhomas Vollc, vho madc a poinrol sclling his ^mcrican
novcls in a highly indusrrializcd lashion, byvordcounr , yo,ooo inrhc
cascolLoo/ Honeuard, nge/) ,

-'
vasncvcrrhclcss
thc most compctcy uh-mcchahica oI mch ahd hcvcr khcv hov to opcratc a
typcvritcr, athoughohatcasttvo occasiohshcgotmachihcs ahdsvorcthathc
voud carh. !c rchtcdaOictaphohcih t 6,ihthchopcthathccoud rccitchis
vorkihtoitahdhavcittypcdupatcr,butthcohythihghccvcractuaydictatcd
vasa Icvrcmarks oh thc ahccstryahd charactcr oIhis most uhIavorabccritic,
crhardOcVoto. !c voud somctimcs paythis back ahd istchto it, grihhihg.
^t ahy ratc, bccausc oIhisihabiitytotypc, hchircda stchographcrIorbz
avcck, vho camc cachdayahdtrahscribcdhisohghahd asIast ashccoud gct
it dovh oh papcr . . . . ^typist had to havc bothpracticc ahdavividimagihatioh
to rcadvhathchadvrittch, ahd most oIthcmvorkcd Ior him Ior ohy a short
timc.!cvascohstahty distractcd bythis diIhcuty: ! cahavayshhdpIchtyoI
vomchtosccpvith," hcohcc burtcdout, butthckihdoIvomahthatisrcaly
hardIormctohhdisa typistvhocahrcadmyvritihg. " '
Case . n , y, Or. cnn quirhis mcdical pracricc roscrvc as chicl
mcdical olhccr lor rhc rccruirmcnr inspccrion olhccs in annovcr. Rc-
maining incrlinvcrcrvolcmalc lricnds vhom Jhomas Vollc vould
havc had no rroublc hnding. rhc acrrcsscs Jilly Vcdckind and Lllinor
tllcr-Klinkovsrrm. ur rhc milirary, cnn`s arisrocraric lorm olcmi-
grarion, hadirs cvcrydayproblcms.^lrcrrvo "rcrriblyloncsomcandsc-
cludcdycars, " hcvrorcrorhcsccondolrhcrvo vomcn.
Jhc shccts arctorh, thc bcd ish`t dohc Irom Saturdaythrough^ohday, !`vc got
to dothcshoppihgmyscI,cvchgcttihgthchcatihgstovcgoihg,somctimcs.!doh`t
rcspohd to cttcrs, sihcc !`vc hobody to do thc vritihg Ior mc. ! doh`t do ahy
vork,sihcc !hcithcrhavcthctimchor soacc hor ahybody u dictatcto. ^t : o
ihthcaItcrhooh,!makcsomccoIIcc,thati sthcohccohtchtoImyiIc.^thihcih
thccvchihg!goto bcd, that`sthcothcr. Likccattc.'
n tbe Genea/og, oj Mora/s prcdicrcd ir all. in rhc chaos virhour
rccording rcchnologics, lircrarurc basically had ro rakc rhc shapc dc-
scribcd bycnn`srriparrircorganizarion. irsr,a bccrorvincpub,rcad-
ing,mcdiraring,andradiolisrcning,inordcrrobringhighbrovpocrryup
ro par virh rhc sound and srandard olpopular songs. Sccond, an "old
dcsk , ; cm 7 y cm) " virh unrcad "manuscriprs, j ournals, books,
samplcmcdicarionpackagcs,aninkpad,lorrccipcs),rhrccpcns,rvoash-
rrays, oncphonc, "inordcrro"scribblc" rhcpocmrhcncxrdayinoncol
rhoscphysician`sscravlsrharcnn "himscllcouldnorrcad. "inally, an-
orhcrdcsk, "rhcdccisivconc," cquippcdvirhmicroscopcandrypcvrircr,
z 8 Tyjeuriter
ro convcrrrhc "scribbIcs" inro "rypcvrirrcnmarcrials, "inordcrro makc
rhc marcriaI"acccssibIcro judgmcnr" and prcparcIor "rhcIccdbacklIow
Irom rhc inspircd ro rhc criricaI . "' Jhc vholc proccss opcrarcd as a
pcrIccr Iccdback loop, virh rhc hirch rlar cnn "himsclI did nor rypc
vclI. "'`Virh "nobodyro dicrarcro," ir vas hardlypossiblcro dcaladc-
quarcly virh rhc marcrial onpapcr, and hcncc rhc mcdia compcririon ol
radio and cincmavas ovcrvhclming.
NorcIorrunarcrhanhiscollcagucsIicrzschcandVoIIc,hovcvcr,rhc
vrircrmadcahndin annovcr. cnncnrcrcda "marriagc oI companion-
ship"''rharvasrocomcroancndonlyduringrhcVorIdVar,vhcnhis
rypcvriringviIc commirrcdsuicidc.ncrIinrvo vomcnIricndsrcccivcd
rhcir Iasr handvrirrcn lcrrcrs, rhc Iacr rhar onc oIrhcm ansvcrcdvirha
rypcvrirrcn Icrrcr'` vasnomarchIorrhcrcchnoIogicaIcompcririon.
! mustmakc oncmorctryto cstabish a scrious humanrcationshipand,vithits
hcp,to cscapcIrom thcmorassoImy iIc.
^orchcn,youmayknovcvcrything,butnobodycsc docs. ^ndvhcn!now
dcscribcto you vhat kind oI a pcrson shc is,somconc vho vi amostccrtainy
bccomc unhappy, youviI bcsurpriscd.
^uch youngcr thanmyscI, about C. Pot a bitprcttyin thc scnsc oIIlda
andIisabcth^rdcn.Vcryniccbody, butncgroid Iacc. Iromavcryvcl-rcspcctcd
Iamiy. Po moncy. ]obsimiarto that oI !cga, vc paid,typcs about 2CC sya
bcs,a pcrIccttypist.
'`
JvohundrcdsylIabIcspcrminurc arcprcrrycIoscro)) kcysrrokcs,
rhc GcrmanrypingrccordoI,8 y . Nodcrn lircrarurc couldbcproduccd
in rhc Vchrmachr and rhc ^rmy igh Command simply bccausc rhc
daughrcroI an oIhccr`svidov,crravon Vcdcmcycr-IolIovingrhc cx-
amplcoIrhcIcmaIcproragonisr oI a 8, novcI'-vorkcd as sccrcrary.
Case . , so as nor ro Iorgcr, amidsr alIrhosc vrircrs, lcs osrcs cn
gcncraI," rhar is, gcncral sccrcrarics and gcncral hcld marshaIs). '`

y
virruc oIa dccrcc oIrhc crsrvhiIc russian Ninisrry oICommcrcc and
JradcoI]uly ), 8,), rypcvrirrcn documcnrs vcrc dccm

d admissiblc
in dcalings virh rhc govcrnmcnr. "'`' Ihcial ,orgovcrnmcnr) rcxrs vcrc
rcndcrcd anonymous and laid rhc groundvork Ior crra von Vcdc-
mcycr`s proIcssion. Vhich had conscqucnccs nor onIy Ior chicImcdical
oIhccrsburalsoIorrhcirulrimarcsupcrior,rhcminisrcroIvar.Iincdays
priorro cnn`ssccondmarriagc and in rhc samcciry,
on]anuary tzj t8j , GcncraIicd^arshavonbombcrg,vho sincc t zhad
bccnvidovcdand had tvo sons and thrcc daughtcrs,marricdthc Iormcr stcnog-
^ugustaa,typcIacc, t8 . KcproduccdcourtcsyoIOr.]ohanncilachcr,
Oic!instcraus Gugging,Vicnna)
zzo Tyjeuriter
raphcr Irna Gruhn, a sccrctary oIthc !mpcria Igg Ccntcr Kcichscicrzcntrac),
inthcprcscncc oIasmacirccoIIricnds.itncsscs:^doI!itcrand!crmann
Gring. Jhc coupc vcnt on thcir honcymoon immcdiatcy. Shorty thcrcaItcr,
scniorinvcstigatorCurt!cmuth^icr, chicIoI thc CcntcrIor!crsonnc!dcn-
tihcation in thc Ccntra LIhcc oI Crimina ]usticc, rcccivcd a oad oIindcccnr
photographs.
"Nrs. Gcncral icld Narshal, " morc lairhlul ro crrillon rhan Ninnic
Jipp,vas "rcgisrcrcd"virhrhcaurhorirics.'`irlcrcouldrakcovcrchicl
command olrhc armyhimscll.
Case 8. ncc, shorrly bclorc rhc onscr olvar, lcar olcanccr drovc
irlcrro "rhccxrraordinarycllorr" ol"vriring dovn his vill byhand."
rhcrrhanrhar,likcmosrpcoplcincommand,irlcr"hadlorycarsbccn
uscd ro dicraring his rhoughrs inro rhc rypcvrircr or rhc shorrhand rc-
porr. "'`` ^ spccially consrrucrcd rypcvrircr virh largcr rypc vas ar his
disposal.Jhisrypcvrircr, hovcvcr,didnorsolvcallrhcproblcmsinvolvcd
in coordinaring a vorld var lrom rhc hrcr`s hcadguarrcrs, Volls-
schanzc.Jhcolhcialhisrorianolrhc^rmyigh Commandsavrcasonro
rccord a rarhcr inolhcious vcrsion olrhc cnd olrhc var. r vas vidcly
knovn rhar grcar siruarion conlcrcnccs vould rakc placc around : oo
hours.irlcr, byconrrasr,hadscrup "hisdailyrourinc" sorhar
]odcoudprcscnttohimataround 11 and,surroundcdbyasmacircc,thcmcs-
sagcs andthcmapsoIcngagcmcntsbccompicd ovcrnight. Somctimcsitgotatcr,
sincc !itcrvas IondoIdrinkingtca vith his coscadviscrs aItcr a day`s vork L1
as happcncdrcguary, oI stayingvith his stcnographcrs unti about( ..:. ^ii-
tariy spcaking, itvashighyinconvcnicntthathcthcnscptvcintothcdayand
vas not to bc disturbcd. '
'
urcvcn hrcr-rypcvrircrs and sccrcrarics, vhich irlcrprclcrrcd
ovcrhisjoinrGcncralSraIlarrhcVollsschanzc,couldnordccidcvars.n
ordcrro do rhar, rhc SccondVorldVar hadro produccsomcvharmorc
complicarcd rypcvrircrs rhar did avay virh lircrarurc alrogcrhcr . . . .
irsr,vcnccdroconcludcrharhcrivccascsp ,Ninaarkcr+Or. Scvard
in Srokcr), :o ,Ninnic Jipp + pocrs in crmann) , ,NadcmoiscllcLusr
+ausrinValcry),andrhcirnumcroussucccssors,rcidcnbach,ronncn,
Gaupp, cilbur,Kalka, Kcun) arcanyrhingburhcrivc. Ocskcouplcshavc
rcplaccdlircrarylovcpairs. nlyin hlm scriprs or romanccs do borhco-
incidcinahappycnd.^lrcrNinaarkcrlorhallrhcnovclhascollccrcd,
rccordcd, rypcd, and carbon-copicd all discourscs on Oracula unril rhc
larrcrhasbccndoncavayvirh,shcsrillcndsupbcingamorhcr. ^lrcr hcr
T,jeurtter zzt
Gcrman namcsakc has madc a pocr succcsslul and srcrilc, rhcy rypc"
,paraphrasing Oanrc) no morc onrhar day. " ^ccordingroa bcauriluI
rauroIogy, scxcsrcIaycdrhroughmcdiavilIrcunircrhroughmcdiaasvcll.
HciIbur`s Irb/tng tn er/tn , SpringincrIin) , Gaupp`s Nacbt ton beute
auj norgen , Suddcnnighr)arcnovcIsabourrypcvrircrromanccs.^ndrhc
o hlm rcndirions olSrokcr do nor cvcn shov phonography and rypc-
vriring, sorharrruclovc comcsro rriumphovcrOracula. Jhc good lor-
runc olmcdiaisrhcncgarion olrhcirhardvarc.
Lmpirically spcaking, vomcn cmploycd in proccssing discourscs arc
likclyrohavcasucccsslulcarccr.Vordproccssing,somcvhcrcamidsrrhc
rcIaysolrcchnologicalcommunicarionsncrvorks,brcaksupcoupIcsand
lamilics.rccisclyarrhargapcvoIvcsa ncvjob. rhcvomanaurhor. Ri-
cardauchbccamconc,intpto)alrcrsrudyinginZurich, t 8 8 8-pt ) and
vorking as a sccrcraryin rhc univcrsiry`s main library , t 8pt-p;) . Gcr-
rrudc Srcinbccamconc alrcrvorkinginrhcolhccolandconducringcx-
pcrimcnrsarrhcarvardpsychoIogicallaboraroryhcadcdbyhcrparron,
Mnsrcrbcrg. Jhcodora osanqucr bccamc onc alrcr vorking lor cighr
ycarsinrhcdcliriousgcncraIsrall.Jarj anaJoIsroy,inspircdbyhcrsisrcr`s
Rcmingron, vrorc hcr hrsr arriclc on a rypcvrircr and mailcd ir anony-
mousIy ro hcr larhcr, vho vould nor havc bccn imparrial" orhcrvisc.
1oIsroyvasinsranrIycnrhuscd.

``
^nonymiry and pscudonymiry ,as lormcrIy virh rhc lcmaIc pocrs
vhovrorcinrhc shadovolrhc Cr-aurhor, Gocrhc) archardlyncccssary
rhcsc days. Vhcrhcr rypcvriring aurhors arc caIlcd Lindau, Ccndrars,
Llior, orKcun, Schlicr, orrck docs nor counrlormuch in rcIarionro
rhc massmcdia. ^ dcscxuaIizcdvriring prolcssion, disranrlromanyau-
rhorship, onlycmpovcrsrhc domain olrcxrproccssing. Jharisvhyso
manynovclsvrirrcnbyrcccnrvomcnvrircrsarccndlcsslccdbackloops
making sccrcraricsinrovrircrs. Sirringin lronrolaurobiographicalrypc-
vrircrs,rmgardKcun`shcroincssimplyrcpcarrhclacrual carccr olrhcir
aurhor. aula Schlicr`s Konzejt etner ]ugend unter den Dt/tat der Zett
,Conccprolayourhundcrrhcdicrarcsolrimc) , rharcxrraordinariIyprc-
ciscsubrirlclora sccrcrary, hcars in rhcrcgularclangingollcrrcrs. . .
rhc mcIodyaccompanyingallrhcmadncss olrhcvorld. "'`lrom vorld-
var hcld hospiraIs and lccrurcs in Nunich ro rhc cdiroriaI olhcc olrhc
\o//tscbe eooacbter and rhc ccr all ursch. Chrisra ^nira rck`s
Scbtc/sa/e btnter Scbretonascbtnen ,Ocsrinics bchind rypcvrircrs) is an
aurobiography virhour mcnrion ol Iovc, only rhc dcsirc ro hcIp rhosc
zzz Tyjeurtter
"vomcnvho arcnor inrcrcsrcd in morhcrhood" ro havc a brcakrhrough
asvomcnvrircrs.'`^ndsincc, during olhcc dicrarion, "ascll-rcgularing
machincsomcvhcrcinrhchcadchopsuprhc mcaningolvhar rhchand,
anrcnna-likc,rcccivcs, "'`` ecrtture autonattque isno longcr dilhculr.
Jcmpo,Jcmpo,Iastcr,Iastcr.
^an Iunncs his cncrgy into thc machinc. Jhc machinc, vhich is hc himsclI,
his Iorcmost abiitics,his Iorcmost conccntration and hna cxcrtion. ^ndhc him-
scI is machinc,is cvcr, iskcy, istypc and movingcarriagc.
Potto think,not u rcIcct,on, on, Iast, Iast, tipp, tip,tipptipptipptipptipp
tipp . . . '"
^r irshighpoinr, rypcvrircr lircrarurc mcansrcpcaringadinhnirum
Ninnic Jipp`s propcr namc orrhc advcrrising slogan onhcr olhcc door.
,\p unril clcnc Cixous, vomcn vill vrirc rhar only vriring makcs
vomcn inro vomcn. ) Jhc rclay unir olhuman and machinc cxcrciscs a
pull rharcancvcnrcplacclovc. irsrvirh lcmalc rypisrs, rhcnvirhrhcir
malccounrcrparrs. JharKalka`s lovcvas a mcdia ncrvork isconhrmcd
arrhc hcighrolGcrman lircraryhisroryby Case 12.
clicc aucr , 88;,6o, , vho vas cmploycd alrcr graduarion in
,o8 as asrcnographcr lor rhcdconrccordcompany, svirchcd in ,o,
ro Carl Lindsrrm ^. -G. , rhc largcsr Gcrman manulacrurcr ol dicra-
phoncs and gramophoncs ,virha daily ourpur ol , yoo unirs) . 'Virhin
rhrccycarsrhcrc,bcginningasasimplcrypisr,shc madcabusincsscarccr
highly unusual lor vomcn: virh hcr povcr ol arrorncy shc vas cnrirlcd
ro sign "Carl Lindsrrm ^.-G. " ^rcxacrlyrharrimc, during arripro u-
dapcsrinrhc summcr ol, z, Ns. aucr visircdrhclamilyolNaxrod,
rhc hcad olpcrsonncllorrhc raguc posralscrvicc.'
'
rcscnr onrhis occasionvasayoungandlirrlc-publishcdvrircrvho
vasjusrpurringrogcrhcrhishrsrbooklorRovohlrandvho, ar hrsr,sav
in rhcrravclingvomannorhing bura "bony, cmprylacc" rhar "vorcirs
cmprincss opcnly. " ' \nril rhc porcnrial inscriprion surlacc droppcd a
scnrcnccrhar "so amazcd"Or. Kalka "rhar bangcd onrhcrablc" .
`ou actuaysaidyoucnjoycdcopyingmanuscripts,thatyouhadasobccncopy
ingmanuscriptsinbcrinIorsomcgcntcman curscthc sound oIthatvordvhcn
unaccompanicd by namc and cxpanation! ) . ^nd you askcd ^ax to scnd you
somcmanuscripts.''
Jharishovquickly arypisr`s lusrraughr a ,hand)vrircr alovcrhar,
cvcnin rhc shapc oljcalousy, vasn`r onc. Sincc onlyprolcssorsincrlin
and lricnds involvcd in inlormarionrcchnology vcrc privilcgcd ro havc
Tyjeuriter zz
rhcirmanuscriprsrypcdandrcadicdlorpublicarion,Kalkahadnochoicc
bur-in an unusual srcp lor him-ro go ro vork onrhcrypcvrircrhim-
scll.Vhcrcasrhc "main" and "happy" parrolKalka`svork consisrcdin
"dicraringroalivingbcing" inrhcolhcc, 'rhccndlcsssrrcamollovclcr-
rcrs ro clicc aucr srarrcd, as ilncgaring lovc irscll,virh a rypcscripr.
"urdcarcsrclicc! " Kalkavrorcaycarlarcr,"Oon`rvcvrircabour
vriring,rhcvayorhcrsralkabourmoncy: " '`ndccd.lromrhchrsrlcrrcr
ro rhc lasr, rhcir impossiblc rclarionshipvasalccdbackloop olrcxrpro-
ccssing.Jimcandagain,Kalkaavoidcdrravclingro crlinvirhhishand,
rhc hand rhar oncc hcld clicc aucr`s. nsrcad olrhc abscnr bodyrhcrc
arrivcd avholcposralsysrcmollcrrcrs,rcgisrcrcdlcrrcrs,posrcards,and
rclcgrams in ordcrro dcscribc rhar "hand" virh "rhc hand nov srriking
rhc kcys. "Vhar rcmaincd ol "pcrsonal ryping idiosyncrasics" vas only
vharvassimulrancouslyolinrcrcsrro Tbe Crinino/ogica/ Uses oj Tyje-
uriting, namcly,rhc "rypcsolmisrakccorrccrion" . hrsr,virhskillcdryp-
isrs, sccond,virh unskillcd rypisrs, and rhird, virh "skillcdrypisrs onan
unaccusromcd sysrcm. "''Kalka counrcdhimscllamongrhcrhirdgroup,
andolrhcrvclvcryposinhishrsrlcrrcr,lour,rharis,ahighlysignihcanr
pcrccnr,involvcdrhcpronouns "ich" ,) and "Sic" ,you).^silrhcryp-
inghandcouldinscribccvcryrhingcxccprrhcrvo bodicsoncirhcr cndol
rhcposralchanncl. ^s ilrhc "hngcrrips"rhcmsclvcs had rakcn rhc placc
olhis insulhcicnr "mood" byrhc namcolLgo.^ndasilrhc scll-crirical
"misrakc, " vhich Kalka "rcalizcd" in scll-crirical amplihcarion vhilc
"inscrringancvshccrolpapcr, " coincidcdvirhncrvousrypos.
Kalka`s call Ior tbe stao/isbnent and Sujjort oj a Mi/itary and
Citi/ian Hosjita/ jor tbe Treatnent oj Nertous Diseases in Gernan o-
benia srarcd.
Jhis grcatvarvhichcncompasscs thc sumtotaoIhumanmiscryis aso a var
onthc ncrvoussystcm,morc avaron thcncrvoussystcmthananyprcviousvar.
^ toomanypcopcsuccumbtothisvaroIncrvcs.]ust as thcintcnscindustria-
ization oIthcpastdccadcs oIpcacchadattackcd,aIIcctcd, and causcddisordcrs
oIthcncrvoussystcmoIthosc cngagcdinindustrymorc thancvcrbcIorc, sothc
cnormousy incrcascd mcchanization oIprcscnt-dayvarIarc prcscnts thc gravcst
dangcrsand disordcrs to thcncrvoussystcmoIhghtingmcn.'
\ndcr irs inirialcondirions ola "var olncrvcs" bcrvccnlircrarurc
and Carl Lindsrrm ^. -G. , rhc cxchangc ollovc lcrrcrs vas doomcdro
lail, cvcn rhough ir larcr svirchcd ro handvriring and rcrurncd ro "in-
crcascd mcchanizarion" only in ,:6, vhcn rypcd posrcards vcrc rhc
lasrcsr vay olpassing rhrough rhc var ccnsorship bcrvccn raguc and
Arbc t cr~ Lnfa -Vcrs chcrungs~Anstat
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Iranz!aIka`shrstcttcrto Iciccbaucr.
crlin, ^usrria and russia. '` n :, ;, vhilcLindsrrm`s acousricalmc-
diancrvork,virhirshnanciallcvcragc,hclpcdrhc^rmyighCommand
csrablishrhc hlm corporarion\^,'''Kalka rcrminarcdhis cngagcmcnr
ro clicc aucr. Shorrly rhcrcalrcr, rhc voman, lrccdlromrhc bombard-
mcnrollcrrcrs,marricdanalLucnrcrlin busincssman.
n onc olhis lasr lcrrcrs ro his lasr lcmalc pcnpal, hovcvcr, Kalka
rook srock. olmisuscd lovclcrrcrs and communicarions vampircs, olrc-
duccdphysical labor andinlormarionmachincs.
!ovoncarthdidanyonc gctthcidcathatpcopccancommunicatcvithoncan-
othcrbycttcr!|Iadistantpcrsononccanthink,andoIapcrsonvhoisncaronc
can catch hod-a csc gocs bcyondhumanstrcngth.riting cttcrs, hovcvcr,
mcans to dcnudc oncscI bcIorc thc ghosts, somcthing Ior vhich thcy grccdiy
vait. rittcn kisscs don't rcach thcir dcstination,rathcrthcy arc drunk on thc
vay bythc ghosts. !t is on this ampc nourishmcnt that thcy multiply so cnor
mousy.!umanityscnscsthisandhghtsagainstitandin ordcrtociminatcasIar
aspossibcthcghostyccmcntbctvccnpcopcandtocrcatcnaturacommunica-
zz6 Tyjeuriter
tion, thc pcacc oI sous, it has invcntcd thc raivay, thcmotorcar,thc acropanc.
butit`sno ongcranygood,thcscarccvidcntyinvcntionsmadcatthcmomcntoI
crashing. Jhc opposing sidc is somuch camcr and strongcr; aItcr thc posta scr
viccithasinvcntcdthctccgraph,thctccphonc,thcradiograph. Jhcghostsvon't
starvc, butvcvipcrish.
10
cncconlyghosrssurvivcrhcKalka-aucrcasc.mcdia-rcchnological
projccrs andrcxrsrcllccringrhc marcriallimirarionsolrhcvrirrcnvord.
Lvcn rhough, or bccausc, Kalka considcrcd rhc "vcry cxisrcncc" ol
gramophoncs "a rhrcar, "'`' hc submirrcd ro his cmploycc ol a phono-
graphmanulacrurcrascricsolmcdialinksrharvcrcsupposcdro bcablc
rocompcrcvirhLindsrrm`s cmpirc.^sidclrom adirccrlinkinvolvinga
parlograph,vhich "gocsro rhc rclcphonc in crlin" and conducrs "a lir-
rlc convcrsarion" virh a "gramophonc in raguc, " Kalka cnvisions a
"rypingburcauvhcrccvcryrhingdicrarcdinroLindsrrm`s arlographs is
rranscribcd on a rypcvrircr, ar cosr pricc, orarhrsr pcrhaps a bir bclov
cosr pricc. "'` Jharvas nor, olcoursc, rhc mosrup-ro-darc proposirion
,rhanksroOr. ScvardandNinaarkcr),buroncvirhalururc.nron-
ncn`smonodrama stjo/zug ol ,z6, "an clccrrically hookcd-up dicra-
phoncdicrarcsinroan cquallyclccrricrypcvrircr. "'``^nd sincc "rhcma-
chinc makcs lurrhcrinroads " inro "rhc luncrion olbrains " rhcmsclvcs,
insrcad olmcrcly "rcplacingrhcjbysica/ labor olman, . . . a rypcvrircr
is announccd in ,zy] rhar vill makc rhc rypisr supcrlluous and vill
rranslarc rhc soundolvordsdirccrlyinrorypcdscripr. "'`'
Kalka, hovcvcr, lor vhom Ns. aucr did nor rypc a singlc manu-
scripr, lcraloncconsrrucrmcdiancrvorks, sruck ro old-lashioncdlircra-
rurc. romrhc rypcvrircr hconly lcarncdro dodgcrhcphanrasm olau-
rhorship. ^s virh his hrsr lovc lcrrcr, rhc ", " "rhc norhingncss rhar
am, " '`` disappcarcd undcr dclcrions or abbrcviarions unril all rhar rc-
maincdvasa]oscphK.inTbe Tria/ andaK.byirscllinTbe Cast/e. Jhc
olhccmachincsolhisdaysalsolrccdrhcKalkaolhislircrarynighrslrom
rhc povcrol arrorncy, rharis,rhc aurhoriryro signdocumcnrs.
coudncvcrvorkasindcpcndcntyasyou sccmto; !sithcroutoIrcsponsibiity
ikc a snakc; havc to sign many things, but cvcry cvadcd signaturc sccms ikc a
gain; aso sign cvcrything though ! rcay shoudn`t) vith I! ony, as though
thatcoud cxoncratcmc;Iorthis rcason !aso Iccdravntothctypcvritcrinany
thing conccrning thc oIhcc, bccausc its vork, cspcciay vhcn cxccutcd at thc
hands oIthctypist, issoimpcrsona.'`
Ncchanizcd and marcrially spccihc, modcrn lircrarurc disappcars in
arypcolanonymiry,vhichbarcsurnamcslikc "Kalka" or "K. "onlycm-
Iranz!aIka`s postcard to Icicc baucr.
zz8 Tyjeurtter
phasizc.Jhc "disparirion cIocuroirc dupocrc"'`urgcdby NaIlarmc bc-
comcs rcaliry. Voicc and handvriring rrcachcrously could lalI subj ccrro
criminal dcrccrion, hcncc cvcry rracc olrhcm disappcarslromlircrarurc.
^s]acqucs Ocrrida, or "]. O. , " obscrvcs in aNay :,;, lovcIcrrcrvhosc
addrcss musr also bcvirhour, a) propcrnamc, s) .
hat cannotbcsaid abovc al mustnot bcsicnccd,butvrittcn. ^yscI, !ama
manoIspccch, !havcncvcrhadanythingtovritc.hcn!havc somcthingto say
sayitorsayittomyscI,basta.`ouarcthconyoncto undcrstandvhyitrcay
vasncccssarythat!vritccxactythc oppositc, asconccrnsaxiomatics,oIvhat
dcsirc, vhat knovmy dcsirc to bc, in othcrvordsyou. living spccch, prcscncc
itscI, proximity, thc propcr, thc guard, ctc. havc ncccssarily vrittcn upsidc
dovn-andinordcrtosurrcndcrtoPcccssity.
and [ortJetoi.
must vritc you this and at thc typcvritcr, sincc that`s vhcrc ! am,
sorry. . . ) . ''`
cnccOcrrida`s|ostcard consisrsolonc conrinuous srrcamolrypcd
lcrrcrspuncruarcdbyphonccaIlsrhararclrcqucnrlymcnrioncd burncvcr
rccordcd.Voicc rcmains rhc orhcrolrypcscriprs.
", pcrsonaIIy, " cnn says abour |roo/ens oj |oetry ,|roo/ene der
Lyrtk) , "donor considcr rhc modcrn pocm suirabIc lor pubIic rcading,
ncirhcr in rhc inrcrcsrolrhc pocm norinrhcinrcrcsrolrhclisrcncr. Jhc
pocmimprcsscsirscIlbcrrcrvhcnrcad. . . . nmyj udgmcnr,irsvisuaI ap-
pcaranccrcinlorccsirsrcccprion.^ modcrn pocmdcmands ro bc prinrcd
onpapcr and dcmandsro bc rcad, dcmands rhc bIack lcrrcr, ir bccomcs
morc plasric byvicvingirscxrcrnaIsrrucrurc. " '`'cncc a |a//as namcd
crra vonVcdcmcycr soIvcs all problcms olpocrry bccausc shc rrans-
lormscnn`sscribbIcd idcas-"alilclcsssomcrhing,vaguc vorIds, srull
rhrovn rogcrhcr virh pain and cllorr, srull broughr rogcrhcr, marcriaIs
rhar havc bccn groupcd, improvcd upon and Iclr undcvclopcd, Ioosc,
unrcsrcd,andvcak" ''-via rranscriprioninro arr.\ndcr rhccondirions
olhighrcchnology, aIlas, rhc goddcss olarr,isasccrcrary.
"undamcnraIIy, rhc rypcvrircr is norhing bur a miniarurc prinring
prcss. "'''^s a doublcd sparializarion olvriring-hrsronrhc kcyboard,
rhcn onrhcvhircpapcr-irimparrsro rcxrs anoprimaI oprical appcar-
ancc.^nd, loIlovingcnj amin`slorccasr,assoonas "sysrcmsvirhmorc
variabIc rypclaccs" ,such as roraring hcad rypcvrircrs or rhcrmal prinr-
crs) bccomc avaiIablc, "rhc prccision olrypographic lorms" candirccrIy
cnrcr "rhc conccprion ol. . . books. " "Vriring is] advancing cvcrmorc
dccply inro rhc graphic rcgions ol irs ncv ccccnrric hgurarivcncss"
,''
T,jeuriter zz,
''-
''^'
''
^''
!magc oIaJKcmington !r-kcyboard," t 8;.
IromNaIlarmc`s Coupdcdcs"and^polIinairc`s CalIigrammcs, "rhosc
rypographic pocms rhar arrcmpr ro bring vrircrs on par virh hlm and
phonography,''` ro joeste concrete, rharIorm oIpurcrypcvrircrpocrry.
J. S. LIior,vho vilI bc composing" Tbe Waste Land on rhc rypc-
vrircr, " hnds" (no diIIcrcnrIromIicrzschc) rharamsloughingoIIall
myIongscnrcnccsvhichuscdro dorcupon. Shorr, sraccaro,Iikcmodcrn
rcnch prosc. " nsrcad oI subrIcry, " rhc rypcvrircr makcs Ior lucid-
iry, "'' vhich is, hovcvcr, norhing bur rhc cIIccr oI irs rcchnoIogy on
srylc. ^sparializcd,numbcrcd,and(sinccrhc 1 o o o rypcvrircrs` congrcss
in Joronro) also srandardizcd suppIyoIsigns on akcyboard makcspos-
siblcvharandonlyvharQVLRJYprcscribcs.
oucaulr`s mcrhodical cxplanarion,rhcIasrandirrcducibIc cIcmcnrs
oIvhich arc arrhc ccnrcr oIhis discoursc analysis, can casily cIiminarc
rhc scnrcnccsoIIinguisrics,rhcspccchacrsoIcommunicarionsrhcory,rhc
srarcmcnrsoIIogic. nlyro bcconIronrcdbyrvoIacruaI condirions rhar
sccmro IuIhll alIrhc crircria Ior an cIcmcnrary srarcmcnr" oIdiscoursc
anaIysis. JhcpiIcoIprinrcr`scharacrcrvhichcanhoIdinmyhand,or
rhcIcrrcrsmarkcdonrhckcyboardoIarypcvrircr. "''`Singularandspa-
riaIizcd,marcriaIandsrandardizcd, srockpilcs oIsignsindccdundcrminc
so-calIcdNanvirhhisinrcnrions andrhc so-calIcdvorldvirhirs mcan-
ing. nlyrhar discoursc anaIysis ignorcs rhc Iacr rhar rhc IacruaIcondi-
rion isnosimplcmcrhodicaIcxampIcburisincachcascarcchno-hisror-
icaIcvcnr. oucauIromirs rhc clcmcnrary darum (in Iarin,rhccasring oI
diccorcouj de des) oIcachconrcmporaryrhcorcricaIpracriccandbcgins
discourscanalysis onlyvirhirs appIicarions orconhgurarions. rhc kcy-
boardoIarypcvrircrisnorasrarcmcnr, burrhcsamc scrics oIlcrrcrs,^,
Z, L, R,J, lisrcd ina rypcvriring manuaI, is rhc srarcmcnr oIrhc alpha-
bcricalordcradoprcdbyrcnchrypcvrircrs. "'''
oucaulr,rhcsrudcnroIcidcggcr, vrircs rhar rhcrcarcsigns, and
zo Tyjeuriter
rhariscnough lorrhcrcro oe signslorrhcrcro oe srarcmcnrs, "''onlyro
poinrloroncc ro rhcrypcvrircrkcyboardasrhcprccondirionlorallprc-
condirions.Vhcrcrhinking musr srop, blucprinrs,schcmarics, and indus-
rrial srandards bcgin. Jhcy alrcr , srricrly lollovingcidcggcr) rhc rcla-
rionship olcing ro Nan, vho has no choicc bur ro bccomc rhc sirc ol
rhcircrcrnalrccurrcncc. ^, Z,L, R,J . . .
\nril ^rno Schmidr`s larc novcls, bcyond oucaulr, vhich rcpcaror
rranscribc allkcyboardnumbcrs ar rhc rop ol rhc pagc and allkcyboard
symbols in rhcmargin, andrhus canonlyappcar as rypcscriprs.
\nril Lnrighr`s collccrion olpocms Tbe Tyjeuriter eto/ution and
tber |oens cclcbrarcs "rhc ncvcra" in unsurpassablc marcrial appro-
priarcncss. ''
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LJJ CI_ J ! ! !
Tyjeuriter z
Rcmington`s and \ndcrvood`s invcntion ushcrcd in a poctics that
Villiamlakcor]ohn Oonnc viththcirlimits/cars couId nothcar, lorit
transccnds mystical tigcrs in thc silcncc olthc night, or a mctaphysicaI
crotics bctvccnhcavcn andconlcssional. nIythc cxccssivc mcdia Iink
olopticsandacoustics,spclIingsandacronyms,bctvccnthclcttcrs,num-
bcrs, and symboIs ol a standardizcd kcyboard makcs humans ,and
vomcn) as cqual ascquaI signs.lakc`s "tigcr, tigcr, burningbright," is
succccdcd bythc stcnographcr, thatburningpoct`s bridc. Jhc history ol
typcvritcr Iitcraturc in nuce. ^ndalvaystocontinuc and/orcopy-hu-
mans,\.5. llags,orspyaircralt. "`outooarcapoct"vithtypos, crrata) .
Jovard thc cnd olthc irst Vorld Var, a young and ironic Carl
Schmittconccivcdthcvorldhistoryolinscription.Jo rcvritcithcrcinits
cntirctyisimpossiblc,simpIybccauscres gestae andres narratae coincidc.
Itis cnoughthatthc diary-typingmachincs caIlcd uribunks, asvcIIas
thc "tvcntydivisions" olburibunkologicaIdisscrtations,

''havccvoIvcd
lrom humbIcbcginnings into amodcrnIoop olcndIcssrcpIication.
CARL s C HmI II,

