1. Discuss Krishnamurtis ideas on sex and pleasure and compare it to CWG 2,1,3 and 132.

We are tripartite being of body, mind and spirit. Body is concerned with doing while being Is the
function of soul. Soul is always trying to discover itself, know itself by experience. We are not in this
world produce anything with body but our soul. Body is the tool of soul and mind is the power to
make body do. Soul chooses the states of being. Choices produce creations. When body, mind and
soul work together in harmony, a sense of balance and stability come to our life. Soul knows itself
through true experience. Consciousness creates experience. This makes life so rewarding and grand
that worldly good and success will be of no concern. When you expect the least from life, you get it.
We cannot have what we want but we may experience what we have got. We need to change our
thoughts to change our reality. Thoughts are powerful form of energy which attracts consequences.
Actions are extremely powerful energy. We ought to choose what we desire not just want it. Upon
death, the body and mind are not dropped. The body simply changes its form. Soul reminds us of
who we are and then allows us to choose who we want to be. This cycle of creation and experience,
imagining and fulfilling, knowing and growing into the unknown continues. We always hope for
more. It is our nature. We should do what we love. Actions of body are reflection of our being.
Worry is waste of our time. Negative emotions such as hatred, fears etc damage our physical and
mental health. The best way to change consciousness of others is by our example. We can be the
source of consciousness we wish others to experience. To change the world, first of all we need to
change things in our own world. No one does anything wrong if they comprehend that it is wrong to
do so. Actually there is no clear distinction between right and wrong. We are divine being capable
of more than one experience at one time. We are self creating and self fulfilling through experience.
We have to embrace this process and move ahead with wisdom and joy. We should know what we
want to be and be that. Contempt is to be replaced by compassion. We take sex as fear, guilt or
shame. Shame is not virtue and fear is not honor. Sex may be used for personal fulfillment. We need
not feel guilty for having sex. Sex is our basic need. It is an essential part of our behavior. It is alright
to love sex and to love self. The thing is that we should not choose sex over love. Love is not sex.
Religions teach us to be celibate. They define sex to be a curse. But that is not the truth. Self
satisfaction is important but not at the expense of others. Life is not about ignoring our needs. We
ought to give ourselves enough pleasure and enjoyment so that we will be able to others the same.
1. 2. Discuss, compare and contrast Mills call to individuality and liberty and Sartre on emotion and
responsibility.

In Satres ideas on emotion and responsibility Satre talks about emotions. He describes
that emotions are not automatic. Rather they are deliberate and premeditated. We human
beings are emotional. We use emotions to get rid of difficult conditions. Emotions are way of
expressing our attitudes to the world. They help us to get out of the normal daily
routines. Emotions show our desires and wishes. They are intended to some actions.

Emotions are used to get rid of the burdens and difficulties. Sometimes, we can get rid of
problems just by changing our perspective towards them. Once in a while, we do rely on them
to avoid complications. However, that is not the real method to solve the problems. We ought
to be more accountable. We should accept our responsibilities gracefully. Satre thinks that
being in love is irrational and stupid because we become careless and vindictive to the people
we love. As emotions are action oriented, we get the right to dominant our loved ones by
confessing our love. To understand how emotions can be used to avoid unachievable
circumstances, an example is likely to be put forward. It is about a fox and the sour grapes. The
fox after getting tired of attempting to reach for the grapes convinced itself by saying that the
grapes are sour. The way the fox presumed about the grapes has altered but the taste of the
grapes is the same. By thinking that the grapes do not taste good, the fox could resist the
temptation of having the grapes. Likewise, if we could not get something we want to have, we
simply think that the thing was not worth having. Moreover, we spoil that thing so that others
can not possess that as well. We tend to think that if we cannot get that, other people are also
not worthy enough to have it. If we cannot have it, others should not have it either. Hence,
creation of negative emotions has been a way to escape from our duties.
One night John Stuart Mill had a dream which made him think about his life. He found many
unanswered queries about his own life. He could not figure out the significance of his life. We
do our work to fulfill our needs but we do not enjoy our work. Is fulfilling needs the sole
purpose of life? We are obliged to follow the rules of society; to work even if we do not enjoy it.
Our life is meant to be lived not just to be survived. We ought to enjoy it. He says that the
present is the manifestation of our past and future. Decisions we took in past decides our
present and the plans we make today are for our future. Hence, we can say that the present is
the outcome of past experiences and future expectations. Moreover, our emotions and moods
affect our present. Last month, I had a terrible dream which put me into a really bad mood.
Neither I could concentrate in my studies nor could I do well at my work. Mood does determine
our present. Mood is the window through we visualize ourselves as well as others.
The sensation of death also has its own meaning. Death makes us realize how temporary and
uncertain our life is. When we imagine about death, we get motivated to do more and go
further. It makes us comprehend that life indeed is short and we in fact have very less time.
Therefore, we feel that procrastination would not help and we do our works right away. Instead
of wasting time, we learn to utilize it effectively for better purposes.
The two ideals can be compared in a way that both moods and emotions have a great deal to
do in our present. Our moods and emotions are the windows to see the world. Emotions are
intentional while moods are not. We should be accountable for our duties and responsibilities
and not use our emotions to get rid of it. We ought to take hold of our emotions. We should
learn to enjoy our work.






