الماء وتقنية مياه الصرف

?=QAzy ?+<Qgy ?
}d"C
G
?+"tAy
Gh e(
ZTRN)h AXQ9G
adG9G gXT:
zgzy R*Rgy O=f xzC ?"*O|

G
)*(
>Awy
v v
v G
OI
v
? } FQ @ ? z T z T y
v
,<Qgy #_(y 9%+y

e 9 t y ) y ? pQ g 3
v
d:X< .L cQX:
v G
v E
v v E
* ,Ay
{ t ! Q *( a A y
L
9AJ
v h
v v
v v G
$ ~]@
9+"tAy #f
EJ=y Q
.,<Qgy
v v v
v v Gh
v v G
:?zTzTyG
v v G
Q ? + S9 S} e 9 = 3 9 A w y P $ Q g *
O f9 t y Q p ( *
9 + 3 ? G y9 g | 9 G |
9 + " t A y9 < ? t z g A 3
9 |( z g 3 # | ? * Q ] y
xy
? yP A = 3
9+3
? + q + w < ? Y9 M y
9 + } + w y
( z f # | 9 pN ; L # |
.9$Q+i
9+y O+%y
9+F(y(+=y
v v
v v
v G
:H9AwyG
vvv
vvv
vvv
vvv
vvv
v v
Ph
vvv
vvv
v v
v v
vvv
vvv
vvv
v v
,g
vvv
vvv
vvv
vvv
v v
vvv
vvv
IO
vvv
IQGOE
vvv vvv
vvv
hQ
vvv
vvv
Qh
vvv
vvv
Gh
g9
Gh
+C #| ,!9Dy
% + ( 3 P $ ) y 9 VN O G @
e 9 t y W w } @ ) y O % @ ? t * Q a < B G y( f
#|
O I( y W < ? z L O A 3 ? s; g y ? *
. 9f {wW< 9%z|9w@ ~d! ?zf9qA3
9 zv h \
v
v v
JG
v v
vv
vv G
vv
vv
vv
vv
vv
fC
vv E
vv
v E
vv vv
vv
vv vv
IQ
vv
vv
vv
vv
vv
vv
vv
vvv
vvv
vvv
vvv
v G
IO
vv
vv
vv
9 A S
vvv
v v
vvv vvv
DQ
?F
v
QO
.I
vv
9w S Q=
?g|9F
v v
vF
v v
O JA
v v
v v
vvv
vvv vvv
vvv
* (
9 : y
vvv vvv vvv
vvv
Z=uTC9G ZTRN@9G .5
JX:uPKQ9G
J
vvv
vvv
fG
:~FQA
&I9Gh AXHM9G
Gh
G J
9+"tAy >Av ?zTzS

G
.8
Z7XI9G .9
G
Z:bN@Q9G OGuQ9G .10
v v v v
vv
vv
vv
v v G
v v
vv vv G
vv
v v
vv G
v G
vv
GQ
vv G
vv
vv
v v
vv
Z^T?9G .11
vv
.uW|O
?|OtAC ?+G+@ QAS:
.7
JXTFuH9Gh
ZTRN) .6
EXG)EGh JXT;h)O9FG
.3
u;XR9G .4
.2
+ = a @ Q Q + A T F9 | fGuvvHQ nvv0uvv=
?+=+vQAy 9+F(y(+Gy Q Og< #f 9gWAS:
9 S O y u *Q p ( ] f
? g |9 F
? + y R yR y
9t
|C
+ !O 3
OJA3
:ry
( $ ? SO " % y Q
#y(w"y 9wS Q=!
v
)?9G
AXTQT8h)?9G
RXL9Gh dh
9WAT|
gXTQ9G .1
QuTv;uv- ,dv:Xv< .L cQXv:
R 9I
? g |9 G y { t A T |
v
vv
.I
HDR
vv
dvv:Xvv< .L cQXvv:
G H9AwyG )*(
v h
"%y 9|
9*:(y
# y( w " y
? SO
:XQc L. <X:d, -u;TuQ
n0u=
v G
:XQc L. <X:d
fGu Q
v G
ZQ-d)
v G
v v
)2 v v 1(
?}FQAzy ?+<QgyG ?}d"}yG
GQ:hO 56 :
9vvvvvvvvvvv
vvvvvvvvvvvv}vvvvvvvvvvvvDvvvvvvvvvvvvyG
vvvvvvvvvvvyO9vvvvvvvvvvvgvvvvvvvvvvv
*9
vvvvvvvvvvv| hC
SzTz? vA> GyAt"+9J G:SAQG@+G+? hGCAtOq |?
adG9G gXT: ZTRN)h AXQ9G
:TXg G9Gda
G9QXA h)NRTZ
QuT;u- ,d:X< .L cQX:
v v

! "

& '( )

)*+ $ ,
+#( (- #$ %
.
" $ /
/$ #- 0

# $# 1 2

3# 4$
(
-
# 5 6
&
#$
:! " $
#$
"2007/91428 7
$ #$ 8
# :
<$ $ =+# 3 * &
#$ 3# " > ? *
'
0 #

6

#$ 3 ?+ ) :
4- @ =
+
.(
B C &"<-C &D( DE
HI#
$
#$ *
" $

:
&/3 D # &
:

5
>1- +5 - !& $
&

+
&( ) 3(

&
E

* #
& & &
&J?K &
E ? &(
*C
.E
#
D N # J ) ?
DL$K #$ + M #- 0 ># :

- #- #$ + JI5 45 O! =
+ &C
#$ 3 ?+ ! 6 $#
" $ /
/$ #- 0
K 6
1
#$ + # H$

6
1 .!8 * D8 K8
* # H$
! &C *#1 4- ,+5 D*1 4- "E
3 # $ + JI5 4- -
&
$ (8# &!
.
K 6 "$# #$ %
/ O!#
#$ 3 45 8N

!+
D
P * * I$

$
0 * ! * *
! &
$ H * J

*
&2000 "- $# ( *
, &)
- "! !1

K &

# * !- "
8 * &> + E 8
=
+# @(8 HL
?
S ? *
)
8 &8 3 -
* !# OT 3#

- "
*#
D !
(
)

# )
- ,! *
.#$ $ + >
/ D<8
(

& * - (# >
$
" $ /
/$ #- 0
5

$ > H
+ !# ! 4-
#$ . *1
&
((8
!E + 4- &U8C
+ $
4- O1C !#
-
$ *1 * ./C - 4-

" $ /
/$ #- 0
E</ 0* . /5
.#$ + M #- 0 >#
K $#
1431
20

! " .

