461 Ancient Trkic Words

This table of common words within the Trkic family of languages was compiled by the Ukranian
mathematical linguist Valentyn Stetsyuk's. V. Stetsyuk assembled a collection of 1,1! words in 1"
Trkic languages, and analy#ed the words for commonality and di$erence. To select the ancient
words which had to e%ist before the onset of the linguistic di$erentiation of these languages. V.
Stetsyuk used &uite a conser'ati'e criteria that to be counted as a common word, a word had to be
found in at least ! out of 1( languages. )ut of 1,1! sur'eyed words, *+1 words met this criteria and
were found in at least ! out of 1( languages.
,e'iewed from 'arious directions, the list would allow an insight into the life and en'ironment of the
-ncient Trks, the time period of the common 'ocabulary, and other imaginati'e e%plorations.
.t should be noted that the initial collection of the 1,1! words was taken from the content/neutral
dictionaries, and therefore it did not competently represent the life and the en'ironment of the
period. 0otable omissions are the terms that re1ect the animal husbandry and in particular the horse
husbandry, pastoral coaching as a way of life, hunting traditions in the methods of the warfare,
beliefs and burial traditions. .t can only be presumed at this time that adding a multitude of the
words distinguishing the pastoral population from the agricultural populace would greatly e%pand the
common word 'ocabulary and better represent the historical arena 2e%amples of missing words are
such well known words as yurt, kumys, ka#an, bashlyk, kurgan, chaban, coach, shaman, boyar, khan,
dingi#, tengri, alp3, and ethnoses 2Scythian su4a as sweet water, arym as s&uinted, spu as eye, kumys
as horse fermented milk, 5reek borrowings, 6atin, .7, 8ersian etc.3.
To download the complete list of all 1,819 words, click here
English Trkmen Cuvash Gagauz
Turkish
Azeri
Kazakh Tuva
father mother
uncle
aba appa aba aba apa ava
key aar u amaa aar aky a!ar
hun"ry a vy aa a atyk a
man adam #tem etem odam adam
elder brother a"a a"a a"$a a"$a a"a
tree a"a %yva aa a"$a a"a %ya
turn over v a"darmak aktarmaa aktarmak avdar a&dar
seek v a"tarmak u'tar aarmaa a'tarma" a(tar
weepin" a"lamak %)r aalamaa a"$lamak e"ilu y"lar
neavy ill a"ram %yvar aar a"$*r auyr aar
mouth a"y+ var aa+ a"$*+ auy+ aas
moon a% u%' a% ay a% a%
bowl cup a%ak 1 ura 1 a%ak 1 ayak 1 a%ak a%ak
le" foot a%ak , ura , a+a( a%ak , ayak , a%a(
davan-da%a
k
frost a%a+ u%ar a%a+ aya+ a%a+ a%a+
stalllion a%"yr a%ar 'a%"yr ay"*r a%"$yr askyr
turn drive v a%lamak a%lan a%lan ayla.n/mak a%lan- 'a%dynar
speak say v a%dym y%t 0tm11 ay a%tu eder
bear a%y a%y ay* a%u ady"
separate v a%yr a%yr a%yr ayir a%yr adyr
bitter sour a%$y %2) a%$y a*kh a$i a!y"
English Trkmen Cuvash Gagauz
