Osmosis and Dialysis

Specific objective: to demonstrate dialysis and osmosis and measure some colligative properties of
solutions. To know the change in colour of the solutions that is mixed.

Change in colour of distilled water in the vial: pink

Change in volume of mixture inside the test tube after an hour: increased

Colour of solution and or precipitate with:

Silver nitrate
(1) pink
(3) blue
Sodium hydroxide and Copper Sulfate
(2) transparent with white precipitate
(4) violet
Performed by: Jernette Louise S. Oblepias

Osmosis the passage of solvent, usually water, across a semipermeable membrane from a solution of
low solute concentration to a solution of higher solute concentration. In simple words, it is the flow of
water.
Osmotic pressure pressure that prevents the flow of additional solvent into a solution on one side of a
semipermeable membrane.
Tonicity:
1. Isotonic solution the movement of water into and out of the red blood cell occurs to an equal
extent and the red blood cell keeps its normal volume; two solutions with the same osmotic
pressure are said to be isotonic.
2. Hypotonic solution more water moves into the cell than diffuses out, so the cell swells and
eventually it can rupture (hemolysis) ; it has a lower osmotic pressure than body fluids.
3. Hypertonic solution more water moves out of the cell than diffuses in, so the cell shrivels
(crenation); it has a higher osmotic pressure than body fluids.

Dialysis process that involves the selective passage of substances across a semipermeable membrane,
called a dialyzing membrane. In dialysis, however, water, small molecules, and ions can travel across the
membrane; only large biological molecules like proteins and starch cannot.
Function of the following materials in the procedure:
a. Distilled water solvent
b. Egg white solution colloid
c. Cobalt chloride hexahydrate
d. Colourless cellophane semipermeable membrane
e. Distilled water in the beaker solvent
f. Silver nitrate solution determines the salt on the solution
g. Copper sulfate solution with sodium hydroxide solution determines the colloid on the
solution
Account for the observations noted when:
a. Volume of the contents of the inverted test tube after incubation it increased
b. Observed results in the AgNO3 test the first test tube became pink and the third one
became blue.
c. Observed results with copper sulfate solution with sodium hydroxide the second test tube
became transparent with white precipitate and the fourth test tube became violet.
What is the physiological significance of this procedure especially in the function of the bodys excretory
system?
Dialysis treatment replaces the function of the kidneys, which normally serve as the body's
filtration system. Through the use of a blood filter and a dialysate solution, the treatment removes
waste products and excess fluids from the bloodstream, while maintaining the proper chemical balance
of the blood. The blood is filtered and cleansed inside the hemodialyzer and returned to the body.
Saturated, Unsaturated, Supersaturated solutions
Specific objective: To identify if the solution is saturated, unsaturated and supersaturated.
Colour and shape of the crystals formed: strips, crystals - white
Performed by: Jernette Louise S. Oblepias

Solubility of a substance the ability to dissolve a substance.
Saturated solution a solution that has the maximum number of grams of solute that can dissolve.
Unsaturated solution a solution that has less than the maximum number of grams of solute.
Supersaturated solution a solution that has more than the maximum number of grams of solute; if a
solid is dissolved in a solvent at high temperature and then the solution is slowly cooled, the solubility of
the solute decreases and it precipitates from the solution. Sometimes, however, if cooling is very slow,
the solution becomes supersaturated with solute; that is, the solution contains more than the predicated
maximum amount of solute in a given temperature.
What are ways by which crystallization can be induced?
There are a couple of ways to initiate the formation of crystals. These methods can be used to
avert the formation of oil or prompt crystallization if it doesn't occur spontaneously. The first thing to try
is 'scratching' or rubbing the flask with a glass rod or metal spatula. A second tactic is the use of seed
crystals. Taking just a few crystals from the previous crop and putting them in your solution will promote
the growth of more crystals. Often, it is enough just to stir your solution with a spatula that has touched
some of the desired crystals.