$ $#
V
N %# 1
3 * "
$ &>2+ $ &!$ &O(

6 &!$
/ &J
6
? !# (8 $ D * O .J D$ >-5 &O(

&"$ 4-
+( !
"! $##
! @81 45
.O(
J W1
( D
31#
! @81 45
O!# ,
> DE ,*1 & * 6
? & $# =X+Q
$ &$# .J E
## H$ >

? "
K * U5
&O(
$ &$ D (K >
DE ?5 @
.J D$ >-5 &O(
$
* 7-
K
JX 2# $ "
$ # )<
& .O(
>5 J# /
! >/

#
$ S K

! &0

! &>
+ "- &J

*

! D (K B
0 J
- 2
! ) ?
" * .
+( H
# #
.O(
J $
-
8 # "!K
5 &

O(
>5 J# /
!
7-
*

6 . - D D*1# !. D
31 &!$ &J 6
/ B
$ D D* * 6
?
$# * .!
31 &!$ &O(
K 4- >+ D*
-
#

# <$ Y ? # "!K
% 6

=
+#
D$ >-5 O(
$ .D** .N 6 !* "I
+ >
I* H
/ !# " &
8N D(K 6
? &J
.J (
K "8 =

# "
K *N "! >
/
+
? " 6 "8 OZ![
IN ? >

$
# #+ \ 0 45 ?5 &>
H $
# .Z
# 8 $ H
# 4- % -
. #
! >- D
] *1# &# DE 7$#
. *
+ 1 &"" D N D(K X

D 8 / L U+
&C 4-
?5 * 45 D 8
Instructor Resource # 4- www.prenhall.com 6 [/ ._L
?B ._ D 8 / 4- D (+ Register Today 4- "I Center
._ D 8 / )? D
*
)
*5 )
# " D

-
*
$ 4- D (+ / !# D8 6 45 &0/ " +
.!8# B D
/ D +

_
5 45 &
#
* $ & . . O
/ @8 *1
U a '
* ` "
# &
# _* $ _
5 .
$# @ R
"!- &!
* 1 # &

.

#
+ J</ D* )- * *

D2 5
.J E
# D $
[b
& Z
.#$

$ .#$
1

.
#
" $ % &' . ! " !
( ) *+ ,- /0 ! " 1
"
6 " 4 /78 * ) -0-
5 . 2+03 4 2

.2+
4 / " 5 9
' 4 / * +
.+) +
1 +
)" + " +
.(1-1 <) " 23 ":

0?8 4 ? / $ >)+
0 + 1 6 +
7 $%
> " )>

$
1 + . 0@

D %"C

+ $ B" 1 A+
.A"
8 @"0 % 2>+ 2
0%
! E
. ) 5 )
+

%"
* + *+ *G H
$F% .1 0

0@
" 4 ? . @" 2 &
I
J
5 " / ) " + 0

2J 60?8 0@ 6
)" K+ 1 +

$%
$3 H
@ ) 1 " L
J .1 0 $
+

)" 7
0 @ )

@ 6 0@ . )
.< ?
M < $
@N 6
/
3 "4 +
0@ B

/ + O%
N /PG 0@ . ) @4 1 @ 0@ /- )"8
1 6 (% :&
/ +J $ B" & "

) H
@ )
+ 1 A+ (& / )>
)
+
0 1GJ
( / )"8 %"
(' / K4
.)" K+ H4 5
20%
+ 1

.+ G-
0@ RF / 60

)"8
) *G < ? $
S @ A
@" G +
" 1
0@

+
S <" T
U
$ >)+

$
" 4 1 %

+ N PG +
" .
+4 5 /78 "%
@ 4 "
.0 2&4 2 "&
"
8 )
@" 1 C
%
+ B"4 6
A+< %
+ < < $
@ B" 0@ 3 2" /2 %

+ G-
* /$ +
S /@ "
/2 +<
%0 S 6< 1 >)+
< 1GJ @ 4 ? .K4

V H
U
" +
" PG
P "J /PG & . ,
@ )
> S 5 )H< 6
@ S )
> S
G ,8 > 3
K4 0<
@ N /G 0@ 60 > A W"4 .H0
> 0@
-
5 ) ! " $ 7 5 1 $

. 25 24 %

:1-1
J / +) P) $0@ @ % $0

%
A4 X +
.DV0
& >)+
$)H O 8
.+ B"8 0@ 1 +

" / + +

$ % #
" !

:2-1
+
*
" () ' &

@" . 1 A+ A>

H P) $0@

)B .< ?
M < $
@ %0 > J
+ / + / / +) / $0@ N 2-1 <
G-
N 24 . @" 2"
2) $F%
/2 + 6 %
1
1 %
+ "%
< "J $
@ +
. ,

"%
0 H0

M " A $00 V 8 X 0 6
GJ
%
% 6
GJ "&
0 1-1 + T .
" % 0@ 6 @ + GJ ) .@"
A&
5 / 3 0 .$
J *G R& /9" 0
4 7
6 0@ 6+
/O H @"
+J %" 78 /)+ & $0@

J A>
B"4 0 . )"8
GJ & 00 &
$% *G OF F&H 5 .A H
"
*G H H P) X
4 R&
. A>
< !0
5 6,
J
GJ 3 Y>
"34 .6 "8 6 "S W0 "34 %% 6 "4
"

>+8 7
4 6 0 H 5 / + O
H + 1GH"

5 1-1 + +
.A
H H" < W + 6 " <5 " $

1 A+ B"4 & PG %0
0 4 2B" /A

2&4 A+ B"4
+" $% &
. )
+
+ 0@ 1 0%
+ $%
.%
P)

H )
S .W"@ "? S 4 B"8 $) N PG 0@ /
GJ 4 2B" . < < R&0 -
$%
B"8 -<
"
Z$ $%
$
% /%
"H 8 A
6

.6
0 H @ -<
%0
0
0 0@ 2E0 1 + &
P[
. + 0
P0
) <

W 4 X %0 VS /<@ D 3 H $J H
0
$
@ ]B
. 1 + \
@" + 0@
^M ,
2 < 2) 60
/+ "%

D4
.

