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COMP27112
Computer Graphics and Image
Processing
Lecture B1
Introduction to Image Processing
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Contact Details
Room 2.107
tim.morris@manchester.ac.uk
63376
2
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Outline of Lectures
Image Representation
Point Processing
Region Processing 2 !eeks"
Image Processing
#istor$
!hat can %e do
Reso&ution
'o&our
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Outline of Lectures
Image Representation
Point Processing
Region Processing 2 !eeks"
Image Processing
(re$ )a&ue trans*orms
#istogram
+hresho&ding
,ooming
'o-.rdinate trans*orms
/**ine
0on-/**ine
3
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Outline of Lectures
Image Representation
Point Processing
Region Processing 2 !eeks"
Image Processing
'on)o&ution
1moothing
2dge detection
+emp&ate 3atching
Rank .rder 4i&ters
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Outline of Lectures
Image Representation
Point Processing
Region Processing 2 !eeks"
Image Processing
Region 5escription
4inding B&o6s
3easurements
4
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Handout
Backs up these s&ides
7 3ore materia&
7 3ore detai&ed
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Outline of Lab chedule
'ourse%ork /ssignments
7 / mark *or su6mission
7 8nsuper)ised
La6orator$ c&asses
7 9: per su6mission
7 1uper)ised
5etai&s in handouts on the %e6site
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Lecture !1
5e*inition
Image Processing #istor$ and 2;amp&es
Representation
'o&our
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"hat is Image Processing#
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Historical Digital Images
1<21
4irst digita&
images= *or
te&egraphic
transmission
4i)e gre$
&e)e&s
3 hours to
transmit
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$arl% Digital Image Processing
1<60s
+ied to
de)e&opment o*
hard%are and
so*t%are
1pace e;p&oration
7 to correct *or &ens
distortion
7
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Data ources
/n$thing that can generate a spatia&&$
coherent measurement o* some propert$ can
6e imaged
'an use man$ energ$ sources
2&ectromagnetic
ra$s= > ra$s= )isi6&e= micro%a)e= radio
.thers
7 sound= magnetic *ie&ds
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ra% images
8
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& ra% images
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'(
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(isible) I*
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Micro+a,e and *adar
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LID-*
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-pplications
In man$ areas
7 *or mapping
7 e;p&oration
7 recording
7 measurement
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Medicine
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Oil $.ploration
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-stronom%
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"eather
?atrina
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Industr%
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ecurit%
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atellite Images
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atellite Images
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/ace *ecognition 0 !iometric
Passports
@ou recognise *aces
!h$ not automateA
Passport stores measurements o* $our *ace
1canner captures an image and rep&icates the
measurements
I* the$ match 7 $ouBre in
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Image Capture
3an$ sources
7 1o %eB&& ignore them
7 8&timate&$ the$ de&i)er a digita& image
/ rectangu&ar arra$ o* integer )a&ues
Reso&ution
7 /rra$ dimensions
Re&ated to the scene
7 +he Cinteger )a&uesD
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Image *esolution
#o% man$ pi;e&sA
7 1patia& reso&ution
#o% man$ shades o* gre$Eco&oursA
7 /mp&itude reso&ution
#o% man$ *rames per secondA
7 +empora& reso&ution
0$FuistBs theorem
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patial *esolution
n) n12) n12) n13) n114 and n152 pi.els on a side6
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4ie&d
o* Gie%
0um6er
.* Pi;e&s
Reso&ution H ; per pi;e&
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7%8uist9s :heorem
/ periodic signa& can 6e reconstructed i* the
samp&ing inter)a& is ha&* the period
/n o6Iect can 6e detected i* t%o samp&es
span its sma&&est dimension
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ine +a,e
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-mplitude *esolution
#umans can seeJ
7 /6out K0 shades o* 6rightness
7 /6out 7.9 mi&&ion shades o* co&our
'ameras can seeJ
7 5epends on signa& to noise ratio
7 K0 dB eFuates to a6out 20 shades
Images capturedJ
7 296 shades
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hades of Gre%
2;4) 14) 2 and 2 shades6
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Colour *epresentation
0e%ton
7 !hite &ight composed o* se)en co&ours
red= orange= $e&&o%= green= 6&ue= indigo= )io&et
@oung etc.
7 +hree primaries cou&d appro;imate man$ co&ours
red= green= 6&ue
7 'I2
5e*ine three primar$ co&oursJ ;= $= L reddish= greenish=
6&ueish"
+hese match #G1
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CI$ Primaries
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
350 450 550 650 750
s
e
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y
wavelength
CIE colour matching
Series1
Series2
Series3
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CI$ Colour Diagram
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Other Colour Models
@'r'6
7 Intensit$ and 'o&our di**erence
8sed in 6roadcasting
Perceptua& 1paces
7 #1G M I#1 M #1B
7 La6
/&& separate intensit$E6rightness and
chromaticit$
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<CrCb
Part o* the standard *or digita& )ideo
Less detai& in '6= 'r so *e%er pi;e&s stored
.ne '6 and one 'r pi;e& per *our @ pi;e&s
128 0813 . 0 4187 . 0 5 . 0
128 5 . 0 3313 . 0 1687 . 0
114 . 0 587 . 0 299 . 0
+ =
+ + =
+ + =
B G R Cr
B G R Cb
B G R Y
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"h% Perceptual paces#
2Fua& distances on 'I2
diagram 5. 0.+
correspond to eFua&
changes in percei)ed
co&our
+his is important *or
measurement
25
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IH
Intensit$
7 /ka Brightness
7 !eighted a)erage o* R(B
#ue
7 +he 6asic co&our
7 /n ang&e *rom 0 to 39<
1aturation
7 5epth o* co&our
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Lab
/&so kno%n as LNaN6N and 'I2L/B
7 8sed in Photoshop
'an represent a&& percei)a6&e co&ours
7 Because itBs deri)ed *rom 'I2 >@, co-ordinates
5e)ice independent
LN represents &ightness
7 0 H 6&ack= 100 H %hite
aN represents green magenta
6N represents 6&ue $e&&o%
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ummar%
'hapters 1 and 2 o* handout
1amp&e app&ications
Reso&ution
'o&our mode&s
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6K0k ought to 6e enough *or an$6od$
Bi&& (ates= 1<O1