2.1 What would Hobbes and Machiavelli answer Mills notion to individuality?
Thomas Hobbes was a social scientist who diagnosed the problems of humanity and gave an
appropriate prescription to solve it. He describes human beings as sensual animals not the rational ones.
He is the advocate of passion. According to him, rationality cannot rule humans. fear is the constant
companion in our lives. fear has been our way of thinking and behavior. Hence, we want security, order
and survival. Hobbes divides passion into two different categories. The passion to move towards
something is called appetite and the passion to move away is aversion. He says that happiness is the
experience resulted of virtue. it is actually a quality of mind that comes as a result of contemplation.
Continual success in obtaining those things which one wishes for results in continual prosperity in felicity
of life is happiness. Life is continuing state of motion and can never be without desire or without fear
and sense. Desire of power including knowledge riches, honor is our first passion. It is the greatest
source of satisfaction and pleasure. Another important passion is our fear of death. Fear of violent death
is elemental fear everyone has that regards others as potential murder. He justifies all morality as the
state that will protect us best against violent death and alleviate this terrible anxiety. The cause of mans
desire is to enjoy. Even if we know that we cannot attend a state of complete tranquility, we strive for it.
Hence, we are caught up in state of continuing anxiety. He insists in peace and peace seeking is at the
bottom of all human behavior. As we strive for more power, we create more fear in other individual.
Thus individuals gather and discuss to formulate a social contract, a way of controlling people driven by
anger and frustration.

Machiavelli thinks that ultimate success is gaining political power. He thinks that we live in amoral
society independent of scripture and will of god. World of politics is ugly deadly place very hard to keep
hand completely clean. There are no rules in politics as there are no rules in nature. There is no moral
integrity in world to distinguish good or evil. He wants to teach us how to become tyrannical men. He
wants us to liberate from metaphysics and morality. He says crime pays but goodness will ultimately
result in our down fall. However this is not guide for life it would be a disaster for social structure and
politics.

3. Watch consume by images who are we? Do we have any real identity and authenticity, how is this
related to strange life of Ivan Osokin ?
we are people having access to mass communication and media . images in media have been basis of
our day to day descision , exceptation and way we view the world how we think we should be. Our
family , children and close one are also affected. These images create pattern of our behavior should be.
There are images everywhere . mass communication has changed the way we see the world. Public life
has become a media show. Our idea of beauty and truth has altered. Never before images has pictured
on reality and technology has effected so deeply into our consciousness specially commercials. These
days images have been more important than object itself. Appearance would be preferd to reality.
Impact of mass media on social behavior has increased. We now build up a whole world of imagery.
Almost all images in mass circulation are retouched in some way. Computers have given new power to
create images. Through digital technology, photos has been arranged, boosted, expanded , colored and
refined. Because the relation between creative art and commerce , the image is often designed to sell
something. Images have built into strategy of persuasion. In commercials, there is an appeal to feelings.
Persuasive images as in television have touched our primal feelings. But in process, the meaning of
image is altered. It is human nature to use picture for expression. It is a part of our culture as well. Mass
production of images is dynamic process that uses art and artist for creation of boundless illusion in
materialistic world. It seems that world of images creates reality of its own. Number of images indicates
popularity and success these days. Hence looks has been very important especially to teenagers and
women. Women undergo breast implant, nose and lips plastic surgery to look luscious. it is done to
create identity, recreate their image and reinvent themselves . People spend lots of time and money
investing in their images color of hair and adult wear. People are customizing themselves. This
phenomenon gave rise to mass advertisement and mass journalism.
To change these kind of circumstances, one must first change oneself. It is much more difficult.
It requires constant effort for long time and much knowledge. A person cannot change anything and
hence must seek help. It must be a very deep realization and one must live with this realization. We
should make sacrifices until we get what we want. Nothing can be acquired without sacrifices. This a law
of human nature, we can get as much as we have given for it. In fact, we cannot have result without
effort. We should know what we want and attempt to get it, nomatter what we have to sacrifice for it.
This is a great secret for life. We have to face great deal of inner argument. There will be very powerful
forces to oppose us. We might not always have people to help us. However, if we have decided then we
have got to do it.