Turkish
Azeri
Kazakh Tuva
take v almak il almaa almak alu alyr
deception lie aldav ultav aldadan aldatmak aldau alda"
motley ala ula alata ala ala ala
apple alma ulma alma alma elma alma
"old altyn yltn altyn altin altyn aldyn
consciousness a&lamak nlansa anmaa anlamak
3ow v stream akmak %u' akmaa akmak a"$u a"ar
white ak ak ak a( ak
money a(%$a uksa 'ak ake aka aka
father brother a((a akka a"a akka 4ke aky
to be tire v armak yr ar*" ary( ar"an
interval distance ara vrma ara ara ara
back spine ar(a-1 arka arka ar(a oor"a
barley arpa urpa arpa arpa arpa arba%
e'cess artyk yr artan art*k art- artyk
thin lean arryk aru( ary" ary( ar"an
feed v usra asar asyra- a+yra-
mountain a- a- a!- a- a-
food aa us a a5 as a!yk
horse at-1 ut-1 at at at a$t
throw v atmak ut-, atmaa atmak atu adar
name at-, %at ad ad at at
father
"randfather
ata atte ata ata ada
friend atda ada ada ada5 adas atta
"ift pain avy a"$u u o"$
small a+ a+ a+ a+ as
fan" a+y asav a+i a+u a+y"$
cord strin" ba"-, p%av baalamaa ba"$lamak ba%lau ba"laar
liver ba"yr p)ver ba"ir bauyr baar
rich ba% pu%an ba% bay ba% ba%
husband of
sister
ba6!a puana baa ba!anak ba!a ba!$a
mare ba%tal pa%tal ba%tal baytal ba%tal
clay slime pylyk pylk baly( bal*" balyk
calf baldyr baldyr bald*r baltyr b1ldyr
a'e palta purta balta balta baldy
7sh balyk pul balyk bal*k baly( balyk
fro" "urba"a kurbaa kurba"$a baka pa"a
there is are bar pur var var bar bolur
"o v barmak pyr varmaa varmak baru baar
press v basmak pus basmaa basmak basu bas-
head ba pu ba ba5 bas ba
ful7l v baar be!$er ba5ar* ba!ar ba(ar
drown v batmak put bat- batmak batu put-
hero batyr pattar bahadir batyr ma6dyr
lord be% bek be% b1"
English Trkmen Cuvash Gagauz
Turkish
Azeri
Kazakh Tuva
hi"h "reat be%ik b22k b0y2k bi%ik by!y"
brain be%ni mime imik beyin be%it mee
markin" bel"i palk belli bel"i bel"i bel"i
"ive v bermek par verm11 vermek beru beer
here
fast stron" berk pek berk berik b0k
cut v knife pyak pek) byak bia" pyak bi!ek
know v bilmek p)l bilm11 bilmek bilu bilir
belt bil pil)k bel bel belbeu bel"i
last year bildir p)lt)r byldyr bildir biltir
wrist bile+ik bile+ik bile+ik bile+ik bil+ek
one bir p)r bir bir bir bir
awl atpri bi+ bi+ bi+ bis
bake v bimek pi)r pim11 bi5irmek pisiru by!yrar
louse bit py%t bit bit bit
knit v knot bo"mak bo'a boha buw- bo"$
stran"le v bo"$ pv bu6 bo"$mak bu6 bo"$
paint bo%a p)ve bo%a boya bo%a budu
neck bo%un m% bo%nu boyun mo%yn mo%un
pus dirt bo( p' bok bok bo( bo(
to be bol pul bolu bolur
stom bora boran boran b2rkasyn boraan
doorstep bosa"$a pusa'a busa"$a bosa"$a b0+u"$a
empty lun" bo puv bo bo5 bosa"$a bo
"ray bo+ bo+ bo+ bo+ bora
destroy v bo+mak ps bo+maa bo+mak bu+ar
dam b0w p)ve b0" buw bo"$
part v b0lmek p2l b0lm11 b0lmek b0lik b0l2k
kidney b0wrek p2re b06rek b0brek b2%rek b2%rek
