SIMPLE PHENOMENA OF MAGNETISM

a) PROPERTIES OF MAGNET
1. MAGNETIC POLES
- placed on the edge of the bar magnet
- the magnetic effect are strongest HERE
. NORTH an! SO"TH POLE
- the end of the bar magnet that #oints to t$e Nort$ern en! of t$e EARTH is NORTH pole (or N pole)
- the end of the bar magnet that #oints to t$e So%t$ern en! of t$e EARTH is SO"TH pole (or S pole)
&. LA' OF MAGNETIC POLE
SAME #o(e REPEL) *IFFERENT #o(e ATTRACT
+) *IFFERENCE ,ET'EEN FERRO"S AN* NON FERRO"S MATERIALS
FERRO"S MATERIAL ASPECT NON - FERRO"S MATERIAL
YES
RESPON* TO THE
MAGNETIC FIEL*
NO
HIGH
PERCENTAGE OF
IRON.S ATOMS
VERY O! OR NONE
YES HAR*NESS "E#EN" ON $%&ERI%
YES ,RITTLE "E#EN" ON $%&ERI%
YES
METALLIC
ELEMENT
"E#EN" ON $%&ERI%
IRON' (O)%&' NI(*E E/AMPLE )R%SS' (O##ER' !OO"' #%S&I(
1
SOME FERRO"S METALS AN* PROPERTIES

NAME ALLO0 OF PROPERTIES "SES
Mi(! Stee( (arbon +,- - +,./
Iron 00,0 - 00,1/
&o2gh, High tensile strength, (an be
case hardened, R2sts 3er4 easil4,
$ost common metal
2sed in school
5or6shops, 7sed in
general metal
prod2cts and
engineering,
Car+on Stee( (arbon +,8 - -,9/
Iron 00,9 - 0:,8/
&o2gh, (an be hardened and tempered, (2tting tools s2ch as
drills,
Stain(ess stee( Iron' nic6el and
chromi2m,
&o2gh' resistant to r2st and stains, (2tler4' medical
instr2ments,
Cast iron (arbon ; - 8/
Iron 0: - 09/
Strong b2t brittle, (ompressi3e strength
3er4 high,
(astings' manhole
co3ers' engines,
'ro%g$t iron %lmost -++/ iron <ibro2s' to2gh' d2ctile' resistant to
r2sting,
Ornamental gates and
railings, Not in m2ch
2se toda4,
SOME NON 1 FERRO"S METALS AN* PROPERTIES
NAME COLO"R ALLO0 OF2 PROPERTIES "SES
A(%mini%m ight gre4 %l2mini2m 0=/
(opper 9/
$anganese -/
"2ctile' soft' malleable'
machines 5ell, Ver4 light,
!indo5 frames'
aircraft' 6itchen 5are,
Co##er Reddish bro5n Not an allo4 "2ctile' can be beaten into
shape, (ond2cts electricit4 and
heat,
Electrical 5iring'
t2bing' 6ettles' bo5ls'
pipes,
,rass Yello5 $i>t2re of copper and ?inc
8=/ - .=/ most common
ratio,
Hard, (asts and machines 5ell,
S2rface tarnishes, (ond2cts
electricit4,
#arts for electrical
fittings' ornaments,
Si(3er !hitish gre4 $ainl4 sil3er b2t allo4ed
5ith copper to gi3e sterling
sil3er,
"2ctile' $alleable' solders'
resists corrosion,
@e5eller4' solder'
ornaments,
Lea! )l2ish gre4 Not an allo4, Soft' hea34' d2ctile' loses its
shape 2nder press2re,
Solders' pipes' batter
HO' TO I*ENTIF0 A MAGNET4
et sa4 5e ha3e an obAect % and mo3e it to5ards the N pole of a s2spended bar magnet' obser3e 5hat is
going to be happened, If
2
a) REP"LSION occ2rs' obAect % is a magnet
HO'E5ER) if
b) ATTRACION occ2rs' obAect % can be either a ferro2s material (e,gB iron' cobalt' nic6el) or a magnet
itself 5ith the opposite pole 5hich is S pole
MAGNETIC IN*"CTION
*efinition6
#rocess of ind2cing (bringing abo2t) the magnetism in ferro2s material
Ho7 it going to +e $a##en4
-
st
sit2ationB
&a6e a fe5 of safet4 pins or paper clips near to the permanent magnetC obser3e 5hat is going to be
happened,
Safet4 pins or paper clips 7i(( attracte! to the permanent magnet' and become IN*"CE* MAGNET
;
nd
sit2ationB
$o3e permanent magnet to the iron nailC monitor 5hat is going to be happened,
&he iron nail become an IN*"CE* MAGNET 8attracte! to7ar!s a magnet)
MAGNETI9ATION an! *EMAGNETI9ATION
a) MAGNETIC *OMAIN
*efinition6
3
REPULSION is the ONLY TEST to CONFIRM the MAGNETISM of an object
S
N
S
N
% REGION 5ithin a magnetic material 5hich HAS "NIFORM MAGNETI9ATION.