1 #0 -/ ,
! + )* ( :1-1
$
34 2
10

5

1-4

1-2
2-4

9-2
* ) +()
4-4
) ( %&'
11-2
, +()
5-4
'
1-3
"
#" !
$
/ 4 03 012 / #.
(-
1 03 / #. 5
&'
0 7
#
9()
*--' & (-'.
8-4
!)
10-4
#
3-3
11-4
64 /&
4-3
9
1 8
5-3
# ')
6-3
11
2-3
- ')

9-2
03

10-2
:%
- 1 '

8-3
'
1-3
94 - 03 / #.
12-4
*--' & (-'.

!)
2-3
& - ;
<)
13-4
64 /&
4-3
3 - ;
14-4
? & 7 #4 > '&

0(
10-3
= /6 6'
1-5
&
11-3
6'
4-5
& &
12-3
7 +%)'% 0 ,
@% '
5-5

1-4
"
#" !
$
2-4

1-4
1 03 / #. 5
&'
10-4
"
#" !
$
2-4
#
A()
9
&' / 4 03 / #.

3-4
* ) +()
4-4
6 <'
8 & 6'

5
, +()
5-4
<'
6
(3 / 4
6-4

7
6 ?' %&'

/ 4
7-4
/ 4 03 / #. 5
9-4
9% 6' 9'-B *-

12 9'
7-3
, - #'

5
#
9()
9
7

10

1-2

11
% 0( %&'
2-2
13 -1'
7 - 9 7 < '

54) pH & -
(0 - 9
3-2
%' :B 3B

0( 7<'
4-2
%' :B 3B
( &
5-2
14 ,-)'# *-

B
<
6-2
%' :B 3B

%1
7-2
%' :B 3B

2)'
8-2
%' :B 3B
) ( &'
11-2
-1'

1-4
"
#" !
$
2-4
/ 4 03 / #. 5
9-4
2

1 "%
!0
4 0 H GJ $%

@" "

H0 % &'@
" + % .
+
/ 3 0 . + 0@ DV0
/
! H . < &@, G+ " 9
6
@ 7
S )" 2B" /1 0
7 U
0@ /3
0% ,@ H
A % >
.
? & 2B" .1 0 %
0
M "
>)+
+
/)
LJ " @ +
% $%
$
% / % % G) @ &
$ DV0
&
. 1 & 0 >+ &

>)+
"%
J4 <5 "
24
&4 " 0@ ) @" S
$) .

.
S +
) 5

6$
4 1-2
0
. " / <

8 <
)B' . 9 $+ > ( "@ *4 @ "@
J> / 1 "%

< " 4 1-2 $5 +

> $

. )">4 < )
_
G )">4
.S `
W *G +) > " "@ > J *G >
$? @ $- W"@ Y *G > GJ .O % *G >
2 3 . "0 *G >
.$? 27.0 J (Al) $"a *G > $? ,
._
0@ *G > 5 L
" M " > !0 b >
+8 +) 3 > - " 7 )B
c
"@
/!> 3 " 7 )B
" /+
"
O " $ HH + ,
2 3 /0 2 K4
< 2& )& A
& 3 K4 "@

._
J " " ( "@ G A "@ G
.
W *G +) G
5 0@ 2 5 "@
5 J _

4
2+
15 _
G 2 "@ N PG 0@ .1 *
5
.1+ 15 _
W $ .+J
c G
8 4 ! 7% )
:1-2
$
(*)
7<
9.0
(6 E3'
3+
? 7<
27
<
Al
,
25.0
3+
74.9
As
F <
68.7
2+
137.3
Ba
,
3.6
3+
10.8
7
79.9
1-
79.9
Br
,
56.2
2+
112.4
Cd
, -
20.0
2+
40.1
Ca
, #
,#.
4-
12
7
35.5
1-
35.5
Cl
%
17.3
3+
52
Cr
,
6+
31.8
2+
63.5
Cu
5&
19.0
1-
19
%3
1.0
1+
7 - ;
126.9
1-
126.9
27.9
2+
55.8
Fe
- -&
3+
103.6
2+
207.2
Pb
+
12.2
2+
24.3
Mg
, <
27.5
2+
54.9
Mn
<
4+
100.3
2+
200.6
Hg
G(<
29.4
2+
58.7
Ni
3-
14
7 '
5+
8.0
2-
16
7 #
6.0
5+
31
#3
39.1
1+
39.1
, #'
13.1
6+
79
Se
, % #
6.5
4+
28.1
Si
7 %#
107.9
1+
107.9
Ag
3
23.0
1+
23
Ni
, -
16.0
2-
32.1

32.7
2+
65.4
Zn
" 7 )
( '') H<
.20 34 5 6 (
7 8 5
(1 (
) /0 (
(*)
R D*1 * > 6 + "

( > *
#
+

3
1
* , *
*# 6

'
*
.(NaCl) "
(
* 6E1
S ] * / .(NH3)

N /B D*1

=+ ($ /
.18.0 g '

N + D 58.4 g `#
"
(
*

-#$ %$ & '
() * + , . !"
2 3,
0$ 2-2 /
1 .(OH-) /#
/0
/, 6$ 4 % 4 ' #

.45
-
- 78 !, 9 4 3-2 /
1 .
"
!
2
:
;#9
<
+ ; = .7

(

+ ; & ';4 >
4 ?,
/0 !,
-#>
.7!"
'-
78 #
!

!, ;
#
<
+ ; .#&
* + 8+ .4 ; DC
@4$ A '6$ B% @ 4 0 $ ;A
3$ <$ F
3 08 '
89

!8

">
$ 'E
.-
78 ;# D
Ca(HCO3)
1-2 9
.P
b > >+ > 6
Fe2(SO4)3 J 3-2 + 60 >+ ` :
1-2 + *G > " $

Fe
S
O
2 55.8 = 111.6
3 23.1 = 96.3
12 16 = 192.0
400 g 4 399.9 g = >+ >
G 2 N PG 3+ 15 _

G ( 4) P G
"< )
G+ D,3) .6+ J5 + ) "< W
G
.(e6 J5 + )
>+ >
) "<
= b >
=
66.7 g = b >

2-2
2 ) "< G )& &@, PH
/"8 )
" 0 PH
GJ @ . "8 ) < G+
+ 0@ <N 2@
G+0 4 "0 > 8 E3' ."U
"
Cle /0 Na+ /$ BS .8 0@ "< @ 0@ S 4
+++
. SO =4 /
NH +4 /$"8 Al
/$"8
"4 >