steam fo" bu" ps buu bu"$u bu bus
bull bu"$a p)t)r bu"a bu"$a bu"$a bu"a
horn bu%nu+ ma%raka bu%nu+ buynu+ m2%i+ my%ys
mi' v bulamak bulamaa bulama" byl"au bul"$a
cloud bulut p)l)t bulut bulut b2lt bulut
turn v burmak pr bur- burmak b2ra2 burulaar
nose burun burnu burun muryn murnu
calf bu+av pru bu+aa bu+ov b2+au by+aa
le" thi"h but p)s but bud but but
ice bu6+ pr bu+ bu+ mu+
curve v b2kmek p2k b2km11 b2kmek bu"u b2k
cover on v b2remek p)rke b2re- b2r2nmek b2rke b2r"$e
whole bitin pet)m b2t2n b2t2n b2tin b2d2r
sled"e chin una en1 ene ana anak
foot daban tupan taban daban taban tavon"a%
mountain da" tu da6 da"$ tau da"
a"ain da"$y takki taa daha da"$y da6
English Trkmen Cuvash Gagauz
Turkish
Azeri
Kazakh Tuva
lean press v ta% da+amak
willow branch dal tal tal dal dal tal tal
plun"e in v dalmaa dalmak
bite v da6la tula dala- dalamak talas dala
drop dam- tumla damna damla tamylau damdy
throat damak tamak damak damak tama(
sinew damar tymar damar damar tamyry damyr
dawn dan dan dan tan dan
narrow dar tvr dar dar tar tar
comb comb v darak tura darak dara" tara( dyrbaar
pull drow v dartmak turt dartmaa dartmak tartu tyrtar
millet dary tyra dary dar* tary taraa
stone da ul ta ta5 tas da
3ow v da6- tral ta- ta5mak tasy da!y-
taste tasty datly tutla dat dad tetti tapty"
touch v de"$- t)k)n di- de"- ti%- de"-
iron demir tim)r demir demir temir demir
3at level den tan denk ten ten den
kick v dep- tap tep- dep- tep t0p-
hill depe t2pe tep1 tepe t0be t0p
sweat der tarn ter ter ter der
tree derek direk terek terek
pelt deri tir deri deri teri tere
deep deri6n tarn derin derin tereh teren
hole deik tk deik de5ik tesik de!ik
thrust in sew v dik- ik dikm11 dikmek tik- tik-
say v di%mek te- dem11 demek deu deer
strai"ht 3at
smooth
dikan tik)s dik dik tik deski
lan"ua"e dil )l'e dil dil til dyl
cut on parts v )l) dilim
prop up v di6re- arak direk dire- tire-
livin" alive diri )r) diri diri tiri diri"
strin" .beads/ v d2+- tir di+m11 d2+mek ti+ dis-
tooth di l di di5 tis dyter
be born do"urmak tavra duumaa do"$mak tuu
cut v do"$ra- tura dooramaa do"$ramak tuwra dooraar
strai"ht do"rusy dooru do"$ru tura do6ra
sated dok do%"un tut tok tok to( todu"
full doly tulli dolu dolu toly dolu
clouthes do6n tum don don ton t0n
fro+en don tan don donmak ton donar
yellow brown do6r tur turun"u dor tory doru"$
pour strew v d0kmek tk d1km11 d0kmek t0"u t0"er
breast d0 t2 d05 t0s to
widow dul tl' dul dul tul dul"u%ak
English Trkmen Cuvash Gagauz
Turkish
Azeri
Kazakh Tuva
fo" mist duman tn duman duman tuman t$uman
stand v durmak tr lar durmaa durmak t2ru turar
crane durna trna turna turna tyrna dur%aa
salt cattle "oods du+ tvar tavar tu+ tu+ dus
yesterday ni"ht d2%n d2n d2n t2ne"2n d26n
soil d2%p t)p dip dib t2p d2p
dream d2% t)l d2 d2! t2s d2
care v d2mew duma duma" tumaw duma
