WESTERN VISAYAS COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

LA PAZ, ILOILO CITY

COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
WVCST REVIEW CENTER
3207190-LOC 224
COMPUTER CONCEPTS
By: Romy S. Lopez
Why Is Computer Literacy Important?
Computer literacy involves having knowledge and understanding of computers and their uses. As computers
become more a part of everyday life many people believe that computer literacy is vital to success.
What Is a Computer?
A computer is an electronic device operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory that can
accept data process the data according to specified rules produce results and stores the results for future use.
Data ! is a collection of unprocessed items which can include te"t numbers images audio and video.
A word data is plural for datum. #ith respect to computers however it is accepted and common practice
to use the word data in both the singular and plural conte"t.
Inormation $ is a processed data that conveys meaning and is useful to people.
%"ample: %mployees name and address hourly pay rate and hours work worked all represents data.
&he computer process the data to produce the payroll check (information)
Inormation Processin! Cycle - Series of input process output and storage activities performed by a
computer.
Essential elements o Input Processin! Cycle
'. Input ! sample are the data(s entered by the user
). Process ! the instructions that the computer performs
*. Output ! the information or the results
+. Stora!e ! stores the result for future use
,. Communication ! computers communication to other computers
Instructions ! are the steps that tell the computer how to perform a particular task.
What "re the Components o a Computer?
&he electric electronic and mechanical components of a computer or har#$are include input devices output
devices a system unit storage devices and communications devices. An input #e%ice allows you to enter data
or instructions into a computer. An output #e%ice conveys information to one or more people. &he system unit is
a case that contains the electronic components of a computer that are used to process data. &he circuitry of the
system usually is part of or is connected to a circuit board called the motherboard. A stora!e #e%ice records
and-or retrieves items to and from storage media. A communications device enables a computer to send and
receive data instructions and information to and from one or more computers.
INPUT DE&ICES
What are the t$o types o input?
.ata ! is a collection of unprocessed te"t numbers graphics images audio and video.
/nstructions $ are the steps that tell the computer how to perform a particular task.
o 0rogram ! is a series of instructions that tells a computer what to do and how to do it.
o 1ommand ! is an instruction that causes a program to perform a specific action.
o 2ser response ! is an instruction a user issues by replying to a 3uestion displayed by a program
/nput .evice ! is any hardware component that allows users to enter data and instructions into a computer.
'. 'ey(oar# ) /t contains keys you press to enter data into the computer.
). Mouse ) /s a small handheld device. #ith the mouse you control the movement of a small symbol on the
screen called the pointer and you make the selections from the screen.
*. Microphone ! allows a user to speak into the computer to enter data and instructions.
+. Scanner ) converts printed materials 4such as te"t and pictures5 into a form the computer can use.
,. Di!ital Camera ) you take pictures and then transfer the photographed images to the computer or printer
instead of storing the images on traditional film.
6. PC &i#eo Camera ! is a digital video camera that allows users to create a movie or take still photographs
electronically.
Output De%ice ! is any type of hardware component that conveys information to one or more people.
o 1ommonly used output device: display devices printers speakers and headsets fa" machines and fa"
modem multifunction peripherals data pro7ectors and force$feedback 7oystick and wheels.
OUTPUT DE&ICES
'. Printer ! produces te"t and graphics on a physical medium such as paper.
). Monitor ) display te"t graphics and videos on a screen.
*. Spea*er ) you to hear music voice and other audio 4sounds5
S+STEM UNIT ) &wo main components on the motherboard
'. Processor or CPU ,Central Processin! Unit- ! is the electronic component that interprets and carries out
the basic instructions that operate the computer.
#hat is the central processing unit 410258
&he processor also called the central processing unit 41025 interprets and carries out the basic instructions
that operate a computer.
0rocessor contains a two components the control unit and arithmetic logic unit that works together to perform
processing operations
o 1ontrol 2nit ! is the component of the processor that directs and coordinates most of the operations
in the computer.
o Arithmetic Logic 2nit 4AL25 ! another component of the processor performs arithmetic comparison
and other operations.