/11-2 %H >+ P0
1 0

G+ 4 " > 0

L
" @ @ Y .0
6
7 $

.(mg/1) h ) >
-0
h %
7?8 ! J /(ppm) 0 >+8 @ #0
0 .1000000 mg > 2 2
4 2B" PG /(mg/l)
1 h A5 J /1 1000000 mg mg 1 * (mg/l) N K4
Y' 4 2&4 .(ppm 1) *4 2"> >+ 1000000 2"> >+
,
2 3 /(meq/1)
0 (Milliequivalent) b 0 0 >
@
.6 4 G+ 4 a !0 > PG
:(mg/l) h @ (meq/l) 6
meq/l = mg/l
(2-1)
: #
6 4 G+ +
meq/l = mg/l
(2-2)
G+ " >8

0@ 3-2 2-2 S+ )B'
.
&@S
" 1GJ " % . 2+G" 2 ,
2 0
4-2 + )B
0 + %
PG 6< 1 9
. 2@ " 4 2>" )
5
1 #0 04 8
6$ :2-2
$
7<
&6
I3
(9
18.0
0( < 7<

,#.
1+
18.0
NH4-
,
17.0
1-
17.0
OH-
#- ;
61.0
1-
61.0
HCO3-

31.7
3-
95.0
PO4=
#32
48.0
2-
97.0
1-
?-& #32
96.0
HPO4=
97.0
H2PO4-

7 - 9 '

0(2 #32
97.0
1-
97.0
HSO4-
48.0
2-
96.0
SO4=
'
81.0
1-
81.0
HSO3-
7 - 9 <'
40.0
2-
80.0
SO3=
<'
46.0
1-
46.0
NO2-
<'
62.0
1-
62.0
NO3-
'
51.5
1-
51.5
OCl-
% - # G3
( % ;)
8
,+ 5
! 7% )
:3-2
$
7<
I3
7<
0( <
(6 ,-)'#.

,#.
N.A.(*)
12.0
&( 9
6 7
100
600
2)'
C
Al2(SO4).14.3
H2 O
26.0
78.0
(0'3 -&')
Al(OH)3
- #- ;
, 4
N.A.
17.0
*% , 1'
NH3

N.A.
178
*%3
(NH4)2SiF6
% #%3
, 4
66.1
132
2)'
(NH4)2SO4
, 4 '
, 4 '
81.0
162
(0'3 -&')
Ca(HCO3)2

, #
50.0
100
J'
CaCO3
, #
N.A.
78.1
*%3
CaF2
, # - %3
37.0
74.1
*# <B
Ca(OH)2
- #- ;
, #
N.A.
179
, 1'
Ca(OCl)2 2H2O
% ;
, #
28.0
56.1
*# <B
CaO
, # - #
( )
22.0
44.0
*-
B
CO2
7 - # 02
N.A.
71.0
, 1'
Cl2
%
N.A.
67.0
&( 9
ClO2
% - # 02
79.8
160
/&
CuSO4
5& '
54.1
162
2)'
FeCl3
H - -& - %
35.6
107
(0'3 -&')
Fe(OH)3
- #- ;
H - -&
66.7
400
2)'
Fe2(SO4)3
H - -& '
139
278
2)'
FeSO4.7H2O
<- -& '

(
N.A.
144
*%3
H2SiF6
8&
H # % #%3
36.5
36.5
N.A.
HCl
% 8&
(H %- ;)
29.2
58.3
*% <B
Mg(OH)2
- #- ;
, <
16.0
32.0
9'
N.A.
48.0
, 1'
O
O3
N.A.
158
*-#
KMnO4
7 #
7<

, #'
N.A.
82.0
2)'
NaAlO2
, -
84.0
84.0
& - -'
NaHCO3

-) , -
(<)
53.0
106
*# <B
Na2CO3
, -
(- -)
58.4
58.4
-' - ' *-

B
0 4
NaCl
, - - %
((6 K%)
N.A.
42.0
*%3
NaF
, - - %3
N.A.
N.A.
J'
(NaPO3)n
#3' #;

, -
40.0
40.0
& - -'
NaOH
- #- ;
, -
N.A.
74.4
, 1'
NaHCO3

, -
N.A.
184
2)' :%
-
#
Na4SiO4
, - % #
N.A.
188
*%3
Na2SiF6
% #%3
, -
N.A.
158
*% <B
Na2S2O3
' 2
, -
N.A.
64.1
*% <B
SO2
- # 02
49.0
98.1
& - -'
H2SO4
H ' 8&
N.A.
18.01
N.A.
H2 O

.1 7 ; N.A. (*)
"* 2 #5 " :4-2

$
meq/l
ml/l

0.81
9.9
2.2
ml/l

, <
108
%1
'
F <
meq/l
7.6
& (pH -&)
0.5
?
.) #3
(
3.9
, #'
, % #
3
0.20
4.6
0.55
0.10
,
2.15
131

1.79
, -
35.8
, #
7.1
%
, -
,
26.4
%#
0.10
5&
220
L % -

%
0.2
%3
((*)NTU) M) *
0.13
-(< - -&
<
7 9 02!2 72
0.10
- -&
5 1 7 -&
7%'
+
20.0
.(Nephlometer) <
4 !
(*)
H
# 3#4 /
/, * (mg/l) 2 G!4
;B 9
(meq/l) I8 3 A G!4
@4J8 E . - 7!
$ H .#!
4>
/ & # KB
34 :#
!8
L ( ) 4 !8
L 6#
'3 # 4 $ H 0 # 78 .( # ) 44O
1+ ; .3! "
'"

78
-
$ * +
314 E
'74 %% PB K8 & ;# !8 ;
# -
/ G!4
4 * + 4# 1-2 /,
78 >
%% + .in 1 & (meq/l) 1 *% 5
#!
4
D

= '4-2 /
78

-
## 7#

H 4 .;# '; ';"42 ';# :/##
.
'
' 4
&
(

)
:
@4 + "a &

S
S U<"
4
. @ >
@ 2 H 1GJ .1-2 <
(meq/l) 2.15 *
[Ca(HCO3)2] " @ 4 #&
1-2 <
.(meq/l) 0.45 *
[Mg(SO4)]
",
2-2 9
16.4 $>"- /(mg/l) 29.0 $ :
i L
" 1 0
@4
171 " /(mg/l) 17.5 $
/(mg/l) 23.0 $ /(mg/l)
>
V .(mg/l) 24.0 0 /(mg/l) 36.0
/(mg/l)
% @ 6 /&

S
S 5 A& /meq/l (mg/l)
.CaCO3 h (mg/l) h
"
1-2 $

(meq/l)
b > (mg/l)
1.45
20.0
29.0
1.34
12.2
16.4
1.00
23.0
23.0
0.45
39.1
17.5
4.24