IHB SDRI SDrKs . A HI s ICRI C C- I HI t Cs CI HI CAL

MBOIIAII Cr

t t 8 )
Today, bccauscvchavcbccngrantcdthcprivilcgcofcnj oyingthcglorious
uotionofthc diaryatits zcnith,vctcndtoovcrlookvhatamajcsticdccd
manpcrformcdvhcn-pcrhapsasthcunknovinginstrumcntofthcvorld
spirit-hc plantcd viththc hrst innocuous notcthc hrst sccd, vhichnov
ovcrshadovsthc carthasagigantic trcc. Accrtain, ! vouldsay, moral fccl-
ing ofobligationurgcs ustoqucstionvhathistorical pcrsonagc cmbodics
thc prccursortothisvondcrful cpoch,thcmcsscngcrpigconthatthcvorld
spirithasscntinadvancc ofits lastandmosthighlyrchncdpcriod.Vc arc
obligcdto putthisqucstionat thc ccntcrofourprincipalinvcstigation.
2 2 Tyjeuriter
I VOud bC a mIyIy IrIump Or urIbunKOOyy I II COud IdCnIIy a
CrO suC as On )uan as IIs anCCsIOr andIn OppOsIIIOn IO IC CaryC O
sCOary absCnImIndCdnCssIaKC prIdC In IIs paradOXICa dCsCCnI rOm
IIs VIrIC and dCCIdCdy unsCOary CaVaICr. ndCCd, On )uans COnguCsIs
aVC bCCn rCyIsICrCd, buI IC CruCIa pOInI Is IO VOm IC InICCCIua prOp-
CrIy O IIs IdCa Can bC aIIrIbuICd. n Is CampaynC arIa, On )uan ImsC
smys
P, a mIa IsIa dOman maIIIna
duna dcCIna dcVI aumcnIar
a CCIny O VIC IC IruC urIbunKOOyIsI Is rCguCnIy pOssCssCd VCn
C pOndCrs IC daIy InCrCasIny sCOpC Or IC daIy rIsIny numbCr O Is pub-
ICaIIOns. C may VCry VC bC ICmpICd IO COmparC Is sCnsC O aCICVCmCnI
VII IC puCKy sC-COnHdCnCC O IC rIVOOus COnguCrOr O VOmCn. oII,
IIs sCduCIIVC paraC sOud nOI dIsIraCI us rOm IC prOOund sCrIOusnCss
O Our CndCaVOr Or Cad us IO OsC IC dIsIanCC rOm Our pOssIbC OundIny
aICr, VIC sObCr Ob CCIIVIIy and dCIaCCd sCICnCC dICIaIC IO us. Id On
)uan rCay aVC IC spCCIHCay burIbunKOOyICa aIIIIudC IaI uryCd Im IO
KCCp a dIary, nOI Or IC saKC O rCCOrdIny, supCrHCIay, Is many COn-
guCsIs, buII may say sOOuI O a sCnsC O sCCr ObIyaIIOn and dCbI
VIs-a-VIs IsIOry: C CannOI bCICVC sO. On )uan ad nO InICrCsI In IC
pasI, usI as C undamCnIay ad nO InICrCsI In IC uIurC, VIC Or Im
dId nOI yO bCyOnd IC nCXI COnguCsI; C IVCd In IC ImmCdIaIC prCsCnI, and
Is InICrCsI In IC IndIVIdua CrOIIC adVCnIurC dOCs nOI pOInI IO any sIyns O
a bCyInnIny sC-IsIOrICIzaIIOn. C CannOI dCICCI any sIyns O IC aIIIIudC
CaraCICrIzIny IC urIbunK, VIC OrIyInaICs rOm IC dCsIrC IO rCCOrd
CVCry sCCOnd O OnCs CXIsICnCC Or IsIOry, IO ImmOrIaIzC OnCsC. IKC IC
urIbunK KCCpIny a dIary, On )uan rCIsCs CaC IndIVIdua sCCOnd, and In
IaI ICrC Is CCrIaIny a sImIarIIy O psyCOOyICa yCsIurC. nsICad O COnsC-
CraIIny Is CXpOIIs On IC aIar O IsIOry In IC IumInaICd ICmpC, OV-
CVCr, C drays ICm InIO IC mIsIy CaVC O bruIa sCnsuaIIy, dCVOurIny ICm
anIma-IKC IO saIIaIC Is basC InsIInCIs. '` IOI Or a sInyC mOmCnI dOCs C
aVC VaI VOud IKC IO Ca IC CInCmaIIC aIIIIudC O IC urIbunKC
` cnCC, Onc COud say IaI On ]uan Is nOI Onc VO rumInaIcs upOn I\cd
cXpcrIcnCc, I Onc Vcrc IO Caryc Ic burIbunKOOyICa KccpIny O a dIary VII
bcIny a KInd O InIccCIua rumInaIIOn. JaI suC a CaIm Is unIcnabc Is casy 0
prOVc, Or Ic dIary-KCcpIny urIbunK dOcs nOI cXpcrIcnCC anyIIny prIOr IO Is
cnIrIcs; raIcr, Ic CXpcrIcnCC COnsIsIs prCCIscy In Ic maKIny O an cnIry and
IIs subscguCnI pubICaIIOn. JO spcaK O rumInaIIOn Is Ius sImpy nOnscnsc,
bCCausc Icrc Is nO InIIIa aCI O CcVIny and sVaOVIny.
T,jeuriter z
nCVCr apprCnCnds nImsC as InC subCCI-ObCCI O nIsIOry-In VnICn InC
VOrd sOu, VrIIIny IIsC, nas bCCOmC rCaIzCd. nd InC rCyIsICr InaI Cp-
OrCO KCCps Or nIm nC IaKCs aOny Ony as an aICrInOuynI, as a dCCCIabC
!aVOrIny Or nIs nOrIzOnIa dCIynIs. CnCC, VC naVC CyIIImaIC dOubI
VnCInCr, Or CXampC, rOm InC ,oo opanIsn rCprCsCnIaIIVCs, mOrC Inan
InrCC OVC InCIr CnIry InIO InC rCyIsICr IO InC VCry CXIsICnCC O InC rCyIsICr II-
sC. uI dICrCnIy, VC VOndCr VnCInCr On )uan nas bCCn prOmpICd InIO
aCIIOn by nIs InnCr nCCd IO sIarI and KCCp a rCyIsICr, I Ony In InOsC InrCC
CasCs, InC Vay numCrOus maOr aCnICVCmCnIs In InC arIs, In sCICnCC, In
CVCryday IC naVC bCCn prOduCCd sOCy VIIn InC IdCa O InCIr rCCOrdCd CXIs-
ICnCC In a dIary Or nCVspapCr-InC dIary O InC massCsIn mInd. nC rCy-
IsICr Vas nCVCr InC hna CausC; In ImpCmCnIIny InC aCIs O InnCrVaIIOn aI Is-
suC, II VasIn InC rCCIanyC O psyCnOOyICa OrCCs-rCCyaICd IO InC rOC
O an aCCIdCnIa, O an aCCOmpanyIny pOsIIIVC mOIOr. nus, Or us On )uan
Is hnIsnCd.
InC mOrC InICrCsIIny Is InC bCnaVIOr O CpOrCO. C rCIsnCs InC
sCnsuOus CIOVCrs O nIs masICr, a COupC O yIrs, a COupC O CnOICC
mOrsCs; Or InC mOsI parI, nC aCCOmpanICs nIs masICr. urIbunK dOCs nOI
dO InaI, Or a urIbunK Is unCOndIIIOnay and absOuICy nIs OVn masICr, nC
Is nImsC. Lraduay, nOVCVCr, VnaI aVaKCns In CpOrCO Is InC dCsIrC IO
parIaKC In InC CsCapadCs O nIs masICr by VrIIIny InCm dOVn, by IaKIny
nOIC O InCm, and II Is aI InIs mOmCnI InaI VC sCC InC daVn O urIbunK-
dOm. IIn InC aId O a COmmCndabC IrICK nC surpassCs nIs masICr, and I nC
dOCs nOI bCCOmC On )uan nImsC, nC bCCOmCs mOrC Inan InaI; nC CnanyCs
rOm On )uans VrCICnCd undCrIny InIO nIs bIOyrapnCr. C bCCOmCs a nIs-
IOrIan, drays On )uan IO InC bar O VOrd nIsIOry, InaI Is, VOrd COurI, In
OrdCr IO appCar as an adVOCaIC Or prOsCCuIOr, dCpCndIny On InC rCsuI O nIs
ObsCrVaIIOns and InICrprCIaIIOns.
as CpOrCO, nOVCVCr, COynIzanI O InC ImpICaIIOns O sIarIIny nIs
rCyIsICr as InC hrsI sICp In a yIyanIIC dCVCOpmCnIr LCrIaIny nOI. C dO nOI
VanI IO dIsmIss InC mIynIy COrI bCnInd InC sma rCyIsICr O InC pOOr
buO, buI VC CannOI undCr any CIrCumsIanCCs rCCOynIzC nIm as a COnsCIOus
urIbunKnOV snOud nC naVC dOnC II, anyVay, InC pOOr sOn O a bCauIIu
buI CuIuray rCIrOyradC COunIry In VnICn InC ICrrOr O papa InguIsIIIOn
nas CrusnCd and smasnCd a rCmaInIny sIyns O InICIyCnCCr C Vas nOI
mCanI IO sCC nIs nOnCInCCss sIynIHCanI InICCCIua VOrK COmC IO ruIIIOn;
nC nOds InC IrCasurC-adCn snrInC, buI nC dOCs nOI nOd InC KCy IO II. C nas
nOI undCrsIOOd InC CssCnIIa and nas nOI saId InC mayIC VOrds InaI OpCn InC
Vay IO addIns CaVC. C Vas aCKIny InC COnsCIOusnCss O InC VrIIIny sub-
CCI, InC COnsCIOusnCss InaI nC nad bCCOmC InC auInOr O a pICCC O VOrd
z Tyjeuriter
nIsIOry and nCnCC a urOr On InC VOrd COurIIndCCd, IO CXCrCIsC COnIrO
OVCr InC VCrdICI O InC VOrd COurI, bCCausC nIs VrIIICn dOCumCnIs VCrC
prOO mOrC VaId Inan a nundrCd ICsIImOnICs IO InC COnIrary. ad CpOrCO
nad InC sIrOny VI IO InIs KInd O pOVCr, nad nC VCnIurCd InC maynIhCCnI
Cap IO bCCOmC an IndCpCndCnI VrIIIny pCrsOnaIIy, nC VOud hrsI naVC VrII-
ICn nIs OVn auIObIOyrapny; nC VOud naVC madC a nCrO O nImsC, and In-
sICad O InC rIVOOus CaVaICr VnO asCInaICs pCOpC VIIn nIs snaOV dIspO-
sIIIOn, VC VOud guIIC prObaby naVC yOIICn InC ImprCssIVC pICIurC O a su-
pCrIOr manayCr VnO, VIIn nIs supCrIOr busInCss sKIs and InICIyCnCC, pus
InC sIrInys O InC COOru marIOnCIIC, On )uan. uI InsICad O IaKIny pCn
InIO hsI, InC pOOr dCVI CCnCnCs nIs hsI In nIs pOCKCI.
\pOn COsC sCruIIny, InC uIICr InadCguaCy O CpOrCOs rCyIsIraIIOn
mCInOd appCars In numCrOus dCCCIs. C puIs pnOIOyrapns In sCguCnCC
VIInOuI CVCr maKIny an aIICmpI IO snapC InC nCICrOyCnCOus dIsCOnIInuIIy O
suCCCssIVC sCduCIIOns InIO a nOmOyCnCOus COnIInuIIy; VnaI Is mIssIny Is InC
mCnIa InrCad, InC prCsCnIaIIOn O dCVCOpmCnI. C dOnI yCI any sCnsC O
dCmOnsIraICd Causa COnnCCIIOns, O InC mCnIa, CImaIIC, CCOnOmIC, and sO-
CIOOyICa COndIIIOns O IndIVIdua aCIIOns, nOInIny rCaIIny IO an aCsInCIIC
ObsCrVaIIOn abOuI InC asCCndIny Or dCsCCndIny bC CurVC O On )uans
CVOVIny IasIC. oImIary, InC rCyIsICr nas nOInIny IO say abOuI InC spCCIhC
nIsIOrICa InICrCsI In InC unIguCnCss O CaCn IndIVIdua prOCCdurC Or In CaCn
IndIVIdua pCrsOnaIIy. CpOrCOs dIsInICrCsI Is uIICry InCOmprCnCnsIbC; nC
dOCs nOI CVCn COmmunICaIC any dIsmay VnCn nC Is daIy VIInCss IO nIs mas-
ICrs InyCnIOus sCXuaIIynOV II Is aImCssy sCaIICrCd IO InC VInds InsICad
O bCIny raIIOnay dIssCmInaICd InIO purpOsIVC pOpuaIIOn yrOVIn. oII
Css CVIdCnI Is nIs VIInynCss IO prOVIdC rCIabC rCsCarCn daIa On dCIaIs:
nOVnCrC dOCs CpOrCO InguIrC InIO InC dCCpCr mOIIVaIIOns O IndIVIdua
sCduCIIOns, nOVnCrC dO VC hnd sOCIOOyICay usCu daIa On InC sIandIny,
OrIyIn, ayC, and sO On O On )uans VICIIms, as VC as InCIr prC-sCduCIIOn
IVCs-aI mOsI, VC arC CI VIIn InC summary COnCusIOn VnICn Is prObaby
nOI suhCICnI Or a mOrC sCrIOus sCICnIIhC InVCsIIyaIIOn) InaI InCy CamC rOm
CVCry sIaIIOn, CVCry Orm, and CVCry ayC. C asO dOnI nCar anyInIny
abOuI VnCInCr InC VICIIms aICr OryanIzCd InCmsCVCs InIO a aryCr, COmmu-
na mass InIIIaIIVC and prOVIdCd muIua CCOnOmIC suppOrI-VnICn nO dOubI
VOud naVC bCCn InC Ony rIynI InIny IO dO, yIVCn InCIr numbCrs. IaIuray,
VnaI Is asO mIssIny Is any sIaIIsIICa brCaKdOVn VIInIn InC rCspCCIIVC CaIC-
yOrICs, VnICn VOud naVC rCCOmmCndCd IIsC In IynI O InC nIyn numbCr O
,oo ; CVCn mOrC, VnaI Is mIssIny Is any IndICaIIOn as IO nOV InC dumpCd
yIrs nad bCCn IaKCn CarC O by InC VCarC sysICm, VnICn In many CasCs nad
bCCOmC nCCCssary. IaIuray as VC, InCrC Is nO InKIny InaI, In IynI O InC
Tyjeuriter z y
brutacxpoitation oImac sociasupcriorityinrcationto dcIcnsccss
vomcn, thc introduction oIIcmac suIIragc isa mosturgcntandcgitimatc
dcmand. tvoudbcinvain to ask Iorthc argcrprcccptsthat undcricthc
dcvcopmcnt oIthc cocctivc sou,thc sub cctivismoIthctimc, thc dcgrcc
oIits cxcitation. na vord, inadcguacyhcrc is turncd into rcaity. !cporco
isobiviousto thcvctcroIthc mosturgcntscicntinc gucstions-muchto
his ovn disadvantagc, bccauschchasto submithisobiviousncsstothc
udgcmcntoIhistory. Lbivious to prcssing gucstions, hc didnotcngagc in
asmuchasoncinvcstigationthatthcmostimmaturc studcntoIthchumani-
ticstodayvoudhavcpounccdupon, and hcnccmisscdthc opportunityoI
cvovingthcconsciousncssncccssarytorccognizcthcsignincancc oIhisovn
idcntity. Jhc dcadmattcrhasnotbccncongucrcdbythcintccctua abor
oIitsvorkman,andthcIycrs onthcadvcrtiscmcntpiarscontinuctoan-
nouncc: Oon]uan,thcchastiscddcbauchcc, andnot:!cporco`stacs . . . .
PotuntiIcrkcrdidthc diarybccomcancthica-historicapossibiity;
thcprimogcniturcinthcrcamoIburibunkdomishis. bcyour ovnhistory!
!ivc, so thatcachsccondoIyouriIccanbccntcrcd into yourdiaryandbc
acccssibctoyourbiographcr! ComingoutoIIcrkcr`s mouth,thcscvcrcbig
andstrongvordsthathumanityhadnotycthcard.Jhcyovcthcirdistribu-
tionintothc nooks andcrannicsoIcvcnthcmostrcmotcviagcsto a
vordvidc organizationaimcdatdisscminating his idcas, an organization
vcmanagcdandhavingthc support oIan intcigcnt prcss. Poviagc is so
smathatitisvithouta backsmith, asthc odsongvcnt;today, vc can
sayvithnota ittc pridc thatnoviagcisso smathatitisnotimbucd
vithatcasta touch oIburibunkicspirit.Jhcgrcatman, '` vho prcsidcd
ikcthcchicIoIagcncrastaIIovcrhisthousandsoIundcrings,vhoguidcd
hiscnormousbusincssvitha surchand,vhochannccdthcattcntion oIthc
troops oIrcscarchcrstohot spots, and vho vith unhcard-oIstratcgic ski
IocuscdattcntionondiIncutrcscarchprobcms bydircctingpionccring dis-
` Lnthis issuc,arccvantdocumcnts shova rarc unanimity. !nhisdiary,
^aximiianSpcringcashim asmartIcov" ,Sperlin`s Diaries, vo. tz, cd.
^cxandcr bumkotzki jbrcsau, toj,p. 8 t6) . JhcoJimm, in acttcroI^ugust
zt to !urtStangc, dcscribcshimas a Iabuousguy" , Tinn`sLetters,vo. zt,
cd. IrichVcit j Lcipzig, ttj , p. q8 ) . !n hcr diary, ^aricchcn Schmirrvitz says,
!hndhimspcndid" vo. q,cd.oIgang!ucbncr cimar, tzoj,p. q ) .
oovinghis hrstmcctingviththc manhimscI, Lskar Limburgcrcxcaims,
"!c iscnormous,vatch outIorhim" ,Menorieso[nyLi[e, cd. !atharina
Sicbcnhaar jStuttgart, toj , p. 8;) . rospcr Locb dcscribcs himas oIa dc
monicnaturc" !nigsbcrg, t 8,p. to8) . !c is a hcckoIaguy, "says!nut
vom !cuinhiscttcrs tohisbridccditcdbythcir sonip;rankIurt a. ^. ,
tt 8, p. ;t) , and soon.
z 6 Tyjeuriter
sCrIaIIOnsInIs ImprCssIVC pCrsOnaIIy CXpCrICnCCd a Iruy sCnsaIIOna rIsC.
Orn O! numbC OrIyIns and CduCaICd VIInOuI aIIn In InC mIddC sCnOO O!
nIs sma IOVn, nC suCCCssIVCy bCCamC a dCnIIsI, a bOOKmaKCr, an CdIIOr,
InC OVnCr O! a COnsIruCIIOn COmpany In I!Is, InC sCCrCIary O! InC nCad-
guarICrs O! InC InICrnaIIOna assOCIaIIOn IO bOOsI IOurIsm On InC drIaIIC
COasI, InC OVnCr O! a mOVIC InCaICr In CrIn, a marKCIIny dIrCCIOr In oan
ranCIsCO, and, CVCnIuay, rO!CssOr O! ^arKCIIny and \pVard ^ObIIIy aI
InC nsIIIuIC O! LOmmCrCC In CXandrIa. nIs Is asO VnCrC nC Vas CrC-
maICd and, In InC mOsI yrandIOsC sIyC, nIs asnCs prOCCssCd InIO prInICrs
InK, as nC nad spCCI!Cd In dCIaI In nIs VI and VnICn Vas sCnI In sma pOr-
IIOns IO prInIIny prCssCs a OVCr InC VOrd. nCn, VIIn InC aId O! !yCrs and
bIbOards, InC VnOC CIVIIzCd VOrd Vas In!OrmCd O! InIs prOCCdurC and
Vas !urInCrmOrC admOnIsnCd IO KCCp In mInd InaI CaCn O! InC bIIOns O!
CIICrs nIIIIny InC CyC OVCr InC yCars VOud COnIaIn a !raymCnI O! InC Im-
mOrIa mans asnCs. Or COns, InC mCmOrIa O! nIs CarIny days VI nCVCr
dIsappCar; InC man-VnO CVCn In dCaIn Is a yCnIus O! !aCIuaIIyInrOuyn
an InyCnIOus, VOud say anIImCIapnysICa-pOsIIIVIsI yCsIurC, sCCurCd nIm-
sC! a COnIInuCd CXIsICnCC In InC mCmOry O! numanIIy, a mCmOry, mOrCOVCr,
InaI Is CVCn mOrC sa!Cy yuaranICCd InrOuyn InC Ibrary O! dIarICs InaI nC rC-
CasCd In parI durIny nIs I!CIImC, In parI a!ICr nIs dCaIn. Or aI CaCn mO-
mCnI O! nIs mOmCnIOus I!C nC Is OnC VIIn nIsIOrIOyrapny and InC prCss; In
InC mIdsI O! ayIIaIIny CVCnIs nC COOy snOOIs Hm ImayCs InIO nIs dIary In
OrdCr IO InCOrpOraIC InCm InIO nIsIOry. nanKs IO InIs !OrCsIynI, and InanKs
as VC IO nIs COnCOmIIanI sC!Css rCsCarCn, VC arC In!OrmCd abOuI amOsI
CVCry sCCOnd O! InC nCrOs I!C . . . .
IOV VC arC Hnay In a pOsIIIOn IO dCHnC nIsIOrICay InC CruCIa COnIrI-
buIIOn O! InIs InyCnIOus man: nOI Ony nas nC madC InC radICay Irans!Or-
maIIVC IdCa O! InC mOdCrn COrpOraIIOn !CasIbC !Or numan InyCnuIIy VIIn-
OuI CaVIny InC yrOund O! InC CInICa IdCa; nOI Ony nas nC dCmOnsIraICd
InrOuyn nIs I!C InaI OnC Can buId a CarCCr O! purpOsIVC ambIIIOn and sII
bC an CInICay COmpCIC bCIny, bOund undCr InC subaIIOn O! InC IrrCCOnCI-
abC duaIIy O! maIICr and mInd In a Vay InaI InVaIdaICs InC COnsIruCIIOns
O! InCOOyIzIny mCIapnysICs, VnICn VCrC InImICa IO InC InICCCIua CImaIC
O! InC IVCnIICIn CCnIury, InrOuyn a VICIOrIOus nCV IdCaIsm; nC nas, and InIs
Is InC CruX, !Ound a nCV, COnICmpOrary !Orm O! rCIyIOn by sIrICIy adnCrIny
IO an CXCusIOnary pOsIIIVIsm and an unsnaKabC bCIC! In nOInIny-buI-maI-
ICr-O!-!aCInCss. nd InC mCnIa rCyIOn In VnICn InCsC numCrOus and COnIra-
dICIOry CCmCnIs, InIs bundC O! nCyaICd nCyaIIOns, arC synInCsIzCdInC un-
CXpaInabC, absOuIC, CssCnIIa InaI Is parI O! CVCry rCIyIOnInaI Is nOInIny
buI InC urIbunKOOyICa.
T,jeuriter z ;
Poburibuhkoogistvhoi s asoa gchuihcburibuhkviuttcrthchamc
oIthis mahvithoutthc utmost rcvcrchcc. Jhatvcmust cmphasizc up
Iroht.Iorvhchvcdisagrccviththc critica appraisa oIourhcro byhotcd
Icrkcrschoars ihthcIoovihgdiscussioh,vcdosohotvithoutcmphatic
protcst agaihst thcmisuhdcrstahdihgthatvcIaito rccoghizc Icrkcr`s
trcmchdousimpuscs ahd thc Iu staturc oIthc mah. Pobodycah bc morc
ihIormcd byahdimbucdvithhisvorkthahvc arc. Pcvcrthccss,hc is hot
thc hcro oIburibuhkdombutohyits ^oscs,vho vas pcrmittcd to sccthc
promiscd ahd but hcvcrto sctIoot ohit. Icrkcr`s truyhobcboodissti
tihgcdvithtoomahyuhassimiatcd, aich ccmchts; atavistic rcmihiscchccs
sticast thcir shadov ovcrohgpcriods oIhisiIcahddimthcpurcimagc
oIscI-suIhcicht, buc-boodcdburibuhkdom. Lthcrvisc, itvoud bcihcx-
picabc thatthc hobc mah, doubtihghisihhcr schsc oIscI, shortybcIorc
his dcath vas viihghotohyto chtcrihto a bourgcois-rcigiousmarriagc
butaso to marryhis ovh housckccpcr-avomahvhovckhovvas com-
pctcyuhcducatcd, dovhrightiitcratc, ahdvho cvchtuay asidcIromih-
hibitihgthcIrcccxIoiatioh oIhispcrsohaity) soughtto prcvcht, Iorrca
sohsoIdcvoutbigotry, hiscrcmatioh. . . . Johavcsurpasscdthcscihcohsis-
tchcicsahdtohavcmadcburibuhkdom,ihitscrysta-ccarpurity, ihtoa
historicaIactisthc vork oI Schhckkc.
^sa IuymaturcdIruitoIthcmost hobc buribuhkdom,this gchius Ic
Iromthc trcc oI his ovh pcrsohaity. hSchhckkcvc hhd hot thccastvisi-
bctracc oIhcsitatioh,hotthcsightcstdcviatiohIromthc distihguishcdihc
oIthcLr-buribuhkoogica. cishothihgmorcthaha diarykccpcr, hc ivcs
Ior hisdiary, hc ivcs ihahdthrough his diary, cvch vhchhcchtcrsihtohis
diarythathc hoohgcrkhovsvhatUvritcihhis diary. Lh a cvcvhcrc
thc,vhichhas bcchprocctihgitscIihto a rcihcd, you-vord cohstcatioh,
IovsvithIorccIurhythmbackihto a vord-cohstcatioh, thc absoutc
sacrihccoIachcrgicsIorthc bchchtoIthcihhcrscIahditsidchtityhas
achicvcdthcIucstharmohy. bccauscidcaahdrcaityhavchcrc bcchIuscd
ih uhsurpassabcpcrIcctioh; vhatismissihgisahyparticuarsihguarity,
vhich shapcdIcrkcr`s iIc ih sucha schsatiohavaybutvhich, Ior ahy dis-
cussiohIocusihgohthccsschtia,mustbcuhdcrstoodasa compimcht
rathcrthah a critiguc. Schhckkc is,iha muchmorcrchhcd schsc thahIcr-
kcr, apcrsohaity, ahdprcciscy bccausc oIthathashcdisappcarcd bchihd
thcmostihcohspicuoussociabiity. is distihct idiosyhcrasy, ah dctcr-
mihcd socy bythcmostcxtrcmc rucs oIits ovh, isocatcd vithih a spcc-
trumoIihdiscrimihatcgchcraity, iha stcadycoorcsshcssthatisthcrcsut
oIthcmostsacrihciavitopovcr. crcvchavcrcachcdthcabsoutc
zchith oIburibuhkdom;vchccdhotbcaIraidoIahyrcapsc,asvith
z 8 Tyjeuriter
Icrkcr. Jhc cmpirc oIburibuhkdom has bcchIouhdcd. Ior ihthc midst
oIhiscohtihuousdiarics, Schhckkc vithhisstrohgschscoIgchcraityahd
hisuhivcrsaihstihct)savthc opportuhityto dctachthc diaryIrom its rc-
strictivc bohdviththcihdividuaahdto cohvcrtitihtoacocctivcorgah-
ism. Jhcgchcrous orgahizatiohoIthc obigatorycocctivcdiaryis his
achicvcmcht.Jhroughthat,hc dchhcd ahd sccurcd thcIramihgcohditiohs
oIa buribuhkoogica ihtcriority; hcccvatcdthc chaoticvhitc hoisc oIdis-
cohhcctcdahdsihgcburibuhkdomihtothcpcrIcct orchcstratiohoIaburi-
buhkic cosmos. !ctusrctraccthcbroadihcsoIdcvcopmchtoIthis socio-
ogicaarchitccturc.
vcryburibuhk, rcgardcss oIscx, is obigatcd tokccp a diaryohcvcry
sccohdoIhis orhcriIc. Jhcsc diarics arc hahdcdovcroha daiybasisahd
coatcd bydistrict.^ scrcchihg is dohc accordihg to both a subcct ahda
pcrsohaihdcx.Jhch,vhicrigidychIorcihgcopyrightIorcachihdividua
chtry,a chtrics oIah crotic,dcmohic, satiric, poitica, ahdsoohhaturc arc
subsumcdaccordihgy, ahdvritcrs arccataogucdbydistrict. Jhahks to a
prcciscsystcm,thc orgahizatioh oIthcscchtricsiha cardcataogucaovs
IorimmcdiatcidchtihcatiohoIrccvahtpcrsohsahdthcircircumstahccs.I,
Ior cxampc,a psychopathoogistvcrc to bc ihtcrcstcdihthc pubcsccht
drcamsoIaccrtaihsociacassoIburibuhks,thc matcriarccvahtIorthis
rcscarchcoudcasiybcassimiatcdIrom thccardcataogucs.hturh,thc
vorkoIthcpsychopathoogistvoudbcrcgistcrcdimmcdiatcy, sothat,say,
a historiah oIpsychopathoogycoudvithiha mattcr oIhours obtaihrci-
abc ihIormatioh astothctypcoIpsychopathoogica rcscarch cohductcd so
Iar;simutahcousy-ahdthisisthc mostsighihcahtadvahtagcoIthisdou-
bcrcgistratioh-hccoudasonhdihIormatiohaboutthcpsychopathoogi-
camotivatiohsthatuhdcric thcsc psychopathoogica studics. Jhus
' hatadiIIcrchccthcrcis bctvcchIcrkcr`sahdSchhckkc`s attitudcs
tovardvomch!Pcvcristhcrc ahythoughtih Schhckkc aboutgcttihgmarricd
ihchurch; vith ihstihctivc surcIootcdhcss hc rccoghizcs it as abaahdchaih
ohthccg oIhisihgchuity, ahd hcmahagcs-dcspitc a scrics oIrathcrIuydc
vcopcdcroticrcatiohships-tocscapcIrommarriagcviththcsurctyoIa sccp-
vakcr. !cavaysrcmaihs coghizahtoIthc hccds surrouhdihgthcIrccdcvcop-
mchtoIhisuhiquchcss, ahdhcrightIuyihvokcs Ikkchard ih hisdiaryvhch
hcsaysthatmarriagcvoud ihhibithis csschtia-hcss.^tthcsamc timc, vc
shoud hotovcrookthcimprcssivcprogrcss cvidchtIrom Icrkcr to Schhckkc
vhchitcomcstovomch. Jhcrcisho iitcratcvomahih Schhckkc`s iIc,ho ohc
vho vith pctit-bourgcoisridicuoushcssvoudcIaimto rcstraihgchius'shccds
Ioruhrcstraihcd activity; ho ohcvhovoudhothavcbcchproudtohavcscrvcd
Schhckkc asthcimpctus Iorhis artistic achicvcmchts ahdthusto havc chjoycd
thcmostgratiIyihgrcvardoIhcrIcmachcss.
T,jeurtter z,
scrcchcdahdordcrcd,thc diaricsarcprcschtcdi hmohthyrcports to thc
chicI oIthc buribuhkOcpartmcht,vho cah ihthis mahhcrcohtihuousysu-
pcrviscthcpsychoogicacvoutiohoIhisprovihccahdrcportto a cchtra
agchcy. Jhisagchcy, ihturh, kccpsa rccordoIthccompctcrcgistcr ahd
pubishcsthatrcgistcrihIspcrahto)ahdishchcc iha positiohtocxcrcisc
buribuhkoogicacohtro ovcraoIburibuhkdom. ^ scrics oIrccvaht
practiccs-such aspcriodicahdmutuaphoto opportuhitics ahdnmprc-
schtatiohs, ahactivc cxchahgc oIdiarics, rcadihgs Irom diarics, studiovisits,
cohIcrchccs, hcv ourhas,thcatcrproductiohsprcccdcdahdIoovcd by
/audattos ohthcpcrsohaityoIthcartist-chsurcthatthcihtcrcstoIthc
buribuhkihhimscIahdihthc guihtcsschtiayburibuhkicdocshotbccomc
mcrcdccorum;thcyprcvchtasvca damagihg,couhtcrcuturavahihgoI
ihtcrcst,vhichcadsusto doubtvhcthcrthcrcnhcdcxistchcc oIthcburi-
buhkvordvicvcrcomcto ahchd.
Pcvcrthccss,hcrctoovcscca rcbciousspiritihcvidchcc, abcit
rarcy. ^hdyctithccdsto bcsaidthatihthcburibuhkvord,thcrc cxists ah
uhimitcd ahdihnhitcyuhdcrstahdihgtocrahcc, asvc asthchighcstrc-
spcctIora pcrsoh`s ihdividua ibcrty. buribuhksarcaovcd tovritcthcir
diarychtrics IrccIromahy cocrcioh vhatsocvcr. Pot ohyisohc aovcd to
saythathcacks thc mchta chcrgyIorIurthcrchtrics ahdthatitisohythc
gricIIctIorhisIaiihgchcrgics thatgivcs himthcchcrgyhcccssaryIorIur-
thcr chtrics; thatis, ihIact, ohcoIthcmost bcovcdtypcs oIchtry,vhichis
vidcy ackhovcdgcd ahdapprcciatcd. ccahasoputdovh, vithoutIcar-
ihgthc cast prcssurc, thathccohsidcrs thc diaryohc oIthcmostschsccss
ahdbothcrsomcpracticcs, ahahhoyihgchicahcry, a ridicuous odhat-ih
bricI,hc is hotprcvchtcdIrom usihgthcstrohgcstahguagc. Iorthcburi-
buhksvckhovthatthcyvoudvioatcthchcrvccchtcroIthcirbcihg
vcrcthcytomcssviththcprihcipcoIuhcohditiohaIrccdomoIspccch.
Jhcrc cvchcxists a rcputabcorgahizatiohthatscts itscIthc task oIburi-
buhkicayrccordihg^hti-buribuhkdom, ustasthcrcisahagchcycrcatcd
IorthcpurposcoIIostcrihg,ihimprcssivcchtrics, thc abiityto articuatc
disgustahd oathihgIorthc agchcyahdcvchprotcst agaihstthc obigatory
diarychtry. Icriodicay, vhchdiarychtricsthrcatchtogidcihto a ccrtaih
uhiIormity, cadcrsoIthc buribuhksorgahizca succcssIumovcmchtaimcd
atraisihg ihdividua-pcrsoha scI-cstccm.'`Jhchigh poiht oIthisibcraity,
'` !hthis cohtcxt, ccrtaih uhdauhtcd hco-buribuhkic ihitiativcs dcscrvc ah
hohorabc mchtioh. Jhcyhavc cd to thccstabishmchtoIaprizc-vihhihgqucs-
tioh thatis raiscdpcriodicay, hatrcaprogrcsshavcthc buribuhksmadc
sihcc thc daysoIIcrkcr: "ahdtodccidcdcIIorts ihthatdircctioh.
z(o T,jeuriter
hovcvcr, rcsidcsihthc Iactthat hoburibuhkisIorbiddchIrom vritihg ih
his diarythathc rcIuscs to kccp a diary.
`aturay, such Irccdomdocs hot rcachthcpoihtoI aharchicchaos.
vcrychtryaboutrcIusihgtokccp a diarymustbcampysupportcdahddc-
vcopcd.hosocvcr, ihstcadoIvritihgaboutohc`srcsistahcctovardvrit-
ihg,rcayomitsvritihg atogcthcr vioatcsthcgchcraihtccctuaopchhcss
ahdvi bccimihatcdohgrouhdsoIahtisocia bchavior.JhcpathoIcvou-
tioh sichty passcsovcrthc sicht ohcs; thcyarc outsidc oIa discoursc ahd
as a rcsutcah hoohgcr drav attchtioh to thcmscvcs. Iihay, sihkihg stcp
bystcpuhtihittihgthc bottomoIthc sociahicrarchy, thcyarc Iorccdto
mahuIacturcthc cxtcrhacohditiohsIorthcpossibiityoIhobcburibuhk-
dom,Iorcxampc,high-guaity, hahdmadcpapcr, upohvhicharcprihtcd
thcmostdistihguishcddiarics. . . . Jhatis arigorousbutcompctcyhatura
sccctioh oIthc nttcst, Ior vhosocvcr cahhotcompctc ihthc ihtccctua
struggcoIdiarics vi sooh dcgchcratc ahddisappcarihthc mass oIthOsc
cguippcd ohyto producc thc cxtcrhacohditiohs ust mchtiohcd. ^sa rcsut
oIthis physica abor ahd othcrmchia scrviccs, suchpcopc aso archo
ohgcriha positiohto cxpoit, ihburibuhk Iashioh,cachmomchtoIthcir
ivcs, ahdthcythusyicdto ahihcxorabcIatc. Sihccthcy doh`tvritc ahy-
morc,thcycahhotrcspohdto possibc ihcohsistchcicsihthcirpcrsohanc;
thcyhoohgcr staycurrcht, thcy disappcarIromthcmohthyrcports ahd
bccomc hohchtitics. ^siIsvaovcd bythccarth, hobodykhovsthcmahy
morc, hobody mchtiohs thcmihthcir diarics, thcyarchcithcrscchhor
hcard. KcgardcssoIthc ihtchsityoIthcir amcht, cvchiIitvcrc to drivc
thcmtothc cdgc oIihsahity, thchohorabc avdocshotsparc ahyohcvho
hasdishohoraby cxcudcd him- orhcrscI, ustas thc avs oIhatura sccc-
tiohthcmscvcs khovhocxccptioh.
^hdso, throughtirccssahdchgagcdactivity, thcburibuhksscckto
achicvc suchapcrIcctiohoIthcirorgahizatiohthat,cvchiIohyovcrthc
spahoIhuhdrcds oIgchcratiohs, ahuhprcccdchtcdprogrcssiohischsurcd.
Oauhtihgcacuatiohs-mayprogrcsshotrchdcrthcmutopiahl-havcsug
gcstcdthatcuturcvicvchtuayrcachsucha cvcthat,thahksto uhhih-
dcrcdcvoutioh,thcabiityIor diaryvritihgvigraduaybccomcihborh
ihthcburibuhkIctus.Iso, Ictuscscoud,viththchcpoIappropriatc,yct
to-bc-dcvcopcdmcdia,commuhicatcvithohcahothcraboutthcircardiha
pcrccptiohsahdhchcc by dcmystiIyihgthcrcmaihihgsccrctsoIscxrc-
scarch)providcthchcccssary, Iactua basisIora rcnhcdscxuacthics. ^
that, oIcoursc,isIarihthc distahcc.tis,hovcvcr, a historicaIactthata-
rcadytodaythcrc cxistsa grahdahddchscyorgahizcdmass oIburibuhk-
dom-ahd hchcc a spcakihg,vritihg, bustihg buribuhkdomcompccdto
T,jeurtter z
CnOy CaCh pCrsOns CssCnIIa pCrsOnaIIyIhaI !OryCs ahCad InIO IhC sunrIsC
O! hIsIOrICIIy.
hC basIC OuIInC O! IhC phIOsOphy O! IhC urIbunKs: IhInK, IhCrC!OrC
am; spCaK, IhCrC!OrC am; VrIIC, IhCrC!OrC am; pubIsh, IhCrC!OrC
am. hIs COnIaIns nO COnIradICIIOn, buI raIhCr IhC prOyrCssIVC sCguCnCC O!
IdCnIIIICs, CaCh O! VhICh, !OOVIny IhC aVs O! OyIC, IransCCnds IIs OVn
ImIIaIIOns. Or urIbunKs, IhInKIny Is nOIhIny buI sICnI spCCCh; spCCCh Is
nOIhIny buI VrIIIny VIIhOuI sCrIpI; VrIIIny Is nOIhIny buI anIICIpaICd pubI-
CaIIOn; and pubICaIIOn Is, hCnCC, IdCnIICa VIIh VrIIIny IO suCh a dCyrCC
IhaI IhC dI!!CrCnCCs bCIVCCn IhC IVO arC sO sma as IO bC nCyIyIbC. VrIIC,
IhCrC!OrC am; am, IhCrC!OrC VrIIC. haI dO VrIIC: VrIIC mysC!. hO
VrIICs mC: mysC! VrIIC mysC!. haI dO VrIIC abOuI: VrIIC IhaI VrIIC
mysC!. haI Is IhC yrCaI CnyInC IhaI CCVaICs mC OuI O! IhC COmpaCCnI CIr-
CC O! CyOhOOd: IsIOry
am Ihus a CIICr On IhC IypCVrIICr O! hIsIOry. am a CIICr IhaI VrIICs
IIsC!. oIrICIy spCaKIny, hOVCVCr, VrIIC nOI IhaI VrIIC mysC! buI Ony IhC
CIICr IhaI am. uI In VrIIIny, IhC VOrd spIrII apprChCnds IIsC! IhrOuyh
mC, sO IhaI , In Iurn, by apprChCndIny mysC!, sImuIanCOusy apprChCnd
IhC VOrd spIrII. apprChCnd bOIh II and mysC! nOI In IhInKIny !ashIOn,
buIas IhC dCCd prCCCdCs IhC IhOuyhIIn IhC aCI O! VrIIIny. ^CanIny:
am nOI Ony IhC rCadCr O! VOrd hIsIOry buI asO IIs VrIICr.
I CaCh sCCOnd O! VOrd hIsIOry, IhC CIICrs O! IhC IypCVrIICr KCybOard
Cap, ImpCCd by IhC nImbC HnyCrs O! IhC VOrd-, OnIO IhC VhIIC papCr and
COnIInuC IhC hIsIOrICa narraIIVC. \ny aI IhC mOmCnI IhaI IhC sInyC CIICr,
sInyCd OuI !rOm IhC mCanInyCss and sCnsCCss IndI!CrCnCC O! IhC KCybOard,
hIIs IhC anImaICd !unCss O! IhC VhIIC papCr, Is a hIsIOrICa rCaIIy CrCaICd;
Ony aI IhaI mOmCnI dOCs I!C bCyIn. haI Is IO say, IhC bCyInnIny O! IhC
pasI, sInCC IhC prCsCnI Is nOIhIny buI IhC mIdVI!C IhaI dCIVCrs IhC IVCd, hIs-
IOrICa pasI OuI O! IhC darK VOmb O! IhC !uIurC. s Ony as II Is nOI rCaChCd,
IhC !uIurC Is as du and IndI!CrCnI as IhC KCybOard O! IhC IypCVrIICr, a darK
raI hOC !rOm VhICh OnC sCCOnd a!ICr IhC OIhCr, jusI IKC OnC raI a!ICr IhC
OIhCr, CmCryCs InIO IhC IyhI O! IhC pasI.
IhICay spCaKIny, VhaI dOCs IhC urIbunK dO VhO KCCps a dIary CaCh
and CVCry sCCOnd O! hIs I!C: C VrCsIs CaCh sCCOnd O! O! IhC !uIurC In Or-
dCr IO InICyraIC II InIO hIsIOry. CI us ImayInC IhIs prOCCdurC In a IIs may-
uIHCCnCC: sCCOnd by sCCOnd, IhC bInKIny yOuny raI O! IhC prCsCnI mOmCnI
CraVs OuI O! IhC darK raI hOC O! IhC !uIurCOuI O! IhC nOIhIny IhaI nOI
yCI IsIn OrdCr IO mCryC CyCs yOVIny VIIh HCry anIICIpaIIOn) IhC nCXI sCC-
Ond VIIh IhC rCaIIy O! hIsIOry. hCrCas VIIh IhC unInICCCIua human bC-
Iuy, mIIOns and bIIOns O! raIs rush VIIhOuI pan Or yOa OuI InIO IhC InH-
zz Tyjeuriter
nitc cxpansc oIthcpastonyto osc thcmscvcs init, thc diary-kccpingburi-
bunkcan catch cach oIthosc scconds, onc at a timc, and-oncc aigncdin
anordcrybattaion-aovthcmtodcmonstratcthc paradc oIvord his-
tory. Jhisvay, hcsccurcsIor bothhimscIandhumanitythcmaximum
amountoIhistoricaIacticityandcognizancc. Jhisvay, thcncrvousantici
pation oIthc IuturcisdcIuscd, Iornomattcrvhathappcns, oncthingisIor
surc: no sccondpccing oII oI thc Iuturc is gcttingost, no hit oI thc typc-
vritcrkcyvimissthcpagc.
Jhc dcathoIanindividuaisasonothing butsucha ratsccond,vhich
has nocontcntinitscI-vhcthcr onc oIhappincssorgricI-butony inits
historicarcgistration. LIcoursc, in thc rat sccond oImydcath,canno
ongcrhodpcnanddiary, andamostcnsibynoongcr activcyinvovcdin
this historicarcgistration; thc crux oI diarykccping, thc vitopovcrovcr
history, disappcars and ccarsthc ncd Iorsomcbodycsc`sdcsirc. Ivc dis
rcgardthc pcdagogica aspcctsoIthis situation,thatis,itsappicationnotto
vastca sccondinordcrto imposcourvi to povcrontohistoriographyin
thc making,vcmustconIcss that thctcrmination oI our vi tohistorygocs
vcry much againstour vi,Iorthc vi topovcrinthc nrst instanccavays
rcIcrsto thcvi to onc`s ovnpovcr, nottothatoIa ccrtain historian oIIu-
turc gcncrations. Such conccrns,hovcvcr, cndthcmscvcsto scriousconIu
sion, and vchavc arcadysccnhovcvcninthc casc oIthc grcat Icrkcr, thc
Icar oI dcathhada dovnrightcatastrophic inIucncc on hishistoricarcpu-
tation. Joday, hovcvcr, thanks to thc cvovingconsciousncssvhoscsunight
kisthc bactcriaoIthcIcar oI dcath, thcrc is ittc dangcr oI anyconIusion
amongthc buribunks.
csccthroughthciusionoIunigucncss.carcthccttcrs produccd
bythcvritinghandoIthcvordspiritandsurrcndcrourscvcsconsciousy
to this vritingpovcr. nthat vcrccognizc truc Irccdom. n that vcasoscc
thcmcansoIputtingourscvcsintothcpositionoIthcvordspirit.Jhc in
dividua cttcrs andvordsarconythc toos oIthcruscsoIvordhistory.
^orcthan oncrccacitrant no`thathasbccnthrovninto thc tcxt oI his-
toryIccsproud oIitsoppositionandthinks oIitscIas a rcvoutionary, cvcn
thoughitmayonyncgatcrcvoutionitscI. butby consciousymcrgingvith
thcvritingoIvordhistoryvccomprchcnd its spirit,vc bccomccguato
it, and-vithoutccasingto bc vrittcn-vc yct undcrstandourscvcsas
vritingsubccts. JhatishovvcoutruscthcruscoIvordhistory-namcy,
by vriting it vhic it vritcsus. ''
Tyjeuriter z
Vorldhisrorycomcsroacloscasaglobalrypcvrircrs` associarion. Oigi-
ralsignal proccssing ,OS) can scrin. rs promorionalcuphcmism, posr-
hisrory, onlybarclyconccalsrharvarisrhc bcginningandcndolallarri-
hcialinrclligcncc.
nordcrrosupcrscdcvorldhisrory,madclromclassihcdinrclligcncc
rcporrsandlircraryproccssingprorocols),rhcmcdiasysrcm procccdcdin
rhrccphascs. hasc , bcginningvirhrhc^mcrican CivilVar, dcvclopcd
sroragc rcchnologics lor acousrics, oprics, and scripr. hlm, gramophonc,
and rhc man-machinc sysrcm, rypcvrircr. hasc z, bcginning virh rhc
irsrVorld Var, dcvclopcd lorcachsroragc conrcnrappropriarcclccrric
rransmission rcchnologics.radio,rclcvision, and rhcir morc sccrcr coun-
rcrparrs. hasc , sinccrhc SccondVorldVar, has rranslcrrcd rhc schc-
maric ola rypcvrircr ro a rcchnology olprcdicrabilirypcr sc, Juring`s
marhcmaricaldchnirion olcompurabiliryin , 6 gavc lururccompurcrs
rhcirnamc.
Sroragcrcchnologylrom , ro, 8 mcanrdcadlockcdrrcnchvar-
larclromlandcrsro Gallipoli. JransmissionrcchnologyvirhVrank
communicarionsand radar imagcs, rhosc milirarydcvclopmcnrsparallcl
ro rclcvision,'`' mcanr roral mobilizarion, mororizarion, and blirzkricg
lrom rhc Visrula in ,, ro Corrcgidor in ,y . ^nd hnally, rhc largcsr
compurcrprogramolallrimc,rhcconlIarionolrcsrrunvirhrcaliry, gocs
byrhc namc olrhc Srrarcgic Oclcnsc niriarivc. Sroring/rransmirringcal-
cularing, orrrcnchcs/blirz/srars.Vorldvarslrom ron.
n arrihcial inrclligcnccs,allmcdiaglamorvanishcs andgocsbackro
basics. ,^lrcr all, "glamor" is norhing bur a Scorrish corruprion ol rhc
vord "grammar. ") ' irs rcduccdrhc sccmingconrinuiry oloprical mc-
dia and rhcrcal conrinuiryolacousric mcdia rolcrrcrs, andrhcsc lcrrcrs
ronumbcrs. OS srorcs, rranslcrs, calcularcs-millions olrimcs pcr scc-
ond, irruns rhroughrhcrhrccluncrions ncccssaryand sulhcicnrlormc-
dia.Jhcsrandardlorroday`s microproccssors, lrom rhcpoinrolvicvol
rhcirhardvarc,issimplyrhcirsysrcmaricinrcgrarion.
Calcularions arc pcrlormcd bya ccnrralproccssingunir , C\) rhar,
in rhc casc olZilog`s Z8omicroproccssor, cannor do much morc rhan
manipularc blocks ol8 birs cirhcr logically , lolloving oolcan algcbra)
or arirhmcrically ,rhrough basic addirion) . Sroragc is subdividcdinro a
Rcad-nly Ncmory , RN), vhich rcrains oncc and lor all inscribcd
dara,prclcrablycommandsandcompuringconsranrs,andaRandom^c-
ccss Ncmory , R^N),vhich rcads rhc variablcdara olamcasurcd cnvi-
ronmcnrandrcrurnsmarhcmaricaldararoconrrolrharcnvironmcnr.Jhc
cxchangc bcrvccn individual modulcs runs along uni- or bidirccrional
z Tyjeurtter
Hk\ A
Hk\ 8
SctupoId microproccssor Z8o) .
busscs ,lordara, addrcsscs, and conrrol commands such as VRJL or
RL^O) , and rhc rranslcr lrom and ro rhc cnvironmcnr runs via an in-
pur/ourpurporr ,I/O, ar vhosc ourcr margin, hnally, rhc convcrsion ol
conrinuirics inro birs rakcsplacc.
^nd sincc, lrom rhc microproccssor ro largc proccssing ncrvorks,
cvcryrhingisnorhingburamodularvicc,rhcrhrcc basicluncrionsolsror-
ing/rranslcrring/proccssing arc rcplicarcdoninrcrnallcvcls nolongcrac-
ccssiblcro programmcrs. or irsparr,rhc C\includcs , ) anarirhmcric
logic unir ,^L\), , z) scvcral R^Ns or rcgisrcrs ro srorc variablcs and a
RN ro srorc microprograms, and , ) inrcrnal busscs ro rranslcr dara,
addrcsscs, andconrrol commands ro rhcsysrcm`s busscs.
Jhar`s all.urvirhsulhcicnrinrcgrarionandrcpcririon,rhcmodular
sysrcm is capablc olproccssing, rhar is, convcrring inro anypossiblcmc-
dium, cach individual rimc parriclc ol rhc dara rcccivcd lrom any cnvi-
ronmcnr. ^s ilonc couldrcconsrrucr, cusrom-madc lrom onc microscc-
ondrorhcncxr,acomplcrcrccordingsrudiocomprisingrccl-ro-rcclsplus
radiorransmissionplus conrrolpanclandsvirchboard. r, as ilrhcuri-
bunks`immcnscpcrmcarionvirhdaracoincidcdvirhan auromarcd uri-
bunkologyrharcould bc svirchcd,arrhc spccdolclccrricalcurrcnr,lrom
a rcgisrcr oldara ro a rcgisrcr ol pcrsons or cvcn rhcir scll-rcgisrrarion.
Jhcconsrrucrionolrhc Golcm, aranyrarc, ispcrlccr. Jhcsroragcmcdia
olrhcloundinggcncrarionvcrc onlycapablcolrcplacingrhc cyc andrhc
car, rhc scnsoriumol rhc ccnrralncrvoussysrcm, rhc communicarionsmc
dia bcrvccn rhc rvo varsvcrc onlycapablc ol rcplacing rhc mourhand
rhchand, rhc mororics olinlormarion.Vhichis vhy, bchindallrcgisrcrs,
EX1ERNEH
ADRL55BU5
( \6|)
Standard architccturcoIa Ll.
T,jeuriter zy
all channcls, a human bcing srill appcarcd ro bcdoingrhc rransmirring.
So-callcd rhinking rcmaincd rhinking, ir rhcrcIorc could nor bc implc-
mcnrcd.orrhar,rhinkingorspccchhadro bccomplcrclyconvcrrcdinro
compuring.
-
I I!! !L^R^ !C JC CCN!!JL CD NY JY!LRIJLR