). Memory ) consists of electronic components that store instructions waiting to be e"ecuted and data needed
by those instructions. Although some forms of memory are permanent most memory keeps data and
instructions temporarily which mean its contents are erased when the computer is shut off.
What is Memory?
Memory ! consists of electronic components that store instructions waiting to be e"ecuted by the
processor data needed by those instructions and the results of processed data 4information5
o Memory stores three (asic cate!ories o items
&he operatin! system and other system sot$are that control or maintain the
computer and its devices.
"pplication pro!rams that carry out a specific task such as word processing and
resulting information
&he #ata being processed by the application program and resulting information.
Bytes and Addressable 9emory
o .yte 4a character5 ! is the basic storage unit in memory. #hen the application program
instructions and data are transferred to memory from storage device the instructions and
data e"ists as (ytes.
%ach byte resides temporarily in a location in memory that has an address.
o "##ress ! is a uni3ue number that identifies the location of a byte in memory.
/o$ is Memory measure#?
9emory Sizes
o :ilobyte 4:B or :5 ! is e3ual to e"actly ';)+ bytes.
o 9egabyte 49B5 ! is e3ual to appro"imately ' million bytes
o <igabyte 4<B5 ! e3uals to appro"imately ' billion bytes
o &erabyte 4&B5 ! e3uals to appro"imately ' trillion bytes.
&erm Abbreviation Appro"imate =umber of Bytes
%"act Amount of
Bytes
Appro"imate number of 0ages or
&e"t
:ilobyte :B or : ' thousand ';)+ >
9egabyte 9B ' million ';+?,@6 ,;;
<igabyte <B ' billion ';@*@+'?)+ ,;;;;;
&erabyte &B ' trillion ';AA,''6)@@@6 ,;;;;;;;;
Types o Memory
o &olatile Memory 0 when the computers power off it loses its content. 4temporary5
%"ample: RA9 4Random Access 9emory5
o Non%olatile Memory 0 does not lose its content when power is removed from the computer
4permanent5.
%"amples: RB9 4Read Bnly 9emory5 flash memory 19BS 41omplimentary 9etal
B"ide Semiconductor5.
What is ran#om access memory ,R"M-?
Also called main memory.
1onsist of memory chips that can be read from and written to by the processor and other devices.
#hen you turn on power to a computer certain operating system files 4such as the files that
determine how the #indows C0 desktop appears5 load into RA9 from a storage device such as hard
disk. &hese files remain in RA9 as long as the computer has continuous power. As additional
programs and data are re3uested they also load into RA9 for storage.
&he processor interprets and e"ecutes programs instructions while the program is in RA9.
Dow do computers represent data8
&o understand fully the way a computer processes data you should know how a computer processes data.
0eople communicate through speech by combining words into sentence. Duman speech is analo! because it
uses a continuous 4wave form5 signals that vary in strength and 3uality.
9ost computers are #i!ital they recognize only two discrete states: on and o. &his is because computers
are electronic devices powered by electricity which has only two states: on and off.
&he two digits ; and ' easily can represent these two states. &he digit ; represents the electronic state of
o ,absence of electronic charge5. &he digit ' represents the electronic state of on 4presence of an electronic
charge5.
#hen people count they use the digits in the decimal system 4; through A5. &he computer by contrast uses
a binary system because it recognizes only two states.
o .inary system ! is a number system that has 7ust two uni3ue digits ; and ' called (its.
.it 0 ,a short for binary digit5 is the smallest unit of data the computer can process.
What is rea#)only memory ,ROM-?
Rea#)only Memory ,ROM- ! refers to the memory chips storing permanent data and instructions. &he
data on most RB9 chips cannot be modified ! hence the name read$only.
ROM is non%olatile which means its contents are not lost when power is removed from the computer. /n
addition to computers many devices contain RB9 chips. Eor e"ample RB9 chips in printers contain
data for fonts.
STOR"1E DE&ICES
Stora!e Me#ia ! /t is where a computer keeps data instructions and information. %"ample of storage media are
floppy disks Fip disks 2SB Elash drives hard disks 1.s .G.s and memory cards.