3.1 How does Santideva argue that we transform ourselves?
Santideva believes that the true meaning of life is the life motivated by compassion and love for others,
committed to benefit for others. we have to understand omnipresent of suffering and
interconnectedness. There is a fundamental psychological block that prevents us from living a
meaningful life. If we could solve this psychological block, we could solve the problem of suffering. But,
looking at the current state of life, it is very difficult to cultivate virtue and make our lives meaningful
ones. Santideva believes that the only way to live an awakened life is the motivation of moral progress
without greed, fear, selfishness and anger. He thinks that the life which is beneficial to others is a
meaningful one. Our lives are inextricably linked with others. The main purpose of moral development
is to make our lives better by making others lives better by making others lives better. Vice and fear are
deeply interrelated. He says that vice is buried in fear and it produces fear. Hence, we can get rid of fear
by cultivating virtue. Transformation of our life into meaningful ones requires cultivation of all kinds of
perfection. Perfection of wisdom is the most important of all because it enables us to look into the
reality as it actually is than it appears it to be. The first virtue to be cultivated is generosity. it promotes
giving thus decreasing our attachment to ourselves. Generosity is huge commitment to benefit
others.perfection of mindfulness is the second perfection. It keeps us concentrated on virtues we want
to build up and encourages us to reflect on our motivation and the activities taking place around us that
might need our attention. It disciplines ourselves and prevents our mind from causing destruction. It
banishes our fears and promotes virtue. Actually, our mentality is the root of our own suffering. World
around us produces adversity which is turned into suffering by our own mind. Mindfulness stops the
second step. Perfection of patience is third perfection. Patience is an essential virtue. It is antidote to
anger. All virtues are destroyed by single instance of anger. Anger comes from failure of mindfulness and
failure of patience. When someone attempts to harm us, we ought to respond with compassion. To get
rid of anger, he says that we should cultivate patience.

2. Compare and contrast kiekegaards definition of Christianity in midst of being governed by external
images.
Kiekegaards definition of Christianity talks about the definitive goal of human life. He says that
it is impossible to entirely standardize human existence. He believes that the orientation a person takes
to world determines their activities, behavior and the point of human existence they may rise to. He is
not willing to accept any of the compromises between reason and faith. We ought to choose life of faith
or rationality. But the real question is what we would we set to choose between them. Everybody
makes such a choice but when they are asked how did they make it, they have no explanation. he
decided to dig deeper, go to th real foundation of this problem and figure how we are going to choose
between life of faith and rationality. By our nature, we are oriented to pleasure and aesthetic life with
physical and intellectual delight. We must make a choice between life of pleasure an ethical lifea person
who pursuits morality independent of pleasures leads a life of ethics. He does not have anger, jealousy
and greed. He is contained. A person who leads aesthetic life tries to pursuit pleasure all the time
because the real misery of man is boredom. It is a root of all evil.
3. Give brief summary of Satres idea on emotion and responsibility and discuss how it is related to a
culture that governs people through images.
Satre defines emotions as automatic, voluntary action that is used by one to face difficult
situations and also to express ones opinion or attitude to the world. They help us to get rid of our
normal daily routine. They help us to avoid complications and difficulties in our lives. Emotions are way
of expressing ourselves to the world. They indicate desires and needs. These days our emotions are
greatly affected by images we see in mass communication. They have altered the way we view the
world. These images have created pattern of how our behavior and lifestyle should be. They have
redefined human emotions and beauty. Even if we are aware of the problem it can create, we cannot
fully escape its consequences because those images affect us at subconscious level. Hence, its effects
are slow and powerful. They show us how we should live, what should we eat, what we should wear
and how we are expected to look like. The pictures create reality of their own. But we are unable to
avoid it.