strai"ht level d2+ t2r) d2+ d2+ t2+2 tas
fall v d2m4k d2m11 d2!mek t2s2 d2!er
bind v knot d2v2n t)v) d22m2k d2y2n t2%in d22k2n
rest recreation dyn tn t)ne din din tyn tamik
narrow ti"ht dyky+ tks tyky+ tiki+ ty"y+
scrape nail dyrnak )rne tyrnak dirnak ryrna( dyr"ak
knee dy+ erkui di+ di+ ti+e diskek
shoulder e"in an e"in iin e"in
spin v e"irmek %eke e"$irmek iiru eerer
master farmer e%e i%e ii yiy i%e eeleer
saddle e%er %en)r er yeher er e+er
mother e!$e aa e"$e 4!e aa
sift v elek ala elek elek %elek el"ee
di" v i%"ek al %e- eshmek es- e-
medicine em emel emel emleu emneer
suck v bossom emmek )m emm1 emmek emu emer
."rand/mother ene anne ana ana ana ene%
mornin"
tomorrow
ir ertir ir erken %a6ryn erte yar*n erte !aryn erte
melt v eremek ir)l erim11 erimek eritu er"i+er
drunk tipsy esre 2s)r esir esir e+ir
meat et 2t et et et et
do create v etmek at etm11 etmek et et-
man 4r ar erif er er
pass "o throu"h "e- ka-1 "e- "emek ke- ke-
"oat .she/ "ei kaaka kei kei eki 0k2
clouthe v "e%im "iim keyim kiim ket-
come v "elmek kil "elinm11 "elmek kele kelir
7ancee "elin kin "elin "elin kelin kelin
cartila"e "emirek kmrak kemir "emir- kemirek
pull drow v "ermek karma "erm11 "ermek ker- "4r
necessary "erek kirli "erek kerek 'ere"lel
belch v "46"$ir kakr "i6r "eyirmek ke"ir ke"$ir
boat ship "emi kim) "emi "emi k46me 'eme
ni"ht "i!$e ka-, "e!$1 "ece ke ke!ee
enter v "i6r- k)r "ir- "irmek kir- kir-
nomadi+e v "0 ku "0 k0 k0!er
blue "0k kvak "0k k0y k0k k0k
English Trkmen Cuvash Gagauz
Turkish
Azeri
Kazakh Tuva
bury v "0m- "0m- "0mmek k06m- '0m-
heart soul k0mn2l kml "0n "0n2l k0nil
see v "0rm4k "0rm11 "0r2nmek k0ru k00r
7"ht "0re kere "2re "2re5 k2res '2re
back rear "0t kut "0t "0t k0ten
lift raise v "0ter "0t2rm11 "0t2rmek k0ter k0dur
breast "0v2s kkr "22s "0"$2s keude k0"2s
stren"th "2% "2 ku k2 k2
moth "2%e k)ve "2v1 "2ye k2%e2
lau"hter "2lki kul "2l2 "2lmek k2lki
day sun "2n kun "2n "2n k2n '2n
autumn "2%+ k)r "2+ "2+ k2+ kus
belly i a i ierik ii iti
drink v imek ) im11 imek iu i!er
eat v i%mek im) im1k emek !em em
curve v e"mek av iiri eymek i%u i% eektiir
door i6ik alk eik e5ik esik e!ik
hole burrow 'in enek in inik 0n un"ur
thin ine ine in!$e ince !enike in"$e
cow inek )ne inek inek inek
width in an en"in en en en
needle inne iin1 iyne teben ine ine
rot v pus irin )r irin irin irin iriir
do" it %yt it it yt
push v lift v itelemek itirm11 itilmek it- idipter
work i e i ish is i
yes !$a% i%e ya !4 i%e e i%e
bad an"ry %ovu+ %ap' %avu+ yavu+ !oba !awy+ owa avys
horse
%aby
%abymak
%upa' %afak yaby !aby awyda(
fat %a" vak u %aa %a"$ a"
"ood %a"y %akymaa yak5y !$aksy ay
back spine %a"$yryn urm ya"$ryn !awryn aryn
bow .weapon/ %a% %a% yay !$ak a%a
shake v %a6% 2en %yka yay !a%kalu a%
entreat v %albar %ln %alvar yalvarmak
!albar !