Stora!e De%ice $ Records 4writes5 and-or retrieves 4reads5 items to and from storage media. .rives and reader -
writers which are types of storage devices accept a specific kind of stora!e me#ia. /t often functions as a source
of input because they transfer items from storage to memory.
%"amples: a. 1. .rive 4storage device5 accepts a 1. 4storage media5.
b. Eloppy drive accepts a floppy disk
c. Fip drive accepts a Fip disk
2loppy #is* ! consists of a thin circular fle"ible disk enclosed in a s3uare$shaped plastic shell that is inserted in
and removed from a floppy disk drive 4E..5. A typical floppy disk stores up to about 345 million characters4
6ip #is* $ looks similar to a floppy disk but has much greater storage capabilities ! up to about @,; million
characters. Hou insert zip disks in and remove them from Fip drives.
US. 42niversal Serial Bus5 lash #ri%e $ is a portable storage device that has much more storage capacity than a
floppy disk but is small and lightweight enough to be transported on a keychain or in a pocket. Hou plug a 2SB
Elash .rive in a special easily accessible opening on the computer 4the 2SB port5.
/ar# Dis* $ provides much greater storage capacity than a floppy disk zip disk or 2SB flash drive. &he average
hard disk can hold more than ?; billion characters. Dard disk is enclosed in an airtight sealed case. Although
some are removable most are housed inside the system unit
Compact Disc 41.5 $ is a flat round portable metal disc with a plastic coating.
&ype of 1ompact .isc
'. CD)ROM $ which you can access using most 1. and .G. drives.
). D&D)ROM ! some of which have enough storage capacity to store two full$length movies. &o use a .G.$
RB9 you need a .G. drive. .G. 4also known as I.igital Gersatile .iscI or I.igital Gideo .iscI5
What "re the Cate!ories o Computers?
/ndustry e"perts typically classify computers in si" categories: personal computers mobile computers and mobile
devices midrange servers mainframes supercomputers and embedded computers.
A personal computer is a computer that can perform all of its input processing output and storage activities by
itself.
&wo popular styles of personal computers
o PC Compati(le ! refers to any personal computer based on the original /B9 personal computer
design. 1ompanies such as .ell <ateway Dewlett$0ackard and &oshiba sell 01$1ompatible computers and
uses a #indows operating system
o "pple ! use a 9acintosh operating system 49ac BS5
&wo types of 0ersonal 1omputer
o Des*top computers ! is designed so the system unit input devices output devices and any other
devices fit entirely on or under a desk or table.
- Some desktop computers functions as a server on a network and cost much more than the
basic desktop computer.
- Wor*station ! another e"pensive powerful desktop computer which is geared for work that
re3uires intense calculations and graphic capabilities.
An architect uses a workstation to design building and home. A graphic artist uses a
workstation to create computer ! animated special effects for full length motion pictures
and video games.
o Note(oo* computers ! also called a laptop computer is a portable personal computer designed to
fit on your lap.
- &hey are thin and lightweight yet they can be as powerful as the average desktop computer.
And more e"pensive than desktop computers with e3ual capabilities.
- &he keyboard is on the top of the system unit and the monitor attaches to the system unit
with hinges.
- #eigh on average between )., and A pounds which allow users easily to transport the
computer from place to place.
- 1an operate on batteries or a power supply or both.
Ta(let PC is a special type of notebook computer that allows you to write or draw on the
screen using a digital pen.
o #ith a digital pen users write or draw by pressing the pen on the screen and
issue instruction to the &ablet 01 by tapping on the screen.
A mo(ile computer is a personal computer that you can carry from place to place and a mobile device is a
computing device small enough to hold in your hand.
o 2sually do not have disk drive
o Eour popular types of mobile devices
- /an#hel# computers ! 4sometimes a handtop computer5 is a computer small enough to fit on
one hand.
o Screens on handheld computers are small
- PD"s ,Personal Di!ital "ssistant- ! is one of the most popular lightweight mobile devices in
uses today.
o 0rovides organizer functions such as a calendar appointment book address
book calculator and notepad.
- Smart phones ! is an internet enabled telephone that usually also provides 0.A capabilities
o Allows you to send and receive e$mail messages and access the web.