vrircs an in-
marc oIGugging , on his rcd dcvicc Ior rhis rcd and black book) . ^lan
Juringdidnorhingclsc.nsrcadoIlcarninghispublicschool`sprcscribcd
handvriring, hcrcduccdrypcvrircrs ro rhcir barc principlc.hrsr, sroring
or vriring, sccond, spacing or rransIcrring, rhird, rcading , Iormcrly rc-
scrvcdIor sccrcrarics) orcompuringdiscrcrc dara,rhar is, block lcrrcrs
and hgurcs. Rarhcr rhan concludc rhar humans arc supcrior, as did his
collcaguc Gdcl, virh vhomhcj oinrly rcIurcd rhc ilbcrrprogram ,in
supporroIa complcrc, consisrcnr, and dccidablc marhcmarics, rhar is, a
marhcmarics rhar could inprinciplc bc dclcgarcd ro machincs) , '`` Juring
vas suicidal-in liIc asvcll asinhisj ob. c droppcdrhcunprcdicrablc
in ordcrro rclicvc marhcmaricians oIallprcdicrablc ,or rccursivc) Iunc-
rions and ro consrrucrrhc machinc rharilbcrrhadprcsumcd as a Ior-
malism. JhchyporhcricaldcrcrminismoIa Laplacian univcrsc,virhirs
humanisrloopholcs , : ;,y) , vas rcplaccd byrhc IacrualprcdicrabiliryoI
hnirc-srarcmachincs.RarhcrIulloIpridc,Juringvrorc.
Jhcprcdictionvhichvcarcconsidcringis,hovcvcr,rathcrncarcrupracticabi-
itythanconsidcrcd by Lapacc. Jhc systcmoIthc univcrsc as a vhoc" is such
z6 T,jeuriter
that guitc sma crrors in thc initia conditions can havc an ovcrvhcIming cIIcct
ata atcr timc. Jhc dispaccmcntoIa singc ccctron by a biionthoIa ccntimc-
trc at onc momcnt might makc thc diIIcrcncc bctvccn a man bcing kicd by an
avaanchc a ycar atcr, or cscaping. !t is an csscntia propcrty oIthc mcchanicaI
systcms vhich vc havc cacd discrctc statc machincs" that this phcnomcnon
docs not occur. Ivcnvhcnvc considcr thc actuaI physica machincs instcad oI
thc idcaiscd machincs, rcasonaby accuratc knovIcdgc oIthc statc at onc mo-
mcnt yicdsrcasonabyaccuratcknovcdgc any numbcroIstcpsatcr.'
Jhc ovcrvhclming cllccrs olrhis prcdicrabiliry havc sincc rcachcd
Nan`scmploymcnrsrarisrics.JhcconscqucnccsolJuring`spoliricsolsui-
cidc. ^sVicrorian rcchnology hadmcchaniscdrhc vork olrhcarrisans,
rhccompurcrolrhclururcvouldauromarcrhcrradcolinrclligcnrrhink-
ing. . . . Jhc cralr j calously displaycd by human cxpcrrs only dclighrcd
him. n rhisvayhcvasan anri-rcchnocrar, subvcrsivcly diminishingrhc
aurhoriry olrhc ncv pricsrs and magicians ol rhc vorld. c vanrcdro
makcinrcllccrualsinro ordinarypcoplc."'``
Jhchrsrrobcallccrcdvcrcolcourscsrcnorypisrs.^lrcrclcvcnycars,
Juring`s \nivcrsalOiscrcrcNachinclulhllcd rhc prophccyrhar anappa-
rarus also rcndcrs supcrlluous rhc rypisr. " is simularion gamc, in
vhichaccnsorisro burcannoracruallydccidcvhicholrvodarasourccs
and ishumanandvhich is a machinc,signihcanrlyhas a prccursor.
^ccording ro Juring, compurcr rcplaccs rhc sysrcmic posirion ol a
vomanvho-incompcririon orgcndcrvarvirhaman-sccksropcr-
suadcrhcdaragap C rharshcisrhcrcalvoman. ursincc borhvoiccs arc
scvcrcd lrom rhc vrirrcn, or, bcrrcr srill, rypcd" llov ol inlormarion,
Rcmingron`s sccrcrary givcs hcr larcvcll pcrlormancc. Vhcncvcr rrans-
vcsrirc insisrs rharhchas srrandsolhair nincinchcslong,"rhchuman
prcdcccssor olrhc compurcr vrircs ro hcrccnsor, asmcchanicallyaslu-
rilcly, amrhcvoman,don`rlisrcnro him! "'
Virhvhichrhc homoscxualJuring raiscdro rhclcvclolrcchnology
Oionysus`sscnrcncc, Nusrvcnor hrsr harcourscllilvc arc rolovcour-
scll: " Virh rhc addcd obscrvarion rhar againsr roral dcscxualizarion,
prorcsrvill avail norhing. "'``Compurcrsvrirc byrhcmsclvcs, virhour
sccrcrarics, simplyvirh rhc command VRJL. , ^nyonc vho vouldlikc
ro scc rhcphallusinrhc y volrs olalogical , andrhc holcinrhco. ; volrs
olan o, conluscs indusrrial srandaidsvirh hcrion. ) nly rhosc inrcrscc-
rions bcrvccn compurcrs and rhcir cnvironmcnr rhar, lolloving ^SC
codc , ^mcrican Srandard Codc lor nlormarion nrcrchangc), arc ncr-
vorkcd bir by birvirh rypcvrircr kcys'` vill conrinuc ro ollcrvomcn
jobsloravhilc.VhcnLI^C, rhc hrsropcrarionalcompurcr, " accord-
Tyjeuriter z;
ing ro mislcading ^mcrican accounrs, calcularcd projccrilc rrajccrorics
and^-bombprcssurcvavcsduringrhcSccondVorldVar, onc hundrcd
vomcnvcrchircdinaddirionromalcprogrammcrs.Jhcirj ob. roclimb
aroundonLI^C`smassivclramc,locarc burnr-ourvacuumrubcs,hook
up cablcs, andpcrlormorhcrrypcs olvorkunrclarcdrovriring. "'`'
yconrrasr,Juring,virhancycrovard compurcrsandguidcdpro-
jccrilcs, " prcdicrcd good rimcs lor mcn, programmcrs, and marhcmari-
cians. '`
urirvasasrrangckindolmarhcmaricsinrovhichhcimporrcd
rhc clcgancc and complcxiry olclassical analysis. Vhar disappcarcd in
rhcsplir-upolbinaricsvasnoronlyrhc conrinuiry olallgraphsandrra-
jccroricscxamincdsinccLcibniz,andvhichouricr`s rhcoryandLdison`s
phonographs simply lollovcd. Vharvas muchmorc drasric rhan such
primirivcsrcp luncrions vas his crucial innovarion. rhc abolirion olrhc
dillcrcncc bcrvccn numbcrs and opcrarional symbols, dara and com-
mands.orcvcnilnumbcrssroodlordara rclarionships,rhc signs+ or -
vcrcsrillinhabircd byahumanspirirvho appcarcdrogivcrhccommand
ro add or subrracr. Juring`s \nivcrsal Oiscrcrc Nachinc, hovcvcr, con-
vcrrcdrhcsc ,and all orhcr) lcrrcrs inrorhcir monoronous rovs olbina-
rics. nmachinclanguagc,rhccommand^OO is ncirhcr ahumancnun-
ciarionnoralcrrcrsymbol, burjusroncolmanyscricsolbirs. ,naZ8o,
rhc command ncrcascrhcnumbcrinrhc accumularorby z" vould bc
lTOO OI 1O /oooo ooo. ,rvasnorGdcl`shumanisrbcliclburrarhcrhis
simplcrrick olGdclizarionrharoncc againcmcrgcdvicrorious. onlyal-
rcrcommands,axioms,or,ropurirbriclly, scnrcnccshadbccnconvcrrcd
inronumbcrsvcrcrhcyasinhnirclymanipulablc asnumbcrs.Lnd ollir-
crarurc,vhich ismadcupolscnrcnccs.
Lvcry microproccssor implcmcnrs rhrough solrvarc vhar vas oncc
rhcdrcamolrhccabala,namcly,rharrhroughrhcircnciphcrmcnrandrhc
manipularionolnumbcrs, lcrrcrs could yicld rcsulrs orilluminarionsrhar
no rcadcr could havc lound. Compurcrs arc cndlcss scrics olnumbcrs
only vhosc rclarivc posirion dccidcs vhcrhcr rhcy opcrarc as ,vcrbal)
commands or ,numcric) dara or addrcsscs. l]ohn vonIcumann, rhc
marhcmarician olrhcSccondVorldVar, had norrakcnccrrain prccau-
rions lor his machincs, a command scqucncc olnumbcrs such as ^OO
couldalsoaddup, asidclrom rhc usualdara,commandscqucnccsrhcm-
sclvcs, unril no programmcr vould bc ablc ro comprchcnd rhc srarry
marhcmaricsro vhichrharrakc-ollhad abducrcd rhcircompurcr.
Jhc ncar scpararionoldara, addrcsscs, commands-rhar is, olsror-
agc conrcnrs, poinrs olrranslcr, and proccssing srcps-by conrrasr, as-
surcs rharlorcach addrcss, rhcrc is only onccommand ordarum on rhc
z8 Tyjeuriter
bus. ^boxoInumbcrcdpapcr slips rharcanlogonnoronly ,asvirhrhc
uribunks)ro ccrrainbooks,chaprcrs,pagcs, rcrms, burro anyindividual
biroIrhc sysrcm. Compurcralgorirhms, insrcad oIsimply rcproducinga
Iogic, consisr oI "LGIC + C`JRL. "'`' Io vondcr rhar govcrn-
mcnralingcnuiryinvcnrcdrhcimpossibIcjoboIrhcdarasccuriryspccial-
isrro camoullagcrhcprccisionoIsuchdaraconrrol.
nrhc orhcr hand, sinccJuring, rhc possibIc j oboIa programmcr
hasrunrhc riskoIIorgcrringmarhcmaricalcIcgancc. Joday, prior ro rhc
conqucsroIdigiralsignalproccssors,rhchardvarc oIavcragccompurcrs
isarakindcrgarrcnIcvcl. oIalIrhc basic Iorms oIcompurarion,irbarcly
managcsaddirion.Norccomplcxcommandshavcro bcrcconvcrrcdinro
a hnirc, rhar is, scrial, numbcr oI cumularivc srcps. ^n unrcasonablc
chorcIorhumansandmarhcmaricians.Vhcrcrccursivc,rharis,auroma-
rizabIc, Iuncrions succccd classical analysis, compurarion vorks as a
rrcadmilI.rhroughrhcrcpcarcdappIicarionoIrhc samccommand onrhc
scrics oIinrcrim rcsuIrs. urrhar`s ir. ^ungarianmarhcmarician, aIrcr
hc hadhllcd rvo vholc pagcs virh rhc rccursivc Iormulas accordingro
vhich aJuringmachincprogrcsscsIrom ro z ro , andso on, obscrvcd
inGcrmanasrvisrcdasirvasprccisc. "Jhis appcars asancxrraordinar-
ily sIovcd-dovn hIm shor oIrhc compurarion proccsscs oIman. Irhis
mcchanismoIcompurarionis applicdro somcIuncrions,you srarrIiving
ir, you bcgin ro compurc cxacrlylikc ir, onIy Iasrcr. "'`
ConsoIarionIor
prospccrivcprogrammcrs . . .
Slov-morion shors oI rhc spirir vilI cxorcisc ir. Choppcd up likc
movcmcnrs in Ironr oI rhc camcra, cquarions hnally solvc rhcmsclvcs
virhourinruirion bccausc cvcry discrcrc srcpduringsroragc,rransIcr,and
caIcuIarion rakcspIaccvirhburcaucraricprccision.Jhc discrcrcmachinc
Iorms a solirary union virh cincma and rypcvrircr, burnorvirh ncuro-
physiology. Jharisvhar disringuishcsirIromrhc drcamrypcvrircrcon-
srrucrcdbyricdIacndcr`sOr. Sucram,vhoinhismainIincoIvorkrook
carc oIrhc Gray Magic Graue Magie ] oIrhrcc-dimcnsionaIcincma.
Jhcdoctor conccntratcd on his cxpcrimcntsvithacuriousittcmachincmodc.
!c put a mctaI hcmct on his hcad; hnc vircs conncctcd thc hcmct to thc kcy-
board oIthctypcvritcr.ithoutanymovcmcntonthcdoctor`spart, thccvcrsoI
thc machincstartcdmoving. !tvas a ghostysightto bchod.
hat kind oI a dcvicc is that: " boscmann| pointcd to thc hcmctIrom
vhichcmcrgcd thc vircsconncctingto thc kcyboard.
^ncxtraordinariycomIortabctypcvritcr, ^istcrboscmann.!tsavcsmc a
typist.!aminthcproccssoIcttingthccthcrca cmanations oIthc brainvorkIor
mcdirccty. !pto nov,ourthoughts,nomattcrhovpractica,havc bccnmoving
Tyjeuriter z,
thc vord ony in indircctvays.|urmachincs donotyctvork undcrthc dircct
inIucnccoIourthoughts, ourvi. pana dirccttransmission. "
i
`
Jhcryping, compuring, and scvingmachincsinrhc brains orbooks
olIicrzschcandKuLmaulhcnccbccamcrcaliry. 1hcloundingmyrhola
mcdia landscapc, vhich vouldonly bcrhc vorldvidc unlolding olncu-
rophysiology, rcachcd irspcak inricdlacndcr`smachinchcrion. ourrccn
ycarslarcr, ircnds inJuring`s machinc,vhichvas also ncvcr builr buris
marhcmaricallyconccivablc.Jhccompurcrandrhcbrainarcluncrionally
compariblc, burnorin rcrms olrhcir schcmarics. Sincc rhc ncrvous sys-
rcm, accordingroJuring,is "ccrrainlynoradiscrcrc-srarcmachinc, "rhar
is,norinhnircsimallyprccisc,allrhcunprcdicrabiliricsola Laplacianuni-
vcrscloomovcrir.'`'Jhus, "rhc rcalimporranccolrhcdigiral proccdurc
lics in irs abiliry ro rcducc rhc compurarional noisc lcvcl ro an cxrcnr
vhich is complcrcly unobrainablc by any orhcr ,analogy) proccdurc. "
^nd cvcn il-lolloving Icumann`s clcganr simplihcarion-rhc ncural,
burnorrhchormonal,conduirsopcrarcaccordingroadigiralmodcl,rhcir
inlormarionlIovis srillhvcrhousandrimcs slovcrrhan rharolcompur-
crs. ' `` Jhc brain, hovcvcr, compcnsarcs lor rhis loss ol rransmission
rhroughrhc parallcl proccssing olvholc scrs oldara, srarisrical brcadrh
,prcsumably bascd onmajorirygarcs) lorvhichcompurcrscancompcn-
sarconlyrhroughscrialproccssingandrccursivcluncrions.Vharrcmains
unrcalizcd,aranyrarc,isOr.Sucram`sdcsirclor "lcrringrhccrhcrcalcm-
anarions olrhcbrainvorklormcdirccrly. "
Jhc vhirc noisc olbrains, olrhc crhcr, olrhc globc. rhc roral rypc-
vrircr has norhing ro do virh rhar. ur cvcryrhing ro do virh rrcnchcs/
blirz/srars.
Lvcnil"rhcrcislirrlcinourrcchnologicalorphysiologicalcxpcricncc
ro indicarc rhar absolurc all-or-nonc organs cxisr, "' `' rhc oldcsr knovl-
cdgc olgods, ghosrs, andgcncrals knovs bcrrcr. Jhc languagc olrhcup-
pcrcchclonsollcadcrshipisalvaysdigiral.nrhcscriprurcsolrhcpricsrs,
Yahvchdisringuishcslorscvcndaysbcrvccndayandnighr,morningand
cvcning,sunandmoon,carrhandhcavcn,landandvarcr ,norromcnrion
goodand bad) . Jharisvharrhcpricsrs,vhohavccdircdandconrinucro
adminisrcrrhis holyscriprurc,call God`scrcarion. ur "iris norhing bur
rhccrcarionolnorhingorhcrrhansignihcrs."'`Larrhandhcavcncando
virhourLlohim`sinscriprion, ircxisrs, priorro God`s crcarionand alrcr
God`s dcarh, in anorhcrholincss, lor vhich rhcoly iblc only has rhc
vord tobu oobu.

rhcrandom noisc olcvcnrs. Jhc languagc olrhc up-

pcr cchclons ol lcadcrship, by conrrasr, is digiralizarion, ir rranslorms
zyo Tyjeuriter
sourccs oIaccidcnral noisc inro absolurc all-or-nonc organs. rhcrvisc,
commands and ccnsurcs, rhoscrvo anrisymmcrrical insrrumcnrs oIlcad-
crship,couldnorbccommunicarcd.
^ndiIrhcinvadingoIcommunicarionchannclsbyscramblingnoiscs
makcs ir ncccssary, rhc languagc oIrhc uppcr cchclons gocs soIar asro
ovcrcodc rhc binary opposirionvirh anorhcr, rhar is, rcdundanr, binary
opposirion. nrhcGcrman Gcncral SraII,
a mitary anguagc practicc that vas cxcrciscd and uscd Ior dccadcs . . . aimcd
strictly at distinguishing bctvccn vcstcrn" and castuarJ" in mitary bricIs
and rcports. Jhcrcasonvasthatoncvantcdtocstabish a distinctsound diIIcr-
cncc bctvccn thc tvo tcrms, bccausc othcrvisc mcssagcs and dictatcs dcivcrcd
oraly or ovcr thc phonc might casily havc rcsultcd in IatcIu mix-ups. . . . Jhc
ayman might think oIthis asa triviaity, but cvcry sodicr is surcycognizantoI
thcIar-rcaching implications oIthis rcgulation.
!orplanningvarsonrvoIronrs,rhcopposirionbcrvccncasrandvcsris
asIundamcnralasrharbcrvccnhcavcnandcarrhIorrhcgodsoIcrcarion.
JhcrcIorc, vhcn Naj orGcncral^lIrcd ]odl, rhc lasrchicIoIanillusrri-
ousshorr ,hi)srory, "uscdrhcvord'casrcrn`rarhcrrhan,asvascommon
prorocol, 'casruarJ` inanarmyrcporroI]unc :, ,o, duringrhcvcsr-
crn oIIcnsivc oI ,o . . . cvcnrhough hc himsclI had cmcrgcd Irom rhc
ranks oIrhc army . . . hc violarcdvirhour much ado a rimc-rcsrcdprac-
ricc and rriggcrcd vidcsprcad and inrcnsc indignarion in rhc oIhccrs`
corps. "'`'
Jhctobu oobu and,inirsvakc, analogmcdiarunrhrough allrhc
variousrypcs oIcondirionscxccprrhcI.
'
'
Compurcrs arcnorcmana-
rions oInarurc. Rarhcr,rhc univcrsal discrcrc machinc, virhirs abiliryro
crasc, ncgarc, and opposc binary signs, alvays alrcady spcaks rhc lan-
guagc oIrhc uppcr cchclons. nrhc rransmirring sidc, rhc gcncral sraIIs
oIrhc^xis,jusras,onrhcrcccivingcnd,rhosc in Londonor Vashingron.
Vhcrhcr or IJ rhc ]apancsc cmpirc rook scriously rhc rcsourcc cm-
bargo rhrcarcncdbyRooscvclr,rharis, arrackrhc\nircd Srarcs),vhcrhcr
orIJVicc^dmiralIagumo`s llorillavouldsinkrhc acihc barrlcships
ar carl arborvirh carricr-bound aircraIr, vhcrhcr or IJhcvould
mainrainsilcnccinhisarcas oIopcrarion oIIrhc^lcurianslands ,hcdid).
rhcscvcrcprccisclyrhcdigiralpuzzlcsoI,: , solvablconlyrhroughrhc
inrcrccprion and dccodingoIncccssarilydiscrcrc sourccs oIinIormarion.
^ndsinccrhcmachincmarhcmarics oIrhccurrcnrccnrurycndovcdgcn-
cral sraIIs virh rhc abiliry ro cncrypr rhcir ordcrs auromarically, rhar is,
Tyjeuriter zy
immcasurabIymorcclhcicnrlyrhan byhand,dccodinghadro bcdonc by
machincs asvclI. 1hc SccondVorldVar. rhcbirrholrhccompurcrlrom
rhc spirir ol1uringandhisncvcr-builrprincipalrclay.
1his cscalarion bcrvccn scndcrs and rcccivcrs, vcapons and anri-
vcapons, is rold quickIy and mosr prcciscly in rhc vords ol Gugliclmo
Narconi, vhich vcrc broadcasr lrom a gramophonc rccord on Radio
Romabyrhcinvcnrorolrhcradioimmcdiarclyalrcrhisdcarh,asilroun-
dcrscorcrhcncvacousricimmorraliry) . Narconi,ascnarorandnarcbese
ollascisrraIy, "conlcsscd" rhar
Iorty-tvo ycars ago, vhcn achicvcd thchrst succcssIuvirclcsstransmissionin
ontccchio, arcady anticipatcd thc possibiity oI transmitting ccctric vavcs
ovcrargcdistanccs, butin spitcoIthatcoudnothopcIorthcgrcatsatisIaction
am cnjoying today. Ior in thosc days a major shortcoming vas ascribcd to
myinvcntion:thcpossibcintcrccptionoItransmissions. JhisdcIcctprcoccupicd
mc so much that, Ior many ycars, my principa rcscarch vas Iocuscd on its
cimination.
Jhirty ycars atcr, hovcvcr, prcciscy this dcIcct vas cxpoitcd and turncd
intoradio-intothatmcdiumoIrcccptionthatnovrcachcsmorcthanqCmiion
istcncrscvcryday.'''
Vhichunnamcdcirclcslcarcdrhcinrcrccprionolrransmissionsisnor
hardro gucss.Vhichcirclcs chargcdNarconivirhrhccliminarionolrhis
dclccr, rhar is, virh rhc consrrucrion ola voodcn iron, is cvcn casicrro
gucss.orhingin rhcanalogmcdium ol rhcradioalIovs rhc ncgarion ol
signaIs,rhcirspy-proolinvcrsioninrorhciropposirc, or nonscnsc.cncc,
gcncralsraIls,vhovcrcallordcdpcrlccrcommunicarionrorhclronrand
possibilirics lor blirzkricg byNarconi`s invcnrion, hadrorcly on rhc dc-
vclopmcnroldiscrcrccncodingmachincs.mmcnsclyinIIarcdIIovsolin-
lormariondcmandcdalormolrcxrproccssingasauromaricasirvasdis-
crcrc-rhcrypcvrircr.
Sincc ,,, rhccnginccr^rrhurSchcrbiushadcxpcrimcnrcdincrIin-
Vilmcrsdorlvirha "sccrcrrypcvrircr. " n ,z, hchimscllrhusloundcd
Chillricrmaschincn^.G. ,Lncoding Nachincs Corporarion) and sccurcd
lorhismodcIrhcpromorionolrhcvorldposralcIub. ''orrhchrsrrimc,
Rcmingron`srypcvrircrkcyboardvasnolongcrrhc boringand uncquiv-
ocalonc-vaylink bcrvccninpurand ourpur,solrcncdonlybyrypos.or
rhchrsrrimc,hirringalcrrcrkcyollcrcdnumcrouscombinarorysurpriscs.
1hcz6 lcrrcrsolrhcalphabcrranovcrclccrricconduirsinro adisrriburion
sysrcm consisring olrhrcc , larcr, lour orhvc) rorors and an invcrsion ro-
ror, vhich alvays sclccrcd orhcrsubsrirurc Icrrcrs. Virhcachsrrikc olrhc
zy z Tyjeuriter
h
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A M A I B I

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ctuMU0ucu dct ucb8tabcu , , , L, , .
" wa|zen
Z * Stecker|eiste und
Steckeerbindungen
* Lampen
" Tutatur
bock diagramoIthcInigmamachinc:Aoote,, ) rotors,
z) conncctorrrayandconncctors, ) amps, q) battcry,
and ) kcyboard. elou,pcrmutationsoIthc cttcrsA-.
rypcvrircr kcy,rhcrorors ,jusrlikc rhcsccond, minurc, andhour hands oI
clocks) advanccd by onc rcvoIurion, onIyro rcrurn ro rhcir originaI posi-
rionnorunriI z6