Ca+ +
Mg+ +
Na+
K+
0 "

2.81
61.0
171
HCO3-
0.75
48.0
36.0
SO4=
0.68
35.5
24.0
Cl-
4.24
0 ""8

,0; )";
/0.02 /NaHCO3 /1.34 /Mg(HCO3)2 /1.45 meq/l
/Ca(HCO3)2
0.45 meq/l /KCl / 0.23 /NaCl /0.75 /Na2SO4
.2.79 meq/l = (Mg+ + + Ca+ +)

(3-2 +) 50.0 = Ca CO3 h b >
2-2
140 meq/l = 50 2.79 =
1.40 meq/l /Ca CO3 =
pH ," $
!$
< !
% 5 3-2
M +) 8 2>

2 /% HH + (H2O) PH

-7
( 4) J 4 4 2B" .(mol/L) 10 h

. 2
/(&) +J 4
H2O H+ + OH
1
pH = log
[H + ]
(3-2)
(4-2)
-7
& + N /7 * 10 0@ 2% 1 h $

? 4 D
.7 *
(>
)
pH
2
> +) 4 >
N 7 & "@
&
"@ W"N O 0@ .pH & + $5 7 H"

>
7H"
? H+ "4 A
OH- "4 N 05

pH O %
.pH & + $5 R H
6
+) 4
.14 7 205 - /7 0 & .14 0

*05 +
& +
#5 !
4-2
7
"
!4
3 # !
F
;1 +
@4
;
/
* + #4 8 .@
4

"

'
4 /
(
/ B $ A D$ 78 "
78 " ?D$ J8 '5-2
/
.#
4 /
@# D$ C " " 4
.6-2
78 (massaction) /8 R &F 7BB "
78 7!
aA + bB cC + dD
[C] c [D]d
K=
[A]a [B] b
(5-2)
(6-2)
.@ H
0 B A 4 D
@ H
L
" J D C
(molar concentrations) S >
[ ]
>
3 K
$ )

W"@ +
" 0@ H

O" +
>

&@, 7 8
.0 2+ " U / )H" >H
7 8 VU
" .HH 100 " jU

O8
U
+ @ .H& " H& @% &@,
10-2 7-2 S .(massaction) 0
5, U
H&
.P" 7 >

9
H2CO3 H+ + HCO 3
+
(7-2)
=
3
[H ] [CO ]
= K1 = 4.45 x 10-7
[H 2 CO 3= ]
25 C +
(8-2)
HCO 3 H+ + CO 3=
+
=
3
(9-2)
[H ] [CO ]
= K = 4.69 x 10-7
[H 2 CO 3= ]
25 C
+
(10-2)
05 " " e " >

7-2 >+ k5 "'
.& 7 8 U
9 >+ k5 "
$+ )

+ ">
">
1GJ <
2 3 .34 4
>
0 $ " N 10 0@4 pH $5 K ,
.0 " $ "4 + %
S

CaCO3 Ca++ + CO 3=
(11-2)
0 0 >

R" GJ @ 4
:
i O" +
>
/2 & 0 )
"4
K=
[Ca + + ] [CO 3= ]
[CaCO 3 ]
(12-2)
.( e 0
) >
Ks 3 0 >

@
4 2% PG K Ks * [CaCO3] 4 7
S W"N

12e2 W0@
-9
[Ca++ ] [CO 3= ] = K Ks = Ksp = 5.0 10
25 C + "@
(13-2)
@ H
L
" e G 3 = Ksp D
54 S "8 >
L
" G A< ? 0
L
" G A< ! 0 O 0@ .@ H
L
" e G 3
<
1GJ .@ H

L
" e G 3 4 S >

>
A K
"8 >
95 "
6
A
0
G N (13-2) Ksp 5 2 "
.A< 0
0.000071 `0
25C + K %" CaCO3 h B"
.7.1 mg/l 4mol/L
5 )
)$ =
1 +
-
1 + ,@ H
$

2@< ! 34 .0 T ) PG ">

U
H& > ? /VG ? 6 <
J ,@ H
)":
.0 )@>"
& )+-
& @ ? ? /VG ? 6 <

PG 0@ 3 . >
1 +
-
2@< ! 34 J + 0
$
/ >: $"8
(Coagulants) 3 $

,@ H
6 <
._

"4 >: +
%3 6
$
!0 @ 6 1GJ >C
/
.' 4 @ #<
2@

. @ > J 6
@ H
#& 3
+ 0@ <5 6

/(@ 1 ) $ @ >
0@
@ > 0@ .

/6 "a 0
&N pH > , PG $ > $
/6

. " 14-2 >
1 +
-
PG 6
.(CaO) +
CaCO3 4 0 8 0@ H8 " W+
$) <)
.60 6
CaO + Ca(HCO3)2 = 2CaCO3 + H2O
(14-2)
+ P0
0@ H
` $%
14-2 P0

0@ "@ G @ K
G ">

. )" S @ W"
$
.8 0@ "@ G @ A 0 8
0@ H
6 >+ 5, $
>

$ %0 >

$
0@
.W" + P0

.(Stoichiometry) & 4 "
$0@)
0@ H
%
>8 $
/,@ H
7
.(4-2 3-2 S R+ ) W" + P0
/;
>5 )+-
4 _
-
4 / +4 & ,@ H
3 &

>
S " / "
R>" 4 +4 & J 8 .0@ H

4 J *0%
8 @ H
. "
& 4 +4 R>" J
.+8 &N
4Fe + 3O2 = 2Fe2O3
(15-2)
.O= O +8 >C

" Fe+++ Fe 4 $
%
] > "4 > J + >
e 4 @ H

.$

"-" $
8 @ 0 6G' [Fe2+
$
A+ " + "< 6
/1GJ 16-2 @ H

5 $) 4 BS) .>"-" 4 " 3 +4 _
+7 _
"-"
2 $

? 4 2B" 16e2 < S
.(">

3Fe2+ + Mn (7+)O 4 3Fe(3+)Ox + Mn (4+)O2
(16-2)
6
@ 0 >"-" 4 " 3 4 6 >C
. #<
( ) >( ? " )+-

G+ ""4 +J "4 & *G 7 0

2 0
2+
"
0
H2SO4 P
7 / 3 0 . 2& S
h 05 &N *@ 5 0 <
.0 H+ SO =4 "4
+
H "4 N WH" 0 @ 5 7 &4 GN . NaOH
)"N )"