alyn-
alwar
alyn
mane %al il'e %el1 yele !al el
lick v %alamak ula %almaa yalamak !alau il"aar
3at %alpak %alpy yalp*k !alpa( albak
la+y %alta %ul'av %altak yaltak !alkau al"aa
3ame %alyn ulm %alyn yal*m !alyn alyn
tear %a ul %a yash !as a
live v youn" %aamak %a- !$ail yashamak !as alyy
side %an %en %an yan !an
sound echo %an %an yan"o !an"yryk an"y
cheek %anak %ana' %anak yanak !a( aak
English Trkmen Cuvash Gagauz
Turkish
Azeri
Kazakh Tuva
new %any )n) %eni yeni %any a6
cover v %ap- yap- !ap yp
stick v %apy yp %apy yap*5mak %abys ypyr
near be %a(- %a'n %akyn yak*n !akyn ook
rain snow v %a"mak u 1 %aamaa ya"$ma" %aw- a"-
cut up dissect v %armak ur %armaa yarmak !aru arar
bat .+ool8/ %arasa %arasa yarasa !ar(anat a1s(y
half %arym ur %arym yar*m !arym artyk
run %ary %ary yar*5 !ary ary
sprin" .season/ %a+ ur ilk-%a+ ya+ !a+"$yturym saas
pedestrain on
foot
%ada" uran %a%an yayan !a%aw ada"$
pillow ytar yast*k
lay v %atmak %atmaa yatmak !atu ydar
not fat %uwan %avan yavan
spread v space %a+y as ya+*- !a+yk as
error fault %a+yk %us %a+yk ya+*k !a+yk aa!y
wind %el il yel !el el
udder %elin il) %elin yel*n !elin
sleeve %en an %en yen !en en
win v )n
dau"hter-in-law %enne inke en"i yen"e !$en"e en"e
earth %er )r %er yer !er er
reach arrive v !etekteu
copper %)s ye+ !e+ es
brave !i"it %)k)t iit yi"$it !i"it
tear v %ir- yr- %ir- y*rmak !yr- ir
no %ok yok-
pull out v %ol- l %ol- yolmak !2lu ular
way %ol ul %ol yol !ol
plane v %onmak un %onmaa yontmak !onu onar
top upper part %okary %ukary yukar* !o"ary kyry
trot %or"$a r'a yor"$a !or"$a yraa
cover ur'a' yor"an
"o v %0remek 2re 0r2m11 eri5mek !2ru oruur
bridle u%an %)ven em y2yen !u"en u"en
to shut eyes yummak
7st %umruk %umruk yumruk !umyry( uduruk
e"" %umurt"a marta %ymyrta yumurta !umyrtka n$umur'a
soft %umak )m) %ymyak yumu5ak !umsak ymak
pasture
homeland
%urt urt yurt !urt urtaar
wash v %uvmak u & %ykamaa yumak !uu uur
nest %va %uva yuva 2%a u%a
still (uiet %uva %va %ava yava5 !uwa aa
thin %uka 2') !u(a u"a
run v %2"2r %2r2k y2y2rmek !u"iru 2"2rer
English Trkmen Cuvash Gagauz
Turkish
Azeri
Kazakh Tuva
load %2k ak 2k y2k !2k 2k
marrow %2l2k ilik ilik !ilik ili"$
wool %2n m 2n y2n !2n u+
cord strin" %2p ip ip ip !ip ep
heart %2rek )re 2rek 2rek !2rek 2rek
rin" %2+2k )r 2+2k 2+2k !2+ik 2st2k
face %2+ 2+ 2+ !u+
swim v %2+mek 2tm11 2+mek !2+u sus
"ather v entirely %y"$- u' %yv- yi"$mak %y%- !y( y"$- yk
compress v %y"$yr %v %urmaa y*"*- !y%yr y6r
fall down v u'at y*kmak
year %yl ul %yl y*l !yl yl
to "et warm %yla- yly y*ly- !yly yly
snake %ylan )len %ylan ilan !ylan ylan
star %yldy+ ltr %yldy+ uldu+ !2ldy+ syldys