- Smart $atches $ is an internet enabled watch. /n addition to basic timekeeping capabilities a
smart watch automatically ad7ust time zone changes stores personal messages reminds you of
appointments and wirelessly accesses news weather sports and stocks.
A mi#ran!e ser%er is a more powerful and larger computer that typically supports several hundred and
sometimes up to a few thousand connected computers at the same time.
o &ypically support several hundred and sometimes up to a few thousand connected computers at the
same time
A mainrame is a large e"pensive powerful computer that can handle hundreds or thousands of connected
users simultaneously and can store tremendous amounts of data instructions and information.
o Store tremendous amounts of data instructions and information.
o %very ma7or corporation uses mainframes for business activities
A supercomputer is the fastest most powerful and most e"pensive computer and is used for applications
re3uiring comple" sophisticated mathematical calculations.
o &he fastest supercomputers are capable of processing more than 377 trillion instructions in a sin!le
secon#.
o #ith weights that e"ceed ';; tons these computers can store );;;; times the data and information of
an average desktop computer.
An em(e##e# computer is a special$purpose computer that functions as a computer in a larger product.
o %mbedded computers are everywhere ! at home in your car and at work.
/o$ Is System Sot$are Dierent rom "pplication Sot$are?
Sot$are also called a program is a series of instructions that tells the computer what to do and how to do it.
Hou interact with a program through its user interface which controls how you enter data and instructions and
how information is displayed on the screen.
1UI 0 1raphical User Interace allows you to interact with the software using te"t graphics and visual
images such as icons.
Icon ! is a miniature image that represents a program an instruction or some other ob7ect.
T$o cate!ories o sot$are
System sot$are consists of the programs that control or maintain the operations of a computer and its
devices. /t serves as the interface between the user the application software and the computer(s hardware.
T$o types o system sot$are
o Operatin! system $ which coordinates activities among computer hardware devices.
%"ample: 9icrosoft #indows C0 2bunto Red Dat Linu" 9ac BS
o Utility pro!rams $ which perform maintenance$type tasks usually related to a computer its devices or
its programs. 4e.g. utility programs for managing disk drive printers and other devices5
"pplication sot$are consists of programs that perform specific tasks for users. 0opular application software
includes #eb browsers word processing software spreadsheet software database software and presentation
graphics software.
Bther types of application software
$ 0ersonal /nformation 9anagement $ #eb page authoring
$ =ote taking $ 9ultimedia authoring
$ 0ro7ect management accounting $ 0ersonal finance
$ 1omputer aided design $ Legal
$ .esktop publishing $ &a" preparation
$ 0aint-image editing $ Dome design-landscaping
$ Audio and video editing $ %ntertainment 4e.g. games or simulation5
$ %ducation reference
Installin! ! is the process of setting up software to work with the computer printer and other hardware
components.
Pro!rammer ! is someone who develops software or writes the instructions that direct the computer to
process data into information. A programmer uses a programming language or a program development
tool to create computer programs. %"ample of a programming language: 1JJ 1 Kava KavaScript Gisual
Basic.
What "re the "#%anta!es an# Disa#%anta!es o Usin! Computers?
"#%anta!es o usin! Computers
'. Spee# ! computer operations occur through electronic circuits. #hen data instructions and information flow
along these circuits they travel at incredibly fast speeds. 9any computers process billions or trillions of operations in
a single second. 0rocessing involves computing 4adding subtracting multiplying dividing5 sorting 4alphabetizing5
organizing formatting checking spelling and grammar charting displaying pictures recording audio clips playing
music and showing a movie.
). Relia(ility ! &he electronic components in modern computers are dependable and reliable because they rarely
break or fail.
*. Consistency ! <iven the same input and processes a computer will produce the same results ! consistently.
1omputes generate error ! free results provided the input is correct and the instructions work.
A computing phrase ! known as garbage in, garbage out ! points out that the accuracy of a computer(s output
depends on the accuracy of the input.
+. Stora!e ! A computer can transfer data 3uickly from a storage to memory process it and then store it again for
future use. 9any computers store enormous amounts of data and make this data available for processing anytime it is
needed.
