1.

The usefulness compound and clarified among Kammadharaya, Tappurisa,

Avyayibhava.
Kammadhraya Samsa = Adjectival ompound
The t!o members of an Adjectival ompound must, in their uncompounded state,
be in the same case.
Examples:
Nilaj + uppalaj = niluppalaj (blue water-lily).
Seto + hatthi = setahatthi (white elephant).
Nico + puriso = nicapuriso (a dwarf; a vulgar man).
unna + nadi = punnanadi (overflowing river).
!igho + maggo = dihamaggo (long path).
"he #ualifying word here is generally placed first; but in some cases it comes last.
$uddhaghoso + acariyo = $uddhaghosacariyo (the commentator or teacher
$uddhaghosa).
Sariputto + thero = Sariputtatthero (the elder Sariputta).
$imbisaro + ra%a = $imbisarara%a (&ing $imbisara).
"hese e'amples may be called (Nouns in )pposition*+ according to ,nglish
grammarians.
-f the descriptive word be - comparison* it comes last in this compound.
Adicco viya $uddho = buddhadicco (the sunli.e $uddha).
Siho viya muni = munisiho (lionli.e sage).
"he words naga, siha, etc. are used to denote superiority or greatness.
"n Kammadharaya the adjective #mahanta$ becomes #maha$. "f it is follo!ed by
a double consonant it becomes #maha$.
/ahanto + muni = mahamuni (great sage).
/ahantaj + bhayaj = mahabbhayaj (great fear).
%hen the t!o members of a Kammadharaya are feminine, the first one assumes
the form of the masculine, if the !ord had been formed from a masculine stem.
&hattiya + .umari = &hattiya.umari (princess of the warrior caste).
$rahmani + .abba = $rahmana.abba (a $rahmin girl).
Note. 0 1hen the first feminine form is a proper noun* it does not ta.e the masculine
form* e.g.
Nandapo..harani (Nanda pond).
Nadadevi (2ueen Nanda).
%hen the particle #na$ &not' is combined to another !ord, it is replaced by #a$
before consonant, and by #an$ before a vo!el. ("his is not included* anyhow* in the fifth
class of compounds though it has an indeclinable as its member).
Na + manusso = amanusso (non-human being).
Na+ samano = assamano (not a mon.).
Na + ariyo = anariyo (ignoble; low).
Tappurisa Samsa = (ependent determinative compounds
"f t!o nouns, related to each other by some obli)ue case, are joined together, it is
called Tappurisa ompound.
a). the first member* which may be in any case other than the Nominative (and the
3ocative)* #ualifies or determines the last member.
b). the gender and the number of the compound are determined by the last member.
"hese compounds may be divided into si' groups according to the cases belonging to
the first members;
4. (utiya*tappurisa (with the )ccusative 5ase).
6. Tatiya*tappurisa (with the -nstrumental).
7. atutthi*tappurisa (with the !ative).
8. +abcami*tappurisa (with the )blative).
9. hatthi*tappurisa (with the ossessive).
:. Sattami*tappurisa (with the ;ocative).
Examples:
1. (utiya*tappurisa
<amma + gato = gamagato (gone to the village).
Su.haj + patto = su.happatto (having attained happiness).
,. Tatiya*tappurisa
$uddhena + desito = buddhadesito (preached by the $uddha).
=abba + hato = ra%ahato (.illed by the .ing).
-. atutthi*tappurisa
=abbo + arahaj = ra%arahaj (worthy of a .ing).
$uddhassa + deyyaj = buddhadeyyaj (that should be given t the $uddha).
"he compounds formed with an infinitive and .ama (desirous) or .amata (desire) are
considered to be in the (ative*tappurisa.
<antuj + .amo = gantu.amo (desirous to go).
Sotuj + .amata = sotu.amata (desire to hear).
/. +abcami*tappurisa
=u..ha + patito = ru..hapatito (fallen from the tree).
=a%amha + bhito = ra%abhito (afraid of the .ing).
0. hatthi*tappurisa
>inassa + vacanaj = %inavacanaj (word of the $uddha).
=abbo + putto = ra%aputto (.ing?s son).
1. Sattami*tappurisa
<ame + vasi = gamavasi (villager).
!hamme + rato = dhammarato (delighting in the doctrine).
-t is stated in that the case-endings of the first members of some compounds are not
dropped. -n that case the compound is called Aluttasamasa. ,'amples for this are mostly
found in Tappurisa.
abhaj + .aro = pabhan.aro (generator of the light; the sun).
)nte + vasi.o = antevasi.o (a resident pupil).
/anasi + .aro = manasi.aro (.eeping in the mind; attention).
"here is a variety of the Tappurisa in which the last member is a verbal derivative
which cannot be used independently. -t is named (2papada*tappurisa+.
&umbhaj .aroti ti = .umbha.aro (a potter).
!hammaj carati ti = dhammacari (observer of the dhamma).
Remark:
-karo, -go, -jo and tho in these e'amples are not used independently. "hey stand in
these forms only in compounds.
Abyay3bhava Samsa = Adverbial ompound
%hen the first member of a compound is an indeclinable and the second a
substantive, it is called an Avyayibhava ompound.
"he whole compound becomes an adverb* ta.ing the ending of the (neuter) accusative
singular. Some case (usually obli#ue) is implied in the substantial member according to the
meaning of the indeclinable.
Nagarassa + upa = upnagaraj (near the town).
<haraj + anu = anugharaj (house after house).
)nu + addhamasaj = anvaddhamasaj (once in a fortnight).
<amassa + anto = antogamaj (inside the village).
$hattassa + paccha = pacchabhattaj (after the meal* i.e.* afternoon).
<avgaya + adho = adhogavgaj (down the river).
>ivo + yava = yava%ivaj (as long as life lasts).
)ttho + yava = yavadatthaj (as much as desired; to the full).
A (yava) + samuddaj = asamuddaj (as far as the sea-cast).