son" %ur !yr yr
remove distance
v
%yra( %yrak- yyra- yra( yra-
hemp kendyr kantr kendir kendyr 'endir
cut v kesmek 'as kesm11 kesmek kesu kestir
small kii p))k k22k k22k kikene
itch v "i!$i 'yalan "i!$iik "*c*klamak (yu ki!iir
dirt kir kir)k kir kir kir 'ir
eyelash kirpik 'rpk) kirpik kirpik kipik kirbik
whinny v k) kinem11 ki5nemek kisineu kiteer
lake k0l k2l) "0l "0l k0l '0l
shadow
protection
k0le"e
sul'n
'ulkan
"0l"1 "0l"e k0lenke 'ole"e
coal k0m2r kmrk k0m2r k0m2r k0mir '0m2r
foam k0p2k kpk k0p2k k0p2k k0bik k0v2k
bri"e k0pri k)per k0pr2 k0pr2 k0pir k0v2r2"
ashes k2l k)l k2l k2l k2l '2l
silver k2m2 k)m)l "2m2 "2m25 k2mis
oar shovel k2rek k)ree k2rek k2rek k2rek '22rek
cow property mal mul mal mal mal mal
praise v ma"tamak mu'ta muktedir ma(tan maktal
wood o6dun vut odun odun odyn ottular -
child son o"ul yvl ool o"$ul 2l ool
low "round o% -, u% -, o6% oy- o%yn o6%
wake up v o%a- vran u%an oyanmak o%aw odu"$
play "ame o%un v% o%nam11 oyun o%yn o%un
7re stove o!$a( vua' o!$4k ocak oa( o!uk
"ood on n on on anaa
arrow ok u' ok 0k 0(
army orda urta ordu orda ordu
middle orta var orta orta orta ortu+u
place orun vyrn orun oryn orun
English Trkmen Cuvash Gagauz
Turkish
Azeri
Kazakh Tuva
"rass ot -1 ut ot ot ot o6t
7re ot -, vut ate od ot ot
sit v oturmak vyrt oturmaa oturmak otyru olur
cheek owurt aurt avurt uwyrt ovur
reven"e 0 v)) 0 0 o!een
bile "all 06d vat %0t 0t 0t 0t
house 0% u% %ev ev 2% 0"
die v 0li vil) 0lm11 0lmek 0lik 0lu"
front 0n um) 0n 0n 0n 0n
lun" 0p"e 2pke 2fk4 0p"e 0p"e 0kpe
top upper part 06r vir 0r 0r 06r2
wind v 0rmek arla 0rm11 0rmek 0r2 0r22r
7re 0rt- virt 0rtmek 0rt 0rt
passa"e v 0tme+ vit 0t- 0tpe+ 0t
teach v 0vrenmek v)rent 22rtm11 0yrenmek 2%retu 00redir
river 0+ek varak 0+ek 0+ek 0+en
pith core heart 0+en var 0+ 0+ek 0+ek 0+ek
bark crust "abyk 'up kabuk kabuk (abyk 'avyk
birch "a%yn 'urn ka%yn (a%y& (a%yn 'adyn
remain v stay v "almak 'var kalmaa kalmak (aldyru kalyr
thick dens "alyn 'uln kalyn kal*n (alyn kylyn
whip (amy kamy kam* kymy
reed rush "amy 'm kamy kam*! kamys 'ymy
blood "an %un kan kan (an 'an
win" "anat unat kanat kanat (anat
snow "ar %ur kaar kar (ar 'ar
black "ara 'ura kara kara (ara kara
crow "ar"a ')r'i "ar"a kar"a (ar"$a kaar"an
old "arry kart kart k4ri kyr"an
belly "aryn 'yram karny kar*n (aryn 'yryn
span "ary kary kar*! (arys kary
"oose "a+ 'ur kaa+ ka+ (a+ kas
cauldron "a+an 'uran ka+an ka+an ka+an koal
hard "aty 'yt kat* (atty kady"
stroke di" v "a+amak 'us ka+maa ka+mak (a+u ka+ar
sheep "o%un ko%un koyun (o% 'o%
hand arm "ol 'ul kol kol (ol 'ol
tail "u%ruk '2re ku%ruk kuyruk (2%ry( kuduruk