,. Communications ! 9ost computers today can communicate with other computers often wirelessly. 1omputers
with this capability can share any of the four information processing cycle operations ! input process output and
storage ! with another computer or a user.
Disa#%anta!es o Usin! Computers
'. &iolation o Pri%acy ! =early every life event is stored in a computer somewhereLin medical records credit
reports ta" records etc. /t is crucial that personal and confidential records be protected properly. /n many instances
where these records were not properly protected individuals have found their privacy violated and identities stolen.
). Impact on La(or 2orce ! Although computers have improved productivity in many ways and created an entire
industry with hundreds of thousands of new 7obs the skills of millions employees have been replaced by computers.
&hus it is crucial that workers keep their education up$to$date. A separate impact on the labor force is that some
companies are outsourcing 7obs to foreign countries instead of keeping their homeland labor force employed.
*. /ealth Ris*s ! 0rolonged or improper computer use can lead to in7uries or disorders of the hand wrists elbows
eyes neck and back. 1omputer users can protect themselves from these health risks through proper workplace
design good posture while at the computer and appropriately space work breaks.
+. Impact on En%ironment ! 1omputer manufacturing processes and computer waste are depleting natural
resources and polluting the environment. &he amount of the resources re3uired to manufacture a personal computer
e3uals that a mid sized of a car. #hen computers are discarded in landfills they release to"ic materials and
potentially dangerous levels of lead mercury and flame retardants. Strategies that can help protect the environment
include recycling regulating manufacturing processes e"tending the life of computers and immediately donating
replaced computers.
What "re the Elements o an Inormation System?
Inormation must (e accurate8 or!ani9e#8 timely8 accessi(le8 useul an# cost)eecti%e to pro#uce4
An inormation system combines hardware software data people and procedures to produce timely and
useful information.
&he hardware must be reliable and capable of handling the e"pected workload
&he software must be developed carefully and tested thoroughly
&he data entered into the computer must be accurate
9ost companies with mid$sized and large computers have an /& 4/nformation &echnology5
department.
Staff in the /& department should be skilled and up$to$date on the latest technology
/& staff should also train users so they can understand how to use the computer properly.
/& applications should have readily available documented procedures that address operating the
computer and using its application
What "re the Types o Computer Users?
1omputer users can be separated into five categories: home users small office-home office users mobile users
large business users and power users.
A home user is a family member who uses a computer for a variety of reasons such as budgeting
and personal financial management #eb access communications and entertainment.
o Bn the internet home users access a huge amount of information take college classes pay
bills management investments shop listen to the radio watch movies read books play games file ta"es
and make airline reservations.
A small oice:home oice ,SO/O- user is a small company or self$employed individual who works
from home.
SBDB users access the #eb to look up information and use basic business software and sometimes industry$specific
software.
#ebsites advertise products and services and may provide a means of taking orders
o Small business web sites sometimes use a web cam which is a video camera that
displays its output on a web page. A web cam allows SBDB users to show the world a live view of some
aspect of their business.
Mo(ile users are employees and students who work on a computer while away from a main office or
school.
%"amples of mobile users
o Sale representatives real estate agents insurance agents meter readers package delivery
people 7ournalist consultants and students.
A po$er user uses a workstation or other powerful computer to work with industry$specific software.
%"ample of power users
$ %ngineers $ Architects $ <raphic artist
$ Scientist $ .esktop publishers
Bften work with multimedia combining te"t graphics audio and video into one application. &hese users need
computers with e"tremely fast processors because of the nature of their work.
A lar!e (usiness user works in a company with many employees and uses a computer and
computer network to process high volumes of transactions.
o %nterprise computing ! to refer to the huge network of computers that meet their diverse
computing needs.
o &he network facilitates communication among employees at all locations
o 2sers access the network of midrange servers or mainframes through desktop computers
0.As and smart phones.
o Large businesses use computers and the network to process high volumes of transactions in
a single day
What Is the Purpose o a Net$or*?
Sharing resources saves time money and effort
A net$or* is a collection of computers and devices connected together via communications devices and
transmission media. #hen a computer connects to a network it is online.
=etworks allow computers to share resources such as hardware software data and information.
/n many networks one or more computer acts as a server.
o Server ! control access to the resources on the network.