H&4 G / <
OH A

i 3 J 20 S
2 0 ,< 2& )&
2H++ SO =4 + 2 Na+ + 2 OH- = 2H2O + 2Na+ + SO =4
(17-2)
= $ )+-

6) "@ )
)" 6
%
> ? L
" "&
0
+
" > ) "8 R>" PG 3 .0 > -
+
" + &N 10.8 ! pH h A .
.NH3 > ? NH +4 0 "8
NH +4 + OH- NH3 + H2O
(18-2)
h )
D /O
T 1 N
<h @ H8 1 #&"
1,@4 T H4
.) A 0 "8 > ?
m H' PG , T
3-2 9
h&N 6
@ >: @ H
14-2 )B
Ah
)
& n60 /%78 J5 %" " *G + @+ J .+
o$ 70 mg/l
"
N G /$ 40.1 g 0@ (162 g) Ca(HCO3)2 1 *

b
$ 70 mg/l
70 mg/l Ca++
162 g/mol Ca (HCO 3 ) 2

= 283 mg/l Ca(HCO3)
40.1 mol Ca + +
283 mg/l N PG /Ca(HCO3)2 162 g A CaO 56.1 g

A @ H
Ca(HCO3) 2
56.1
283 = 98.0 mg/l CaO
162
J% * +
+ @+ T

%78 J5 %" +
98.0 CaO
126 mg/l = 1050 lb/mil gal
0.78
4-2 9
@ "
)
& 6+ %" $ J 2" $
1 ? 0 P
7 50 lb h & *G
o
"
2 V
NaOH 2 N 17-2 $

/ H2SO4 2 S
.H2SO4 " 98.1 1 A @ H
NaOH " 40 2 N G

T
NaOH 2 2" N
80 lb NaOH
50 lb H2SO4
98.1 lb H2SO 4
40.8 lb NaOH /mil gal :*4
"
7 b A @ H
@ 5 b N
,@ H

$5 $
0@ (3-2 +) >8 $
#+
W"N PG .
:
i #
>+ >8
40 lb NaOH
50 lb H2SO4
49 lb H2SO 4
40.8 lb NaOH /mil gal :*4
5-2 9
1 mg/l h ( 2 B") _C

4 ) >
mg/l $
o$
"-"
"
/MnO4- % U
(3 55.8 = 167) 3Fe++ N / 16-2

.(158 * KMnO4 >)
1 mg /L
158 KMnO 4
=
x = 1.06 mg/l
157 Fe
x mg /L
5 5" 5-2

.@ H
(Chemical Kinetics)
D

? ,@ H
0@ !"
S H GJ <5 "
? ,@ H
. 0@ H
0 3
R>
A
/@ H
L
" 2%
)0
0@ H

%
N $3 . 1 + 0 $B 0@ PG !"
,@ H
"a . 0 " H
7?8 # 7
S GJ
(first-order reaction) 8
@ H

/ H GJ <5 "
& + + 0 D

,@ H
2 ?
. 1

M (zero-order reaction) H
,@ H
,@ H
1GJ !
H
N PG /@ H
+
" 4 0@ H
*4 >
@
M %

O .

0@ "
/@ H
L
" )B 4
. +
" 0@ H
0@ H

A (@ H
0 ) P( @ H
@ +
" )

(19-2)
:J > A H
N t > *4 A >
@
0 C $

0
dC
= kC = -k
dt
(20-2)
> @ A >

-
jsh,d
dC
D
dt
$ (reaction-rate) @ H
3 = k
0@ " )4 6

@ (20-2) 0
C = C0 - kt
(21-2)
(mg/l) /t > *4 A>

= C 4 D
(mg/l) /A h 8 >
= C0
$%
< 21-2 3 *H 6

@ H
)B
.> A 95 "
A >
4 k 6 " .2-2 <
21-2

:2-2
2 6 "
(first-order reaction) 8
,@ H

@ H
L
" V
@ H
4
@S "G4 G . @ H
>
A
: > " C >
-
N (AP)
dC
= - kC1 = - kC
dt
(22-2)
" 2H t * "@ C0 *

C + 22-2 0
:0@
loge
C
= - kt 4 C = Coe-kt
Co
(23-2)
! 0@ 23e2 q3 8

@ H
$
M "
0@ %" V*4 O .(4 3-2 <)
N @ H
G" 5 W"N
.kC * ""
8
@ H
+ .%
A >
95 "
95 "
@ H

.(6 3-2 <)
? " ! 0@ " $ 2

! %

$! # !!
" ! :3-2
23-2
!&
@ H
>
A A 2 6 "
" 3
,@ H

:@ H
.(2AP) L
"

dC
= - kC2
dt
(24-2)
J 24-2

1
1
= kt
C C0
(25-2)
h ! h0@ 25-2 3 /" 3

@ H
$
>h h % @ H
%
>
$5 60% $ .4-2 < #&
.k * *G $%

M )B

, +

*
%
() '! :4-2
25-2

- #0 >" 9B

h 3_
S 4 < > ,@ H
>
h+ V 8 5, .> EH 4 0@ H
H

h5 - 5 ,@ H
" @ H
3
A <h h
N 1YC
0 8 W
YC
"@ .1889 $ @ O"J4
# @ H

S
k 2 = k1
T2-T1
(26-2)
.$ T + "@ @ H

3 = k D
. , /(Temperature coefficient) =
C / + = T
$h
/ + -
% @ H
5 & #
. + &

4 +
%
% 2% 1%

$ % %&
' .! " # $

- (5C) ( ) *+ ,
$ - 3&
012 + .* / &

- 5 + 6 / 7! 8 - 1.072 -4 1

- 5 + k / 7! 8 .10C "/
.15C "/
6-2 9
50 15 O %' @ H
8
! *+ *G @ H
0
+ 0@ H

k 6 .20C J5 + K $
mg/l 100 >
7H PG 1.072 15 + 2
18C
10 mg/l
"
* 18 C + K @ H
4 +" 26-2
k2 = 50 (1.072)
18-20
= 43.5/d
23-2 $

10
= e 43.5 t
100
t = 0.053 day = 1.27 hr
loge
=
6 6-2
> ? "3
/W 2 @ H
4 ,
2 05 > - $B 6G
M % A @ H
S *G ": > - @ W < *G (CH4) 3
W5 W+ U J, 0
@ 3 L
" W 5
+8 +
" /*+ ,- > - V4 . W
%
" G 6 "
. M % W G )"N A 2 ,@ H