slave "ul k0l1 k0le kul (ul kul
ear "ulak 'l'a kulak kulak (2la( kulak
"ravel loam "um kum kum (um kum
otter beaver "undu+ 'ntr kundu+ kundu+ (2ndy+ kundus
dry "urak 'rk kurak kuru (2r"$a( kur"ak
beast worm "urt 'urt kurt kurt (2rt kurt
soot "urum 'rm kurum kurum (urym
cut v "i%mak '% ') ky%maa k*ymak (y%u 'y%yrak
English Trkmen Cuvash Gagauz
Turkish
Azeri
Kazakh Tuva
hair "yl ')l)' kyl k*l (yl 'yl
rime "yrav kraa "yrov (yrau 'yraa
shear v "yrkmak kyrkmaa k*rkmak (yr(u kyr"yyr
ed"e "yra ')rri "*ra" (yr 'yra
"irl dau"hter "y+ ')r ky+ k*+ (y+ kys
red "y+yl ')rl) ky+yl k*+*l (y+u ky+yl
evil thief 'yrsy+ 'arsr 'yrsy+ h*rs*+ (yrsy+ kyr!yr
press v "ysmak ')s kysmaa (ysu ky+ar
short "ys"a k)ske kysa k*sa kyska kyska
craw7sh claw (ys(y ')sk) kysky k*ska (ys(y kyska
fruitless "ysyr ')s)r kysyr k*s*r (ysyr ky+yr
winter "y ')l ky k*5 (ys ky
hot 7re burn v "y+"yn ky+"yn k*+d*rmak (y+u ky+ar
hair sa 2 sa sa a a
healthy sa" syv saa sa"$ sau soo
milk sa"mak su saamaa sa"$mak sauu saar
han" wave v sallamak sulla sallanmaa sallamak salandau salban
put lay v salmak sulm salmaa salmak salu salyr
raft sal sula sal sal sal
number san 1 sum sanmaa sana san 1 san
stalk handle sap sapan sap sap saba( savak syp
beard sak"al su'al sakal sakal sa(al se"sel
yellow sary sar sary sar* sary sary"
swamp sa+ ur saa+ sa+ sa+
trade sut satmaa satmak sauda sady"
blow v sovurmak svr saurmaa sovurmak suyru uur"an
saliva selki s)leke li"a selik sileke%
fat thick semi+ samr semi+ semi+ semi+ semis
hear v feel v symak sis sy+maa se+me se+u se+i"leer
love like v s0%"i sav sevm11 sevmek s2%2 s0"2r22r
urine si%dik k siidik siymek sidik sidik
tremble v selkildemek sillen sarsmaa silkelemek silkiu sil"iir
sinew cord sinir nr sinir sinir sinir siir
nit sirke rka sirk1 sirke sirke sir"e
tear cut v so%mak s2 co%maa soyma" so%u so%"alaar
left sol sula'a% sol sol sol sol
last rest sonky sonu son sony soonda
blind sokur sukkr saar sokur so(yr so"ur
ask v be" v soramak sormaa sormak surau suraar
cold sovuk siv) suuk so"$uk suy( sook
speak v s0%lemek su% s0lem11 s0ylem1k s0%leu
(uarrel v s0"mek s22m11 s0vmek s0"u s0"leer
water suv yv su su su su"
sweep v s2p2rmek s2p2rm11 s2p2rmek sypyru yrbiir
rub smear v s2rtmek s)rkele suamaa s2rtmek syr"anak s2rt22r
milk s2%t s)t s2t s2t s2t s2t
English Trkmen Cuvash Gagauz
Turkish
Azeri
Kazakh Tuva
spine syrt srt syrt s*rt syrt sirt
press v sykmak sa'a syk s*kmak sy"$u sy"ar
7nd v tapmak tup tapmak tabu tyvar
stick ta%ak tu%a da%ak dayak ta%a( da%an"yy
carry drive v daamak tus taimaa ta5*nmak tasu da!yyr
wheel circle teker t)k)r tekerlek teker te"erik te"erer