, or 8 biIlion,hirslarcr.
JharishovSchcrbius,virhhismachincmarhcmarics, Iibcrarcd cryp-
rographcrs Iromrhcir manual vork. Jhc scndcr, insrcad oIhaving ro Ia-
borIor hours virhpcncil,rabIcs, andgraphpapcr, sarinIronroIa rcgu-
T,euriter zy
lar rypcvrircr kcyboard and rypcd in rhc ordcrs ol his gcncral srall in
plain rcxr. Jhc lcrrcr ourpur, hovcvcr, vhich hc could rcad lrom rhc
lashingolz6 bulbs andvhichhccopicdinaccordingly,lookcdlikcpurc
lcrrcrsalad. Radioasvcll,virhirslargcdclccr,couldrranslarcrharsalad
in spy-proollashion, unril an anrisymmcrrical, sccrcrrypcvrircr on rhc
rccciving cnd convcrrcd rhc almosr pcrlccr vhirc noisc back inro plain
rcxr, simply bccausc rhc machinc vas calibrarcd on rhc basis ola daily
commandrosrarrarrhcsamcroror.
Ycar alrcr ycar sincc rhc irsr VorldVar,rhc Gcrman army had rorpc-
docd rcdov`s plans ro scr up a civilian radio ncrvork, dcspirc all rhc
horror ola communisr radio spccrcr andrhc abusc olarmy cquipmcnr.
rsovninlormarionlov, cspcciallyonlongvavc, vasgivcnprioriry. n
ovcmbcr ,zz, hovcvcr, posral sccrcrary rcdov could inlorm rhc
NinisrryolOclcnscrhar"rhcsvircholrhcolhcialradioscrviccsrovirc-
lcssrclcgraphyandrhcuscolcncodingmachincsvould soonprovidcsul-
hcicnr sccuriry ro prorccr rhc privacy olrclcgraphy. "''` Jhar`s hov prc-
ciscly inlormarion vas cxchangcd bcrvccn indusrry and rhc srarc. n
,z, GcncralvonSccckr alsogranrcdradio cnrcrrainmcnrro Gcrmans,
bur nor virhour prohibiring virh draconian rcgularions any misusc ol
civilianrcccivcrslorpurposcsolrransmission.urrhcordcroldiscourscs
inrhccurrcnrccnruryvasrcsrorcd.alcvpublicrransmissionlrcqucncics
rhuspcrmirrcd ,rorhc joy ollircraryandmcdiasociologisrs)rhc mass rc-
ccprionrharNarconiposrhumouslyvclcomcd, Schcrbius,hovcvcr,prc-
vcnrcdrhcinrcrccprionolrhcmilirary-indusrrialcomplcx`snumcrouslrc-
qucncics, vhich Narconi vas vorricd abour. Sincc rhcn, pcoplc havc
bccn douscd inrhc glamorolanalog mcdiaonlyro rcmovcrhc grammar
olrhc rypcvrircr, rhc prororypc oldigiral inlormarion proccssing, lrom
rhcir minds.
n ,z6, rhc Gcrman navy uscd rhc hrsr cncryprion machincs. ''
Jhrcc ycars larcr, soon alrcr Najor cllgicbcl, rhc subscqucnr chicl ol
^rmy Communicarions,hadrakcnovcrrhc^bvchr`scryprographydivi-
sion,''` rhc army lollovcd. Jhc sccrcr rypcvrircr ol Vilmcrsdorl vas
cquippcdvirhycrmorcsccrcrrorors,asvcllasrhcnamcolsccrccyirscll.
LGN^. ora dccadc, irlivcd upro rharnamc.
ur orhcr srarcs also did rhcir shopping ar Schcrbius. Nodihcd
Lnigmamodclsvcrcrhcsrandardbcrvccnrhcvorldvars. ^llclassihcd
cxchangcsbcrvccnJokyo andrhc]apancsccmbassyinrhc\nircdSrarcs
, includingallrhcplanninglorcarlarbor),lorcxamplc,rookplaccin
rhcmachinccodc^ngookiJaipu, vhichrhc^mcricancounrcrparrrc-
Gcncra Gudcrian onthcInigma in hisgcncra`s tank.
Tyjeuriter zy y
namcd urplc lor rcasons olsccuriry. '''Jhrcc monrhs priorro Vicc ^d-
miralIagumo`sblirzkricg,Villiam! ricdman,chiclolrhcSignalnrcl-
ligcncc School , SS) , pullcd acryproanalyrical srunr.nmarhcmaricalpu-
riry,rharis,virhourhavingcaprurcdandsubscqucnrlycvaluarcdaurplc
codc , lolloving rhc black-boxrulcs olrhc SccondVorldVar) , hc man-
agcdro rcrraccrhcinhnircpcrmurarionsolrhcsccrcrrypcvrircr. Jhc lasr
vicrory ol humans ovcr communicarion rcchnologics, vhich ricdman
paidlorvirhancrvouscollapsc andmonrhsolpsychiarricrrcarmcnr. ''
urasalvays,irvasprccisclyarrhc sirc olmadncssrharmachincsorig-
inarcd.Jhcirsupcrhumancompurarioncapabiliryallovcdrhc \.S. prcs-
idcnrro lisrcninon]apan`splanslorarrack.JharRooscvclrallcgcdlydid
norvarnhisrvocommanding air and sca olhccrs inrhcacihcis an al-
rogcrhcr dillcrcnrsrory. . .
Jhc cscalarion olvcapons and anrivcapons, olcryprography and
cryproanalysis ,asricdman rcnamcdvriringand rcading undcrrhccon-
dirionsolhighrcchnology) , aranyrarcurgcnrlyrcquircdrhcauromariza-
rionoldccoding.^nd lorrharnccd, aunivcrsaldiscrcrcmachinc,vhich
could rcplacc any orhcr machinc, vas a pcrlccr hr. "Jhc mosr compli-
carcdmachincs arc madc onlyvirhvords. "''`Juring, soonalrcrncga-
rivcly solving ilbcrr`s ntscbeidungsjroo/en , dccision problcm) , dc-
scribcdrohismorhcr "apossiblc applicarion" olrhc ncv and sccmingly
inhnircmarhcmarics arvhichhcvas
vorkingon atprcscnt. !tansvcrsthcgucstion hatisthcmostgcncraIkindoI
codc or ciphcr possibc," and at thc samc timc rathcrnaturaIy) cnabcs mc to
constructa IotoIparticuarandintcrcstingcodcs. LncoIthcmisprcttyvcim-
possibcto dccodc vithout akcy, andvcry guick to cncodc. ! cxpcct ! coud sc
thcmto!.^. GovcrnmcntIor guitc a substantia sum, but! amrathcr doubtIu
about thc moraity oIsuchthings.hat doyouthink:''"
Jhcansvcrcamcnorlromhismorhcrburlromrhc govcrnmcnr. Gcr-
many`s "Lnigma machinc vas rhc ccnrral problcm rhar conlronrcd rhc
rirish nrclligcncc Scrvicc in :, 8. ur rhcy bclicvcd ir vas unsolv-
ablc, " unril rhc Govcrnmcnr Codc and Ciphcr School hircd ^lan N.
Juring , norvirhsrandinghismoral doubrs) rhrcc daysalrcrrhc ourbrcak
olrhcvar.
lcrchlcy ark, rhc bombproolsirc ol rirish cryproanalysis during
rhc var, vas in a bcrrcr posirion rhan irs ^mcrican collcagucs. young
marhcmariciansolrhcolishsccrcrscrvicchadalrcadyconsrrucrcda dc-
coding machinc, rhc so-callcd ombc, bascd oncaprurcdLnigmas. ur
vhcncllgicbcl`s^rmy Communicarionsincrcascdrhcnumbcrolrorors
zy 6 Tyjeuriter
ro hvc, cvcn rhc ombc could norloIlov suir. Jhc y o, )8, z;,,;,zyo
possiblcvays olclccrricaIly connccringrcnpairs ollcrrcrs cxcccdcd irs
capaciry, ar Icasr in rcal rimc, on vhich blirzkricg commands and rhcir
rimcIy counrcrmcasurcs dcpcnd. Jhc ovcrvhclmcd oIcs donarcd rhcir
hIcsro rhcririshandJuring.
romrhisprimirivcombc,Juringmadcamachincrharrhchcadol
IcrchIcyarknorcoincidcnrallynamcdrhc ricnral Goddcss.alulIyau-
romarizcd oraclc ro inrcrprcr luIly auromarizcd sccrcr radio communica-
rion. Juring`s rccursivc luncrions laid rhc groundvork lor rhc cncmy`s
abiliryro dccodc Lnigma signalsvirh amcrc zq-hourdcIaybcginningin
Nay ,, andrhus,roparaphrascGocbbcIs,ro cavcsdrop onrhccncmy.
Jhc Gcrman army did nor vanrro bclicvc irunril rhc cnd ol rhc var.ir
vas luIlyconvinccdrharrhcdccodingolLnigma vas,cvcnvirhrhcaid
olcaprurcdmachincs,impossiblcgivcnrhcovcrvhclminglyIargc numbcr
olcaIibraringposirions."'ovcvcr,onIynonscnsc,vhircnoiscvirhour
inlormarion and hcncc olno usc lorrhc uppcr cchclons, providcs com-
plcrc proolagainsrspying.Vhcrcas rhc vcrylacrrharrhcLnigmauas a
machinc madc mcchanicaIcryproanalysis a possibiliry. "^s a pscudo-
random gcncraror, rhc sccrcr rypcvrircr produccdnonscnsc onlyrcIarivc
ro sysrcms vhosc rcvoIurions did nor march irs ovn. Juring`s goddcss,
hovcvcr, loundrcguIariricsinrhclcrrcrsaIad.
oroncrhing,LnigmahadrhcpracricaIadvanragcorrhcorcricaIdis-
advanragcrharirs ciphcrconsisrcdola scll-invcrsc group. n ordcrrobc
cncodcd or dccodcd on rhc samc machinc, lcrrcr pairs had ro bc inrcr-
changcablc.or cxampIc, vhcnrhcKVcncodcdirs OasaK,rhcKin-
vcrscIy rurncd inroan . romrharloIlovcd rhc vcryparricuIarlcarurc
rhar no lcrrcr could bc cnciphcrcd by irscll."
` Ior cvcn rhc KVvas
capablcolvriringirsovnnamc. Juringsubjccrcdrhcsclcvycrrcvcaling
impIicarions ro a scqucnriaI analysis rharvcighrcd and conrroIlcd allrhc
probabiliricsolsolurion.Virh auromarizcdj udgmcnr,rhc ricnraI God-
dcssranrhroughpcrmurarionalrcrpcrmurarion,unrilrhclcrrcrsaIad bc-
camcpIainrcxr again.Varolrypcvrircrs.
^nd sincc lrom y ro a maximum olz, pcrccnr"' olrhc Gcrman
radiorralhcranrhroughLnigma,rhc spyvarrcachcd ancvlcvcl. inrcr-
ccprionyicldcd nor jusrmcssagcs, burrhcvhoIccncmycommunicarion
systen. "
-

` Jhc midrangc lcvcls olcommand-lrom army and division

hcadquarrcrs ro individual bIirzkricg vcapons on land, in rhc air, or ar
sca-bcrraycdrhciraddrcsscs,vhich arc, aIlspynovcIs norvirhsranding,
morc rcvcaIing rhan dara ormcssagcs. Sixry dillcrcnr Lnigma codcs and
,ooo cIassihcd radio mcssagcs pcr day, virh aII ol rhc spccs lor rhcir
Tyjeuriter zy)
scndcrs andrcccivcrs, rccordcdrhc varlikc a rypcvrircr rhc sizcolLu-
ropc.\ndcrrhccondirionsolhighrcchnology,varcoincidcsvirhacharr
olirs organizarionalsrrucrurc. RcasoncnoughlorrhcGovcrnmcnr Codc
and Ciphcr School ro modcl, inminiarurc, irs organizarion alrcrrhar ol
rhc Gcrmanarmy, rhar is, alrcr rhc cncmy.
'
Juring`s gamc olimirarion
bccamcarcaliry.
ris onlyoncsrcplrom rhc IIovcharrU rhc compurcr. Jhc addrcsscs,
dara,commandsrharcircularcdbcrvccnhumans and rypcvrircrs in rhc
Gcrmanarmyorirsririshsimulacrumcouldhnallyrurninrohardvarc.
Jhislasrsrcpvasundcrrakcnin , byrhcosrlhccRcscarchSrarion
ar lcrchlcy ark. nc rhousand hvc hundrcd rubcs vcrc cxpropriarcd
andconvcrrcdinroovcrloadcdsvirchcs and,insrcadolrcinlorcingradio
analogsignals,simularcdrhc binaryplayoloolcanalgcbra.Jransisrors
didnormakcirinrorhcvorldunril ,,, burcvcnvirhourrhcmrhcuni-
vcrsaldiscrcrcmachinc-includingdaracnrry,programmingpossibilirics,
andrhcgrcarinnovarionolinrcrnalsroragcmcchanisms-savirshrsr
implcmcnrarion, lorvhichJuring`s succcssors couldhnd no orhcrnamc
rhanCLSS\S. ccauscrhc srrarcgic sccrcrsolrhchrcr`shcadquar-
rcrs, Vollsschanzc, could, as is logical, only bc crackcd by a monsrcr
compurcr.
CLSS\Sbcganirsvorkand dccodcd an addirional o pcrccnrol
rhc Gcrman radio rralhc-cvcryrhing rhar lor rcasons ol sccuriry vas
rransmirrcdnorviaLnigmaandvirclcssburviarhcSicmcnsCryprvrircr.
^s a rclcprinrcr running rhc audor-Nurray Codc, rhis rypcvrircr no
longcrrcquircdcumbcrsomcmanualopcrarionvirhirshuman sourccsol
crror, irslully digirizcd signals consisrcd olrhc "ycs" or "no" olrickcr
z 8 Tyjeuriter
rapc, vhich, rhrough rhc binary addirion ol plain rcxr and pscudo-
random gcncraror, could bc cncodcd much morc clhcicnrIy rhan virh
Lnigma. Norcovcr, radio inrcrccprion bccamc possiblc only oncc signals
vcrc scnr rhrough a radio link rarhcr rhan a rcIcgraph cablc.` Jhar is
hovvclIuppcr cchclons pick rhcirrypcvrircrs.
bviously, CLSS\S bcar binary addirion virh binary addirion,
bur cvcn rhc hrsr compurcr in rhc hisrory olscicncc or varlarc vould
havc bccnnorhingbur ascvcraI-ronvcrsionolRcmingron`s spccialrypc-
vrircrvirha calcularingmachinc'hadirnorobscrvcdcondirional jump
insrrucrions.'
Condirionaljumps,hrsrcnvisioncdinabbagc`s unhnishcd^naIyri-
calLngincolt 8 ,vcrc borninrorhcvorIdolmachincsin p 8inKon-
radZusc`s aparrmcnrin crlin, andrhisvorIdhassincc bccn scll-idcnri-
calvirh rhc symboIic. n vain, rhc aurodidacrollcrcd his binarycaIcuIa-
rors ro usc as cncryprion machincs and ro surpass rhc supposcdly
spy-proolLnigma.

' ' Jhcopporrunirymisscdby^rmyCommunicarions

vasscizcdbyrhcGcrman^viarionJcsrSircin tpq-lorrhcpurposcs ol
"calcularing, rcsring, and cxamining cruisc missilcs. "
' Ycr Zusc madc
only rhc mosr sparing usc ol rhc -JLI commands ol his brilIianr
"pIancaIcularion". Gdcl`sandJuring`sinsighrolrransIaringcommands,
rharis,Icrrcrs,inronumbcrsvasaconccrnlorhim:
Sinccprograms,ikcnumbcrs,arcbuiItIrom scricsoIbits,itvasonyamattcroI
courscthatprograms bcstorcd asvc. ith thatitvaspossibcto makc condi-
tionaumps,asvcsaytoday, andtoconvcrtaddrcsscs.IromthcpointoIvicvoI
schcmatics,thcrc arcscvcra soutions Ior it. JhcyaIrcstonacommonthought:
thc Iccdback oIthc rcsuIt oIthc cacuation on thc proccss andonthc conhgura
tion oIthc program itscI. SymboicaIy, onc can cnvision that through a singc
virc. ! vas, Iranky, ncrvous abouttakingthat stcp. ^song asthatvirchasnot
bccn aid, computcrs can casiy bc ovcrsccn and controcd inthcir possibiitics
andcIIccts. butonccunrcstrictcdprogramproccssing bccomcs a possibiity, it is
diIhcuItto rccognizc thc point at vhich onc coud say: up to this point, but no
Iurthcr.'
^simplclccdbackIoop-andinlormarionmachincsbypasshumans,
rhcir so-callcd invcnrors. Compurcrs rhcmsclvcs bccomc subjccrs. a
prcprogrammcdcondirionismissing, dara proccssingconrinucs accord-
ingro rhcconvcnrionsolnumbcrcdcommands,bursomcvhcrcanin-
rcrmcdiarc rcsuIr lulhlIs rhc condirion, JLI rhc program irsclldcrcr-
mincs succcssivccommands,rharis,irslururc.
nrhc samcvay,Lacan, makingadisrincrionvirhanimaIcodcs, dc-
Tyjeuriter zy,
hncd languagc and subj ccriviry ashuman propcrrics. or cxamplc, rhc
dancc olbccs, asir has bccn rcscarchcd by von risch, is disringuishcd
lromlanguagcprcciscIybyrhc hxcd corrcIarion olirs signsro rhc rcaliry
rharrhcysignily. " VhiIcrhcmcssagcs oloncbccconrroIrhcllighrolan-
orhcr ro bIossoms and prcy, rhcsc mcssagcs arc nor dccodcd and rrans-
mirrcdbyrhcsccond bcc. yconrrasr, rhclorminvhichIanguagciscx-
prcsscd . . . irscIldchncs subjccriviry. Languagc says. ' You vill go hcrc,
andvhcnyou sccrhis,you villrurnollrhcrc. `norhcrvords. irrclcrs
irscllro rhc discoursc olrhcorhcr."''
nycrorhcrvords.bccs arcprojccrilcs, andhumans, cruiscmissiIcs.
ncisgivcnobj ccrivcdaraonangIcsanddisranccsbyadancc,rhc orhcr,
a command ol lrcc viII. Compurcrs opcraring on -JLI commands
arcrhcrclorcmachincsubjccrs.Llccrronics,arubcmonsrcrsinccIcrchlcy
ark, rcplaccsdiscoursc,andprogrammabiliryrcpIaccslrcc viIl.
Iorlornorhingvas Zusc lrankIy, ncrvous" abour his aIgorirhmic
golcms and rhcir haIringproblcm. " Ior lor norhing did rhc cnschcl
Vorks orrhcNinisrryol^viarionassignrhcdcvcIopmcnrolcruiscmis-
siIcs ro rhcsc goIcms. n alIlronrs,lromrop-sccrcrcryproanalysisro rhc
mosr spccracuIar lururc vcapons ollcnsivc, rhc Sccond VorId Var dc-
voIvcd lrom humans and soIdicrs ro machinc subjccrs. ^nd irvasn`r by
much rhar Zusc`s binary compurcrs misscd doing rhc programming ol
lrccspaccllighrlromirsinccprion,rarhcrrhandcrcrmininginrhcbunkcrs
ol rhc arz rhc larc ol rhc Vz ar rhc Iasr momcnr.'` Jhc rangc ol
chargcs" rharrhc ccncmtndc ^rmy JcsrSirc assigncd ro Gcrman uni-
vcrsirics in ,, includcd ,asidclromaccclcrarion inrcgrarors, Oopplcr
radar,onboardcalcularors,crc. ) , inararhcrvisionaryvay,vharVcrnhcr
von raun dcscribcd as rhc hrsr arrcmpr ar clccrric digiraI compura-
rion. "'Jhcvcaponassubjccrrcquircdacorrcspondingbrain.
ursinccrhccommandcrinchiclolrhcGcrmanarmy,vhomSybcr-
bcrg has caIIcd rhc grcarcsr hlmmakcr olall rimc" )' did nor bclicvc
inscll-guidcdvcapons onrhc acruaIrockcrrcsringsirc, buronIy during
rhcir dcmonsrrarion on color hlm ar rhc Vollsschanzc,'rhc cnrropics
olrhc Iazi srarc cmcrgcd vicrorious ovcrinlormarion and inlormarion
machincs.
^r any rarc, cybcrncrics, rhc rhcory olscIl-guidancc and lccdback
loops, is a rhcory olrhc SccondVorldVar. IorbcrrVicncrrcsrihcdro
rharvhcnhcinrroduccdrhcrcrm.
JhcdccidingIactorinthisncv stcpvasthcvar.!hadknovnIoraconsidcrabc
timcthat iIa nationa cmcrgcncy shoud comc, my Iunction in it jsicj voud bc
z6o Tyjeurtter
dctcrmincdargcy bytvothings: my cosc contactvith thcprogram oIcomput-
ing machincs dcvcopcd byOr. Vanncvarbush, andmy ovn joint vork vithOr.
`ukingLcconthc dcsignoIccctricnctvorks. . . . ^tthc bcginningoIthcvar,
thc Gcrmanprcstigcin aviation and thc dcIcnsivcpositionoIIngandturncdthc
attcntionoImanyscicntiststo thcimprovcmcntoIanti-aircraIt articry. vcn bc-
Iorcthcvar, it had bccomc ccar thatthcspccd oIthc airpanc had rcndcrcdob-
soctc a cassica mcthodsoIthc dircction oI hrc, and that it vasncccssaryto
buid into thc contro apparatus a thc computations ncccssary. Jhcsc vcrc rcn-
dcrcdmuchmorc diIhcutbythcIactthat, unikc aprcviousy cncountcrcdtar-
gcts, an airpanc has avcocityvhichis avcry apprcciabc partoIthcvcocityoI
thc missic uscd to bring it dovn. ^ccordingy, it is cxcccdingy important to
shootthcmissic,notatthc targct, butin such avaythat missic and targctmay
comc togcthcr in spacc at somc timc in thc Iuturc. c must hcncc hnd somc
mcthod oIprcdictingthc Iuturc position oIthc panc.
'
"
Virh Vicncr`s Lincar rcdicrion Codc ,LC), marhcmarics changcd
inro anoraclc capablc olprcdicringaprobablclururccvcnourolchaos-
iniriallylorhghrcraircralrandanri-aircralrguidanccsysrcms,inbcrvccn
rhc vars lor human mourhs and rhc compurcr simularions olrhcir dis-
courscs.lind,unprcdicrablcrimc,vhichrulcsovcranalogsroragcand
rransmission mcdia ,in conrrasr ro rhc arrs) , vas hnally broughr undcr
conrrol.Virhdigiralsignalproccssing, mcasuringcircuirsandalgorirhms
,likcanauromarcdsoundcnginccr) ridcalongonrandomlrcqucncics.Jo-
day rhis lorm olcybcrncrics cnsurcs rhc sound olmosr rcpurablc rock
bands, in acrualiry, hovcvcr, irvas only a "ncv srcp" in ballisrics. Na-
chincsrcplaccdLcibniz inrhc analysis olrrajccrorics.
Virh rhc conscqucncc rhar CLSS\S gavc birrh ro many a son,
cach morc colossal rhan irs sccrcr larhcr. ^ccording ro rhc minisrry ol
supply, Juring`s posrvar compurcr ^CL vas supposcd ro calcularc
"grcnadcs, bombs, rockcrs, and cruisc missilcs", rhc ^mcrican LI^C
"vasro simularc rrajccrorics ol shclls rhrough varying condirions ol air
rcsisranccandvindvclociry, vhichinvolvcdrhcsummarion olrhousands
ollirrlc picccs olrrajccrorics. "]ohn von Icumann`s LOV^C vas bcing
dcsigncdrosolvc"rhrcc-dimcnsional'acrodynamicandshock-vavcprob-
lcms, . . . shcll, bomb and rockcrvork, . . . andj progrcss in rhc hcld ol
propcllanrs and high cxplosivcs``,I^Cvorkcd lor rhc\nircdSrarcs
^ir orcc, ^JL^S, lorcryproanalysis, and hnally, N^I^C, ilrhis sug-
gcsrivc namc had bccn implcmcnrcd inrimc, vould havc oprimizcd rhc
prcssurcvavcolrhchrsr-bomb.'
Nachincsopcraringonrhcbasisolrccursivcluncrionsproduccslov-
morion srudics nor only ol humanrhinkingbur also olhuman dcmisc.
Tyjeuriter z6
^ccording ro rhc insighr olynchon and Virilio, rhc bIirzkricg and rhc
llash-bulb shor , /itz/icbtaujnabme) coincidc in rhc bomb rhar lcvcIcd
iroshima during rush hour on ^ugusr 6, ,y . ^ shurrcr spccd ol
o.ooooooo6; scconds, lar bcIovNach`sprojccrilc-Iikc, pionccringcinc-
mariclcarol: 8 8 , mclrcdcounrIcss]apancscpcoplc "as ahnc-vapordc-
posirollar-crackIingsvrinklcdinrorhcluscdrubbIc" olrhcirciry.

Cin-
cmaro bccompurcdincompurcrproccssingspccds, andonlyincompurcr
proccssing spccds.
nrhchlm`s manilcsr surlacc, cvcryrhing procccds as ilrhc "mar-
riagcolrvomonsrcrs"`rhar]ohnvonIcumannhadarrangcdbcrvccn
a Gcrman guidcd missiIc and an^mcrican^-bomb payload ,rhar is, by
saving borhconvcnrionaI amaroland convcnrional bombcrpiIors) by ir-
scIl had bccn rhc srcp lrom bIirzkricg ro rhc srrarcgic prcscnr. Vhar
spcaksagainsrrharisrharborhguidcdmissiIcsandnucIcarvcaponssur-
mounrcdrhc iron and bamboo currainsvirhcxrraordinarycasc-parrIy
rhrough cspionagc, parrly rhrough rhc rranslcr olrcchnoIogy. Oillcrcnr
lrom rhc machinc subj ccr irscll, rhcinnocuous burluIlyauromarcdrypc-
compuring machinc. Virh rhc har ol rhc rhcory rhar is omniporcnr bc-
causcirisrruc,SraIincondcmncdrhc bourgcoisabcrrarionolcybcrncrics.
^s ilmarcriaIism, in rhc cspionagc raccs virh irs orhcr haIl, had bccn
bIindcdbyrhcdiscIoscdsccrcrsolmasscxrcrminarion,rhcsmokcrraiIol
rockcrsandrhcllasholbombs.
^nnihiIarionissrillcaIlcddcrcrminingrhcourcomcolrhcvar. nIy
o ycars Iarcr, cIassihcd archivcs havc graduaIly rcvcaIcd rharIcrchlcy
arkvasprcsumablyrhcmosrsuirabIccandidarclorrhisrirIc.Ouringrhc
Sccond Vorld Var, a marcriaIisr vho marcrializcd marhcmarics irscIl
cmcrgcdvicrorious.RcgardingCLSS\SandLnigma,Juring`sbiogra-
phcrvrircsrhar "inrclligcncc hadvonrhcvar"virhrhcririshIircr-
aliryrhardocsnordisringuishamongrcason, sccrcrscrvicc,andinlorma-
rionmachinc.urrhariscxacrIyvharrcmaincdasrarcsccrcr.Ouringrhc
var, a vhoIc organizarion cmcrgcd lorrhc purposc oldclivcring rhc rc-
suIrsolluIIyauromarizcdcryproanaIysisincodcdlormro rhccommand-
ing olhccrs ar rhc lronr. rhcrvisc, rhc mosr viraI sccrcr ol rhc var
,rhrough scizcd documcnrs, rrairors, or rrcachcrousIy rcvcaIing counrcr-
mcasurcs) possiblyvouIdhavchlrcrcdrhroughro rhc Gcrmanarmy, and
LnigmavouIdhavcbccnsiIcnccd.cnccirbccamcsccrcragcnrs`Iasrhis-
roricalassignmcnrroinvcnrradianrspynovcIsinordcrrocamoulIagcrhc
lacr rharinrcrccprion andrhc rypc-compuringmachincrcspccrivcIy rcn-
dcrsccrcrscrviccsandagcnrssupcrlluous., VhichisvharspynovcIscon-
rinuc ro do U rhis vcry day.) Jhc mysrcrious "Vcrrhcr, " vho allcgcdly
z6z Tyjeuriter
!iroshima bcIorcandaItcr^ugust 6, 1q .
rransmirrcd many plans olarrack lrom rhcVollsschanzcvia Sviss dou-
blcagcnrsroNoscov, burvhohasycrrobclocarcdhisrorically, mayvcll
havc bccn onc ol rhc simulacra rhar sysrcmarically scrccncd lcrchlcy
arklromrhcRcd^rmy.`Jhcn,aranyrarc,Sralin`srhcoryvouldhavc
had amarcrialbasis-nonprolilcrarion olrhc llov olinlormarion.
n^ugusr z8, :,y , rhrcc vccks alrcr iroshima, lourvccks alrcr
orsdam, \.S. rcsidcnrJruman issucd a sccrcrdccrcc on sccrcr scrvicc
inrcrccprion, an inlormarion blockagc on inlormarion machincs. Var-
dcrcrmining cryproanalysis bccamc a marrcr olulrimarc classihcdmarc-
rial-inrhc pasr and rhcprcscnr, rcchnology and mcrhod, succcsscsand
rcsulrs, lcrchlcy ark andVashingron, O. C.' ^s a rcsulr olvhichrhc
samc, burnovcold,varcould srarragainimmcdiarcly.inrhc shadovol
Jruman`s dccrcc, CLSS\S and irs ^mcrican cloncs lcarncd Russian
insrcadolGcrman.crmcricallyscalcd, "rhclcgacyolaroralvar,andol
rhccaprurcolaroralcommunicarionssysrcm,couldnovrurnrorhccon-
srrucrionolaroralmachinc."`
Jhc succcss ol rhis srrarcgy ol dissimularion is provcd by irs only
lcak.^vrircr,vhonoronlykncvrhcrypcvrircrlromsccrcraricsburalso
rcproduccd ir on rhc prinrcd pagc, communicarcd in lcrrcr lorm ro rhc
varlordsgarhcrcdinorsdamrharrhcsymbolichas,rhroughLnigma and
CLSS\S,bccomca vorld olrhcmachinc.
FIDO CDWJOT llGDGI LIJGl
A OJG LZG11GDZGD
HGIIGD
JIUWD _HOOBG\G1T)
TJJD_
LDUICDJ1J _TTJGG]
1T JGDGID rOTBOW
o C oD oU_ ZLB !
Tyjeuriter z6
JO Z J\Jo rT Q1JJBC o JZ J : oJ L_
Z o : RZ JJJ oJZ __ o UOJlJ_GW
Joo OUOU WLQ !
ll J G1t J GDU ZJR J OBJZC Z B_ o
BTJ BJ\ Jo JOJG o Jo _GW o _DO o . J JZ
BOJ HZ 1JBLD Z t JWO ~ Jo Q QQ I
L1GDT o J QJGDT J rO IDO CDWJOT
228
\ndcrrhccondirionsoIhighrcchnology,lircrarurchasnorhingmorc
rosay.rcndsincryprogramsrhardcIyinrcrprcrarionandonIypcrmirin-
rcrccprion. Ia// long-disranccconnccrions onrhisplancrroday,' Irom
phonc scrviccs ro microvavc radio, o. pcrccnr llov rhrough rhc rrans-
mission,sroragc,anddccodingmachincsoIrhcIarionalSccuriry^gcncy
(IS^),rhcorganizarionsuccccdingSSandlcrchlcyark.yirsovnac-
counr,rhcIS^has "accclcrarcd"rhc "advcnroIrhccompurcragc," and
hcncc rhc cnd oI hisrory, likc norhing cIsc.` ^n auromarcd discoursc
anaIysishasrakcncommand.
^ndvhilc proIcssors arcsriIl rclucranrIyrradingin rhcir rypcvrircrs
Ior vord proccssors, rhc IS^ is prcparing Ior rhc Iururc. Iromnurscry
schoolmarhcmarics,vhich conrinucsro bcIuIlysuIhcicnrIor books, ro
chargc-couplcd dcviccs, surIacc-vavc hIrcrs, digiral signaI proccssors in-
cludingrhcIour basic IormsoIcompurarion.`'Jrcnchcs,llashcs oIlighr-
ning, srars-sroragc,rransmission,tbe /aying oj cao/es.
REFEREW1E I711ER
WL1E5
fr.Ns:.:ors

No:r. Jhc citationIormatIor!ittlcr`s tcxtcoscyIoovsthat oI
thcGcrmancdition.hcntvopubication datcs arcgivcn,thchrstrcIcrs tothc
datcoIoriginapubication,thcsccond,cithcrto aatcrcditionuscdby!ittcror
to anIngishtransation. !agcnumbcrsrcIcrto thcattcrdatc,vhichcorrcsponds
tothc cditiongivcninthcbibiography, pp. z- .
TRArs LATCRs ` I rTRCODCTI Cr
`.
. Iric ^. !avcock, Tbe Muse Learns t,Write ejectionson ralityanJ
Literacy[ronAntiquity to tbeIresentPcv!avcn: `ac!niv. !rcss, 86) , z.
z. !bid.
'
. atcr ]. Lng, rality anJ Literacy Tbe Tecbnoloizin o[tbe WorJ
Pcv`ork: Koutcdgc, 8 8) , : 6.
(. Scc ibid., ;-8 , andPci !ostman, Tecbnopoly:TbeSurrenJero[Cul-
turetoTecbnoloy Pcv`ork:Vintagc, ),-zo.
. Quotcd in borisIichcnbaum, JhcJhcoryoIthc` Iorma ^cthod,`` in
Critical Tbeory Since Ilato, cd. !azard ^dams, rcv. cd. Pcv`ork: !arcourt
bracc, z) , 8o.
6. Iricdrich!ittcr, Oic Latcrna magica dcr Litcratur: Schicrs und!oII-
manns ^cdicnstratcgicn," inAtbenaun]abroucb[uronantil 1,,(, cd. Irnst
bchcr,]ochcn!risch, and GunthcrLcstcrc !adcrborn: Schningh, (),z.
;. Scc, Ior cxampc, ^ichac !cim, Jhc Computcr as Componcnt: !ci-
dcggcr and ^cLuhan,` IbilosopbyanJLiterature 6. z , :z) : o(- 8, ]udith
Stamps, CntbinlinMoJernityInnis,McLubananJtberanl[urtScbool^on-
trca: ^cGi-Quccn`s !niv. !rcss, ) , and Gcnn imott, McLuban, or
MoJernisn ineierse Joronto: !niv. oIJoronto !rcss, 6) .
8. Jhcodorc Koszak, Jhc Summa !opoogica oI^arsha ^cLuhan," in
McLuban Iro C Con,cd. Kaymond Koscntha Pcv`ork: Iunk agnas,
68) , z;-6.
. !ans^agnusInzcnsbcrgcr, ConstitucntsoIaJhcoryoIthc^cdia,"in
z68 Notes to |ages ttii
Tbe Consciousness InJustry: n Literature, Ioetics anJtbeMeJia, cd. ^ichac
KooII Pcv `ork: Scabury, t;q), t 8 . Scc aso nzcnsbcrgcr`s hiarious rctrac
tion, Jhc Zcro ^cdium, orhy ^ Compaints ^bout Jccvision arc !oint
css," inMeJiocrityanJDelusion: CollecteJDiiersions,trans. ^artin Chamcrs
Pcv `ork: Vcrso, tz) , -;o. !n an intcrcsting tvist, !aus Jhcvccit has
spccuIatcdthatthcGcrmanLcItdiscardcd ^cLuhan bccausc hisIocuson bodics
and mcdia, cxtcnsions, narcosis, and scI-amputation vas nore matcriaist than
^arxism had cvcr bccn. Scc Jhcvccit, ucb JerKonie I: rpbeus unJ ury-
Jile IrankIurt: StrocmIcd, t88) , 8.
to. nzcnsbcrgcr, Constitucnts," ;.
t t . ]canbaudriIard, KcguicmIorthc^cdia,"inora Critiqueo[tbeIo
litical conony o[tbe Sin, trans. Charcs Lcvin St. Louis: Jcos, t8 t) , t68.
tz. !bid. ,t6.
t . !bid., t;.
tq. !bid., t;.
t. JhccompoundtcrmMeJienJislursanalysethcbasisIorourcxprcssioh
mcdia discoursc analysis") isoccasionay uscd inGcrmanschoarship. Porbcrt
boz mayhavc bccn thc hrstto combinc its constitucnt parts vhcn hc outincd a
program Ior a Iuturc Oiskursanaysc Iur ncuc ^cdicn. " Scc boz, Ibilosopbie
nacbibrennJe ^unich: bocr, tz) , t ;z,andidcm, Computcras^cdium,"
inConputeralsMeJiun,cd.boz,!ittcr, andChristophJhocn ^unich: Iink,
tq), t .
t6. !aus Lacrmann, Lacancan und Ocrridada: !bcr dic Irankoatric in
dcn !uturvisscnschaItcn,"Kursoucb 8q t86) : 6, 8, qt .
t ;. Pccdcss to say, thc story canbc tod ncithcr impartiaynor in its cn
tircty: it is sti going on and continuing divisions, spurrcd by thc arriva oIncv
approachcs such assystcmsthcoryandradicaconstructivism, makc itdiIhcut,iI
not impossibc, to hnd tcrms ncutra cnough to satisIy a partics invovcd. Jhc
Iooving bricIaccount ony considcrs thc poitico-thcorctica Iramcvork oIthc
ast thrcc dccadcs, athough thcrc arc, oI coursc, argcr pcrspcctivcs on postruc
turaism`s hampcrcd rcccption. !ans!richGumbrccht,Ior onc, has argucd that
anaytica proccdurcs such as Ocrridcan dcconstruction, vith its potcntiay an
tihistorica) biastovardspatiaization, did notsitcasiyviththctraditiona Gcr
man biasinIavoroItcmporaization, this mayasocxpIainvhyIrcudianpsycho
anaysisIarcd bcttcr inIranccthanitdidin Gcrmanyor^ustria. Scc Gumbrccht,
ho !s ^Iraid oI Occonstruction: " in Dislurstbeorien unJ Literaturuissen-
scba[t, cds. ]urgcn Iohrmann and !arro ^ucr IrankIurt a. ^. : Suhrkamp,
t88) , - t .
t 8. !oub, CrossinorJers: eceptionTbeory, Ioststructuralisn, Decon
struction ^adison:!niv.oIisconsin!rcss, tz) : q.
t. VinccntOcscombcs,MoJernrencbIbilosopby,trans.L. Scott-Ioxand
]. ^. !arding Cambridgc: Cambridgc!niv. !rcss, t8o) , t;z.
zo. ^atthcv GriIhn and Susannc !crrmann, !ntcrvicv mit Iricdrich ^.
!ittIcr, " Weinarer eitrae q. z t;) : z86. GriIhn and !crrmann miss thc
pointbytransatingthcphrasc schvarzinjcdcrbcdcutung" as virtuayback
istcd" in thc ngishvcrsionoIthcirintcrvicv Jcchnoogics oIriting: !ntcr
vicv vith Iricdrich !ittcr, " Neu Literry History z;.q t6j : ;qt ) . ^Iso scc
Notes to |ages tttt z6,
!ittcr`s harsh critiguc oIthc vcncrabc Dialectic o[nlibtennent, coauthorcd
by thc tcchnoogically ignorant aorilantensobne" manuIacturcrs' sons)
!orkhcimcr and^dorno: Copyright tqq bySociaStudics^ssociation, !nc. , "
inlascbenpostunJIostlarte:KorresponJenzenzuiscbenKritiscberTbeorieunJ
Ioststrulturlisnus, cd. Sigrid cigc Colognc: bhlau, t) , t 8 - . Ior a
bricI butinIormcd introduction to thc Gcrman thcorctica dcbatcs oIthc t8os,
scc!ctcr!vc!ohcndahl, eappraisals: Sbi[tinAlinnentsinIostuar Critical
Tbeory !thaca, P.`.: Corncl!niv. !rcss, tt) , t8;-;.
zt. !n t;8 thc volumc Dicbtunals Sozialisationsspiel appcarcd, vhich
containcd !aiscr's hcrmcncutical-diacctic" intcrprctation oInovclas by Gott
Iricd !cllcr, !ittlcr`s discoursc-analytical " rcading oI Gocthc's WilbelnMeis-
ter, and a bcautiIulytorturcdprcIacctryingtotic thctvo cssaystogcthcr.hat
thcyultimatclycndup sharingisacommoncncmy,thc ^arxistthcoryoIthcrc-
lcctionoIsocial conditions and proccsscs in thc litcraryvork, asvcl as . . . thc
nco-^arxist acsthctics oI ^dorno" Gcrhard !aiscr and Iricdrich ^. !ittlcr,
DicbtunalsSozialisationsspiel:StuJienzu GoetbeunJ Gott[rieJKeller jGttin
gcn:Vandcnhocck Kuprccht, t;8j , ) .
zz. ^anIrcd Irank, Wbat Is Neostructuralisnr trans. Sabinc ilkc and
Kichard Gray ^inncapois:!niv.oI^inncsota !rcss, t8) .
z . Scc !risch, Die Wut Jes \erstebens: Zur Kritil Jer Herneneutil
IrankIurta. ^. : Suhrkamp, t88) , o-66.
zq. Crszenen: Literaturuissenscba[t als Dislursanalyse unJDislurslritil,
cd. Iricdrich^.!ittcrand!orstJurk IrankIurt a.^. : Suhrkamp, t;;) . Con
taining cssays by !ittlcr, bolz, andIrisch, this cocction marks thc bcginning
oIIrcnch-inspircdGcrmanitcrarysdoarship.
z. SccPorbcrtboz, cd., Goetb