Computer that other computers access; A computer in a network that stores application
programs and data files accessed by the other computers in the network
o 1lient ! the other computers on the network and the computer re3uest resources from the server.
Computer that re<uests #ata; a computer program used to contact and obtain data from a
program on another computer often one linked on a network. A #orld #ide #eb browser is a
specific kind of client.
.ifference between the client and the server is that: server has more power more storage space and expanded
communication capabilities.
&opology in =etwork .esign
/n computer networking topology refers to the layout of connected devices.
&hink of a topology as a networkMs virtual shape or structure. &his shape does not necessarily correspond to the actual
physical layout of the devices on the network.
=etwork topologies are categorized into the following basic types:
.us Topolo!y
Bus networks use a common backbone to connect all devices. A single cable the backbone functions as a shared
communication medium that devices attach or tap into with an interface connector. A device wanting to communicate with
another device on the network sends a broadcast message onto the wire that all other devices see but only the intended
recipient actually accepts and processes the message.
Rin! Topolo!y
/n a ring network every device has e"actly two neighbors for communication purposes. All messages travel through a ring
in the same direction 4either IclockwiseI or IcounterclockwiseI5. A failure in any cable or device breaks the loop and can
take down the entire network.
Star Topolo!y
9any home networks use the star topology. A star network features a central connection point called a IhubI that may be
a hub switch or router. .evices typically connect to the hub with 2nshielded &wisted 0air 42&05 %thernet.
1ompared to the bus topology a star network generally re3uires more cable but a failure in any star network cable will
only take down one computerMs network access and not the entire LA=. 4/f the hub fails however the entire network also
fails.5
Tree Topolo!y
&ree topologies integrate multiple star topologies together onto a bus. /n its simplest form only hub devices connect
directly to the tree bus and each hub functions as the IrootI of a tree of devices. &his bus-star hybrid approach supports
future e"pandability of the network much better than a bus 4limited in the number of devices due to the broadcast traffic it
generates5 or a star 4limited by the number of hub connection points5 alone.
Mesh Topolo!y
9esh topologies involve the concept of routes. 2nlike each of the previous topologies messages sent on a mesh network
can take any of several possible paths from source to destination. 4Recall that even in a ring although two cable paths
e"ist messages can only travel in one direction.5 Some #A=s most notably the /nternet employ mesh routing.
A mesh network in which every device connects to every other is called a full mesh. As shown in the illustration below
partial mesh networks also e"ist in which some devices connect only indirectly to others.
/o$ "re the Internet an# Worl# Wi#e We( Use#?
&he Internet is a worldwide collection of networks that connects millions of businesses government agencies
educational institutions and individuals.
0eople use the /nternet to:
communicate with and meet other people
Access news and information
shop for goods and services
bank and invest
take classes and
access sources of entertainment and leisure 4e.g. online games music videos books and
magazines5.
0eople connect to the internet to e"change information with others around the world.
%$mail allows you to send messages to other users.
"ccess pro%i#ers ! a business offer users and companies access to the internet free or for fee. By subscribing
to an access provider you can use your computer and a communication device such as modem to connect to
the many services of the internet.

We( 4#orld #ide #eb5 $ is a global library of documents containing information that is available to anyone
connected to the /nternet. /t contains billions of documents called We( pa!es.
We( pa!es ! can contain te"t graphics audio and video and often have built$in connections or lin*s to other
documents graphics other #eb pages or #eb sites.
We(site $ is a collection of related #eb pages.
Photo sharin! community ! is a website that allows users to create an online photo album and store their
electronic photographs
What Is the /istory o the Internet?
Internet $ is a worldwide collection of networks that links millions of businesses government agencies educational
institutions and individuals.
&he /nternet has its roots in a networking pro7ect started by the 0entagon(s Advanced Research 0ro7ects Agency 4AR0A5
an agency of the 2.S. .epartment of .efense.
AR0A(s goal was to build a network that.
'. Allowed scientist at different physical locations to share information and work together on military and scientific
and scientific pro7ects.
). 1ould function even if part of the network were disabled or destroyed by a disaster such as a nuclear attack.
Who controls the Internet?
