Summary of Knowledge

Knowledge refers to all that we know. It is acquired in the course of our life
through cognition s it is not inborn. Our mind is filled with information, and those
information stimulate our senses. Human knowledge is never static, It develops from
simple to complex from shallow to deeper, from lower to higher stage. Our task is not to
lose the passion fro learning, but to continue searching for more and building on the
body of knowledge that has been bequeathed to us so that we may move closer to
absolute truth. There is always more to know, but given the brevity of our life, we do not
have the time and energy to fathom still unknown in life simply that the art of learning,
but to continue searching for more, and building on the body of knowledge.
Our knowledge is mainly the product of our cognition so if it is not working
properly the knowledge of things would be surely distorted. There are errors in
reasoning; in logic it is called fallacies. And there are three categories: (1) The Material
Fallacy which is base on false premises. (2) The Formal Fallacy which is the violation of
the rule (3) The semantical fallacy consist of double meaning. There are three schools
of thought on the theories of knowledge. First is the Empiricism which claims that the
knowledge comes from experience, understood as direct observation by the senses or
indirect observation by using instrument or by experimentation. The second school of
thought is Rationalism maintains that reason is the source and test of knowledge and
not sense-perception as claimed by Empiricism. The third school of thought is
Intuitionism which attempts to answer the question, how do we know. Not the sense or
the reason that can give an adequate understanding of reality but intuition.
The true can be vi ewed from different perspectives, deals with the cotrversil
notions of truth, such as the Correspondence, Coherence, Pragmatic and Marxist
theories of truth. The world around us is such that we are privileged to know its secrets
and probe into its values and meanings.. Our present body of knowledge, it must be
said, has been built up by the eeforts of many thinkers before us. As new facts and
insights are discovered, this body of knowledge is enriched, redefined in better terms.
Our search for knowledge i never-ending adventure. Knowledge must be validated by
what it can do to improve the material condtions of human life, for mans greater
freedom, for a better world



Summary: The Problems of Society

The story of society is as old as the human race. Its beginning can be traced
back to the time when the ancestral people of the vanished era branded together to
produce the necessities of life. By virtue of his natural insufficiency, man was driven to
establish relationship and interaction with other. Society was born. The origin of society
must be sought in the material conditions of life. Contrary to what some theologians or
some philosophers had said, society did not come from the will of God. Neither is it an
expression of an Absolute Spirit, nor is it a result of some social contract. The mode
refers to the way peoples produce and exchange their means of life. Under the mode of
production are the forces of production which means in order to produce the means of
subsistence, human beings must enter into a relationship with nature, not only the
instruments but also the people who with their experience and skill make use the tool s
of production and relations of productions which humans should have with nature they
must also enter into relationship with one another in the actual production of the
necessities of life.
While it is fact that men had formed society for purposes of ensuring their
physical survival and spiritual development, their relationship in the production of the
necessities of life had become antagonistic or conflictive. What has come to be known.
As social conflict is but this economic contradiction between the two social classes the
owning class and the non-owning class. This economic conflict or contradiction has
always been the characteristic of the human society since the breakdown of primitive
communalism. Social stratification arises when people are classified or ranked along
some dimensions of inequality in wealth power, knowledge and privileges. Stratification,
contrary to some opinions, has an economic rather than a religious or philosophical
basis. There are three known types of social stratifications: The first is Caste System
compose of Brahmins, kshatriya, sudras and untouchables, the second is the Estate
System consists the nobility, clergy and serifs, then the third is the Open Society where
iin the individuals position is determined by his/her ability and efforts.
Social theories are generalizations about social phenomena as observed in a
given historical context. The generalizations are essentially ideological, hence they are
either conservative or radical. For social conservatism present the views of August
Comte and for social radicalism is Karl Marx. The ideal society is but a blue print of an
alterative social order that is come as contrasted to what is already in existence. The
vision of Ideal society has always been with mankind since the dawn of the history. In
order for society to be an ideal habitation for the family of Man, it must exist for the good
of all individual members. An ideal society is one where all men and women, regardless
of their cool have the right to enjoy the fruit of their labor and freedom.
Summary:The Problems of Education

The meaning of education, comes from the latin verb educere (to lead) or from
educare (draw out). If this etymology is something to go by education may be defined
as the art of leading or guiding a person o the social culture so that, by exposing him to
its complexities. Education and training are strictly speaking, not the same, although
they are not always exclusive of each other. Education has to do with the development
of the whole personality, while training deals with the acquisition of the skills. The aims
of education should be preparing the young for citizenship proponents of this
formulation claim that the state has a primacy and priority over the individual. Another
aim I that the education must aim at developing the individual as man or being with
latent potentialities. The education aims preserving the prevailing social system by way
of transmitting the ideas, the beliefs, the values and the practice of society. The fourth
aim is that the education must aim at contributing to social transformation. To be
transformative, education, according to this progressive formulation. That education
must ultimately aim at preparing the individual for his eternal life in a paradise to come.
And lastly that education must aim o a comprehensive preparation of the individual to
be a worker , to be a citizen and to be a person.
Education can be manipulated to bring culture of passivity and silence or a
culture of dissent and freedom. We harmonize the world of facts(specialization) with the
world of values (philosophy), our knowledge will always remain fragmented without any
unity and meaning. Education becomes liberating , I, apart from mastering a particular
discipline, it enables us to pursue the wisdom or philosophy that will give our life a more
profound meaning in our relation to others.
Education is an indispensable tool for both the individual and society to grow and
prosper. But there is no a common agreement on what education should aim at is due
to the fact that when people have differing social positions, they define the purpose of
education in consonance.