s 'WablieruanJtscba[ten`:KritiscbeMoJ-
elleunJDislursanalysenzunMytbos
_
iteratur!ildcshcim: Gcrstcnbcrg, t8) ,
]ochcn !risch, DieanJere Goetbezeit: Ioetiscbe Mooilnacbun Jes Suoelts
un z8cc^unich: Iink, tz) , and!ittlcr,DicbterMutterKinJ^unich: Iink,
tt) . ^ vc-knovn carly cxampc is thc Lacanian rcading oI !lcist by !cga
Gaas, Das Textoeebren Jes 'MicbaelKoblbaas`:DieSpracbeJes Cnoeuu[ten
unJJerSinn JerLiteratur Kcinbck: Kovohlt, t8 t ) .
z6. Irank, WbatIs Neostructuralisnrt .
z;. Scc]acgucsLacan, TbeSeninaro[]acques Lacan.ool!: Tbeo in
reuJ`sTbeoryanJ in tbe Tecbniqueso[Isycboanalysis z(-z,cd.]acgucs-
^lain^icr, trans.SylvanaJomascli Pcv`ork:Porton, t8 8) , q6.
z8. !ittlcr, JhcorldoIthcSymbolic-^ordoIthc^achinc,"inidcm,
Literature, MeJia, In[ornation Systens: ssays, cd. and intro. ]ohn ]ohnston,
trans. StcIanic !arris ^mstcrdam: Lvcrscas !ubishcrs^ssociation, t;) , t.
z. !bid., tq, rcIcrring to thc Iooving passagc Lacan, Seninar!, 8) :
JhisdiscourscoIthc othcri snotthcdiscourscoIthcabstractothcr,oIthcothcr
in thc dyad, oImycorrcspondcnt,norcvcnoImy slavc, it isthc discoursc oIthc
circuitinvhich! am intcgratcd. ! am onc oIitsinks. "
o. Gcorgc!. Landov, Hypertext:TbeConierenceo[Contenporry Crit-
ical Tbeory anJ Tecbnoloy batimorc: ]ohns !opkins !niv. !rcss, tz) , .
t. Grcgory!lmcr,ApplieJGrnnatoloy:Iost(e)-IeJaoy[ron]acques
DerriJa to]osepbeuys batimorc:]ohns!opkins!niv. !rcss, t8 ) , o .
z;o Notes to |ages xtx-xxtt
z. Scc Iugcnc !rovcnzo, ]r., Jhc Icctronic !anopticon: Ccnsorship,
Contro and!ndoctrinationin a !ost-Jypographic Cuturc, " in Literacy nline
TbeIronise (anJIeri/ o[eaJinanJWritin uitb Conputers, cd. ^yron C.
Juman !ittsburgh: !niv. oI!ittsburgh !rcss, tz) , t6;-8 8; and ^ark!ostcr,
TbeMoJeo[In[ornationIoststructuralisnanJSocialContext Chicago: !niv.
oIChicago!rcss, to) , 6-8.
. KcgisOcbray, MeJiaMani[estos ntbeTecbnoloicalTransnissiono[
Culturlorns,trans. IricKauth Pcv`ork: Vcrso, t6) , q.
q. boz,Ibilosopbienacb ibrennJe, t q.
. !ans !. !icbc, Strukturac !sychoanaysc und Litcratur, " i nNeue
Literaturtbeorien, cd. !aus-^ichac bogda Oarmstadt: cstdcutschcrVcrag,
to) , 6. Scc aso !ittcr, `Oas !hantom unscrcs !chs` und dic Litcraturpsy
choogic: I. ^.!oIImann-Ircud-Lacan, " in Crszenen, t -66.
6. Scc!ittcr,DicbterMutterKinJ,;-t;,and!risch`sbcatcdprcIaccto
DieanJere Goetbezeit, ;-. Scc aso !ittcr`s rcmarks in GriIhn and!crrmann,
Jcchnoogics oIriting," ;qt : hcn ! think oImy oId itcrarycriticism,thc
good cssays arc actuay didactic picccs in programming. !ov did Oukc Car
Iugcn von urtcmbcrg sicj program Iricdrich Schicr: ! didn`t vritc about
Schicr`s scntimcntsorrcigion,bccausca!hadvasa barc-boncsmodc: cduca-
tors and princcs program thc novcist Ior a spccihc civi Iunction in thc statc.
hat you nccd is a Iundamcnta undcrstanding oIconccpts such as hardvarc,
programming,automatization,andrcguation. "
;. !ittcr, Discourse Netuorls, .8cc/.,oo, trans. ^ichac ^cttccr vith
Chris Cucns StanIord, CaiI.: StanIord!niv. !rcss, to), t;;.
8. ^ oIthcsc cssays hrst appcarcd i nthc t8os, but vhcrc possibc vc
havc providcd an Ingishtransation: ic man abschaIIt, vovon man spricht:
Ocr^utorvoncceHono,"inLiteraturnaazin 12:Nietzscbe,cd.Picoasborn,
]urgcn ^anthcy, and Octcv Schmidt Kcinbck: Kovoht, t8o) , t -;8; !ink
Ioyd, `brainOamagc,`` in europalyril 1 oisbeute GeJicbteunJInterpreta-
tionen,cd. !aus Lindcmann !adcrborn: Schningh, t8z) , q6;-;;; Oas^ibi
cincs SchriItstccrs-!ctcr!andkcs DieAnstJesTornanns oeinl[neter," ih
Das scbnelle Altern Jer neuesten Literatur, cd. ]ochcn !risch and !ubcrt
inkcs OusscdorI: Caasscn, t8 ) , 6o-;z; !1bcrdic!unst,mitVgcnzu ja-
gcn:TbeMaltesealconvon O. !ammctt," inIbantasieunJDeutunIsycbol-
oiscbes \erstebenionilnunJLiteratur, cds.oIram^auscr, !rsua Kcnncr,
and atcr Schnau urzburg: !nigshauscn Pcumann, t86) , z- tq;
Oracua`s Lcgacy, "Stan[orJ Hunanities eiieu t . t t8-o): tq-;; Jhc
^cchanizcd !hiosophcr," in LoolinA[terNietzscbe, cd. Lavrcncc ^. Kickcs
^bany: Statc !niv. oIPcv `ork !rcss, to) , t-zo;; ord-brcath: Ln
agncr`s^cdiaJcchnoogy, " in peraTbroub tberyes, cd. Oavid ]. Lcvin
StanIord, CaiI.: StanIord !niv. !rcss, tq), zt - , and ^cdia and Orugsin
!ynchon`s Sccond ord ar, " trans. ^ichac utz and GcoIIrcy inthrop-
`oung, in eaJin Matters Narratiie in tbe Neu MeJia coloy, cd. ]oscph
Jabbiand^ichacutz !thaca, P.`. : Cornc!niv. !rcss, t;) , t ;-;z.
. !ittcr, IinIrdbcbcnin Chiiund!rcuI:cn," inIositionen JerLiter-
aturuissenscba[tAcbtMoJellanalysenaneispielionKleists'DasrJoeoenin
Cbili, `cd.OavidI.cbcry ^unich: C. !. bcck, t8 ) , zq.
Notes to |ages tttt z;
qo. ^s ^ichac Gicscckc poihts out ih his mohumchta study oIthc cary
priht agc, mcdia thcorists havcthcmscvcs ohy rccchtystartcdto payIu attch-
tiohtothc hcgcctcddiIIcrchcc" bctvcchscriptographyahdtypography.^ichac
Gicscckc, DerucbJrucl in Jer[riibenNeuzeit:inebistoriscbeallstuJieiioer
JieDurcbsetzunneuerIn[ornations- unJKonnunilationstecbnoloien Irahk-
Iurt: Suhrkamp, tt) , z.
qt . Scc!ittcr, ^utorschaItuhdLicbc,"ihAustreiounJes GeistesausJen
Geistesuissenscba[ten:IroranneJesIoststrulturalisnus, cd. Iricdrich^. !itt-
cr !adcrborh: Schhihgh, t8o) , tqz-; .
qz. GriIhh ahd!crrmahh, Jcchhoogics oIritihg, " ;q.
q. Scccbcry, Iorcvordto!ittcr, DiscourseNetuorls, xix.
qq. !ittcr,DiscourseNetuorls, 6.
q. !ittcr, bchh`s!octry-`^!iti hthc Charts`:Sohg\hdcrCohditiohsoI
^cdiaJcchhoogics," SuoStance 6t to) : 6.
q6. !ittcr, DiscourseNetuorls, q;.
q;. ]cromc ^cGahh, lacl iJers: Tbe \isiole Ianuae o[MoJernisn
!rihcctoh, P.].:!rihcctoh\hiv. !rcss, t ),;q.
q8. GottIricd bchh, Vortragih!hokkc, " ih GesannelteWerle,cd.Oictcr
ccrshoII icsbadch: Limcs, t) , q: q. Scc aso !ittcr, Discourse Net-
uorls, t ;;.
q. ith thismorchuanccd accouhtoIthcrcatiohship oILacah`srcgistcrs
to mcdia tcchhoogics !ittcr gocs a ohg vay tovard mcctihg thc rcvicvcrs oI
DiscourseNetuorlsvhochargcdhimvith scttihguparbitraryihksbctvcchthc
tvo. Scc, Ior cxampc, JhomasScbastiah, Jcchhoogy Komahticizcd: Iricdrich
!ittcr`sDiscourseNetuorls IOO/IOO: hythcphohographshoudhavcac-
ccss to thc rca, vhic thc hm ohy has acccss to thc imagihary is baIIihg . . .
Potcs cmahatihg Irom a phohograph arc hcithcr morc rca hor css imagihary
thah hmcdimagcsohthc scrcch" ,MINto. j toj : o) .
o. !ittcr, DiscourseNetuorls, t 8 z.
t . ^ost oIthc computcr-rcatcd cssays havc bcch trahsatcd ahdcocctcd
ih!ittcr, Iiterture,MeJia,In[ornationSystens.Kcgardihgmiitarytcchhoogy
ahd history, ahd rcatcd issucs, scc !ittcr, Oic kihstichc !htcigchz dcs ct-
kricgs: ^ah Jurihg, " ihArsenale JerSee/e: Iiteratur- unJMeJienanalysen seit
IyO, cd.Iricdrich^.!ittcrahd GcorgChristophJhoch ^uhich:Iihk, t8) ,
t 8;-zoz; \hcohditioha Surrchdcr, " i h Materialities o[Connunication, cd.
!ahs \rich Gumbrccht ahd !. Ludvig !IciIIcr, trahs. iiam hobrcy Stah
Iord, CaiI.: StahIord \hiv. !rcss, tq) , t-q; Iihc !urzgcschichtc dcs
SchcihvcrIcrs,"ihDerntzuJerilJer:\isuelleealitaten,cd.^ichacctzc
ahd !crtaoI^uhich: Iihk, tq), t 8-8;ahd !I horc dcctruppcscctc,"
ihDerDicbterals KonnanJant: D`Annunzio erooertiune, cd. !ahs \rich
Gumbrccht, Iricdrich !ittcr, ahd bcrhhard Sicgcrt ^uhich: Iihk, t6) , zo-
z. Jhis astadvcrtiscs a Iorthcomihg cssayohotah ahdthc aghcriah prc-
history oIthcGcrmah StormJroopcr ztqh) .
z. ]rg Lau, ^cdichvcrstchch: Orci^bschvciIuhgch, "Merlur q/
t ) , 86.
. !oub, CrossinorJers, to .
q. !bid., toq.
z;z Notes to |ages tttt
. ]acgucs Ocrrida, Jhc Qucstion oIStyc, " in Tbe Neu Nietzscbe, cd.
Oavid^ison Pcv`ork:Oc, t;;) , t;6.
6. itncss, Ior instancc, !ittcr`s takcon!abcrmas's thcory oIthc origin
oIthc cnightcncd pubicsphcrc: Jhis cnightcnmcntidcoogy did not havc its
origin in thc Inightcnmcnt but is primariy thcvorkoI]urgcn !abcrmas,vho,
as isvc knovn, vrotc TbeStructuralTrans[ornationo[tbeIuolicSpbere, thc
bookaboutthc topic. Iirst oIa, somcthing has to bc said about this book. !c
caims that thc privatc posta systcm, vhich vas introduccd at thc timc, sctthc
vhoc proccss in motion. hat !abcrmas compctcy Iorgcts ovcr a thosc ov-
ing,intimatccttcrvritingpcopc,vho hcthinksarcsogrcat bccausc inthcmthc
bourgcois mcntaityis saidtohavcconstitutcditscI, isguitcsimpythatstatcs, as
goodmcrcantiist statcs, Ioundcd this posta systcm vith a ccar objcctinmind:
thcyvantcdto skimoIIthcposta ratcs. Iorinstancc,qopcrccntoI!russia'ssuc-
ccssIu Scvcn`carsaragainst^ustriavashnanccdbypostarcvcnuc. Somuch
IorthcIunctionoIcnightcnmcnt orparticipationinthccightccnthccntury. " !itt-
cr, Oas!ntcrnctistcincImanation:IinGcsprachmitIricdrich!ittcr, " inStaJt
anNetzAnsicbten ion Telepc lis, cd. StcIan !ghaut, ^rmin^cdosch, and Io-
rianKtzcr ^annhcim: bomann, :6) , zot .
;. GriIhn and !crrmann, JcchnoogicsoIriting," ;.
8. Linda Oictrick, Kcvicv oI DiscourseNetuorls lOO/lOO, Seninar
z8. t tz) , 66.VirginaL. Lcvis, among othcrs, aso obscrvcsthat!ittcr'sthc
sis that a singc unihcd discoursc nctvork Iuy charactcrizcs cach oI thc tvo
cpochs hc discusscs is hardy acccptabc" ^ Gcrman !oststructuraist," ILL
z8. t j tzj, :o6).
. JimothyLcnoir, !nscription!racticcsand^atcriaiticsoICommunica-
tion, " in InscrioinScienceScientijcTexts anJtbeMateriality o[Connunica-
tion, cd. Lcnoir StanIord, CaiI.: StanIord \niv. !rcss, t8) , : .
6o. !ittcr, Latcrnamagica, "zzo.
6t . atcr bcnjamin, Jhcork oI^rt inthc^gc oI^cchanica Kcpro-
duction," in Illuninations, cd. !annah^rcndt, trans. !arry Zohn Pcv `ork:
Schockcn, t68) , z;.
6z. !ittcr, Gcschichtc dcr !ommunikationsmcdicn," inaununJ\er-
[abren: Interientionen 2, cd. ]rg !ubcr and ^ois ^artin ^ucr basc and
IrankIurt: StrocmIcd/Kotcr Stcrn, t ) , t 8 8 .
6 . JhcrobothistorianoIcourscvoudhardybc bothcrcdbythcIactthat
it vas a human vho put thc hrstmotor togcthcr: Ior thc rocs oIhumans voud
bc sccn as ittc morc thanthat oIindustrious inscctspoinating anindcpcndcnt
spccics oI machinc-Iovcrs that simpy did not posscss its ovn rcproductivc
organs during a scgmcnt oI its cvoution. Simiary, vhcn this robot historian
turncd its attcntionto thc cvoution oI armics in ordcr to tracc thc history oIits
ovnvcaponry, it voud scc humans asno morc than picccs oIa argcr miitary-
industria machinc: a varmachinc. "^anucOcLanda, Warin tbeAe o[Intel-
lientMacbines Pcv `ork: Zonc books, tt ) , .
6q. ]amcs bcnigcr, Tbe Controleiolution Tecbnoloical anJcononic
riins o[tbe In[ornation Society Cambridgc, ^ass. : !arvard \niv. !rcss,
t86) , vii.
6. ]ochcn Schutc-Sassc, Vondcr schriItichcn zur ccktronischcn !utur:
Notes to |ages ttt: z;
\bcr hcucrc cchscbczichuhgch zvischch ^cdichgcschichtc uhd !utur
gcschichtc," ih Materialitat JerKonnunilation, cds. !ahs \rich Gumbrccht
ahd!.Ludvig!IciIIcrrahkIurt:Suhrkamp, tp88) , csp. qzp- .
66. or a dctaicd studyoI thc itcrary imagcry surrouhdihg ahd goriIyihg
thc Gcrmah chgihccr, scc !arro Scgcbcrg, Literariscbe Tecbnil-ilJer StuJien
zun \erbaltnis ion Tecbnil- unJ Literturescbicbte in I. unJ [ruben z.
]abrbunJertJibihgch: Picmcycr, tp8;) .
6;. orrcatcdtcxts,scc^htoh!acs,^artih]ay, ahdIdvardOimchdbcrg,
cds., Tbe WeinarepuolicSourceoool bcrkccyahd Los^hgccs: \hiv. oICa-
iIorhia !rcss, tppq), p-qt t .
68. ]cIIrcy!crI, eactionaryMoJernisnTecbnoloy, Culture,anJIolitics
in Weinar anJ tbe TbirJ eicb Cambridgc: Cambridgc \hiv. !rcss, tp8q) , .
6p. or a critica asscssmchtoI thcsc ihIuchccs sccKichard oih, Laoy-
rintbs xplortions in tbe CriticalHistory o[IJeas ^mhcrst: \hiv. oI^assa-
chusctts!rcss, tpp) .
IRBIACB

t. bchh,^pri to, tpqt, ihbchh tpqt/ tp;;-8o, 1- z6;.

z. Cohccrhihg thc prccisioh oI bchh`s Jakc stock oI thc situatioh! " scc
Schhur tp8o,vhichmakcsccarthatthcpocticmaximimmcdiatcyIoovihg-
Kcckoh vith your dcIccts, start vith your hodihgs, hot vith your sogahs"
bchh tpp-6t, z: z z)-simpyrcvritcs Gcrmahy`sogisticaprobcmsvithdis-
tributihgravmatcriasdurihgthcvar.
. Scc Schvchdtcr tp8z.
q. SccLorchz tp8 , tp.
. !cidcggcr tpo, z;z.
6. !itcr,]ahuary tpq , ihSchramm tp8z, q: t6z. Sccaso!itcr,^ayo,
tpqz, ih !ickcr tp;6, qpt, vhcrc thc Iragmcht Irom !cracitus appcars as thc
ctcrhay truc ahd proIouhdy scrious statcmcht oIa miitaryphiosophcr. " but
as]hgcr tpz6/:pp , tz8) obscrvcd,vordvars, rathcrthahcohtihuihgtohght
ihthc prcvaiihgmodc," dcpchd oh ihhovatioh assuch.
;. Scc!yhchoh tp;, 6o6.
I r1RCODC1I Cr
t . \hdcr thc titc Nostris ex ossious: Jhoughts oI ah Lptimist, " !ar
!aushoIcr, thcmaih rcprcschtativc, . . . thoughhotthc origihator, oIthc tcrm
`gcopoitics` " Povcmbcr z, tpq, ih!aushoIcr tp;p, z: 6p) , vrotc: ^Itcr thc
var, thc ^mcricahs vi appropriatc a rcativcy vidc strip oI Iuropc`s vcstcrh
ahd southcrh coast ahd, at thc samc timc, ih somc shapc orIashioh ahhcx Ih-
gahd, thusrcaizihg thc idca oICcci Khodcs Irom thc oppositc coast. !h doihg
so,thcyviactihaccordahccviththcagc-odambitiohoIahyscapovcrto gaih
cohtrooIthcoppositccoasts)ahdructhcoccahihbctvcch.Jhcoppositccoast
z;( Notes to |ages _~J2
i satcastthc cntirc castcrn rimoIthc ^tantic and,i nordcrto achicvc domina-
tion ovcr a `scvcn scas, ` possiby thc cntirc vcstcrn rim oIthc !acihc. Jhus,
^mcricavantstoconncctthc outcr crcsccntto thc `axis` ` Lctobcr t, tqq, in
!aushoIcr t;, z. 6 )
z. . !oIImann, tqq,in!ay t;b, ;q.
. boz t86, q.
q. ^brahamand!ornbostctoq,zz.
. SccCampc t86, ;o-;t.
6. Ioucaut t6/t;;, 66.
;. Gocthc t 8 z/t8 t , tzz.
8. Gocthc, GcschichtcdcrIarbcnchrc" t 8 to) , inidcmt;6,tq. q;. jJhc
ora naturc oI this oppositc" to vrittcn history is undcrscorcd by thc usc ol
Gocthc`svordSae, cgcnd, " vhichdcrivcsIromsaen, to say. "-Jrans.j
. SccLngt8z, z;andmorcrcasonaby) .
to. SccIxodus zq. tz-q. z8.
tt. !oran, sura6,vv. t-6.
tz. intcr t, 6.
t . Scc^ssmannand^ssmann t8, 68.
tq. Pictzschc, Gcschichtc dcr gricchischcn Litcratur" t 8;q) , i n idcm
tzz-z, . zt .
t . Gocthc t 8 t t-tq/ t6, . .
t6. Strauss t;;/t;, t -t6.
t;. !cgc t 8o;/t;;, to.
t 8. !ardcnbcrg Povais), t ;8- / t6o-;, . ;;.
t. Schcgc t ;/t8H, 8. qz.
zo. Scc!ittcr t8/to, to8-z.
zt . Gocthc t ;;/t8;, . Iorrcasonsvhy a Iuy aphabctizcditcraturcin
particuarsimuatcdoraity, scc SchalIcr t86, ;-zo.
zz. Gocthc, Wertber t ;;q),inGocthc to, to.
z. bcnjamin tzq-z/ t;z-8 , t. t, zoo.
zq. Gocthc,lectiieA[nities t 8o) , inidcmto, qz.
z . brcntano t8 /t-6, z. zzz.
z6. ^arkcr t8, z-zq.
z;. SccOccuzc t6, z. Jhcatcrnativcisbctvccntvo puritics;thcIasc
andthctruc; thatoIrcsponsibiityandthatoIinnoccncc; thatoImcmoryandthat
oI Iorgctting. . . . Iithcr onc rcmcmbcrs vords but thcir mcaning rcmains ob-
scurc, oronc apprchcnds thc mcaning, in vhich casc thc mcmory oIthc vords
disappcars."
z8. Lcroi-Gourhan, guotcd in Ocrrida t6;/t;6, h.
z. I. ^.!oIImann t 8 t6/t6, tq8 transationmodihcd).
o. Padar t 8/t;8, .
t . ^rnhcim t/t;;,z;.
z. SccLacan t;8/t88b, z;8 .
. Idison, t 8;8, guotcd in Gcatt t;;, z. !honographic rccordings oI
ast vords arc bascd on thc rccognition that physioogica timc is not rc-
vcrsibc," andthat inthcprovincc oIrhythm,andoItimcin gcncra, thcrcisno
symmctry" ^ach t 8 8 6/ttq, z6) .
Notes to |ages J*J z;y
q. Scc]oycc tpzz/tp6p, t t . Sccasobrooks tp;;,zt -tq. j^IG" rcIcrs
tothc^gcmcihc Icktrizitats-GcscschaIt, ohc oIthc cadihg Gcrmah ccctroh-
icscorporatiohs. !tvasorigihayIouhdcd ih t 8 8 byImi Kathchau as thc Gcr-
mahIdisohSocictyIor^ppicd Icctricity.-Jrahs.j
. Kathchau tpt8-zp,q: q;. Jvo cxampcsoIJe[ornationpro[essionelle
amohgthc dcad oIPccropois: ^ vritcr is dissatishcdvith his cpitaph. ^h cm
poycc oIthc tccphohc compahy uscs short ahd ohg ihtcrvas, a kihd oI^orsc
aphabct,to rihgih acritigucoIhis succssor. " !ihg^cxahdcr, thchcrooIbroh
hch's stpolzu, says cvcrythihg thcrc is to say about tccphohitis ahd !adcs
vhic, accordihgto thc stagc dircctiohs, thc tccphohc is buzzihg" : Lh, you
backbcastgrovihgohIattybrovhstcms,youIovcroIuhtimcihcss,yourabbit
oIdarkrooms! `ourvoiccisourhcrcaItcr, ahdithascrovdcdouthcavch" broh-
hch tpz6/tp;;, t ) .
6. Jhc sohg Ixampc #zz" actuay combihcs thc ahhouhccmcht ahd
souhd oI cxampc ho. zz" !icrspricht Idgar" / Idgar spcakihg" jSchaIcr
tp8, t tj ) , vhich, strahgcy chough, must havc migratcd oh a parahorma cas-
scttc-to-bookIrom rciburyto thc!hitcdStatcs.
;. SccLacah tp66/p;;, t 8q. 8. SchaIcr tp8, z.
p. !bid., . qo. Scc Gordoh tp8 t, passin.
qt . atsoh tp;8, z6, qto. qz. Sccazc tp8o, t .
q. SccLuhmahh tp8 , zo-zz. qq. !cidcggcr tpqz-q/tppz, 8 6.
q. !ccr t 8 6/tp;q:qt . q6. Scc^aarmc t 8p/tpq, 8 o.
q;. Lacah tp66, ;zo. q8. Lacah tp;8/tp88b: q;.
qp. SccLacah tp66/tp;;,t-;. o. SccLacah tp;, , ;.
t . SccLacah tp;8/tp88b: tpt-zo.
z. Pictzschc t 8;-;6/tppo, t to.
. SccJurihg tpo, qqt-qz,!odgcs tp8, q t -t;.
q. !odgcs tp8, z;p.
. !bid., o.
6. !bid., tq.
;. ].Good,Scptcmbcr t6, tpq8, guotcdihibid., 8;.
8. Scc Zusc,]uhc tp, tp;, ih idcm tp8q, qt : Occisivc thought, tp]uhc
tp; /Kcaizatiohthat thcrc arc ccmchtary opcratiohsto vhicha computihg
ahd thihkihg opcratiohs may bc rcduccd. /^ primitivc typc oImcchahica braih
cohsists oIstoragcuhit, diaihgsystcm, ahd a simpc dcviccthatcahhahdc coh-
ditiohachaihs oItvo orthrcc ihks. /ithsucha Iorm oIbraihitmustbcpos-
sibc to sovca opcratiohs oIthc mihdthatcah bc dcatvithmcchahicay, rc-
gardcss oIthc timc ihvovcd. ^orc compcx braihs arc mcrcya mattcr oIcxc-
cutihgthoscopcratiohsIastcr. "
GRAmCI HCrB
t . Chcv tp6;, z. hch !aIka's capturcd apc dcivcrs his Kcport to ah
^cadcmy," thc scchc dcpictihghis ahima ahguagc acguisitioh guotcs both Idi-
soh's !uo" ahd his storagc tcchhoogy: Lh board thc ship thcrc vas a ccc-
z;6 Notes to |ages 21~__
bratioh oI somc kihd, a gramophohc vas payihg"; thc apc drahk thc schhapps
bottc that had bcch carccssy cIt stahdihg" ih Iroht oIhiscagc, ahd, bccausc
! coud hothcp it, bccausc my schscs vcrc rccihg, j !j cacd a bricIahd uhmis-
takabc `!ao! ` brcakihg ihto humah spccch, ahdvith this outburst brokc ihto
thc humah commuhity, ahd Ict its ccho: `Listch, hc`s takihg! ` ikc a carcss ovcr
thc vhoIc oImy svcat-drchchcdbody" !aIka tt ;/:q8, t6z) .
z. Jhrcc mohths atcr ahd ihdcpchdchty oI Idisoh) thc samc vord ap-
pcarcd ih aharticcoh Charcs Cros. Scc^arty t8 t , tq.
. ScientijcAnerican, t 8;;,guotcdi hKcadahdcch t, tz.
q. Cros t 8;;/:6q,
z-zq.
. Cros to8/:6q,t 6; trahs. Oahic!atz,ih!ittcr to, z t .
6. SccCros t6q,x.
;. SccOcrrida t6;/:;6, zqo.
8. bruch t;, zt.
. Sccthc documchts Irom thc GrunJerzeiti h!acs t;8, 68-6, toq thc
scriptvritcr !. !. Ivcrs oh aghcras tcachcr") .
to. SccIricdhcim, t8, 6 : aghcri sprobabythc hrstdramatistto scri-
ousycxporcthc usc oIscrcam. "
t t . aghcr t 8 8 z/:86, tot .
t z. aghcr, DasbeinolJ t 8 q) , mm. t t-zo.
t . Sccaghcr t 88o/:;6, t t-tz.
tq. ]aovctz ttz, t .
t . SccKaycigh t 8;;-;8, t : ;-t;.
t6. Lcvi-Strauss t6q/t6, z.
t;. Scc!ystra t;;, ;.
t 8 . Sccbruch t;, z6,ahd!ystra t;;, .
t. Scc Stctsoh to .
zo. Scc^aragc t 88.
zt. Scc bruch t;, -q. Lhg t8z, ) cvch haicd Svcct t 8q-ttz) as
thc progchtoroISaussurc`s phohcmc cohccpt.
zz. Shav ttz/:;z, 68q.
z. Lothartzq, q8-q.
zq. SccShavtt z/:;z, 6-6q.
z. Iordctais,scc!ittcr:8 /:o, z;- .
z6. Shav ttz/:;z,; . MyairIaJyis byLcrhcrahd Locvc.-Jrahs.j
z;. Lothar tzq, tz, ahd!ystra t;;, , rcspcctivcy.
z8. Scc !hics t 8 ;, iii.
z. ]arry t8/:;,q: tt .
o. ViIicrs t 8 8 6/:8z, t.
t. !ahhischcLittcramcthodc" t;8/:86, t 6-;.
z. Lh uhdcrstahdihg as a mcasurabc sourcc oIhoisc parac to hcarihg,
scc Gutzmahh to8.
. Lothar tzq, t- z.
q. SccGcatt t;;,z;-z8.
. ^braham ahd !orhbostc toq, zz.
6. Lhrockmusicahdsccrctcodcs,scc!ittcr t8qb,t q- .
;. Gcatt t;;, z.
8. cgc 8olz;-(o, o. (6.
. !ihkIoyd ;6, o- .
(o. Gcatt ;;,;z.
Notes to |ages j 68 z;;
(. Ircud, !rojcctIor a Scichtihc!sychoogy, " i hidcm 8l6z, . 8 .
(z. !bid., . z.
(. Ircud,eyonJtbeIleasureIrinciple,ihidcm zo/6z, 8: z(.
((. SccOcrrida 6;l;8, zz- .
(. ^braham ahd orhbostc o(, z . orhbostc's supcrior, thc grcat
music physioogist Car StumpI, cohcudcd that it vas hcccssary to cstabish
a phohographicarchivc ih bcrih, asvc vhich vas rcaizcd sooh thcrcaItcr) .
iscriticismoIthccxcusiohoIopticscdahothcrparticipahti hthcdiscussiohto
arguc that it shoud bcihkcd to a hm archivc ibid., z - 6) . Scc ^cumahh
z, o.

(6. irth, 8;,,8. Sabiha Spicrcihprovcsthatpsychoahaystsdidh`tthihk

ahydiIIcrchty. ^ccordihgtohcr,thc trcatmchtoIhystcria" cohsistsih brihgihg
aboutatrahsIormationoIthc psychoscxua compohchtsoIthccgo cithcr byvay
oIart or simpc rcactiohs-vhichcvcryou prcIcr. ih this vaythccompohchtis
progrcssivcy vcakchcd ikc a payihg sic] gramophohc rccord) . " Spicrcih
o6l86, zz(.
(;. Kikc o/(, (6. (8. Sachs o, (.
(. SccIcchsig 8(,z-zz. o. Scc amburgcr 66, ;-z;.
. Kikc ol(, 8 trahsatiohmodihcd).
z. Lothar z(,8. . !bid., -6o.
(. SccKikc
zl;,-(o. . ^ohoy-Pagy z, o(

6. !bid. ;. !bid., o .
8 . Zgihicki 6,6. . Lothar z(,.
6o. ^ohoy-Pagy z, o(. 6. !yhchoh ;, (o.
6z. Scc^hdrcsch 8 z, 8-8(. 6. Sccodgcs 8, z(-(6.
6(. Scc ibid., z8;-8 8. 6. ^arihctti z/;, 8;.
66. SccVacry ;l;-6o, . 886-o;.
6;. !arzcr-^ihbachcr oz,o;.
68. Scc Kibot 8 8z, (. Ior agohy shapshots, scc aso Viicrs`s story
CaircLchoir" ahd thc commchtary ih S. cbcr 8o, ;-((.
6. SccKaIka,]ahuaryzz-z, , ihKaIka ;(, 6;-68.
;o. !bid., 66.
; . Scc G.Pcumahh 8, o-z.
;z. SccCoctcau oly , z8.
;. KaIka,]ahuary zz-z, , i hKaIka ;(, 68.
;(. Campc 86, 6.
;. SccKakIa /o,,ahdSicgcrt 86, z, z(-z.
;6. Scc KaIka, ]ahuary ;-8, , i h KaIka ;(, 8, ahd Campc
8 6, 86.
;;. SccCampc 8 6, ;z. ;8. SccLacah ;l;8, ;(h.
;. Sccctzc 8 . 8o. Oahms 8, z.
8. ^.cbcr z8, . 8z. ccrshoII 8o,zz-(.
8. KaIka,]ahuary zz-z , , ihKaIka ;(, 68.
8(. Sccaghcr 8 8ol;6, z.
z;8 Notes to |ages /
8. Ochmc t 86/to6-o, : t t -t6.
86. Scc!itrcr t8 /to, tq;-q8.
8;. Scc!ost t 8oz, 6-66.
88. Schcgc t ;/t8, 8: q8, qz.
8. OccuzcahdGuatrari t;z/t8, zo.
o. I. ^.!oIImahh t 8 t/t;t, z.
t . Lothar tzq,;-8.
z. Oippchgicsscr tz8, guorcdih!ayt;a, tzq-z .
. Iyth to, t : q;-8.
q. ScientijcAnerican, t 8;;,guotcdihKcadahdcch t, tz.
. Sccbrcdov to, t6.
6. Ihzchsbcrgcr t;o/t;q,;.
;. Kikc tto/tq, t 8 .
8 . Jurihg to, qq. Scc!odgcs t8, zt.
. Shydcr t;q, tt.
too. Schcrcr t86,q. IorthcIactuahistoryoIsimiarydismcmbcrcdbod-
ics, scc Sccigcr t8 . Jhc majoridchrihcatioh probcm bctvcch t 8z6ahd tt6
ahdih tappcarstohavc bcchSchicr's rarhcrrhah Gocthc's sku. hcthcr
orhotthc corpsc ihrhcroyatombviprovc that Gocrhc uscd arschic ropoisoh
Schicr, vhcthcr ir bcohgs to thc poct or to a youhg vomah, vhcthcr Gocthc
uscda hctodistorrirstccth-athatissriuhrcsovcd. KcasohchoughIor!ro-
Icssor !schorrto rcchact thc ttzopchihg oItomb ahdcoIhh ih tt6.
tot . !hiipp Sicdcr, t6z,guotcdihCampc t86, o.
toz. Kcis t 86t/tz, ;.
to . bc guotcdihShydcr t;q, tq.
toq. Scc Saussurc tt /t, t ;-zo.
to. Lhthcagorithms oIdigita spccchrccoghitioh,ahditsihpurahdour-
put ih gchcra, scc Sickcrt t8 . Jhc parricuars oIcohtihuihg !schorr's Gocthc
cxpcrimchr arc as Ioovs: \hdcrthc Jokyo humbcr zo-ooo, a Iamous dcad
pcrsoh is rakihg about his vork. !hhis ovh ahguagc, thc Irchchpaihtcr !icrrc
^ugustc Kchoir, vho dicd ih tt, is promotihg ah cxhibitioh oIimprcssiohisr
paihtihgs. Kchoir'sghostyvoicc vas capturcd oh tapc by scichtists oIthc]apah
^coustic KcscarchLaboratory-viththchcpoIcomputcrs. Jhccomputcrscahcc
is bascdoh ccctrohic voicc simuatioh ahd aharomica mcasurcmchts: accordihg
to rhc rcscarchcrs, various voca Icaturcs cah bc rccohsrructcd Iromthc charac-
rcristics oIa pcrsoh`s hasopharyhgca cavity. !hthccasc oIKchoir,thc voicc oIa
Irchch hativc spcakcr vas graduay moduatcd accordihg to thc charactcristics
oIKchoir`s hasopharyhgca cavity.]apahcsc voca cxpcrts, at cast, cohsidcr thc
rcsuttobc'purc Kchoir'` ,DerSpiee/ (o,ho.t j t86j : t ;) . \hikc!schorr,thc
]apah ^coustic Kcscarch Laboratory has kcpt sicht about thc acguisitioh oI
Kchoir`s hasopharyhgcacavity.
to6. Ioucaut t6/t;z, z;.
to8. Iricdachdcr tzz, z6.
t to. !bid., z6.
t tz. L. ichcr too, z-zq.
to;. !bid., to .
to. !bid., z;.
t t t . !bid.
t t . JhcPcv!hohograph" t 8 8;, qzz.
t tq. Gcatt t;;, too-tot.
t t . bruch t;, zq.
Notes to |ages /888 z;,
t t6. Scc Lcrg t;o, z- q. !nthc namc oI aI Gcrman cnginccrs, Saby
tt t , 6-;o) Iound thc cxatingvords: ^tthcturnoIthcccntury,vordsoI
dcivcranccrcsoundingIromthchcightsoIthcthroncopcncdthcpathlcadingup-
vard to thc haovcd pcaks oIscicncc . . . Iorvhomdo our hcarts inthis hour
bcat morc passionatcy than Ior our cmpcror: !c cndovcd us vith rtbts anJ
prtitleestn tbe uorlJo[suprene tntellectual lt[e, hc madc us a Iul part oIthc
struggc Ior thc gory oIthc Iathcrand, and atits dccpcst roots hc providcd thc
booming scicncc oIcnginccring vithncv idca inccntivcs. "
tt;. Ior dctais, scc !ittcr t8qa, qz. j^V!S: Autoierlebrs unJ Uouns-
strasse,a Iamous spccdvayinbcrin.-Jrans.j
t t 8 . idcnbruch, t 8;,guotcdin bruch t;, zo.
t t. Pictzschct 88z-t 88;/:;q, t 8. !obbcsstatcdmorc prosaicaythat
in ancicnttimcs,
/
bcIorc cttcrs vcrc incommonusc, thc avs vcrc manytimcs
put into vcrsc, that thc rudc pcopc taking pcasurc in singing or rcciting thcm
mightthcmorc casiy rctainthcminmcmory" !obbcs t6 :/:q, t;8) .
tzo. Scc^aarmc t 8;/:q, q. Jhispoct`sony innovation" vas that
Ior thc hrsttimc, thc cmpty spaccs bctvccnvords or cttcrs vcrc grantcd typo-
graphic vcight"-typcvritcrpoctics.
tzt. ]cnscn tt;, .
tzz. !racaucr to/:;t-;, t : z6z.
tz. !cun t z/:;b, tq.
tzq. !bid., 8.
tz. !bid., 8, .
tz6. Sicmscn, tz6,i n!acs,]ay, andLimcndbcrg tq, 66q.
tz;. idc, t 8o,inidcmt66, to t .
tz8. bcnn t-6t, : q;q.Iorthcsamcinprosc, sccbcnn t-6t, t : t 8 .
tz. Zumthor t8 , 68.
t o. JhcPcv!honograph" t 8 8;, qzz.
t t . Ircud, Iragmcnts oI an ^naysis oI a Casc oI !ystcria," to, in
idcm t6z, ;:;;-;8.
t z. Stcrn to8, qz.
t . Sccatzavick, bcavin, and]ackson t6;, q-.
tq. SccStcrn to8, qz.
t . Sccatzavick, bcavin, and]ackson t6;,;zn.
t 6. Stransky to, t 8 . t ;. !bid., t 8.
t 8 . !bid.,q. t . !bid.,;.
tqo. !bid.,6. t qt . baadc tt , 8 t-8z.
tqz. Iordctais, scc!ittcr:8z/t8-o, tq-; .
tq. Stokcr t 8;/:6, ;. tqq. Sccbodgctt t 8o, q .
t q. Gutzmann to8, q86-8 8 . tq6. !bid.,q.
:q;. Ircud, Kccommcndationsto!hysicans !ractising !sycho^naysis, "
ttz, inidcm t6z, tz: tt-t6. Sinccthcstudyinthcbcrggasscvasnotcabcd,
thc tccphony Ircud dcscribcs musthavc bccnvirccss:radio avant acttrc. Ln
thc anaogy bctvccn psychic and tcchnoogica mcdia, scc aso Ircud, Neu In-
troJuctoryLectures onIsycbo-Analysts, t, in idcm t6z, zz: . ^nd par-
ticuary so Iar asthought-transIcrcncc is conccrncd, it sccms actuay to Iavour
z8o Notes to |ages 8,-,,
thc cxtchsiohoIthcscichtihc-or, asouroppohchts say,thcmcchahistic-modc
oIthoughttomchta phchomcha vhicharcso hard to ayhodoI.Jhctccpathic
proccss issupposcdto cohsist ih a mchta act ih ohc pcrsoh ihstigatihgthc samc
mchta actih ahothcr pcrsoh. hatics bctvcchthcsctvo mchta acts maycas-
iybcaphysicaproccssihtovhichthcmchtaohcistrahsIormcdatohcchdahd
vhichis trahsIormcd back ohcc morc ihto thc samc mchta ohcatthc othcr chd.
Jhc ahaogy vithothcrtrahsIormatiohs, such as occurihhcarihg orspcakihgby
tccphohc, voud thch bcuhmistakabc. "
tq8. Scc Campc t86, 88.
tq. Kikc tto/t-66, 6: ;6;.
t o. SccStokcr t 8;/t6, ;o,;.
t t . SccIrcud, eyonJtbeIleasureIrinciple, tzo,ihidcm t6z, t 8. z.
t z. Ircud, IragmchtoIah^haysisoIaCascoI!ystcria," to, ihidcm
t6z, ;. to. Scc aso Ircud, Neu IntroJuctory Lectures on Isycbo-Analysis,
t, ih idcm t6z, zz. , oh his vritihg tcchhiguc: ^y IntroJuctory Lectures
onIsycboanalysis vcrc dcivcrcd durihg thc tvo ihtcr Jcrms oI tt -t6 ahd
tt6-t; ih a ccturc room oIthc Nichha !sychiatric Cihic bcIorc ah audichcc
gathcrcdIrom athcIacuticsoIthc\hivcrsity. JhchrsthaIoIthcccturcsvcrc
improviscd, ahd vrittch out immcdiatcy aItcrvards; draIts oI thc sccohd haI
vcrc madc durihg thc ihtcrvchihg summcr vacatioh at Sazburg, ahd dcivcrcd
vordIorvord ihthcIoovihgvihtcr.^tthattimc ! stiposscsscdthcgiItoIa
phohographicmcmory. "
t . Scc bchjamih t68, z .
t q. Scc Ircud, Interpretation o[Dreans, t 8,ih idcm t6z, q: z;;-;8.
t . Guattari t;.
t 6. bcrihcrguotcdihbrucht;, t .
t ;. SccthcchdcssdcscriptiohsoIsymptomsihIrcud,StuJiesonHysteria,
t 8, ih idcm t6z, z. q8-;.
t 8. !bid. , z. q-o. Ircud vas avays vcxcd" by thc `souhd rcatioh-
ships` . . . bccauschcrc!ackthcmostccmchtarykhovcdgc,thahkstothcatro-
phy oImy acoustic schsibiitics` Ircud, ^ugust t, t 88, ih idcm t8 , z) .
t . Ircud, ^h LutihcoI!sycho-^haysis, " t8, ihidcm t6z,z: t6.
t6o. Scc Ircud, Lh bcgihhihg thc Jrcatmcht, " tt , ih idcm t6z, tz.
tq- .
t6t. Ircud, Jhc !ahdihg oIOrcam-!htcrprctatioh i h!sycho-^haysis,`
ttz, ihidcm t6z, tz: 6.
t6z. Ircud, Interpretationo[Dreans, t 8,ihidcm t6z, q: z;8.
t6. ^braham tt , tq.
t6q. !bid., tq- .
t6. SccSartrc t6b,q . t66. !bid.,q6.
t6;. Sartrc t6a, t 8 tz. t68. Sartrc t6b,q.
t6. Ioucaut t;6/to, t o. t ;o. Iaustich t;, t .
t;t. Scc Chappc ahdGaroIao t;;, t .
t;z. List, t, guotcd ih !ohc t, : Oucto hcvspapcrs, j ourhas,
ahdradio, thc popuatioh`s cadcrshipvacuumisrcativcy sma. !t is aboutq or
outoItoo. . . . !tmustthcrcIorc bccmphasizcdthatviththccxccptiohoIarc-
ativcy sma partthcpopuatiohissubjccttothcvioIthcpoiticacadcrship. `
JhcogicoIvordvarmobiizatioh.
Notes to |ages ,,:c, z8
; . ^cLuhah 6(,o;. ;(. Saby tt, V!!.
;. !bid., -(

;6. !bid., ((.