Conce#t6
$agnetic domain str2ct2re is responsible for the magnetic beha3ior of ferro2s materials li6e iron' cobalt
and nic6el
T$e regions se#arating magnetic !omains are called !omain 7a((s 5here the magneti?ation rotates
coherentl4 from the direction in one domain to that in the ne>t domain,
Refer to FIG"RE A' the magnetic domains point in RAN*OM *IRECTION FOR
"NMAGNETI9E* IRON ,AR
HO'E5ER' refer to FIG"RE ,' 5hen a permanent magnet is ,RO"GHT NEAR to 2nmagneti?ed
iron bar' iron bar become IN*"CE* MAGNET, &he magnetic domains inside it point in the SAME
*IRECTION
P$enomena re(ate! to magnetic !omains6
i- MAGNETIC SAT"RATION
- % magnet can be said MAGNETICALLT SAT"RATE* 5hen it reac$es its ma:im%m strengt$, &his
happens 5hen a(( of magnetic !omains inside it are #ointing in t$e same !irection
ii- *EMAGNETI9ATION of MAGNET
- Remo3e magnetism effect from a magnet
- (an be done b4 HEATING and HAMMERING
iii- STORAGE of MAGNET %sing SORT IRON ;EEPERS
- &o maintain t$e magnetic strengt$ of permanent magnet' it sho2ld be #%t in +et7een soft irons (or
called as Dsoft iron 6eeperE)
- In this 5a4' the #o(es of atomic magnet are in c(ose! (oo#s 7it$ no free #o(es to 5ea6en the magnetic
domains
4
Figue A
Figue !
"omain 5all
Soft iron 6eeper
- HO'E5ER' if 5e #%t #ermanent magnet si!e +< si!e' its magnetic strengt$ +ecome 7ea=er d2e to
the free #o(e near to t$e en! of magnet 7i(( re#e( one anot$er,
- O3er the time' magnetic domains 5ill be altered' th2s 5ea6ening the magnet
+) 'A0S OF MA;ING MAGNET
i. Stro=ing met$o!
- %n %nmagneti>e! stee( +ar is stro=e! se3era( times 5ith the same #o(e of a #ermanent magnet from
one en! to t$e ot$er in one !irection
- &he stee( +ar 7i(( +ecome a #ermanent magnet d2e to magnetic in!%ction
ii, E(ectrica( met$o! %sing *C e(ectrica( so%rce 8+atter<)
- %n %nmagneti>e! stee( +ar is #(ace! insi!e a so(enoi!, % solenoid is c<(in!rica( coi( 7$ic$ consists
of $%n!re! t%rns of ins%(ate! co##er 7ires
- !hen a (arge *C c%rrent from +atter< f(o7s t$ro%g$o%t t$e so(enoi!' the steel bar 5ill become a
#ermanent magnet d2e to magnetic in!%ction from c%rrent insi!e ins%(ate! co##er 7ire
c) 'A0S OF *EMAGNETI9ING MAGNET
5
i, Heating
- )4 $eating a magnet strong(< 7it$ a ,%nsen +%rner' the magnet 7i(( (ose its magnetism ra#i!(<.
- &he atoms of t$e magnet 3i+rate 3igoro%s(< 5hen heated' ca2sing t$e magnetic !omains insi!e it
(ose t$eir a(ignment
ii, Hammering
- )4 a##(<ing (arge e:terna( force to a magnet' the atomic arrangement insi!e t$e magnet 7i((
c$ange' ca2sing the magnetic !omains insi!e it (ose t$eir a(ignment' th2s 7ea=en t$e magnet
iii, E(ectrica( met$o! %sing AC e(ectrica( so%rce 87a(( soc=et.s e(ectricit<)
- &he most effecti3e method of demagneti?ation
- % magnet is #(ace! insi!e a so(enoi! an! AC c%rrent #ass t$ro%g$o%t of it. T$e magnet is t$en
s(o7(< 7it$!ra7n in t$e East 'est !irection d2ring the process
MAGNETIC FIEL*S
*efinition6
% REGION 5here a MAGNETIC MATERIAL or O,?ECT' placed 5ithin the infl2ence of the field'
E/PERIENCES A MAGNETIC FORCE,
C$aracteristics6
It is in3isi+(e 8CAN.T ,E SEEN ,0 NA;E* E0ES)
6
It can be seen b4 placing A ,LAN; 'HITE PAPER ON TOP OF A ,AR MAGNET AN*
SPRIN;LE IRON PO'*ER ON IT,
Represented b4 magnetic fie(! #attern or known as magnetic fie(! (ines
Magnetic fie(! #attern 8magnetic fie(! (ines) can be seen as in Fig%re A11 belo5
C$aracteristics of magnetic fie(! (ine6
"irected O"T'AR* from N POLE to S POLE
"o not CROSS or INTERSECT ONE ANOTHER
&he CLOSER the MAGNETIC FIEL* LINE) the STRONGER the MAGNETIC FIEL* @ 3ice
3ersa.
Magnetic fie(! (ines +et7een magnets6
TEMPORAR0 an! PERMANENT MAGNETS
$agnetic #roperties of Iron and Steel
7