$
-&
. 0@ )" W *G -& A < )"
A 54 + + ,
< +8 " G
/
2% 6G +8 R < $5 5-2 + )B .(0 >
) 0
0 >

+ % +4 % 21 * @ *+ ,-
-
+8 " G $5 #
H + H4 < <
.H0

0@ R H
S -
+
" *
-& -

.*
-&
+: 5
78 # " .) 3 95 "
-
(1 in.) 25 mm % 95 "

-& U % E /")
.R H
S > $5 1000 !>
.# - $ - 95 2 8
% 8 < 2 )$ 1 : 3;
- . : 9= 2 )+ 3> / < 8 ?- ,
<
% ! 9 pH / 9 ? : (& @6
" &C 9= D4 . ,+ : @A&
% B
4
- *1 E (< ?(H2S) 3 4 -! !
) $ - 1 SH- G .
6 F 1 *2
- ?9= 1 4 )$ $ ,2 H2S
D F ) H2S
8 I : + J ) D< (H 8
.IK -$& I )$ - , , (H2SO4)
% + ' - &

H 8 4 ?$ 6
) 1
$ 2 .27-2 # 0 ?-9 # 9 3
1
,5 0 .,5 <' ,
8 - G ,
?4 )$8 pH
L 6& $ - .# ) & 9= )
G (< 9$ F D $ 3 F A
2 # 19 0 $
HOCl 2 B pH + M , . $ 3 8 "
A& # pH / .9 / 9 M N! 6 /8 % / L
. 1 / - OCl- $ 8 HOCl 8 ) ; ?4 % +
1 8 1
<
1 #0 &6D !$5 C 8 ( :5-2
$
(*)
F 760 mm 2( E
$ *=, )" !$5 ! % 90.20 E
"
DO (mg/l)

(mm)
5
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
11
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
24
25
27

C

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27

mg/l

100 mg

0.017
0.016
0.015
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.013
0.013
0.012
0.012
0.011
0.011
0.011
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.008
10000
5000

13
12.6
12.3
12
11.7
11.4
11.1
10.9
10.6
10.4
10.1
9.9
9.7
9.5
9.3
9.1
9
8.8
8.6
8.5
8.3
8.1
8
7.9
7.7
7.6
7.4
7.3
13.8
13.4
13.1
12.7
12.4
12.1
11.8
11.5
11.2
11
10.7
10.5
10.3
10.1
9.9
9.7
9.5
9.3
9.1
8.9
8.7
8.6
8.4
8.3
8.1
8
7.8
7.7
14.6
14.2
13.8
13.5
13.1
12.8
12.5
12.2
11.9
11.6
11.3
11.1
10.8
10.6
10.4
10.2
10
9.7
9.5
9.4
9.2
9
8.8
8.7
8.5
8.4
8.2
8.1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
30
32
0.008
0.008
0.008
28
29
30
7.1
7
6.9
7.5
7.4
7.3
7.9
7.8
7.6
28
29
30
'
Cs C s .(29.92 in.) 760 mm

(*)
!"#
'
C s = Cs
p- p
760 - p
.mg/l & $ %

p "

#
= C
'
s
:!
.mg/l &
'$ %

# ( )*
= Cs
.mm %" = P
.mm &

,- +)

= p
,
,
Cl2 + H2OHCl + HOCl

,
H+ + OCl
,
(27 2)
,- J %0.03 W

" < 4 " 3 4 $?
A ) W0@ H
2B" / 2 2 60 W"4 S *+
1
$
4 ) CO2 9
$
. " " G+ ,
2 <
W @ H
# "@ . & 0 *
0
@
.P" 7 <
CO2 + H2OH2CK

H+ + HCO 3
,

H+ + CO 3=
,
(28 2)
2 D F M ?5.4 )$8 pH N!

- . + 3.8 / pH 9 < < ) 4 -
pH % + # 9 3 > < ?# I 8 J I
-
8
> &C I .I : J $+$ / 4 % 6&

.CaCO3 I
2/ 2
# CO 3= < ($+ #
. 6
#O
9 pH / F 6& # #
7-2
0 >
18C + K 6G' +8 >
J
o($5 4000 R H
0@) 660 mm 15 *+ -&
800 mg/l 15

Kh 800 mg/l h R <: 0 >
4 +" 5-2 +
* 18C +
9.5 8 0.009 = 9.4 mg/l
I - %&

% 660 mm ( ,5 N !
?5-2
C s' = 9.4 660 - 16 = 8.1 mg/l
760 - 16

7-2
*5 7 &N 1 0 " e " 0

@

0 1GJ $

.+
" pH -
5 "@

G .*5 4 0 O %
0% 4 . 05 O 5

0@ $ J P
7 (pH 7) %" r
"@
005 4 & V*4 .(45e2 <) #& ""
J 6 "" .pH 5 B0 -
6
2+

1@ $
" "4
M @ 4 >M
0@ *
""
.% $ " &
"4 A
+) "4 0?4 N W 7 & "@

7H +) 4 7 $% .(28-2 ) " <
"
" G+
J"@ 8.3 W
5 `0
4 /2 +
pH h
7 " A+
& +J "4 V*4 . "
.4.5 54 & $5
P"
<
4 " 3 > ?
PG "34 " P
6

D /6 ""0 J (T 5-2) < .8 "

" P" 7
5 @ 5 & 6
. 1 +
S 28-2 0 2% " J
4 " 3
"8 ` 0 +
) <
@5 4 7 4 & K pH h -
% *

.Buffers $B" 0
4 2B" / 4 4 1 )
@ H
$)
+ ,@ H
+ "34 $

,@ H
3
"" .W
5 & 0@

pH h
1 + @
.7.8 J5 4 pH 5 *G 2" @ 1 +G" ""
J 8 $B" 0 4 < 8.3 4.5 pH $5 K "" "

S V
4 "" $ B
" $@
B, . " e " $ B"
B, /(6 5e2 <) / " $B" 0 "" 3 < @
+ 4 B" )

1 1 0 0H ,
(H2PO 4 . HPO =4 , PO =4 ) HH 005 J>
@

!
(

) (
)

:5-2
"
() !
(')
& (%)
() #$
"
(
)
K4 0 /7 8

0@ W
@
S O % 05
U< G -
D +) "4 9
0@ W
@

(0.02) P
7 "@ @ 0% O 5 $
.pH h 5
*
B" 1 0 / 0 5 @
0 % B") . B"