=o one $ it is a public cooperative and independent network
Several organizations set standards
Worl# Wi#e We( Consortium ,W=C-
Bversees research sets standards and guidelines
&im Berners$Lee director
Internet> ,I>-
/nternet$related research and development pro7ect
.evelops and tests advanced /nternet technologies
&heir goal is to change the current /nternet(s inefficiencies such as relieving bottlenecks 4traffic
constriction or delay / progress5.
/o$ Can +ou "ccess an# Connect to the Internet?
Dial)up access $ uses a mo#em in the computer and a standard telephone line to connect to the internet. &his type of
access is an easy and ine"pensive way for users to connect to the /nternet however is a slow-speed technology.
.roa#(an# internet access ! a higher speed of internet connection.
DSL ,digital subscribers line5 ! is a technology that provides high$speed internet connections using
regular copper telephone lines.
A ca(le mo#em ! allows access to high$speed internet services through the cable television network.
2i?e# $ireless ! a high speed internet services use an antenna on your house or business to
communicate with a tower location via radio signals.
What Is an IP "##ress?
An IP a##ress ,Internet Protocol a##ress- is a number that uni3uely identifies each computer or device
connected to the /nternet. &he /nternet relies on /0 addresses to send data to computers at specific locations.
&he /0 address usually consists of four groups of numbers each separated by a period. &he number in each
group is between ; ! ),,.
Eor e"ample: the numbers )'6.)*A.*A.AA are an /0 address. /n general the first portion of each /0 address
identifies the network and the last portion identifies the specific computer.
Domain name system ,DNS- ! is the method that the internet uses to store domain names and their corresponding
/0 addresses.
DNS ser%er ! is an /nternet server that usually is associated with an access provider. #hen you specify a domain
name the DNS server translates the domain name to its associated /0 address so the data can be routed to the
correct computer.

What "re the Components o a We( "##ress?
&he Worl# Wi#e We( ,WWW-8 or We( consists of a worldwide collection of electronic documents. %ach
electronic document is called a We( pa!e which can contain te"t graphics audio 4sound5 and video.

&ype of web pages
'. static ,i?e#- ! visitors to a static webpage all see the same content
). #ynamic ,chan!in!- ! visitors can customize some or all of the viewed contents such as desired
stock 3uotes weather for a region or ticket availability for flights.
We(site ! is a collection of related web pages and associated items such as documents and pictures stored on
a web server.
We( ser%er ! is a computer that delivers re3uested web pages to your computer. &he same web server can store
multiple websites. Eor e"ample many access providers grant their subscribers free storage space on a web
server for personal or company websites.
What Is the Purpose o a We( .ro$ser?
A We( (ro$ser or (ro$ser is application software that allows users to access and view #eb pages. #hen you
type a #eb address in the ddress box of a browser window a computer called a !eb server delivers the
re3uested #eb page to your computer. 9ost #eb pages contain links. A lin* is a built$in connection that when
clicked displays a related #eb page or part of a #eb page.
9ost widely used web browsers
'. /nternet e"plorer
). =etscape
*. 9ozilla
+. Bpera
,. Safari
/ome pa!e ! refers to the first page that the web site displays
Micro(ro$ser ! a special type of browser which is designed for internet$enabled mobile devices such as 0.As
and smart phones which is designed for their small screens and limited computing power.
Do$nloa#in! is the process of a computer receiving information such as a web page from a server on the
internet.
A URL 42niform Resource Locator5 or We( a##ress is a uni3ue address for a #eb page..
%"ample: the home page for the San .iego Foo #ebsite http:--www.sandiegozoo.org
A #eb address consists of a protocol a domain name and sometimes the path to a specific #eb page or
location on a #eb page. 9any #eb page addresses begin with http://.
&he http which stands for "ypertext #ransfer $rotocol ! is a set of rules that defines how pages transfer on the
internet.
http:--www.sandiegozoo.org-wap-condor-home.html
Na%i!atin! We( Pa!es
Lin* ! short for hyperlin% is a built in connection to another related web page or part of the web page.
Surin! the $e( ! refer to the activity of using links to e"plore the #eb.
protocol domain name path #eb page name