;;. Scc brohhch , ;6. ^scvcryvhcrci hhiskcyhovc,brohhchi scx-
trcmcyvc ihIormcd.
;8. Scc Chappc ahdGaroIao ;;, (.
;. Sccbriggs 6, z;.
8o. Scc Lcrg ;o, (.
8. Scc bair z, 8;. rom thc caricsttimc thc ^rmy has bcch a pio-
hccrihthcdcvcopmcht oIradioas amcahsoIcommuhicatioh, ahdmorccspc-
ciay ih thc dcvcopmcht oIradio cguipmcht Ior usc by miitary Iorccs ih thc
hcd. . . . Ourihg thcordarthcrc vas ihtchsivc dcvcopmcht aohg a ihcs
that appcarcd to makc Ior thc succcss oI armics ih thc hcd. Jhc armics oI a
povcrs ihvovcd . . . vcrc guick to rccoghizc its vauc ahd to cxpchd Iuhds ahd
chcrgy avishy ih scichtihc radio rcscarch. Lhc oI thc biggcst improvcmchts
vhichrcsutcdvas thc dcsigh oImorc schsitivcampihcrs byusihgvacuum tubc
dctcctors ahd ampihcrs. "
8 z. SccVockhcim z, (. 8 . SccViriio 8(/t8,6-;.
8(. Sccbriggs 6, 8. 8. cdc 6z, z.
8 6. SccLcrg ;o, . 8;. brcdov (,.
88. !Ic,Occcmbcr, zo, z, guotcdi hLcrg ;o, 88.
8. brohhch , z.
o. !bid., 6.
. SunJayTines,guotcdih Gcatt ;;,z(.
z. Viicrs 8 8 6/t8z,;.
. Scc
Gcatt ;;,z(-

(. !aIka z(/(8, z;. or sourccs, sccbaucrabhcgg 86, ;-8o.

. Coctcau z,6-6(.
6. Gcatt;;,z8z.
;. voh Schramm ;, z(. or simiar, though hctiohaizcd ahd post
[acto,gramophohc simuatiohs oIthcirstordar, sccussc;,zz;-o.
8. Scc!ihkoyd ;,;;,ahd!ittcr t8(b, (-(6.
. K. ]ohcs ;8, ;6.
zoo. SccChappcahdGaroIao ;;, .
zo. Scc Stokcr 8;/t6, 8 . or dctais, scc !ittcr 8z/t8-o,
6;-6.
zoz. Jhcbcatcsh. d. , (.
zo . SccViicrs t 886/t8z, . Lhyohccxpcrimcht, uhdcrtakchih 88 ,
cah bccohsidcrcd thc sourccoI this scchc. ^ major dcvcopmcht . . . has bcch
thc ihtroductioh oIstcrcophohic broadcastihg. Likc mahy othcrscichtihcdcvc-
opmchtsitsuddchybccamcpopuaraItcrspasmodicattcmptsdatihgbacktothc
hihctcchth cchtury. ^s ohg ago as 8 8 t arrahgcmchts vcrc madc at thc !aris
opcra, usihgtchmicrophohcs,tocohvcythcprogramihstcrcobyihctoahcxhi
bitioh atthc !aacc oI!hdustry. Jhis dcmohstratioh shovcdthat 'audichcc pcr-
spcctivc` cah chd a touch oImagic to systcms oI guitc modcst pcrIormahcc"
!avcy ;z,( z) .
zo(. Cu shav, ,guotcdi hGcatt ;;, 8.
zo. aghcr t 8 (/t, o.
z8z Notes to |ages :c,,
zo6. Pictzschc t 8;-;6/to, z;6.
zo;. ChappcandGaroIao t;;, t tc.V!I`ssupcrioritycomcsatthcpricc
oIimitcd transmission rangc.
zo8. idhagcn t;o, z;.
zo. !bid. , t .
zto. Pchring guotcd in bradcy t;8, t 8 . Scc aso van Crcvcd t8 ,
tz-q: Jhusthc crcditIor rccognizingthc importanccoIthc gucstion, Ior thc
hrst succcssIu attcmpts and its soution, and Ior thchrstbriiantdcmonstration
oI hov armourcd command ought to opcratc bcongs csscntiay to tvo mcn:
!cinz Gudcrian-himscI, not accidcntay, an cx-signas oIhccr vho cntcrcd
ordar ! as a icutcnant in chargc oI a virccss station-and Gcncra Iritz
jsicj Icgicbc, commanding oIhccr, Signas Scrvicc, Gcrmanchrmacht during
mostoIthc Pazi cra. bctvccnthcm thcscmcn dcvcopcd thc principcs oIradio-
command that, in somcvhat modihcd and tcchnicay inhnitcy morc compcx
Iorm, arcstivcrymuchinusctoday . . . . JhccriticaimportanccoIcommandin
armourcdvarIarccannot bccxaggcratcd andis cguacd ony bythcack oIsys-
tcmaticattcntion paid to it bymiitary historians. "
ztt. briggs t6, 6z-6 .^ccordingto!avcy t;z, 8;) , thc^icdcap
turc oIthc army radio station in Luxcmbourg yicdcd ony tapcs butno cguip
mcnt. Lny Iooving V-dayIuropcdidthc bbCrcccivcsixmagnctophoncs Ior-
mcry bcongingtothc Gcrmannavy.
ztz. Gcatt t;;, z86-8;.
zt . Ior Gcrmany, scc Iaustich t;, zo8, zt 8, andIor britain, scc thc
tcchnicadctaisin!avcy t;z, t;8- .
ztq. !ohc t, 8;.
zt . !ob, t, guotcdinibid., t 8 .
zt6. cdc t6z, t t6-t;. Jhc ncxt scntcncc statcsthatthcpropaganda di-
visionoIthc^rmy!igh Command asohadspccia hm tanks" at its disposa.
zt;. LudcndorII t , t t. zt 8. !ynchon t;, 8q.
zt. buchhcit :66, tzt. zzo. Oain t, t;z.
zzt. Scc!odgcs t8, tq. Zusc`scovorkcrs asopanncdto uscmagnctic
tapcs Iorthc storagcoIcomputcr data. Scc Zusc t8q,.
zzz. Scc Chappc andGaroIao :;;, zo.
zz. !bid.,q.
zzq. Scc Gritz t6;, qqt. ^Itcrthc GcrmanGcncraStaIIhadbccntricd
asa crimina organization at Purcmbcrg and acguittcd, thc ^mcricans bcgan to
studythcScharnhorststaIIas amodc Ior staIImanagcmcntin busincss. "Sccaso
Lvcrbcck t;t , o-t .
zz . Scc thc rcayi nIactor t;8. Kumor has it that ^ustraian radio sta-
tions broadcastvithouta sccond`sdcay.
zz6. SccSchcrcr t8, :. LnthcoriginoIthc^bbcyKoadmagnctic tapcs,
scc Southa t8 z, t ;: Jhcrc vas aso onc intcrcsting dcvcopmcnt vhich
provcdthatoutoIadvcrsitythcrc somctimcs comcsthc odd bit oIgood.!n tq6,
a tcam oIaudio cnginccrs Irom ^mcrica and Ingand, incuding ^bbcy Koad`s
bcrth]oncs,visitcdbcrintostudythcdcvcopmcntsinmagncticrccordingvhich
had takcn pacc in Gcrmany during thc var. Jhcy Iound amongst thc miitary
cguipmcntthathadbccn capturcd, a systcm oImonitoringusing magnctictapcs
Notes to |ages :c,:c z8
vhich thc Ccrmancommandhad uscdin an cIIort to brcakcodcs.Jhc inIorma-
tion gathcrcd Irom this cguipmcnt cnabcd I^! to manuIacturc tapc and tapc
rccordcrs,rcsutinginthcproductionoIthcIamousbJKscricsvhichrcmaincdin
usc at ^bbcy Koad Ior ovcr z ycars. " !ronicay, thc acronym bJK stood Ior
britishJapcKccordcrs. ^nd thcbcatcs cncodcd sccrctmcssagcs usingmachincs
thc^rmy!igh CommandhaddcvcopcdIor dccodingsccrcttransmissions.
zz;. Cimour, in !inkIoyd t;, t t .
zz8. Scc Cimour, inibid., t t. zz. Scc burroughs t;q, zoo-zoz.
zo. !bid., t t . z t . !bid., tz.
zz. !bid., t .
z . !bid., tq.
zq. !bid.,zoz. Scc aso^orrison t;6, t6: "^gamcscontainthc idcaoI
dcath. "
z . Lnrcccption and intcrccption, sccp. z t .
z6. burroughs t;q, t .
z;. Lnscrambcrsas army cguipmcnt, sccibid., t;6-8o.
z8. !ynchon t;, z6;-68. z. burroughs t;q, zoz.
zqo. SccLcduc t;, . zqt . Sccburroughs t;q, t 8o.
zqz. Sccbcnamin t68, z-qt .
zq . !ohc t, z;.Viriio t8q/t8,66-6;)cmphasizcsthcrocpaycd
byscniormiitarypcrsonncinrockmanagcmcnt.
zqq. !inkIoyd t8 , sidc^.
zq. !ardcnbcrg Povais) t ;8lt6o-;, z: 66z.
zq6. KoingStoncs t6, q.
zq;. !cndrix t68, z.
II Im
t . SccJocpitz t;, zz-z . z. SccZginicki t6, q;z.
. Scc^acOonnc t;, t t . q. Scc ibid., zt-z6.
. !. ^unstcrbcrg tt6lt;o, t. bocm's chaptcr on "tricks" bcgins vith
simiar gucstions: "Lnvhatstarvascincmaticman born: Lnamagicconstca-
tionvhcrc thcavs oInaturc arcsuspcndcd:hcrc timcis atrcstorgocs back-
vard,vhcrcscttabcsgrovoutoIthcground:hcrcthcdcsirctogidcthrough
thc air orto sinkinto thcground is cnough to do it: "bocm tzz, ) .
6. Ioucaut t6lt;z, t66. Scc Lorcnz t8 , tz incuding thc Sartrc-
Ioucautpocmic) .
;. SccLorcnz t8 , zz-z. 8. SccKabincrand Cod t;, q8.
. bischoII tz8lto,z6. to. Kippcrt t;;,qo.
t t . KittcrisrcIcrringpayIuytothcvcrbasimiaritybctvccnthcCcrman
Herzhcart) andlertz, thc intcrnationa unitoIIrcgucncy cgua to onc cycc pcr
sccond namcdaItcr !cinrichKudoI!crtz, thc Ccrman physicist vho hrstpro-
duccdradiovavcs artihciay) .-Jrans.
tz. Zginicki t6, to8.
t. Cocthc t 8z/t;, tz.
tq. Sccbcnn tqlt-6t: z: t;6.
z8 Notes to |ages ::c:
t . Sccabovc,p. ooo.
t6. Pictzschc t 8;z/:6, . LnthcdiIIcrcncc bctvccn ncgativc compc-
mcntary) andpositivcaItcrimagcs, scc!.^unstcrbcrg tt6/:;o, z.
t;. Iorancary rcIcrcncctoscnsory dcprivation inthc acousticrcam, scc
Groos t 8,z,vhichostcnsibIygocsbacktoihcm!rcycr'sthcoricsoIt 8;;:
Jhcprovincc oIradiopayIar cxcccdsthatvhich is acccptabIctoourscnscs-
aIactto vhich vc'vc bccnrcIcrring in ourdiscussionoIothcrscnsorydomains.
c arc missing somcthing vhcn vc don't hcar anything, thc avkvard Iccing
upon cxposurc to continuous siIcncc has cvcn cd to thc thought oIassuming a
guaityoIscnsation particuar to sicncc, corrcspondingto thcpositivcpcrccption
oIbackncssin thc rcamoIvision."
t 8. Pictzschc t 8;z/:6,qz.
t. !bid., .
zo. Sccicszncr t t , t : bayrcuthaspircdto thcdarkcncdroom.Jhat,
too,vas atthat timc a surprisingcIcmcntoIproduction. 'Jhcvhoc thcatcrvas
madc into a dark night, sothat onc couIdnot rccognizc onc's ncighbor,' vritcs
Kichardagncr's ncphcv, Ccmcns brockhaus, on thc occasion oIthc !aiscr's
visittobayrcuthin t 8;6,`andthcvondcrIuIorchcstrabcgantopayinthcpit. ' '
zt . Iooving^tcnoh, ttq, as guotcdinVictta t;, zq.
zz. Scc!ittcr t, zz.
z. !rctzsch tq, tq6.
zq. ^orin t6, t . Scc aso^orrison t;;, q.
z . Scc!.^unstcrbcrg tt6/t;o, z.
z6. SccPadar t 8,zq6-6 . z;. Scc^itry t;6, -6o.
z8. SccPadar t 8,;-qz. z. Viriio t8q/:8, t t .
o. Scc^itry t;6, 6q,andPadar t 8,z6o.
t . !ynchon t;, qo .
z. Viriio t8q/t8, t t , scc aso 68 . Ln]ansscn, scc^rnhcim t/:;;,
;-qo.
. Scc Iis t;. IorcxampIc, t t ,ooo Ocrvish, z8 british, and zo othcr
sodicrs vcrc kiIcd during thc t 88 battc oILmdurman, in vhich Lord!itch-
cncrhad uscd six^axim guns ibid., 8;. ) !nthc impcria poctry oI!iairc bcI-
Ioc: ``' hatcvcr happcns, vc havc got/Jhc ^axim Gun, and thcy havc not'''
guotcdinibid., q). Iromathis]ungcrhasthcIoIovingtosayaboutthchms
oI Chapin t z, tz) : !n csscncc, thcy contain a rcdiscovcry oIaughtcr as a
mark oItcrribc and primitivc hostiity against obsoctc individuaityj , and thc
scrccnings,vhichtakcpacc inccntcrsoIciviIization, insidcsaIc,varm,andvc-
ightcdrooms,mayvc bccomparcdto skirmishcs invhichtribcs cguippcdvith
bovs andarrovs arc hrcd uponvith machinc guns. "
q. Scc]ungcr : z, toq-.
. SccViriio t8q/t8, t8. Scc aso^orrison t;;, zz: Jhcsnipcr'sri-
Ic isancxtcnsionoIhis cyc. !ckiIsvithinjuriousvision. "
6. cdc t6z, t t6.Lnair rcconnaissancc and von Iritsch's oracuar ut-
tcrancc, sccbabington Smith t8, z t-z.
;. !ittcrisaIudingto thc battIc oIJanncnbcrg ^ugust z6-o, ttq) , at
vhich Gcrman Iorccs undcr !indcnburg and LudcndorII dcIcatcd thc Kussian
army.-Jrans.
Notes to |ages ::/-j 6 z8y
8. yhchoh t;, q;q. Scc asop. 66o: Jhrcc huhdrcd ycars ago mathc-
maticiahs vcrc carhihgto brcak thc cahhohba`s risc ahd Iaihto stairstcps oI
rahgc ahd hcight, ^ ahd ^y, aovihg thcm to grov smacr, approachihg
zcro. . . . Jhisahayticcgacyhasbcchhahdcddovhihtact-itbroughtthctcch-
hiciahs at cchcmuhdc to pccr at thc ^skahia hms oIKockct Iights, Iramc by
Iramc,^x by^y,Iightcss thcmscvcs . . . hm ahd cacuus, both porhographics
oIIight. "
. Scc !ahh t6 , t t .
qo. orspccihcs, scc!ittcr t86/t;, t ;-;z.
qt . yhchoh t;, 8 8;.
qz. Scc^. ^uhstcrbcrg tzz.
q . Scc!.^uhstcrbcrg tt6/t;o, tc.
qq. bocm tzz,86.
q. Jocpitz t;, t .
q6. LudchdorII, tt;, guotcdi hZgihicki t6,q.SccasoGritz t6;,
tq, as vc as]uhgcr, tz6/t, zoo-zot . ^s a troop oIhccr,]uhgcrasavays
vasrcspohsibcIordisscmihatihgordcrscomihgIromthc^rmy!ighCommahd:
im voudbcahadmirabcmcahsoIchhahcihgthcmodcrhbattchcds.Jo turh
avayIromthisthcmc orto vci itisarcadya sighoIihvard vcakhcss. Gigahtic
hms vith a vcath oIrcsourccs spcht upohthcm, ahd shovh hightytomiiohs
durihg thc ohyhours oIthc daythcycah ca thcir ovh, voud havc ah ihvau-
abc ihIuchcc. ^ora ahd acsthcticcompuhctiohhasho pacc hcrc. Jhchmis a
probcmoIpovcrahd to bcvaucd assuch. JhcdircctihtcrcstsoIthcstatcarcih-
vovcd,ahdthcyhcccssariygoIarbcyohdahcgativcihtcrIcrchccbycchsorship. "
q;. ]uhgcr tzz,q. q8. !bid.,z.
q. !bid., tz. o. !bid., zo.
t . !bid., t 8 . z. !bid.,z .
. !bid., t. q. !bid., t 8.
. !bid.,o. Lh^hgo-^mcricahitcraturcdcscribihgthcirstordar
ashm, sccussc t;, zzo-zt .
6. ]uhgcr tz6/tz,z8o.
8. !bid., o.
6o. ihthus ttq/t6, z.
6z. SccViriio t8q/t8, tq, ;o.
6q. ]uhgcr tz6/tz, t q- 6.
66. !bid., z6.
68. !bid.,tc8.
;. !bid.,z.
. ]uhgcr tzz, t.
6t . !bid., zz.
6. Sccvah Crcvcd t8, t68-8q.
6. ]uhgcr tzz, to.
6;. !bid., to;.
6. SccJhcvccit t;;-;8/t8;-8,z: : ;6-zo6.
;o. ]uhgcr tzz,8 . ;t. !bid., t 8 .
;z. yhchoh t;, 6tq. ;. bahhcmahh t;t, t6q.
;q. ^arccha t 8t , qo;. Scc aso . !oIImahh t z/ , q6. ^s spccch
travcsthroughthcmicrophohcitbccomcsmorcacutc,vhicitsivihgimmcdiacy
dvihdcs.hatdovcmcahby acutchcss: !Iohc studicsthctcchhoogicarcpro-
ductioh oIspccch ihhm, Ior cxampc, thc muscuar actioh oIthcmouthisprc-
schtcdmuchmorcacutcythahvc voudobscrvcihrcaiIc.`
;. ^itry t;6, ;6.
;6. ^arccha t 8t , qo;.
z86 Notes t o |ages :j 6c
;;. Ocmcny : 8pp, q8.
;8. SccOcmcny :poq,asvcasViriio tp8q/tp8p,6p.!ovcvcr,ascaryas
:poo bcrgson iustratcd in his ccturcs thc cincmatographic iusion oI con-
sciousncss"throughthccxampcsoIthcgooscstcpandthccincmaticrcnditionoI
a dchingrcgimcnt. Sccbcrgson tpo;/tptt, zp-t .
;p. !irth : 8p;, 6q-6 .
8 o. ]ungcr is paying on thc Gcrman Clrzi[[ern, vhich itcray mcans
vatchciphcrs" andIurthcrimpicsthatthcscciphcrsarccassihcd.-Jrans.
8 : . ]ungcr :pzz, tot.
8z. SccIussc :p;, :. Jhc vatch,vorn . . . onthcinsidcoIhisvrist,"
bycontrast, is ` !!styc" ynchon :p;, :q:) .
8. ^ rcIcrcncc to thc :p8 song Janz dcn !itcr/Janz dcn ^ussoini"
by thc Gcrman punk rock group O^I Ocutsch-^mcrikanischc IrcundschaIt
jGcrman-^mcricanIricndshipj ) .-Jrans.
8q. Ioucauttp;6/tppo, 6.
8. Scc Cagnctta :p8 : , p.
86. SccIargcs :p;, 8p.
8;. Ircud, StuJiesonHysteria, : 8p, in idcm tp6z, z: z8o.
8 8 . !bid.
8p. Kanktp:q/tp;t, -
4
.
po. !bid., .
p: . Scc!ittcr :p8 , :zp.
pz. SccLichtbid-buhnc, :pz6,guotcdi nGrcvc :p;6, z6.
p. SccSchncidcr :p8 , 8p-pq. pq. Scc\rban:p;8, o-8.
p. !cnncs :pop, zo: . p6. !bid., zo:q.
p;. !bid., zo:z. p8. !bid. ,zo: .
pp. !bid., zoto. :oo. !bid., zo:q.
tot . Scc!acs :p;p, pq. toz. !racaucr tpq;/tp;q, 6;.
to . !bid., 6z.
:oq. SccbourncvicandKcgnard : 8;;-;8, z: zo8-z6.
to . Scc Ccmcnt :p; .
to6. Ircud, Lctobcr t , : 8p;,in idcm :p8 , z;z.
to;. Scc]cntsch :po6, :p8.
to8. bocm :pzz, ;. Lnthc usc oIpuppctsi nhm, scc aso!. ^unstcr
bcrg tpt6/tp;o, : .
top. !cnncs :pop, zot t-tz.
t to. SccLacan tp;/tp;8, t t : LctusgotothcgrcathaoIthc Oogcs`
aaccinvhicharcpaintcdakindsoIbattcs,suchasthcbattcoILcpanto,ctc.
Jhc sociaIunction,vhichvasarcadycmcrging atthcrcigiouscvc joIiconsj,
is nov bccoming ccar.ho comcs hcrc: Jhosc vhoIormvhat Kctz cas 'les
peuples,' thc audicnccs. ^nd vhat do thc audicnccs scc in thcsc vast composi-
tions:JhcysccthcgazcoIthoscpcrsonsvho,vhcnthcaudicnccsarcnotthcrc,
dcibcratcinthisha. bchindthcirpicturc,itisthcirgazcthatisthcrc. "
t t t . Coctcau :ppz, p. t tz. bronncn :pz;, : p-qo.
t t . Pabokov tpz6/tp;o, qo. : :q. Scc Lacan tp;/tp;8, zop-: .
t t . !ynchon :p;, : ;.
tt6. bronncn :pz;, . IscvhcrcIitzmauriccrcmarks: Somcpcopcsup-
portthcmscvcsIrom thcvriting oIbooks,namcy, rcvicvcrs. bythcvay, ! oncc
sav amanvho rcad a book,!vi ncvcr Iorgct that imprcssion" ibid., :p6) .
Notes to |ages : :/ z8;
t t;. !ittcr i s buidihg oh both thc Gcrmah vord Ior itcracy, Alpla-
oetisnus, ahd Lacah`s Alplaoctise, a compositc oIthc Irchchalplaoetisneit-
cracy) ahd la octise stupidity) . Jhc uscoIahguagc, ih cIIcct, is a cuturayih-
sticd ahd mcchahica cxcrcisc thatpcrpctuatcs thc iusioh oIah cxistcht Iuy
prcschtor cohcrcht) sou.-Jrahs.
t t 8 . bchhcr : 8qz/:6, :z.
t t. Scc!ittcr :8 , t t 8-zq.
:zo. Cchdrars :z6/t;o, zo;.
:z:. Scc^aarmc :q, 8 8o. !tishotamattcroIdistortihgbutoIihvcht-
ihg. Jhc coach, vith its tcam oIhorscs, rcquircs thc ihcohvchichcc oI a drivcr
bockihg thcvicv: itiscIttohim, ikc ah ovchihIrohtoIa cook. Somcthihgch-
tircydiIIcrchtvi havctocomc about. ^ bovvihdov, opchihgohtothc spacc
thatohcmovcsthrough magicay,vithhothihgihIroht:thcmcchahicispaccdih
thc rcar, vith his uppcr body abovc thc rooI, stccrikc a hcmsmah. Jhusthc
mohstcradvahccsih ahihhovativcIashioh. Jhisisthc visiohoIa passihgmahoI
tastc, puttihg thihgs backih pcrspcctivc. ` Lh cars ahdmovihgcamcras ih gch-
cra, sccViriio :;6,z :-;.
:zz. Schrcbcr :o/:;, :6:.
:z. ^ach : 8 8 6/::q, qh jtrahs. modihcdj,Irom vhich Ioovs: Jhc cgo
isasittcabsoutcy pcrmahcht as arc bodics. "
:zq. Ircud, Jhc !hcahhy" : :) , ih idcm :6z, t;: zq8. !auptmahh`s
pocm !m Pachtzug" !h thc Pight traih) casts such rairoad doppcgahgcrs ih
vcrsc !auptmahh : 8 8 8/:6z-;q, q: q) .
:z. Jodorov t;o/:; , t6:.
:z6. !bid., t68.
tz;. !bid., :6o.
:z8. bchhc, tz6, ih !acs t8 , zzo. Ior a simiar commcht, scc bocm
tzz, :.
:z. ^cis quotcd ihJocpitz t;, z6.
t o. Ivcrs, Lctobcr 8, ::z, quotcdihZgihicki, t6: ;.
: : . Scc ^. ^. ^cycr, tt, quotcd i hGrcvc cta . t;6, ttt: !tvas a
vcry rca opchihg hight. ^ahy smokihgs. !h thc gucst gacry ohc caught occa-
siohagimpscsoIpoctsahdthcirprcttyIcmaccompahy . . . . Gocthc,Chamisso,
I. Jh. ^. !oIImahh, ^Ircd dc ^ussct, Lscar idc vcrc prcscht as vc.
PamcyasgodIathcrs oIthis z,ooo-^arkhm. "
t z. !aas, tzz, oh !auptmahh`s hm Ilanton ahd ih rcIcrchcc to Tle
StuJento[Imue,quotcd ih Grcvccta. t;6,t to.
t . brohhch tz;, tqq.
t q. Ivcrs quotcdihGrcvccta. t;6, t to.
t . bocm tzz, 6.
t 6. DerKinenatorapl, advcrtiscmcht tz) , rcproduccdi hGrcvccta.
t;6, tz;.
: ;. bchh, ^ugust z, t , ihidcm :;;-8o, t: 6 . Lihdau, bythcvay,
vas amohgthcrcadihg mattcr oIIrcud`syouth.
t 8 . SccthcIacsimicihGrcvccta. :;6, o8.
t . Lihdau :o6, z6.
:qo. !bid., 8.
z88 Notes to |ages :/-6/
tq SccthcanaogouspassagcinVacry tqq/t;-6o, z: z8z-86.
tqz. Schrcbcr to/t;, 86,sccaso !itrcr t8 /:o, z6-oq.
tq. Lindau to6, ;6.
tqq. !bid. ,t.
tq. !bid., z
tq6. Schrcbcr to/t;, ; scc aso zo8-to.
tq;. Lindau to6, 8. tq8. !bid., q- ; scc aso ;.
tq. !bid., z;. t o. !bid. ,8.
t t . !bid.,q;.
t z. Iorthc prccisc phrascs inLindau to6, z6-z;,scc ^zam t 8, and
agncr t 8 8 z/t86,8 t-z, 8 q- .
t . Lindau to6, zz.
tq. bcrgson to;/ttt, o6,sccaso z- .
t . !bid., t- z.
t 6. !.^instcrbcrg tt6/:;o, z6.
t ;. !bid., o.
t 8 . Sccibid., zz, and, onthc^nstcrbcrg-Lindsay conncction, ^onaco
t;;, z8-o
t . !.^instcrbcrg tt6/t;o,;q.
t6o. !bid. t6 !bid.,
t6z. !bid., 6. t6 . !bid., ;-8.
t6q. !bid.,qo. t6. !bid., q
t66. !bid.,qq. t6;. baazs to,
t68. Spccht tzz, ztz-t ) cas Leutnant Gustl`s inncr monooguc Iabu-
ous,stupcndous,amostuncannyinitstruthandpovcrasvcasinthcvisionoI
avritcrvhoappcarstobcabctounockthcsccrctoIcvcryhumansou"-sim-
py bccausc inthismonooguc, thc hm oIvords and thcphonography oIthc
souarc oncandthcsamc. "
t6. ^cyrink tt /:z8, zz.
t ;o. !bid., -;.
t; baazs to, tzo. ^cyrink, by contrast, knovs thatcsscnccs madcoI
associations rcsutnotIrom thc spiritbutIrom brain Iunctions. !crnath, thc pro-
tagonist oIthc Iramcd narrativc that cvovcs as a IovoIassociation or doppc-
gangcroIthc Iraming !,IoovsathcpattcrnsoIpsychophysicsvhcnhcrccog-
nizcshimscIina catgoncmad" , eineKatzenitierletzterGelirnlal[te,q),and
hcIoovsathcpattcrnsoIaphasiarcscarchvhcnhcrccognizcsthc Gocm thc
cxponcntiadoppcgangcr) prcciscyin thatbraininjury: a thcsc probcms had
suddcnyachicvcdthcirtcrribcsoution:!hadbccnmad,andtrcatcdbylypnosis.
Jhcyhad ockcd upa room jthc Gocm`sj that communicatcd vithccrtaincham-
bcrs inmybrain; thcyhadmadcmcintoan cxic inthcmidstoIthc iIc thatsur-
roundcdmc" ^cyrinktt/:z8, t, sccaso t, zt-zz, z-z6). ineKatzenit
ierletzter Gelirnlal[te: it., a cat vith an injurcd brain hcmisphcrc. "-Jrans.j
t;z. !.^instcrbcrg tt6/t;o, t .
t; . !ardcnbcrg ^ovais) t 8oz/:6q,t .
t ;q. !bid., o-
t;. !bid., t;.
:;6. !.^unstcrbcrg tt6/:;o, : .
Notes to |ages :6/8: z8,
: ;;. Ircud,Interpretationo[ Dreans : 8) , i nidcm :6z, : 6.
:;8. Lacan t;/:88a, :z .
: ;. !bid., :qo, :z.
: 8o. SccZginicki :6, 8.
: 8 : . Scc ibid.,q-qq. Jhc parac bctvccn^csstcrandLacanvas discov-
crcdbyLorcnz :8 , zo-t t) .
: 8z. Lacan :;, ;6.
: 8. SccLacan t;/t88a: :qo-q: .
: 8q. SccLacan :66, 68o.
: 8 . Idison, guotcdin^onaco :;;,6.
: 8 6. !inthus t:q/:6, .
: 8;. !bid. ,-:o.
: 8 8 . bocm :zz, 6.
: 8. !.^unstcrbcrg tt6/:;o, 8;-8 8.
:o. baazs :o, :qz.
:: . !amphct :z) , rcproduccdinGrcvccta. :;6, 8;.
:z. bocm :zz, z .
: . ^. braun, !rspic" :z) , inbrcdov :o, :q.
:q. bronncn :z;, q8.
: . !bid., :o.
:6. !bid., t t6.
:;. !bid., : o- : . Simiar coupings inkcd gramophonc and typcvritcr.
!racaucr to/:;t-;, t : zz8) dcscribcs an industria training coursc using
gramophonc rhythmsto makc stcnographcrsachicvcrccordpcrIormanccs.
:8. !cssc tz;/:;, z:o-: .
:. ^ann, tz8/: : z66.
zoo. Iordctais, scc Iischcr and!ittcr :;8, z-;.
zo: . Scc^anntzq/:z;,:o8.
zoz. !bid., 8o: .
zo . Sccibid., 8 q-;.
zoq. Sccthc briiantanaysisi n^att :;8, 8z-:oo.
zo . Gocthc t 8o/:6-;z, z: q;q.
zo6. ^anntzq/:z;,qo: . IoranobscrvantanaysisoIvritingandmcdia
in TleMaicMountain,scc!udszus :;q.
zo;. ^ann tzq/:z;, :68-6.
zo8. braunc, :z,i n!acs :8, z- . JhcrcvcrscinkoIhmandrcad-
ing has aso bccncaimcd, abcitvith a dandy`sIightincss. Shc rcads at such a
pacc," a guccn compains about hcr rcadcr in a novca, and vhcn ! askcdhcr
ulereshc had carntto rcad so guicky shc rcpicd `!n thc scrccns at Cincmas``
Iirbank :z/:q, :z8) .
zo. Sccthcpocm brisc^arinc" i n^aarmc :q, 8.
z:o. bocm :zz, q-qq.
z: : . Jhc diIhcutics invovcd in this distinction arc articuatcd by onc oI
Ivcrs`s hcrocs, vho, Ior purposcs oI scicntihc cxpcrimcntation, ooks Ior and
hnds avhorc: !thadtobcthc onc, hcthought,vhobcongshcrc and novhcrc
z,o Notes to |ages :8:,c
csc. Pot ohc oIthosc vho chdcd up hcrc ih thc brothcj by somc Iukc. ho
coud justas vc havc bccomc ittc adics, vorkcrs, maids,typists, orcvchtcc-
phohcopcrators" Ivcrs tt t , tot ) .
ztz. bivch tq, .
1YIBRI 1BR
t . bivch t;q,;z. Cthcr ahguagcs cxpcrichccd tcrmihoogica probcms.
!hIrchch,thctypcvritcrvasihitiaycalcd typographc,piahoaccrirc,cavccih
a ccrirc, pahtographc, pumc typographiguc" b. ^ucr t;, t6) , as vc as
dactyographc. "
z. !cidcggcr tqz-q/tz, 86.
. Scc Cockburh t8t.
q. SccVah Crcvcd t8 , to-q.
. Scc pp. 6-6; ih this voumc; oh Gocthc`s dictatiohs, scc Kohc t86,
6-tt .
6. Gocthc,Povcmbcr zq, t 8o,citcdihKicmcr t 8qt/tzt, t .
; . Schcgc t ;/t8, 8: qz.
8 . Ircud, IntroJuctory Lectures on Isyclo-Analysis, tt-t6, i h idcm
t6z, t : t . Scc aso Gicsc ttq, z8, oh Scxua ^odcs Ior Simpc !hvch-
tiohs" ,SexualioroilJeroeiein[aclenrjnJunen) : !h t 6, !ohradGcshcrdc-
scribcs ah actua cad or, morc propcry, graphitc pchci chcoscd ih a gidihg,
voodchcasihg. . . . JhcmodcthatvoudcomctomihdisthcrctractihgIorcskih
durihg crcctioh. Jhc ihtcrior oIthc pchis comihgthus to vicvvoud bccguiva-
chttothccmcrgihgcadoIgraphitc.IvchthcIouhtaihpchoIamorcrccchtdatc
mightvcbcarccohstructiohoIthccohstructiohabovc. "
. Schrcibch" t 8 8,8 6II.Jhosci hscarchoIscxuamodcscapituatciha
corrcspohdihg vay: !h thc 'modcrh` tcchhoogyoIourtimcpsychoahaysismay
vc appcar outoIpacc" Gicsc ttq, zq) .
to. Sccbivch tq, 6. t t . Scc Stumpc t8 , .
tz. bivch tq, ;z. t . burghagch t 88, .
tq. britishatcht, ]ahuary;, t;tq, guotcdi hIyc t8, tz.
t . C. ^ucr t 8z, t t . t6. !bid., t6.
t;. !uImau t 8 8 t , . t 8 . !bid., t z6.
t. C. ^ucr t 8z, .
zo. Scc Iyc t8, t -t;, as vc as Jschudih t8 , II. Jhc ihk bctvcch
hcurophysioogyahdmcdiatcchhoogyismostvisibcvithJhurbcr,vhosctypc-
vritcrvassupposcdtohcphotohythcbihdbutaso pcopcvithhcrvousdis-
ordcrsvhocoudhotguidcthc gui" StumpcI t8 , tz) .
zt . ]ournalo[ ArtsanJSciences, t 8 z , citcdi hbrauhcr tz, q.
zz. burghagch t 88, zo.
z . bivch tq, .
zq. Scc, Ior cxampc, Grashcy t 8 8 , 688.
z. Sathousc t8q, q-6.
Notes to |ages :,c,8 z,
z6. Scc Grahichstacdtch-Czcrva tzq, . Sighihcahty, n8, vhich is sup-
poscdcarryprooIoIthischargc,docshotpoihtto ahycvidchcc.
z;. Zcidcr t8 , 6. Corrcspohdihgy, thc stahdardizatioh oIthc compo-
hcht parts oItypcvritcrs took pacc durihg thc timc oIthc Iirst ord ar"
Iyct8, ; ) .
z8. bivch tq, 6.
z. burghagch t 88, 1.
o. !bid.Jypihg-spccdrccordsi hthc\hitcd Statcs,bycohtrast, vcrcupto
hItcchcttcrspcrsccohd !ockchbcrg tz6, to).
t . O!^ Gcrmahprcss agchcy) hcvsrccasc,]uhc t, t8 .
z. Coctcau t;, 6z.
. Scc,Ior cxampc, Coctcau tqt/tq6- : , 8: qo.
q. !bid., 6.
. !bid., t 8 t.
6. !bid., t6.
;. Scccdc t6z, t tq-t;. !ovcvcr,sccaso!yhchoh t;, z: !tjthc
Vzj vashaIbuct,haIarrov.Itdcmahdcd this, vcdidh`t. So. !crhapsyouuscd
a riIc, a radio, a typcvritcr. Somc typcvritcrs ih hitcha, ih thc !chtagoh,
kicdmorc civiiahsthahourittcA(coudhavccvcrhopcd.