fo' tilki til) tilki tilki tulki dil"i
tremble v titremek )tre titirem11 titremek didireet
feast weddin" to% tu% to% toy to% do%
earth toprak tpra toprak toprak topyra(
hold v tutmak tyt tutmaa tutmak tutkyn tudat
hair t2% t)k t22 t2y tuk d2k
3y v umak v) -, umaaa umak uu u!ar
end u v) -1 u u u u
sleep v
u%'y
uklamak
y%' u%u- uyku uyu- u%u- udu-
"reat bi" uly ulu ulu uly ulu"
roar v uvlamak ula ulamaa ulumak ulu uluur
a"ree v una- %una %a6n una- una- annyr
for"etfulness unutmak
beat v urmak vr urmaa vurmak uryp urar
steal v o"ry vrla o"$urlamak urlau oorlaar
skill u+ sta u+ usta usta us
lon" u+ak u+ak u+un u+ak u+un
bark v 2%rek v)r 2r2mek 2r2 eerer
part v 2lemek val) 2l2- 2les 2leer
fear v 2rkmek v)rke 2rkm11 2rk2tmek 2rk2- 2r"2der
stirrup 2+enni %rana %0+en"i 2+en"i 2+en"i e+en"$i
top upper part 2st 2st 2st 2st 2st2
free+e v 2i- n 22- 25i- 2si 2!u-
sure friend ynam )nen %ynan inan nanym ynan-
hot yssy %ysytmaa s*cak* ystyk i+i"
track y+ %)r i+ i+ i+ is
9ef 6 http6::s1;;,<9,1;8onlinehome8us:turkic:=>?@an"ua"e:=A1#ncientTurkicBordsCn8htm
Navigation
T2rkic borrowin"s in Cn"lish
T2rkic and Dlavic
T2rkic and Ehinese
T2rkic in 9omance
#lans in Fyrenees
T2rkic in Greek
T2rkic and Dumerian
T2rkic and #merindian
Toon!m!
#ncient T2rkic toponymy in Hiddle #sia/ .Dh8
Iamoliddin/
Dcythian @e'icon in the Dources .Jremin G8/
T2rkic toponyms of Dakas and Dcythians .Kisebaev #8L8/
Ftolemy Toponymy .E8 Ftolemy/
T2rkic Toponymy .H8 Makiev/
Kul"arian Toponymy .L8 Ni"matullin /
Fre-9ussian C8 Curopean Toponymy .Hiftakhov M8 M8/
T2rkic-lin"ual Feriod Of Curopean Pistory .Qu8 Jro+dov/
General
#ltaic @in"uistic family
@in"o-Cthnical Tree
T2rkic lan"ua"e Rnd Curopean "enetic distance
Elassi7cations of the T2rkic lan"ua"es
#8N8 Damoilovich Elassi7cation, 19,,
Dwadesh @ist Dummary for the T2rkic lan"ua"es
S8Sanhunen 8roto/Uralic
#8 Iunnapp Uralic and -ltaic distances
#8Toth -gglutinati'e 6anguages
D8 Iak .ndo/7uropean, -rians, and ,ig'eda
Elassi7cation of Turkic lan"ua"es based on numerals
Dtatistical @in"uistics8 Fhonetical and Demantical
Eoncurrence
Dtatistical @in"uistics8 9andom Eoincidences
The @an"ua"es of Eentral #sia .98N8Trye/
"e#icon and $orholog!
,,>>> T2rkic words in 9ussian .C8N8Dhipova/
T2rkic borrowin"s in Cn"lish
T2rkic substrate of Dlavic and Kaltic .G8 Dhuke/
Turkic Curopean Pistory .Qu8 Jro+dov/
T2rkic and Dlavic
T2rkic and Ehinese
T2rkic in 9omance
#lans in Fyrenees
T2rkic in Greek
T2rkic-Dumerian
T2rkic-Ctruscan
Turkic:C8Lranian .Ossetic, Famir/ Fhonolo"ical
Eorrespondences
9ed book of endan"ered T2rkic lan"ua"es in 9ussia