8. Jvaih, ^arch t 8;, quotcd ih bivch tq, 6z.

. Sacs hgurcs ihthousahds) yicd thc curvc shovh ihStimpc t8 , tz.
jbcgihhihgvith oi ht 8;, thcgraph shovs a prccipitous ihcrcasc: 1LLLL uhits
by t 8;q, o,oooby t 8 8;,ahd 6,ooo by t8o.-Jrahs.j
qo. Currcht tq, q. qt. Sccbivch tq, ;t .
qz. SccIyc t8, ;8. q. !rukchbcrg to6, 8.
qq. Kichards t6q, t . q . Sccbaumahh t8 , 6.
q6. Schvabc toz,6. Comparcburghagch t 88, z: `outhsahdIcmacoI-
hccassistahtscah aso,vithoutahytraihihg,bcputto productivc usc atthctypc
vritcr Ior a typcs oI busihcss ahd admihistrativc corrcspohdchcc. " Scc aso
cckcrc tz, z: chavcgrovhasaccustomcdtothctypcvritcrasthcscvihg
machihc. ^hd yctit has ohy bcch a Icv dccadcs sihcc a `hhc hahd` vas thc bcst
rccommchdatiohIor a tradc apprchticc. Joday, hahdvritihg ih a tradihg hrm is
virtuayoutdatcdahdisatbcstimitcdtobookkccpihg. "
q;. Schvabc toz, ;.
q8. Iorcvidchcc ohthc socia stratihcatioh oItypists, sccitsch t z, q.
q. ^cycrahdSibcrmahh t 8, z6q.
o. Vacry tqq/t;-6o, z: ot.
t . Spihhcrquotcdi hIyc t8, q.
z. SccIyc t8, ;8. Voh buddc`sdivisiohoIthc GchcraStaII,hovcvcr, is
shamccssydcscribcdas a argcrairoadcorporatioh. "
. Iordctais, sccSicgcrt t86, t 8 t-88.
q. L. brauh tot , t;.
. Schvabc toz, zt .
6. Zeitsclri[t [ur ueiolicle HanJelselil[en, tt 8 , quotcd ih Pichhaus
t8z, q6. Staih ihtcgratcd !ihdchburg`svhocsomcprihcipcihtothc cohstitu-
tiohoIthc Sovict\hioh ih t 6.
z,z Notes to |ages :,8:c8
;. cidcggcr t /, .
8. cidcggcr, t(z-(/z,8o-8 , 8 -8 6.
. Pictzschc,cttcrtovard thc cnd oIcbruary 8 8 z, in idcm ;-8(,
pt. , t: ;z.
6o. Or. Iiscr, 8;;,guotcdi nIuchs ;8, 6z.
6. !bid., 6 .
6z. ^Itcr anobscrvation by^artin Stingcin oIbasc.
6. Pictzschc,cttcroIPovcmbcr , 8;,in idcm ;-8(,pt. z, : (6.
6(. Pictzschc, cttcr oI^ugust (, 8 8 z, i nidcm ;-8(, pt. z, : ( .
6. Pictzschc, cttcr oI ^ugust (, 88z, i nidcm ;-8(,pt. , t : t t .
66. Pictzschc, cttcr oIOcccmbcr , 8 8 , in idcm ;-8(,pt. , t: (6.
6;. burghagcn 88, 6.
68. ^pparcnty inIcctcd, Pictzschc`s biographcr corrccts his hcro saying
that thc typcvritcr vas `invcntcd,` that is, dcvcopcd, o ycars caricr sicj in
^mcrica" ) . Jo top it oII, hc cvcn vritcs ansun" instcad oI anscn" ]anz
;8-;, z: 8, ) .
6. Jhc Iooving data arctakcnIrom Pyrop 8 .
;o. burghagcn 88, 6.
;. SccStumpc 8 , zz.Jhcrcvcrccvcnvritingbasvitha^orsc-codc
hookupbrauncr z, - 6) .
;z. burghagcn 88, zo. ^sosccthcphotographonp. zo(oIthisvoumc.
; . Scc^artin (, ;. ;(. Stumpc 8 , 8.
; . ^cLuhan 6(,z6o. ;6. bivcn (, z.
;;. Pictzschc,cttcroI^ugustzo-z, 8 8 , in idcm ;-8(,pt. , t : tt;.
;8. burghagcn 88, zorcIcrringto^alinganscn`stypcvritcr) .
;. Pictzschc, cttcroI^ugustzo-z, 8 8 , inidcm ;-8(,pt. , t : tt;.
8o. erlinerTaeolatt, ^arch 8 8z.
8. SccPictzschc,cttcroI^arch ;, 8 8 z,i nidcm ;-8(,pt. , t: 8o.
!cnjoycda rcportoIthcerlinerTaeolattaboutmycxistcnccinGcnoa-cvcn
thc typcvritcrvas mcntioncd. " Jhc mcchanizcd phiosophcr cippcd thc ncvs
itcm.
8z. Pictzschc,cceHono, o8, in idcm 6;,z8;.
8 . Scc, Ior cxampc, Iyc 8, zo.
8(. bcycrcnguotcdincrbcrtz o, .
8 . bcycrcn o, 6z.
86. SviIt o(,z,oo, oz. ^sosccthc scI-obscrvationinthc novc by
bruck , o, z8) : crc ! sit, dayby day, . . . typing Ircight cttcrs, Ircight ct-
tcrs, Ircight cttcrs. ^Itcr thrcc days itturncd into purcy mcchanica vork, thc
dim intcractions bctvccn cycs and hngcrs, in vhich consciousncss docs not ac-
tivcyparticipatc. "
8 ;. JhisistoI carytypcvritingauthorsistakcnIrom burghagcn 88, zz.
88. Pictzschc, cttcroI^pri t, 8 8z, in idcm ;-8(,pt. , t: 8 8 .
8. SccOoyc t 88/o, .
o. Pictzschc, cttcroI^arch ;, 8 8 z,inidcm;-8(,pt. , t: 8o.
. Pictzschc, cttcroI^arch z;, 8 8 z,inidcm ;-8(,pt. , t: 88.
z. Pictzschc,cttcroI^arch ;, 8 8z,i nidcm ;-8(,pt. , t : 8o, on
Notes to |ages :c8:8 z,
thc rcadihg machihc," scc Pictzschc, cttcr oI Occcmbcr z, 8 8 , ih idcm
;-8(,pt. , : .
. Irstcr-Pictzschc,ih Pictzschc oz-,pt. , z: (88.
(. Pictzschc,cttcroI]uhc 8, 8 8z, i hidcm ;-8(,pt. , : zo6.
. Irstcr-Pictzschc , 6.
6. !bid., 8.
;. Pictzschc,cceHono, o8, ih idcm 6;,z6;.
8. Pictzschc, Genealoy, 8 8;, ihibid. ,6.
. !bid., 68.
oo. ^cyschburg,^pri z6, 8 8 z,i hIciIIcr ;o, (zo.
o . Pictzschc 88l8(, ;. oz. !bid., .
o . Pictzschc 68, 8. o(. ^.cbcr 8, .
o . Pictzschc, cttcroI Icbruary , 88, ih idcm ;-8(,pt. , : z(.
o6. SccPictzschc 8 8-8l66,(o.
o;. Pictzschc, cttcr,]uhc 8 8 ,ihidcm ;-8(,pt. , : 8.
o8. Pictzschc, cttcroI]uy z, 8 8 , ihidcm ;-8(,pt. , : ;o.
o. bivch (, ;.
o. !oImahhstha, ]uhc , , ih !oImahhstha ahd OcgchIcd
;(, 8 .
. Ircud, IntroJuctory Lectures onIsyclo-Analysis, -6, ih idcm
6z, : (.
z. !bid., .
. !bid., 6.
(. I.]ohcs -;, z: 8.
. Ircud, ^ay(, , i hIrcudahd^braham 8o, zz.
6. !ydc 6, 6.
;. bosahguct z(,z(.
8. !bid., z(8.
. IorthctcxtoIahdacommchtaryohthcscdictatcs,scc!ydc 6,z;;.
zo. SccVah Crcvcd 8 , 8-;8.
z. SccPovc 6o, o6.
zz. !bid., (,.
z. bchh,]ahuary o, ;,ihidcm6, 8(.
z(. bchh zl-6,(: ;-;(.
z. bchh,Povcmbcr zz, o,ihidcm 6z, zo.
z6. bchh, Icbruary 6, ;,ihidcm6,(.
z;. bchh,]ahuary z, ;,ih idcm 6, 8;.!ausJhcvccitdcscribcs
this situatioh ih muchmorc dctai, Irom thctvogirIrichds ahd thc marriagcto
thc var-ihduccd suicidc oI !crta voh cdcmcycr. Ior a portioh, sccJhcvccit
8 , -6.
z8. bchh,]ahuary o,;,ihidcm 6, 8 -8 6.
z. Scc!rctzcr 8(,ihvhicha Icmac accouhtahtahddaughtcroIahoI-
hccr`svidov aschsatiohihthcmacoIhcc)stivritcsihohghahd, butihvhich
thc probcm oIahohymous vritihg arcady appcars ih thc Iorm oIbock cttcrs
ahd rouhd hahd , 66).
o. SccOcrrida 8ol8;, -.
z, Notes to |ages ::8,:
t t . Iyct8, 6, 8o. Jhus, Ior this voumc ^ugustala typcdthcmcs-
sagc thathis tcchnological Iactory-likcvrittcnhighIyhonorcdhighlycstccmcd
honorcdvaIidtypcvritcr" isbcing apprcciatcdbyagodsand apoliticalmor-
talpubicsovcrcigns. "
t z. !hnc t8q, zzq-z.
t . !itcr,^archz, tqz,inickcr t;6, t;. LnthcIihrcr`stypcvritcr
incuding Iour-milIimctcr ^ntiguc typcs againstIarsightcdncss), scc ibid.,qz.
tq. Schramm t8z, t : t !. t . Jostoi t;8, t 8 t.
t 6. SchIicr tz6, 8 t . t ;. brick to,zt8.
t 8. !bid.,zz .LnthcvishlistoI pubications vhichvilthcn bc Iuhcd
bythctypcvritcrnovc ) , scc z-q, z8o.
t . !bid.,zz. Iorapsychiatrist`scommcntaryonsuchtipptipp,sccbaIct
t 8 8 6, tq. !Iit`samidcascoIagraphia,paticntsarcabcuvritcmanyvords,
butvithnumcrousmistakcs,Iorcxamplc,thcyrcpcatatcvcryoccasionthcsamc
cttcrs or thc samc sylablc, thcy suIIcr, as Gairdncr cas it, Irom intoxication
tlroultleletter,just asccrtainaphasicpaticntssuIIcrIromintoxicationthrough
thcvord. "
tqo. SccKaIka, Povcmbcr z;, ttz, in idcm t;q,;o.
tqt. SccSicgcrt t86, zz.
tqz. KaIka ttz/:6, z68.
tq. KaIka, Lctobcr z;, ttz, i nidcm t;q, t6.
tqq. KaIka,Povcmbcr z, ttz, inibid., z.
tq. KaIka,^ugust to, tt , inibid., oz.
tq6. Strcichcr tt, 8-qt . bascdonthcsccriminological uscs,on^pri 8,
t8 , thc rcpublicoIKomania camc to thc nicc conclusionoIcocrcing alltypc-
vritcrovncrsintorcgistcringthcirmachincsviththc authoritics.SccKoscnbatt
t8 , 88.
tq;. KaIka, Lctobcr o, tt6,in idcm t;q, 8o.
tq8. SccKaIka,^ugust zz, tt6,inibid.,qt-z.
tq. SccZginicki t6, .
t o. KaIka, ^arch tzz, in idcm t , zz. SccOcrrida t8o/:8;,
t t. KaIka,Povcmbcr z;, ttz, inidcm t;q, ;o.
t z. KaIka,]anuary zz/z, tt , inidcm t;q: t6;-68.
t . bronncn tz6/:;;, t t.
tq. cckcrlc tz, t-z.
t . KaIka,]uy to, tt , inidcmt;q, z8.
t 6. KaIka,Occcmbcr zt-zz, ttz, i nibid., t t -t6.
t ;. ^aarmc t 8/:q, 66. t 8. Ocrrida t8o/:8;, tq.
t bcnn t t/:-6t, t: z. t6o. bcnn tq/:-6t, t : 66.
t6t. Strcichcr tt,;. t6z. bcnjamin tz8/:;8, ;,;8.
t6. Scc ^poinairc tt 8/:6-66, : ot . ^orc gcncrally, scc Lng
t8z, tz8.
t6q. Iiot,^ugust zt, tt6,i nidcm t;t: `.
t6. Ioucautt6/:;z, 8 . t66. !bid., 86.
t6;. !bid., 8q. t68. Inright t;t/:8 t, tot .
t6. Schmitt t t;/: t 8, o. t;o. !bid., z-to .
Notes to |ages :,j z,y
t;t. Scc Oicr t8o, t 8 8-z. Jhc Sccrct Scrvicc took ovcr britishJV sta-
tionsto usc!!Ito scrambc thcstcrcophonyoIGcrman bombcrsovcrIngand.
SccK.]oncs t;8, t;.
t;z. Scc Cng t8z, .
t;q. Juring to, qqo.
t;6. Juring to,qq.
t;.
t;.
t;;.
t;8. Sccbivcn tq, t z. t;.
t 8o. Juring,in!odgcs t8 , 6z. t 8 t .
t 8z. !ctcr t;, zto.
Scc!odgcs t8, to.
!odgcs t8, 6q.
!bid.,qq.
Scc^orga t8t.
Scc!ovaski t;, qzq.
t 8 . Iricdacndcr tzz,8, t6q.Cnthcpossibc,yctparanoid,impications
oIthcnamcboscmannIor this voumc,thisbond, "scc S. cbcr t8o, t ;o-;z.
Grannoploniln TypeuritervashrstpubishcdinGcrmanbybrinkmann
bosc. !ittcr is audingto a nctvork oIassociationsthatrangcs Irom a compos-
itc oIhis pubishcrs` namcs to thc ctymoogica ink in dicscm bandc, dicscr
bandc" this voumc, this bond), a oIvhichisdiIhcutto rcndcr in Ingish.-
Jrans.j
!n cxic in Ingand duringthcSccondordar, KobcrtPcumannviIh-
naygcttoknova cybcrnctics spcciaistvhonotony can scrambcthcstcrco-
phonics oI Gcrman bombcrs but aso can buid a soitary typcvritcr. . . that
startsvritingabyitscI,assoonasvcstcpoutthc door. Simutancousy, atcc-
visionsctightsupdircctyacrossIromit-!Iccitdictatcstothctypcvritcrvith-
outsoundvhatitthinksoIus. ) " K.Pcumann t6, t6;-6.
t 8q. Juring to/tz,q t .
t 8 . ] . vonPcumann t t/t6, z, ot-z.
t 86. !bid., z8.
t 8;. Lacan t;, qt .
t 8 8 . Gcncsis t: z,!cbrcvIor trackcssvastcandcmptincss"or Iormcss
void."-Jrans.
t 8. ^uravski t6z, t tz-t .
to. Sccatzavick,bcavin, and]ackson t6;/t6, 66-6;.
tt . ^arcoi)i, t;,guotcdin Ounap tqt, .
tz. Garinski t;, t t . !ov Iundamcnta thc conncction bctvccn typc-
vritcr and cryptography is, is dcmonstratcd in thc IsycloteclniscleAroeitsstu
Jien psychotcchnoogica timc andmotion studics, studics cvidcnty donc inthc
spirit oI^instcrbcrg) on thc Rationalisierun Jer Sclreionascline unJ ilrer
eJienun Kationaization oIthc typcvritcr and its opcration) : statisticay cx-
actanayscsoIcttcrIrcgucncicsingivcnanguagcsprovidcthc basis notonyIor
thctcn-hngcrtypingsystcm scc !ockcnbcrg tz6,8z-8 ) butasoIoraIorms
oIdccoding.
t . brcdov, tzz,guotcd in Lcrg t;o, t . Cncontroingmiitaryor-
gansduringthcIounding oIthcbbC,sccbriggs t6t, q.
tq. SccGarinski t;, tz.
t . Sccidhagcn t;o,t 8z.
t6. SccbamIord t86, t , and Garinski t;,tq;.
t;. Scc Garirski t;, z8.
t8 . Lacan t;8/t88b, q;.
z,6 Notes to |ages :6j
t. Juring, Lctobcr :q, t 6, guotcd in !odgcs t8, tzo. Juring's stcp
tovard cryptoanaysis vas ony consistcnt iIboth brain and naturc vcrc thrcat
cncd by Lapacian computation mistakcs. Ior computcrs, hc atcr vrotc, thc
hcd oIcryptography vipcrhaps bcthc mostrcvarding. Jhcrc is a rcmarkaby
cosc parac bctvccnthc probcms oIthc physicist and thosc oIthc cryptogra-
phcr.Jhcsystcmonvhichamcssagc iscnciphcrcdcorrcspondstothcavsoIthc
univcrsc,thc intcrccptcdmcssagcsto thc cvidcncc avaiabc,thckcys Ior a day or
a mcssagc to important constants vhich havc to bc dctcrmincd. Jhc corrcspon-
dcnccisvcrycosc,butthcsubjcctmattcroIcryptographyisvcrycasiydcatvith
bydiscrctcmachincry,physicsnotsocasiy" Juring, tq8,in!odgcs t8, 8 ) .
JhatishovsimpycomputcrcapabiiticsspcoutthcdiIIcrcnccsbctvccnnaturc
andgcncra staIIs.
zoo. !odgcs t8 , tq8.
zoz. !odgcs t8 , t;.
zoq. !ohvcr and]ackc t;, 6.
zo . !odgcs t8, tz.
zot . !ohvcrand]ackc t;,6q.
zo . !bid., t68.
zo6. Sccibid. zo;. Scc ibid., z6;.
zo8. Scc!ohvcr and]ackc t;,t :o-tz.
zo. Ln this rcmarkabc combination oIvriting, adding, andsubtracting,
vhichvasintroduccdin tto,sccbrauncr tz, qo.
zto. Scc!odgcs t8 , z;;. zt t . SccZusc:8q,;;.
ztz. Lbcricscn t8z, zo. zt. Zusc t8q,;;.
ztq. Lacan t66/t;;, 8q-8 .
zt. Jhat,at anyratc,i shovZuschimscIdcscribcsi t t8q,8o-8) . Ior
a diIIcrcntvcrsion,scc!odgcs t8 , z.
zt6. Von braunguotcdinbcrgaust t;6, .
zt;. Sybcrbcrg t;8/t8z, :o.
zt8. Ln !itcr's disintcrcst in thc tcst dcmonstrations, scc Oornbcrgcr
t /tq, 6q-68; on his cnthusiasm upon sccing thc ^skania coor hms, scc
Viriio t8q/t8, -6o viththc suggcstionthatiguid-Iucrockctsarc attrib-
utabctoIritzLang'shmruinMonJj tzj ) .
zt. P. icncr t6:, , . Scc aso !cims t8z, t 8-8q, and Viriio
t8q/t8,;z.
zzo. SccSickcrt t8 , t q-qz.
zzt. Scc!odgcs t8, , ot, oq, qt , rcspcctivcy. ^orcgcncray,scc
Gornyt8 , toq-.
zzz. !ynchon t;, 68. SccViriio's astonishingy parac Iormuation oI
a 'litzlrie` . . . thcbinding!iroshima Iashvhich itcrayphotographcdthc
shadovcastbybcingsandthings,sothatcvcrysurIaccimmcdiatcybccamcvar's
recorJinsurIacc, its jln" t8q/t8, 68) .
zz. ]ungk t6, tq.
zzq. !odgcs t8, 6z.
zz . SccGarirski t;,t t-qq.
zz6. SccViriio t8q/t8,qn.
zz;. !odgcs t8, ;.
zz8. Schmidt t8 . \pon thcsucccssIudccodingoIthis mcssagc" j :j , thc
journaDerRaoeviavard aprizc.
zz. Kavch, guotcd ih bamIord t8 6, zq.
zo. !bid.,qo.
Notes to |age :6j z,;
z t . Scc ibid. , t 6. hat ih trahsator`s Gcrmah is cacd a LaJuns-
Uoertrunseratchargctrahsmissiohdcvicc),ahdcah proccss "morcthahohc
guadriioh t,ooo,ooo,ooo,ooo,ooo) mutipicatiohs pcr sccohd," is, oIcoursc,
thc CCO, orchargc-coupcddcvcc.
UULLLR7FMX
^braham,!ar. tt . Socnvirdic!aticntcnihrcJrumcauIschrcibcnasscn:"
InternationaleZeitsclri[t [urIsycloanalyse t: tq-6.
^braham, Ltto, and Irich ^oritz von !ornbostc. toq. \bcrdicbcdcutung
dcs !honographcn Iur vcrgcichcndc ^usikvisscnschaIt. " Zeitsclri[t [ur
tlnoloie 6: zzz- 6.
^ndrcscn,!vc. t8z. ^usiksynthcsizcr. " unlsclau : ;-8q.
^poinairc, Guiaumc. t6-66. euires conpletes. Id. ^ichc Occaudin.
vos.!aris.
^rnhcim,KudoI. t;;. SystcmatikdcrIruhcnkincmatographischcnIrhndung-
cn. " !nKritilenunJAu[satzezuniln, cd. !cmut!. Oictcrichs. ^unich.
^ssmann,^cida,and]an^ssmann,cds. t8 . Sclri[tunJGeJacltnis:Arclaolo-
ieJerliterarisclenKonnunilation. ^unich.
^zam, Iugcnc. t8 . HypnotisneetJouoleconscience: riineJeleuretuJeet
Jiiers traiauxsurJessuetsanaloues.!aris.
baadc, atcr. tt . \bcr dic Kcgistricrung von Scbstbcobachtungcn durch
Oikticrphonographcn. "Isycloloie 66: 8 t- .
babington Smith, Constancc. t8. iiJence in Caner Tle Story o[Iloto-
raplicIntelliencein WorlJWar!. London.
bahncman,]rg. t;t . icbcibtdic^rmccauIdcr!hcdcrZcit : "!nClause-
uitzinunsererZeit:Ausoliclnaclzeln]alren Clauseuitz Gesellscla[t,cd.
KoIIibc, t6t-; . Oarmstadt.
baicr, oIgang. t;t . _uellenJarstellun zur Gescliclte Jer Ilotoraplie.
!ac.
bas,bca. to.DerGeistJes ilns.!ac.
bact,Gibcrt.t 886. LelanaeinterieuretlesJiierses[ornesJel`aplasie.!aris.
bamIord,]amcs. t8 6. NSA: Anerilas eleinsterNaclricltenJienst. Zurich/
Schvabisch!a.
batcman,aync. t8o. IntroJuction toConputerMusic.Pcv`ork.
baucr-abncgg, atcr. t8 6. Zirlus unJArtisten inranz Ka[las Werl: in
eitrauoerKorperunJLiterturinZeitalterJerTeclnil.Irangcn.
z,,
oo io/iograjb,
baumann, Koand. t8 . Iinschrcibung und Gttcrschauspicc. Pictzschc und
das ^cdium Schrcibmaschinc. "^.^. thcsis, Irciburg.
bcatcs. P.d. Tleeatles Conplete(GuitarJition) . London.
bcnjamin, atcr. t68. Illuninations. Id. !annah^rcndt, trans. !arry Zohn.
Pcv`ork.
. t;z-8 . GesannelteSclri[ten.Id.KoIJicdcmanncta.IrankIurta.^.
. t;8. Rejections: ssays, Aplorisns, Autooiorplical Writins. Id.
ctcrOcmctz,trans.Idmund]cphcott.Pcv`ork.
bcnn, GottIricd. t-6t. Gesannelte Werle. Id. Oictcr ccrshoII. 8 vos.
icsbadcn.
. t6z. Dasezeiclnete Icl: rie[e ausJen]alren :cc-:6. ^unich.
- . t6. Den Traunalleine tren: Neue Texte, rie[e, Dolunente. Id.
auKaabcand^axPicdcrmaycr. ^unich.
. t;;-8o.rie[e.Vo. 1 rie[e an! V elze.Id.!aradStcinhagcnand
]urgcnSchrdcr.icsbadcn.
bcrgaust, Irik. t;6. Wernlerionraun:inunlauolicles Leoen. OusscdorI.
bcrgson, !cnri. t tt. Creatiie iolution. Jrans. ^rthur ^itchc. Pcv `ork.
bcrmann,Kichard. t6o j ttj . LcicrundSchrcibmaschinc. "!nDasKinooucl,
cd.!urtinthus.Zurich.
bcycrcn, ^ngco. to. Iinc ustigc Gcschichtc von bindcn usv. " Sclreio-
nasclinen-ZeitunHanour t 8: 6z-6 .
.
bischoII, atcr. to. Oic Oramaturgic dcs !rspics. "!n !ans brcdov, Aus
neinenArclii, z6o-66. !cidcbcrg.
bair,iiam. tz. ^rmyKadio incaccandar. " !nRaJio,cd.!rvinStcv-
art, 86-8.^nnasoIthc^mcrican^cadcmyoIoiticaandSociaScicnccs,
vo. tqzsupp. hiadcphia.
bakc, Carcncc ]. t 8;6. Jhc \sc oIthc ^cmbrana Jympani as a honauto-
graphandLogograph. "Arcliieso[pltlalnoloyanJtoloy : :o8-t .
bivcn,brucc,]r. tq. Tle WonJer[ulWritinMacline.Pcv`ork.
bodgctt,^.O. t 8o. ^Pcv\sc Iorthchonograph. "Science t : q .
bocm,atcr. tzz. SeeleJesLicltspiels:inelenntniszuniln. Lcipzig.
boz, Porbcrt. t86. Oic SchriIt dcs Iims. " !n Dislursanalysen :. MeJien,
cd. Iricdrich ^. !ittcr, ^anIrcd Schncidcr, and Samuc cbcr, z6- q.
icsbadcn.
bosanguct,Jhcodora. tzq. Henry]anesatWorl.Jhc!ogarthIssays.London.
bouassc, !cnriicrrc^aximc. tq. ptiqueetplotonerieJiteseoneriques.
aris.
bourncvic, Ocsirc ^agoirc, and au Kcgnard. t8;;-;8 . Iconoraplie plo-
torapliqueJelaSalpctriere. zvos.aris.
bradcy, Ocrmot. t;8. GeneralooerstHeinz GuJerian unJJientstelunJes
noJernenlitzlriees. Lsnabruck.
braun,Liy. tot. Dierauen[rae: Ilreesclicltlicle WirlununJuirtscla[t-
licleSeite. Lcipzig.
brauncr, Ludvig. tz. DieSclreionasclineinteclnisclerlulturellerunJuirt-
scla[tliclereJeutun. SammunggcmcinnutzigcrVortragc, cd. Ocutschcr
VcrcinzurVcrbrcitunggcmcinnutzigcr!cnntnissscinrag. raguc.
io/iograjb, o
brcdov, !ahs. o. AusneinenArclii:IrooleneJes RunJ[unls.!cidcbcrg.
. (. n anneJerAtleruellen. Vo. J. Stuttgart.
brchtaho, bcttiha. -6 . ettina ionArnin, WerleunJrie[e. Id. Gustav
!ohrad. Ircchch.
briggs, ^sa. 6. Tleirtl o[roaJcastin. Vo. 1 oIAHistoryo[roaJcast-
inintle CniteJKinJon. Lohdoh.
. 6. Tle GolJenAeo[tleWireless.Vo. z oIAHistoryo[roaJcast-
inintle CniteJKinJon.Lohdoh.
brohhch,^roI. z;. ilnunJLeoen:aroaraLaMarr.bcrih.
pscudohym:^.!.Schcc-Poctzc) . . DerKanp[inAetleroJerJie
Cnsicltoaren.bcrih.
. ;;. stpolzu. !h idcm, Werle, cd. !ahs ^aycr, vo. 1 ;-o.
!rohbcrg.
brooks, ]ohh. ;;. Jhc Iirst ahd Lhy Cchtury oIJccphohc Litcraturc. " !h
Tle Social Inpact o[tleTeleplone, cd. !thic dc Soa !oo, zo8-z(. Cam-
bridgc,^ass.
bruch,atcr. ;. VohdcrJohvazczurbidpattc: oo]ahrcJoh- uhdbid-
spcichcruhg. "unlsclau,spcciaissuc.
bruck,Christa^hita. o.ScliclsalelinterSclreionasclinen.bcrih.
bruckc, Irhst. 8 6. GrunJzueJerIlysioloieunJSystenatilJerSpracllaute
[urLinuisten unJTauostunnenloelreroearoeitet. ich.
buchhcit, Gcrt. 66. Der Jeutscle GeleinnisJienst: Gescliclte Jer nilitar-
isclenAouelr.^uhich.
buchhcr,Gcorg. 6. ConpleteIlays.Jrahs. Car Kichard^uccr.Pcv`ork.
burghagch, Ltto. 88. DieSclreionascline.Illustrierteesclreiounalleran-
oaren Sclreionasclinen neost runJlicler Anleitun zun Aroeiten au[
santliclenSystenen.!amburg.
burroughs, iiam. ;(. Tle]oo: Interiieusuitl Willian S. urrouls. Kcv.
ahdcharcd cd. Id. Oahic Ldicr. Pcv`ork.
Caghctta,Irahco,cd. 8 . NascitaJella[otora[apsycliatrica.Vchicc.
Campc,Kudigcr. 86. !rohto! JccIohatc uhdJccphohstimmch. "!h Dislurs-
analysen .:MeJien, cd. Iricdrich^.!ittcr,^ahIrcd Schhcidcr, ahdSamuc
cbcr, 68- .icsbadch.
Cchdrars,baisc. ;o. Moraiaine.Jrahs.^ahbrovh.Pcv`ork.
Chappc, Stcvc, ahd Kccbcc GaroIao. ;;. Rocl 'n` Roll is Here to Iay.
Chicago.
Charboh,!au, cd. ;6.Leteleploned la oelleepoque.brusscs.
. ;;. Leplonorapled la oelleepoque. brusscs.
Chcv,Victor!chhcth. 6;. TallinMaclines .8;;-.1(:SoneAspectso[tle
arlyHistoryo[tleGranoplone.Lohdoh.
Ccmcht,Cathcrihc. ;. Lcscharatahcsctcshystcrigucs. "Connunications
z ,Isyclanalyseetcinena) : z -zz.
Cockburh, Cyhthia. Jhc ^atcria oI^ac !ovcr. " eninistReiieu , 8 ) .
Coctcau,]cah. (6- . euires conpletes. Id. Louis Iorcsticrahd!asca!ia.
11 vos.!aris.
. . TleHunan \oice.Jrahs. Caridmah. Lohdoh.
oz io/iograjb,
. ;.KinounJIoesie.^unich.
. z. Tle Art o[Cinena. Comp. and cd. ^ndrc bcrnard and Caudc
Gautcur,trans. Kobin buss. Pcv`ork.
Cros,Charcs. 6(. euiresconpletes.Id.LouisIorcsticrandascaia.aris.
Currcnt, Kichard Pcson. (. Tle Typeuriter anJ tle Men Wlo MaJe It.
\rbana,!.
Oahms, Gustav. 8. Dierau inStaats- unJGeneinJeJienst. bcrin.
Oain, Oavid]. . Soiietspionae.Pcv!avcn, Conn.
Oavics,^argcry. ;(. Wonan`sIlaceIsattleTypeuriterTleeninizationo[
tleClericalLaoourorce.Somcrvic,^ass.
Ochmc, Kichard. o6-o. Gesannelte Werle. ovos.bcrin.
Occuzc, Gics. 6. icrrc !ossovski ou Lcs corps-angagc. " Critique z.
-z.
Occuzc, Gics, andIcix Guattari. 8. Anti-eJipus Capitalisn anJSclizo-
plrenia.Jrans. Kobcrt!urcy,^arkSccm, and!ccnK.Lanc. ^inncapois.
Ocmcny, Gcorgcs. 8.
]
tudcssurcsapparcischronophotographigucs.L`annee
psycloloique . (;-68.
. o(.L`eJucationJunarcleur.aris.
Ocrrida,]acgucs. ;6. [Grannatoloy. Jrans. GayatriChakravorty Spivak.
batimorc.
. ;8. WritinanJDi[[erence.Jrans. ^anbass. Chicago.
. 8;. Tle IostcarJ ron Socrates to reuJanJeyonJ. Jrans. ^an
bass. Chicago.
Oicr,^nsgar. 8o. RunJ[unlpolitil inDrittenReicl. Vo. 2 oIRunJ[unlin
DeutscllanJ, cd. !ans bausch. ^unich.
Oornbcrgcr, atcr. (. \z. Jrans.]amcs Ccughand GcoIIrcy !aiday. Pcv
`ork.
Ooyc,Sir^rthur Conan. o. TleConpleteSlerloclHolnes.Id.Christophcr
^orcy. GardcnCity,P.`.
Oricscn, Ltto. . Das GrannoploninDiensteJes CnterricltsunJJerWis-
senscla[t SystenatiscleSannlun ion Grannoplonplatten ion KinJer-
artenoiszur Cniiersitat. bcrin.
Ounap,LrrinI.,]r. (. MarconiTleMananJHisWireless. Pcv`ork.
Icktor-Vocodcr. " 8o. leltorZeitsclri[t [urleltronil 1 . 8-(, z. (o-z.
Iiot, Jjhomasj S[tcarnsj. ;. Tle Waste LanJ. Iacsim. and transcr. cd. , in-
cudingannotationsoIIzraound. Id.VacricIiot. Pcv`ork.
Iis,]ohn. ;. TleSocialHistoryo[tleMaclineGun.London.
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`ork.
-. 8 . CollecteJIoens. LxIord.
Inzcnsbcrgcr, !ans^agnus. ;(. ConstitucntsoIaJhcoryoIthc^cdia. "!n
Tle ConsciousnessInJustry nLiterature, Iolitics anJtleMeJia, comp.
^ichacKooII, -z8. Pcv`ork.
Ivcrs, !anns !cinz. . Alraune Die Gescliclte eines leoenJien Wesens.
^unich.
Iyc, crncr von. 8. Kurze[a[te Gescliclte Jer Sclreionascline unJ Jes
Masclinensclreioens. bcrin.
io/iograjb, o
Iyth, ^axvoh. to. GesannelteSclri[ten.6 vos. Stuttgart.
Iactor, K. t;8. "^ 6,qSccohdLigita LcayLihc,\higucyLcsighcd Iorbroad-
cast Lbscchity !ubishihg. " ^IS ^dvahccs ih Ihgihccrihg SoItvarc ahd
orkstatiohs) prcprihtho. tqt;.
Iargcs,]orgcs. t;. 'imagc d`uh corps. " Connunications z ,Isyclanalyseet
cinena) : 8 8- .
Iaustich, crhcr, cd. t;. Kritiscle Sticluorter zur MeJienuissenscla[t.
^uhich.
Icdhaus,Irahz^aria. tz8. KulturescliclteJerTeclnilI.bcrih.
Iirbahk, Kohad. tq. Tlelouereneatl tleoot. !h idcm,iieNoiels,cd.
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Iischcr, GottIricd,ahd Iricdrich ^. !ittcr. t;8. " Zur Zcrgicdcruhgsphahtasic
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eraturlritil, cd. Scbastiah Gocppcrt, z-q1 . Irciburg.
Icchsig,!au. t 8q. "GchirhuhdSccc. "Spokchaddrcss,Lctobcr t,\hivcrsity
Church,Lcipzig.
Irstcr-Pictzschc, Iisabcth. t . rieJricl Nietzscle unJ Jie rauen seiner
Zeit.^uhich.
Ioucaut, ^ichc. t;z. TleArclaeoloy o[KnouleJe anJTle Discourse on
Lanuae.Jraqs.^. ^. ShcridahSmith.Pcv`ork.
. t;;. "Lahguagcto!hhhity. " !hidcm,Lanuae, Counter-Menory, Irac-
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. to. Tle History o[ Sexuality, iolune I: An IntroJuction. Jrahs.
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Ircsc,Irahk,ahd^.N !otschcvar. t;.ilntriclsunJTricljlne.LusscdorI.
Ircud, Sigmuhd. t6z. Tle StanJarJ Jition o[tle Conplete Isycloloical
Worls o[SinunJreuJ. Id. ahd trahs. ]amcs Strachcy. z vos. Lohdoh.
. t8 . Tle Conplete Letters o[ SinunJ reuJ to Willeln liess,
:88;-:,o(. Jrahs. ahd cd. ]cIIrcy ^oussaicII^assoh. Cambridgc, ^ass.
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^brahamahdIrhstL. Ircud.IrahkIurt a. ^.
Iricdhcim, !hiip. t8 . "aghcr ahd thc ^csthctics oI thc Scrcam. " :,tl-
CenturyMusic;: 6-;o.
Iricdachdcr, Saomo ^yhoha) . tzz. Graue Maie. erliner Naclsclliissel-
ronan. Lrcsdch.
. t8oa j tt6j . " Gocthc spricht ih dch !hohographch. " !h Das Naclt-
lenJan Weueiser unJanJere loclstnerluurJie Gescliclten Jes Dr.
SalonorieJlaenJer, t -;8. bcrih.
-. t8ob j tzoj . "Iatamorgahamaschihc. "!h^yhoha,Irosa,cd.!artmut
Gccrkch, vo. t, -6. ^uhich.
Iuchs, ]oachim. t;8. "Iricdrich Pictzschcs ^ugchcidch. " Munclener MeJi-
ziniscle Woclensclri[t tzo: 6 t-q.
Iussc,!au. t;. Tle GreatWaranJMoJernMenory.Pcv`ork.
Garinski,]ozcI. t;. Tlenina War. Pcv`ork.
Gaupp,Iritz. tt . DieNacltionleuteau[noren. bcrih.
Gcatt, Koahd. t;;. Tle aoulous Ilonorapl :8;;-:,;;. ron Jison to
Stereo. zdrcv.cd.Pcv`ork.
j c( io/iograjby
Gicdioh, SicgIricd. t(8 . Meclanization Tales ConnanJ: A Contrioution to
AnonynousHistory.Pcv`ork.
Gicsc, Iritz. tt(. Scxuavorbidcr bci cihIachch Irhhduhgch. " Inao: Zeit-
sclri[t [ur AnuenJun Jer Isycloanalyse au[ Jie Geistesuissenscla[ten
. z(- .
Gihzburg, Caro. t8 . ^orci, Ircud, ahd Shcrock !omcs. Cucs ahd Scich-
tihc^cthod. "!hTleSino[TlreeDupin,Holnes,Ieirce,cd. \mbcrtoIco
ahdJhomas ^. Scbcok.boomihgtoh,!hd.
Gocthc, ]ohahh oIgahg voh. t6-;z. Gespracle. Id. oIgahg !crvig.
Zurich.
. t6. Tle Autooioraply o[]olann Wol[an ion Goetle (Dicltun
unJWalrleit) . Jrahs.]ohhLxchIord;ihtro. GrcgorSccba.Pcv`ork.
. t;6. Werle. Id. IrichJruhz.^uhich.
. t;. WillelnMeister`sYearso[Apprenticeslip. bks.;-8.Jrahs.!. ^.
aidsoh.Pcv`ork.
. t8 . Willeln Meister`s Years o[Traiel, oi, Tle Renunciants. bk. z.
Jrahs. !.^.aidsoh.Pcv`ork.
-. 8;. aust,Iartne.Jrahs.OavidLukc. LxIord.
. to.TleSu[[erins o[YounWertlerahdlectiieA[jnities. Id.Victor
Lahgc.Jhc Gcrmah Library, vo. . Pcv`ork.
Gordoh,OohI. t8t. lectronicWar[are:lenento[StrateyanJMultipliero[
ConoatIouer.Pcv`ork.
Gritz,atcr. t6;.Kleine GescliclteJesJeutsclen Generalstaoes. bcrih.
Gorhy, !ctcr. t8 . !hIormatik uhd ^iitar. " !hMilitarisierte Wissenscla[t, cd.
crhcr buttc, to(-t 8 . Kcihbck.
Grahichstacdtch-Czcrva, KudoI voh. tz(. Ieter MitterloJe; rjnJer Jer
Sclreionascline:inLeoensoilJ.ich.
Grashcy, !ubcrt. t 8 8 . !bcr ^phasic uhd ihrc bczichuhgch zur ahrhch-
muhg. "Arclii[urIsycliatrieunJNerienlranlleiten t6: 6(-8 8.
Grcvc, Ludvig, ^argot !chc, ahd !cidc csthoII, cds. t;6. Hatte icl Jas
Kinol Die Sclri[tsteller unJ Jer Stunnjln. Spccia cxhibitioh, Schicr-
Patiohamuscum. ^arbach.
Grivc,Charcs. 8(. OicIxposiohdcsGcdachthisscs.]arryibcrdicIhtvick-
uhg im itcrarischch !rozcI:. " !h Lyril unJ Malerei Jer AiantarJe, cd.
KaihcrarhihgahdihIricdchc, z(- . ^uhich.
Groos,Kar. t 8. DieSpieleJesMensclen.]cha.
Guattari, Icix. t;. Lc divah dupauvrc. " Connunications z ,Isyclanalyse
etcinena): 6-to.
Gutzmahh, !crmahh. o8. !bcr!rch uhd Vcrstchch. "Zeitsclri[t [urane-
uanJteIsycloloie unJpsycloloiscleSannel[orsclun t. (8-o.
Guyau, ]cah-^aric. t 8 8o. La mcmoirc ct c phohographc. " Reiue pli-
losopliqueJelaranceetJe/` etraner : t-zz.
!ahh, Iritz. t6. Deutscle Geleinua[[en :-(. Vo. t, luzeuoeua-
nunen.!cidchhcim.
Oic !ahhischcLittcramcthodc. " t86. !hKarlIlilippMoritzDieSclri[tenin
Dreissi 8anJen, cd. !ctra ahd \vc Pcttcbcck, vo. t, pt. z, t ;-8.
Prdihgch.
io/iograjb, oy
!amburgcr, !atc. t66. Ililosoplie Jer Diclter Noialis, Sclille; Rille.
Stuttgart.
!ardcnbcrg, Iricdrich von Povais) . t6o-;. Sclri[ten. !d. au !uckhohn
andKichardSamuc.Stuttgart.
. t6q.Henryion [terJinen.Jrans.amcr!ity.Pcv`ork.
!auptmann, Gcrhart. t6z-;q. Santlicle Werle Centenar-Ausaoe.!d. !ans
!gon !ass. JJ vos. Oarmstadt.
!aushoIcr, !ar. t;. Nostris ex ossious: Gcdankcn cincs Lptimistcn. " !n
!ans-^doI ]acobscn, Karl Hauslo[er Leoen unJ Werl, vo. z, 6q-qo.
boppard.
!ay, Gcrhard. t;a. KundIunk indcr Oichtung dcr zvanzigcr und drciIigcr
]ahrc. " !n RunJ[unl unJ Iolitil I21: eitrae zur RunJ[unl-
[orsclun, cd.inIricdb. LcrgandKoIStciningcr, t t-q. bcrin.
, cd. t;b. LiteraturunJRunJ[unl12l. !idcshcim.
!cgc, Gcorg ihcm Iricdrich. tz;-qo. Santlicle Werle. !d. !crmann
Gockncr. z6vos. Stuttgart.
-. t;;.Ilenonenologyo[Spirit.Jrans.^.V.^icr. LxIord.
!cidcggcr, ^artin. to. Holzuee. IrankIurt a.^.
-. t. An IntroJuction toMetaplysics. Jrans. Kaph ^annhcim. Pcv
!avcn,Conn.
-. tz. IarneniJes. Jrans.^ndrcSchuvcr and Kichard Koccvicz. boo-
mington, !nd.
!cibut,!van. t t . rullininerlin.bcrin.
!cims,Stcvc]. t8z. ]olnionNeunannanJNoroertWienerronMatlenat-
icsto tleTeclnoloieso[Li[eanJDeatl. Cambridgc, ^ass.
!cndrix,]imi. t68. Tle]iniHenJrix xperiencelectric LaJylanJ. London.
!cnncs, !ans. to. Oic!incmatographicimOicnstcdcrPcuroogicundsy
chiatric, ncbst bcschrcibungcn cinigcr sctcncrcr bcvcgungsstrungcn. "
MeJiziniscleKlinil, zoto-tq.
!crbcrtz, Kichard. to. Zur sychoogic dcs ^aschincnschrcibcns. " Zeit-
sclri[t[uraneuanJteIsycloloiez: t-6t.
!cssc, !crmann. t;. Steppenuol[ !ntro.]oscph^icck.Pcv`ork.
!irth,Gcorg. t 8;. Au[aoenJerKunstplysioloie. zdcd.^unich.
!obbcs, Jhomas. tq. Leiiatlan. !d. !dvin Curcy. !ndianapois,!nd.
!odgcs,^ndrcv. t8 . AlanTurin Tlenina.Pcv`ork.
!oIImann,!.J ^. t6.JhcSandman. "!nSelecteJWritins,vo. t, TleTales,
cd. andtrans. Lconard]. !cnt and!izabcth C. !night. Chicago.
. t;t. TlreeMarcleno[. J A. Ho[[nann. Jrans. Charcs !. assagc.
Coumbia,S.|.
!oIImann, ihcm. tz/. Oas^ikrophon as akustischcs Icrngas. `Ru[er
unJHrerMonatsle[te[urJenRunJ[unlz:q -;.
!oImannstha,!ugovon, and Lttonic GrahnOcgcnIcd. t;q.rie[ueclsel.!d.
Jhcrcsc^icr-OcgcnIcd. IrankIurt a.^.
!hnc,!cinz. t8q. Der rJen unterJen Totenlop[ Die GescliclteJerSS.
^unich.
!ost, ^maic. t 8oz. CoerJieestinnunJes Weioeszurloleren Geistesoil-
Jun.bcrin.
o6 io/iograjb,
ydc,^ontgomcry. :p6p.Henry]anesatHone. London.
!nnis,arod ^dam. :po. npireanJConnunications. LxIord.
]aovctz, cinrich. :p:z. Oic armonicchrc. " !n ArnolJ Sclonoer, qp-6q.
^unich.
]anz,!urtz !au. :p;8-;p. rieJricl Nietzscle:ioraplie. vos. ^unich.
]arry, ^Ircd. :p;. Les ninutes Je saole nenorial. !n euires conpletes, cd.
Kcnc^assat,vo. q, :6p-z68. Gcncva.
]cnscn,]ohanncsVihcm. :p:;. CnserZeitalter. bcrin.
]cntsch, Irnst. :po6. Zur !sychoogic dcs !nhcimichcn. " Isycliatriscl-
NeuroloiscleWoclensclri[t, :p-p8, zo-.
]oncs,Irncst. :p -;. TleLi[e anJWorlo[SinunJreuJ. vos.Pcv`ork.
]oncs,KcginadV. :p;8. MostSecretWar. London.
]oycc,]amcs. :p6p. Clysses. ammondsvorth.
]ungcr, Irnst. :pzz. DerKanp[als innererleonis. bcrin.
. :pzp. Storn o[Steel:ron tleDiaryo[a GernanStorn-Troop [jcer
ontle Westernront.Jrans. basi Crcighton. Pcv`ork.
. :p z. DerAroeiter:Herrscla[tunJGestalt.amburg.
. :pp . Copse:z:A Clronicle[ron tleTrencl War[are o[::8. Jrans.
basi Crcighton. Kpt.Pcv`ork.
]ungk,Kobcrt. :p6. HelleralstausenJSonnen:DasScliclsalJerAton[orscler.
bcrn.
]uttcmann, crbcrt. :p;p. Ilonoraplen unJ Grnnoplone. braunschvcig.
!acs, ^nton. :p;p. Jhc Ixprcssionist Vision in Jhcatcr and Cincma. "!n x-
pressionisn ReconsiJereJ: Relationslips anJA[jnities, cd. Gcrtrud baucr
!ickarand!arIugcnccbb,8p-p8. ^unich.
, cd. :p;8. Kino-Deoatte: Texte zun \erlaltnis ion Literatur unJiln
:c-:z. ^unich.
- . :p8 . Weina

terRepuolil:Mani[esteunJDolunentezurJeutsclenLit-
eratur::8-: . Stuttgart.
!acs, ^nton,^artin]ay, and Idvard Oimcndbcrg, cds. :ppq. Tle WeinarRe-
puolicSourceoool. bcrkccy.
!aIka, Iranz. :pq8. TleIenalColony:StoriesanJSlortIieces.Jrans.iaand
Idvin ^uir. Pcv`ork.
- . :po. TleCastle. Jrans.ia andIdvin^uir.Pcv`ork.
. :p . Letters to Milena. Id. ii aas, trans. Jania and]amcs Stcrn.
London.
-. :p6. Tle Diaries o[ranz Ka[la ::c-::. Id. ^ax brod, trans.
]oscph!rcsh. Pcv`ork.
. :p;q. Letters toelice. Id. Irichccrand]urgcn born, trans. ]amcs
StcrnandIizabcthOuckvorth.London.
!ccr, GottIricd. :p;q. TleMisuseJLoie Letters and ReulaAnrain anJler
YounestSon.Jrans. ^ichacbuockand^nncIrcmantc.Pcv`ork.
!cun,!rmgard. :p;pa j :ptj . Gili-eineionuns.OusscdorI.
-. :p;pb j :p zj. DaslunstseiJeneMaJclen.OusscdorI.
!ittcr,Iricdrich. :p8qa. auto bahncn." Kulturreiolution p: qz-q.
- . :p8qb. OcrGottdcrLhrcn. "! nDasScluinJenJerSinne,cd.Oictmar
!ampcrandChristophuI, :qo- . IrankIurta. ^.
Bth/toyrnphy o;
. tp8 . Komantik-sychoanaysc-Iim: IincLoppcgangcrgcschichtc. "
! nineoilJete Texte: A[[airen zuisclen Isycloanalyse unJ Literaturuis-
senscla[t, cd.]ochcn!rischandGcorgChristophJhocn, t t 8- . ^unich.
. tp8p/tppo. Lracua`s Lcgacy. " Jrans.iiamStcphcn Lavis. Stan[orJ
HunanitiesReiieu t, no. t: tq-; .
. tppo. Discourse Netuorls, IOO/IOO. Jrans. ^ichac ^cttccr, vith
Chris Cucns. StanIord, CaiI.
. tpp . ordbrcath: Ln agncr`s ^cdia Jcchnoogy. " !n pera
Tlroul tleryes, cd. Lavid ]. Lcvin, zt- . StanIord, CaiI.
. tpp;. ^cdia and Lrugs inynchon`s Sccond ord ar. " Jrans. ^i-
chacutzandGcoIIrcyinthrop-`oung.!nReaJinMatters:Narratiiein
tleNeucoloo[MeJia,cd.]oscphJabbiand ^ichacutz. !thaca,P.`.
!ippcrt,crncr. tp;;.lenenteJesHorspiels. Stuttgart.
!ockcnbcrg, Irich. tpz6.RationalisierunJerSclreionasclineunJilreeJie-
nun:IsycloteclniscleAroeitsstuJien.bcrin.
!nics, !ar. t 8 ;. DerTeleraplals \erlelrsnittel.Jbingcn.
!ovaski, Kobcrt^. tp;p. ^gorithm Logic ControI. " Connunications o[
tleAssociation[or ConputinMaclinery z:qzq- 6.
!racaucr, SicgIricd. tp;t-;p.Sclri[ten.Id. !arstcnittc. 8 vos.IrankIurta. ^.
. tp;q. ron CaliaritoHitler:A IsycloloicalHistory o[tleGernan
iln.rinccton,P.].
!rca, Kichard. tp6q. IeterMitterlo[erunJseineSclreionascline:Zun ucl
e[orntionIeterasten.^aachcn.
!rctzcr, ^ax. t 8pq.Dieucllalterin. Lrcsdcn.
!rukcnbcrg,Isbcth. tpo6. CoerJasinJrinenJerraueninnannlicleeru[e.
Isscn.
!udszus, inIricd. tp;q. \ndcrstanding ^cdia: Zur!ritikduaistischcr !u-
manitat im Zauoeroer. " !n esicltiun Jes Zauoeroers, cd. !cinz
SaucrcLig, -8o. bibcrach.
!uLmau,^doI. t 8 8 t . LicStrungcndcrSprachc.Vcrsuchcincrathoogicdcr
Sprachc. " !n HanJoucl Jer speciellen Iatloloie unJ Tlerapie, voI. tz
app. ) , cd. !.v. Zicmsscn. zdcd. Lcipzig.
!ystra,ctcr!. tp;;. Jhc\scoIthcIaryhonographinhoncticKcscarch. "
Ilonorpliculletin t;: -tz.
Lacan,]acqucs. tp66.crits.aris.
-. tp;. Leseninaire:liireXX.aris.
. tp;;. crits:ASelection.Jrans.^anShcridan.Pcv`ork.
. tp;8. TleourunJanentalConcepts o[Isycloanalysis. Id.]acqucs-
^ain^icr, trans. ^anShcridan.Pcv`ork.
-. tp8 8a. TleSeninaro[]acquesLacan. ool I: reuJ`s Iapers onTecl-
nique Iq. Id. ]acqucs-^ain ^icr, trans. ]ohn Iorrcstcr. Pcv `ork.
. tp8 8b. Tle Seninar o[]acques Lacan. ool II Tleo in reuJ`s
Tleory anJ in tle Teclnique o[Isycloanalysis Iq. Jrans. Syvana
Jomasci. Pcv`ork.
Lcduc,]can-^aric. tp;. IinlloyJ.CocctionKock Iok. aris.
Lcrg,inIricdb. tp;o.DientstelunJesRunJ[unlsinDeutscllanJ:Herlun[t
unJntuiclluneinespuolizistisclenMittels. zdcd. IrankIurt a. ^.
o8 io/iograjb,
Lcrg,ihIricdb. ,ahdKoIStcihihgcr, cds. tp;. RunJ[unlunJIolitil :pz ois
:p . bcrih.
Lcvi-Strauss, Caudc. tp6p. Tle RauanJtle CooleJ. Jrahs. ]ohh ahd Oorcch
cightmah. Pcv`ork.
Lihdau,au. tpo6.DerAnJere:SclauspieliniierAu[zuen. Lcipzig.
Lorchz, Jhorstch. tp8 . issch ist ^cdium. Oic dcutschc Stummhmdcbattc
tpo;-tpzp. "Oiss.,Irciburg.
Lothar, Kudoph. tpzq.DieSpreclnascline:inteclniscl-astletiscler\ersucl.
Lcipzig.
LudchdorII, Irich. tp . DertotaleKrie. ^uhich.
Luhmahh, Pikas. tp8. Oasrobcm dcrIpochchbiduhg uhd dicIvoutiohs-
thcoric. " !h poclenscluellen unJpoclenstrulturen in Dislurs JerLit-
eratur- unJSpracllistorie, cd. !ahs-\rich Gumbrcchtahd\Ia Lihk-!crr,
- . IrahkIurta. ^.
^acOohhc, !cvih. tp;. DerMann, Jer JieilJerlau[en liej oJeraJuearJ
MuyoriJeunJJie2. cccS-Wette. Luccrhc.
^ach, Irhst. tptq. TleAnalysis o[SensationsanJtleRelation o[tleIlysical
totleIsyclical.Jrahs. C. ^. iiams, suppcmchtcd bySydhcyatcrov.
Chicago.
^aIarmc, Stcphahc. tpq. euiresconpletes.Id.!chri^ohdor ahd G.]cah-
^ubry.aris.
^ahh,Jhomas. tpz;. TleMaicMountain.Jrahs.!cchLowc-ortcr. Lohdoh.
. t . IastMastersanJtlerIapers.Jrahs.!. + Lovc-ortcr. Lohdoh.
^aragc,Kchc^. t 8p8. Lcsphohographcsct'ctudc dcsvoycIcs. "L`anneepsy-
cloloique : zz6-qq.
^arccha, Gastoh. t 8pt . hotographic dc a paroc. " L`illustration zq Po-
vcmbcr zt) : qo6-;.
^arcy, Itichhc-]ucs. 8; . Lanaclineaninale: Loconotion terrestre etaeri-
enne. aris.
. t 8pq.Lenouienent.aris.
^arihctti, Iiippo Jommaso. tp;t . SelecteJ Writins. Id. K. . Iiht. Lohdoh.
^arkcr, Chris. tp8 . Sans Soleil /Cnsicltoare Sonne. \ollstanJier Textzun
leiclnanieniln-ssay.!amburg.
^artih, Irhst. tpqp. DieSclreionasclineunJilrentuicllunsescliclte. zd
cd.appchhcim.
^arty, Oahic. 8 . Grannoplone: GescliclteinilJern.!arsruhc.
^att, ctcr voh. tp;8. Zur sychoogic dcs dcutschch PatiohaschriItstcIcrs.
Oic paradigmatischc bcdcutuhg dcr !ihrichtuhg uhd Vcrkaruhg Gocthcs
durch Jhomas ^ahh. " !h Ierspeltiien psycloanalytisclerLiteraturlritil,
cd. Scbastiah Gocppcrt, 8z-too.Irciburg.
^cLuhah,^arsha. tp6q. CnJerstanJinMeJia.Pcv`ork.
^cumahh,Irhst. tptz. AstletilJerGeenuart. zdcd.Lcipzig.
^cycr, ]uius, ahd]oscI Sibcrmahh. t 8p. Dierau in HanJel unJ Geueroe.
Ocr IxistchzkampI dcr Irau im modcrhch Lcbch. Scihc Zicc uhd ^us-
sichtch, ;.bcrih.
^cyrihk, Gustav. tpz8. TleGolen.Jrahs. ^adgccmbcrtoh. bostoh.
io/iogrjb, o,
^itry, ]can, cd. t;6. "Lc cincma dcs origincs. " Cinena d`auourd`lui, caliers
oinensuels Ial ) : t-tz6.
^ohoy-Pagy, Laszo. tz. Pcuc Gcstatungcn indcr ^usik. ^gichkcitcn
dcs Grammophons." DerSturn tq: :o-.
. t;8. Malerei,otorje,iln:NacldruclderAusaoeMuncleniyz.
Id. Ltto Stczcr. ^ainz.
^onaco,]amcs. t;;. HoutoReadailn.Pcv`ork.
^orga,]aninc. t8 t . "Jyping LuraytoIrccdom: !s!t JructhcPcv LIhcc
JcchnoogyCan Libcratc omcn: "eninistReiieu Ia) .
^orin, Idgar. t6. Lecinena, ou,L`lonneinainaire.!aris.
^orrison, ]im. t;;. Tle Lords and tle Neu Creatures/Ioens Gediclte,
GesiclteundGedanlen.IrankIurta. ^.
^ucr, bodo. t;. DasrnzosiscleinderGeenuart: \arietaten, Strulturen,
Tendenzen. !cidcbcrg.
^ucr, C. ^. t 8z. Neu er[undeneSclreio-Mascline,nittlestuelcler]eder-
nann, olne Liclt in eder Sprcle und Sclri[tnaniersiclerzu sclreioen,
Au[satzeundReclnunenzuier[ertien ierna, aucllinde oesseralsnit
allen oisler oelannten Sclreiota[eln niclt nurleicltersclreioen, sondern
aucldasionilnen Gesclrieoeneselostlesenlonnen.Vicnna.
^unstcrbcrg, !ugo. ttq. GrundzuederIsycloteclnil. Lcipzig.
. t;o. Tle IlotoplayA IsycloloicalStudy.Kpt. as TleilnA Isy-
cloloicalStudy,cd. KichardGriIhth.Pcv`ork.
^unstcrbcrg, ^argarct. tzz.HuoMunsteroerHis Li[e andHis Worl.Pcv
`ork.
^uravski, Irich. t6z. Der deutscle Welrnacltsoericlt iy y-iy(, in
eitrazur CntersuclundereistienKries[ulrun. zdcd.boppard.
Pabokov, Vadimir. t;o.Mary. Jrans. ^ichac Gcnny, in coaboration vith
thcauthor. Grccnvich, Conn.
Padar IcixJournachon) . t 8. _uand`etaisplotoraple.!aris.
. t;8. "^yLiIcasa!hotographcr. " ctooer : ;-z8.
Pavrati,Lco. t8 . DieKunstleraus Guin.icn.
Pcumann, Gcrhard. t8 . ''`Pachrichtcnvom!ontus`: Oas!robcmdcr!unstin
Iranz !anas crk. "!n ranzKa[la Synposiun, cd. ihcm Imrich and
bcrnd Godmann, tot-;. ^ainz.
Pcumann,]ohnvon. t6t-6 . "Jhc Gcncra and LogicaJhcoryoI^utomata. "
!nidcm, CollectedWorls,vo. , z88- z8.
Pcumann, Kobcrt. t6. in leicltes Leoen: ericlt uoer sicl selost und
Zeitenossen.Vicnna.
"JhcPcv!honograph. " t 88;. ScientijcAnerican ;: qzt-zz.
Picnhaus,\rsua. t8z. eru[sstandueioliclDieerstenueioliclenAnestellten.
bcrin.
Pictzschc, Iricdrich. toz-. rie[ueclsel. Id. Iisabcth Irstcr-Pictzschc and
!ctcr Gast. bcrin.
. tzz-z.SantlicleWerle. ^usarion-^usgabc. ^unich.
-. t6. Tleirtlo[TredyandTle Genealogyo[Morals.Jrans.Irancis
GoIhng.Pcv`ork.
:o io/iograjb,
. 66. Tlus Spole Zaratlustr. Jrans. atcr !auImann. !ammonds-
vorth.
. 6;.ntleGenealoyo[MoralsanJcceHono.Jrans.atcr!auI-
mannandK.].!oingdac. Pcv`ork.
. 68. Tuililto[tleIJols. Jrans.atcr!auImann. !ammondsvorth.
. ;(. Tle GayScience.Jrans.atcr!auImann. Pcv`ork.
. ;-8(.rie[ueclselKritiscle Gesantausaoe.Id. Giorgio Coiand
^azzino^ontinari. bcrin.
-. 8(. Ditlyranoso[Dionysus.Jrans.K.].!oingdac. KcddingKidgc,
Conn.
-. o. CnnoJern oseriations. Id. iiam ^rrovsmith. Jrans. Gary
brovn,iiam^rrovsmith,and!crbcrtGodcr.Icv!avcn, Conn.
Povc,Iizabcth. 6o.TlonasWol[eAioraply.Pcv`ork.
Pyrop, Camius. 8 . ^aing !anscn. " !n Dansl iorajsl Lelsilon, cd.
ovIngcstoIt,vo. 8, z6-6;. Copcnhagcn.
Lbcricscn, KoI. 8 z. In[ornationen, Daten, Sinale Gescliclte teclniscler
In[ornations-ieraroeitun. Kcinbck.
Lng, atcr ]. 8z. rality anJ Literacy Tle Teclnoloizin o[ tle WorJ.
London.
Lvcrbcck, Igon. ; . ^iitarischc anung und \ntcrnchmcnspanung. " !n
Clauseuitz in unsererZeitAusoliclenacl zeln]alren Clauseuitz Gesell-
scla[t, cd. KolIIibc, 8-;. Oarmstadt.
arzcr-^uhbachcr,^Ircd. oz. DienoJernenSpreclnasclinen (Ilonorapl,
Graploplon unJ Grannoplon), Jeren elanJlun unJ AnuenJun
Ratscllae[urInteressenten.Vicnna.
avcy, IdvardL. I. ;z.Cnineerin: 1,22-,;2. London.
ctcr, Ksza. ;. Relursiieunltionen. zdcd. budapcst.
IciIIcr, Irnst, cd. ;o. rieJricl Nietzscle, Iaul Ree, Lou ion Salone Die
Dolunenteilrereenun. IrankIurta. ^.
ickcr, !cnry, cd. ;6.HitlersTisclespracleAujaenitoislerunoelannten
Selostzeunissen AJol[ Hitlers, AooilJunen, Auenzeuenoericlten unJ
rlauterunenJesAutors, Hitle;uieeruirllicl uarStuttgart.
ink Ioyd. ;. Wisl You WereHereSonoool.London.
-. ;6.SonoolTenSons[rontleIast. London.
. 8 . Tle inal Cut A Requien [or tle Iost War Drean. London:
I^! L.
inthus, !urt,cd. 6. Kinooucl. Zurich.
ohc,!cinz. . DerRunJ[unlalsInstrunentJerIolitilZurGescliclteJes
JeutsclenRunJ[unls ,2/ 8. !amburg.
rctzsch,au, cd. (. CosinaWanerunJHoustonSteuart Clanoerlain in
rie[ueclsel888ois,o8. Lcipzig.
ynchon, Jhomas. ;. Graiity`sRainoou.Pcv`ork.
Kabincr, Lavrcncc K., andbcrnardGod. ;. TleoryanJApplicationo[Dii-
talSinalIrocessin. Ingcvood CiIIs,P.].
Kank, Ltto. ; . Tle Douole A Isycloloical StuJy. Jrans. and cd. !arry
Juckcr,]r. Chapc!i,P. C.
Kathcnau,atcr. 8-z. GesannelteSclri[ten.6vos. bcrin.
io/iograjb,
Kaycigh, Lord ]ohn iiam Strutt. t 8;;-;8. Tle Tleory o[SounJ. z vos.
London.
Kcad, Civcr, and atcr L. cch. t. ron Tin oilto Stereoiolution o[
tleIlonorapl. !ndianapois,!nd.
Kcis, !hiipp. tz. \bcr Jccphonic durch dcn gavanischcn Strom. " !n Irvin
!orstmann, ; ]alre ernsprecler in DeutscllanJ :8;;-:,2, q-8.
IrankIurta. ^.
Kcnard, ^auricc. t;o to;j. La ^ort ct Ic Coguiagc. " !nIniitation d la
peur, 6;-;z. !aris.
Kibot,Jhcoduc. t 8 8 : . LesnalaJiesJelanenoire.!aris.
Kichards,GcorgcJighman. t6q. TleHistoryanJDeielopnento[Typeuriters.
zdcd. London.
Kicmcr, Iricdrich ihcm. tzt . Mitteilunen uoer Goetle Au[runJJerAus-
aoe ion :8:( unJ Jes lanJsclri[tliclen Nacllasses. Id. ^rthur !omcr.
Lcipzig.
Kikc, Kaincr ^aria. tq. Tle Noteoools o[Malte LauriJs rie. Jrans.
^. O. !crtcrPorton.Pcv`ork
. t-66. SantlicleWerle. Id. Irnst Zinn. icsbadcn.
. t;. Ioens:,o6to :,26.Jrans.]. b.Lcishman. London.
- . t6t[ttj . !rimaSound. " !nidcm,SelecteJWorls. \olune I: Irose,
t-6. Jrans. G. Craig!ouston. London.
KoingStoncs. t6. ears anquet Sonoool.Pcv`ork.
Kohvcr,]irgcn, and Ibcrhard]ackc, cds. t;. Dieunlau[llarununJilre
RolleinZueitenWeltlrie. Stuttgart, t;.
Konc, ^vita. t86. Dictations nHaunteJWritin. boomington, !nd.
Koscnbatt,Kogcr. t8 : . JhcLast!agcin thc Jypcvritcr. " Tine^ay t6) : 88.
Sachs, !cinrich. to . Gelirn unJSpracle. GrcnzIragcn dcs Pcrvcn- und Scc-
cncbcns,no. 6.icsbadcn.
Sathousc, Jimothy. t8q. OicIcrtigkcitdcs ^aschincnschrcibcns." Speltrun
JerWissenscla[tq: q-too.
Sartrc,]can-!au. t6a. !!ommc au ^agnctophonc. " Les Tenps noJernes
z;q ^pri) : t 8 t z-qo.
-. t6b. ^ !sychoanaytic Oiaoguc vith a Commcntary by ]can !au
Sartrc. "^bridgcd. Jrans. !au ^ugst. Ranparts 8, no. q Cctobcr): q-q.
Saussurc, Icrdinand dc. t. CourseinGeneralLinuistics. Id. Charlcs baiy
and ^bcrtScchchayc. Jrans. adcbaskin. Pcv`ork.
SchaIcr,!idcgard. t8 . StinnenauseineranJeren Welt. Irciburg.
Schcrcr,oIgang. t8 . aoelloil. SounJunJJieAuslosclunJerouclstao-
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. t8 6. !aviaturcn, Visibc Spccchund!honographic: ^arginaicn zur
tcchnischcnIntstcung dcr Sinnc im t.]ahrhundcrt. "!n Dislursanalysen
1: MeJien, cd. Iricdrich ^. !ittcr, ^anIrcd Schncidcr, and Samuc cbcr,
;-q. icsbadcn.
SchaIIcr, !cinz. t86. IinIihrung." !n ]ack Goody, !an att, and !athccn
Gough,nstelununJolenJerSclri[tlultur, ;-zo. IrankIurta.^.
Schcgc, Iricdrich. t8-8;. Kritiscle Ausaoe. Id. Irnst bchcr. vos.
^unich.
1 io/iograjb,
Schicr,!aua. tz6.IetrsAu[zeiclnunenoJerKonzepteiner]uenJnaclJen
DiltatJerZeit.!nnsbruck.
Schmidt,^rno. t8 . LIIcncrbricI. " !n DerRaoeto, cd. Gcrd!aIImans, tz.
Zrich.
Schmitt, Car. tt 8 . Oic buribunkcn: Iin gcschichtsphilosophischcrVcrsuch. "
Sunna t, no. q: 8-to6.
Schncidcr, ^anIrcd. t8. !ystcric as Gcsamtkunstvcrk: ^uIsticgundVcrIa
cincrScmiotikdcrcibichkcit. "Merlur: 8-to6.
Schnur, !oman. t8o. mbauchc dcs Lcviathan: bcmcrkungcnzumpoitischcn
GchatdcrbricIcGottIricdbcnnsan.LczcindcrPS-Zcit. "!nAu[Jen
We zurMensclenuurJeunJ Gerecltileit: estsclri[tHansR.Klecatsly,
cd. Ludvig ^damovich und!ctcr!crnthacr, voI. z, t t-z8. Vicnna.
Schramm, !crcy Irnst, cd. t8z. Das KriestaeouclJes oerlonnanJosJer
Welrnaclt (Welrnaclt[ulrunsstao) Iqcq, e[ulrt ion Helnutl
GrenerunJIercyrnstSclrann.!pt. !crrsching.
Schrcbcr,Oanic!auI. t; . DenluurJileiteneinesNerienlranlen.Id.Samuc
^.cbcr.IrankIurta. ^.
Schrcibcnmitdcr^aschinc. " : 8 8. \on elszunMeer: Spenann`sIllustrirte
Zeitsclri[t [urJasDeutscleHaus. CoI. 86I.
Schvabc, ]cnny. toz. Kontoristin orJerunen, Leistunen, Aussiclten in
Jieseneru[e. zd cd. Lcipzig.
Schvcndtcr, !oI. t8 z. Zur Gescliclte Jer Zulun[t: Zulun[ts[orsclun unJ
Sozalisnus.IrankIurt a. ^.
Sccigcr, Gcrmar. t8. Schicrs kstichc !cstc. Iin bis hcutc mystcriscr
Ia: as gcschah mit dcs Oichtcrs Schadc : " Die Zeit Scptcmbcr z;) :
8z-8 .
Shav, Gcorgc bcrnard. t;z. CollecteJIlays uitl Tleir Ire[aces. Id. Oan !.
Laurcncc. London.
Sickcrt, Kaus, cd. t8 . Autonatiscle Sprcleinaoe unJ Spraclausaoe:
Analyse, SyntleseunJrlennunnensclliclerSprclenitJiitalen Syste-
nen.!aar.
Sicgcrt, bcrnhard. t8 6. Oic !ostcn unddic Sinnc: Zur Gcschichtc dcrIinrich-
tungvonSinnundSinncninIranzKaIkas\mgangmit!ostundtcchnischcn
^cdicn." ^.^.thcsis, Irciburg.
Sicmscn, !ans. tq. Jhc Litcraturc oIPonrcadcrs. "!n Tle WeinarRepuolic
Sourceoool,cd. ^ntonKacs,^artin]ay, and Idvard Oimcndbcrg, 66-6q.
bcrkccy.
Saby, ^doI. ttt. ntJecluns[alrten in Jen eleltrisclen zean: Geneinier-
stanJlicle \rtrae. th cd. bcrin.
Snydcr, Charcs. t;q. Carcncc]ohn bakc and ^cxandcr Grahambc: Lto-
ogy andthcJccphonc. " Annalso[toloy, RlinoloyanJLajnoloy 8,
suppI. : : -t.
Southa, brian. t8z. Aooey RoaJ: Tle Story o[tle WorlJ`s Most anous
RecorJinStuJio. Cambridgc,Ing.
Spccht, !ichard. tzz. ArtlurSclnitzler:DerDiclterunJsein Werl.bcrin.
Spicrcin, Sabina. t8 6. Auseuallte Werle. Id. Gntcr bosc and Irich brink-
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to/tograjb, :
Stcrn,iiam. o8. Sammcbcrichtibcrsychoogicdcr^ussagc. "Zeitsclri[t
[uraneuanJteIsycloloie . (z-o.
Stctson,Kaymond!crbcrt. o. KhythmandKhymc. "HariarJIsycloloical
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Stokcr, bram. 6. Dracula.Pcv`ork.
Stransky,Irvin. o. CoerSpraclieruirrtleit:eitraezurKenntnisJerseloen
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Strcichcr,!ubcrtus. .Dielrininoloiscle\eruertunJerMasclinensclri[t.
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Stimpc, KoI, cd. 8 . \on Selretar zur Selretarin: ine Ausstellun zur
GescliclteJerSclreionasclineunJilrereJeutun[urJeneru[Jerrau
in uro.Gutcnbcrg^uscum^ainz,^ainz.
SviIt,Idgar ]. o(. Jhc^cguisitionoISkiin Jypc-riting: ^ Contribution
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Sybcrbcrg, !ans-]irgcn. 8 z. Hitler: A iln [ron Gernany. Jrans. ]oachim
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Jhcvccit,!aus. 8 . JhcoiticsoILrphcusbctvccnomcn,!adcs,oit-
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Vacry, au. ;-6o. euires.z vos. Id.]can!yticr. aris.
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Zgihicki, Iricdrich voh. t6. Der We Jes tlns Dte Gescbtcbte Jer Ktne-
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. :;.DerWeJestlnstlJoanJ. !idcshcim.
Zumthor, !au. t8 . Oic oracOichtuhg:Kaum,Zcituhd!criodisicruhgsprob-
Icmc. "!hpocbenscbuellenunJpocbenstrulturentnDtslursJerSpracb-
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Zusc,!ohrad. t8q. DerConputer:MetnLeoensuerl. zdcd.bcrih.
IOtaty C! LCn_tCss LaIaC_In_-In-uO!ICaIICn aIa
IIICt, tICCtIC P.
[LtammCQCn Im yQCVtIICt. n_Is|
LtamCQCnC, Rm, IyQCVtIICt ltICCtIC IIICt ; ItansaICC, VII
an InItCCuCIICn, Oy LCC!!tCy `InItCQ-`Cun_ anC ^ICaC! `uIz.
Q. Cm. `tIIIn_ sCICnCC)
nCuCCs OIOIC_taQICa! tC!CtCnCCs.
IbUP C-dCq,-22- C!CI . a!. QaQCr) . 1b^ C-dCq,-2-
[QO. . a!k. QaQCt)
J. LCmmunICaIICn anC ICCnCC_y. 2. LCmmunICaIICnIsICty
)I CCnIuty. . LCmmunICaIICnIsICty2CI CCnIuty. . IIC.
. bCtICs.
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