) 4
+) "4 $? 0@
P
7 $? 0.98 0@ H2SO4 0 B" 0.02 .0
8
(P
7 b > 0.02 `0 *G %"
4 .8.3
pH $5
0% H
"
/8.3 54 4 pH 5 G 1 8 4 /" 3
J "0 < .4.5 `0
> pH 5
)
%" s0 U
0 )
pH "@ )" -

.& + O % $
$
$ G 1GJ )"
/8.3 & $5 "@ 0 $@ # *J> 0 3H"H
"@ !> *
4e &4 L>

.4.6 15 pH & $5 "@ #
*J> 4.8 & $5
/
4e L> @ ,
2 3 *G
%

>+ GJ .4 $5 "@ *J> 0 4.6 pH $5 "@ %

0% @ 20%
. 3H"H 0% W < 8.3 0 0%
"@ W"4 BS .29-2 )"@
/
0 CaCO3 -0
1 ml N B"0.02 `0
7 B" 100 ml J5
.10 mg/l J5 05 3

= CaCO3 mg/l h % 0%
50 000

(29-2)
. "@ 0%0 H0

` " 3
6-2 <
54 " pH & $5 G .28-2 A G <

05 *

" . " - )0 0% N 8.3
3H"H /8.3 4 pH $5 )
" "
3H"H

00 @ K
GN . " 05 " 3
K
4e &4 L>
00 @ A
>

0% . " 03
0% N / )" %"
0% p
S $
.(OH-) ) K>
1GJ 0@
" <8

5, N /0 0%0 T % 3H"H
:6e2 < "
t2 (T e P) = " 2P - T = J (4)
t2P = T = "
(6)
tT 2P = " 2P = "
(T)
.T = "
()

& )($ #
:
8-2
0.02 P
7 $
)
05 %
100 ml V
$3 / 3H"H )" %" 0 3.0 ml 8 60

. B"
e &4 L> -
0 K4 12.0 ml &4
0%0 "8 ` . 3H"H 05 0 0% 6 .
4
.+

$
29-2
3.0 0.02 50 000
= 3H"H 05
100
(CaCO3 ) 30 mg/l =

15.0 0.02 50 000
= 0 0%
100
(CaCO3 h) 150 mg/l =
/6e2 < R+

60 mg/l = 30 2 = (CO 3= ) " 0%
60 - 150 = (HCO 3 ) " 0%
90 mg/l =

8-2
"0 30 0 +
" 2 2@"

" 0
@ +
" & )+ & &-
1GJ 4
.0 @
H"
S H3
S />" H"
S /(
" ") 0 500 1 - ) <

+ 1GJ *- R>
.* )+ $
)
_
A

)" H + 4 2B" / ) 2

3
"
.%0 ) % %3 K5 3_
S D )"> "
? (Hydrophobic /J) 1 0 J - -
.(Hydrophilic /0J) 1 0
1 >+ )G+ 3 GJ K> /
3 1 0 -
038 . ) A

4
H& "< + K> 4 34
.$ @ " HB" /6G' <" / /PG 0@ +G"
/1 0 J - 0 )
> 6 N 1 0 ) 6
3 20 34 10
3 2 ? )
> 60

.1 0 3
PG / + 20%

3
"< )

+
" 1 +
*4 1 0 J + *
S
+ & &@, $B .!0
3 )0+
)
3_ K% (47e2 <) )B ." GJ J
7 )& @ H >+ %
.1 0 J -
0@ >
+ "4 + @ < " " ) "
K5 6
&% @ 5 + P0
"
5 W<
.0 )
+> "8 %
"
5 % < .O"-
.(Zeta Potential
> h /' < "<
Van der Waals /O 5)
0
V*4 G + 5 +

Brownian
/" ) -0 <

/(force
G + %

/ >+ % +
" (Movement
% *? !0 V*4 4 ? . )& + < @ PG /1GJ >H
# S *G 8 /G + K% "
5 > +
"@ )" S 23

.O

+0
/1
5
& 4
3 - 2 1
0 () .+/ - &, **+

:7-2
;/ 9/ (') "
.+
&8 (/17 ) - 2 #6
* *- (%)

1

>?
&= .+/ <
30 %
0%05 J + 3
J
<
+ $
6G +

6
*G 8 /!0 +
1 0 J ? %

0%05 $
.6
0 @ H"
3
U0 " "8 7H
. $"8 ,U 3 &N
"
5 0 ,8 1GJ + +
" "< @
+ <
" +> % -& @ PG -
00 0 T> 6
/ "
K5
A .(67-2 <) H
L
"
7 )& >+ !
6G +
K5 6
/ >+ O

,
2 3 .
0@
3
@ & . " +

- )
@ +0 2+
& $%
2
"
>

.(T7-2 <) 4 0
,
+ /!0 - R" 0@ 3
@ >

@ 3 " /1 0 6

/pH & $5 /
<

<
0 >u , T> > + / )
@+ % 3

0%05 " (Coagulation) 3
#0 4 $? .

/(47-2 <) +> % -& @ *-
<
%

@ % S ") 4 S / + A+
< (Flocculation)

2 - .% i 0@ 0 1GJ $

$
. +
>H 0
3

+4 3
<
G: 2H"@ 2
&
T>

/
<
0
/ T> 0@ 3
.+ 0 &
)" 6 " $+ G 3
%
? +
),
.3
T> 0@ A < < 3
#0 $
' .6

eT>) 00 O_
5 +
0H
> A+
5 4 (Mixing, Flocculationk Sedimentation /6
e3
%5 /4-7 < /0

$ B" .+ 4>+
/6
0 @ A4
@ /3
0 %5 3,3 /A T>0
<) !Ve3 > )+ $% .6
0 0 % ? >: #<
)0
5
0 A $3 /$ T> (10-7
0 O
# *G 8 / T> + 2% 3
0 A+

.%" + ? A 6
0 0 %
$
6 $
/T> %" 2

4 %"

. ) ) R % 0

9-2
" 2& )&

G & *

"@ )
00
4 %0
+) J " 1GJ " /K4

HH +
" " 3 " $&
" +8
%
< & .
U G A

.
L
"

6
,@ H
@ " +"8
" 8
0@ (Fermentation)
0@ @ . )) + > G !
, 0 5 &
/&@,
)0@ H
34 >+ W @ H
)" G & )" G / @

.00 $3+ 0)
" G- 2

/G W
& / *&@ 6 >+ -
- 6

3 0 .6 34 3
4 &
-
:

3
D C2H6O
P0
3
" / 03: ! < 5 - 3
>+ - )
@
.3 3 * 5
>[ +
" .> H0
" ` " G )" )H"
34 " - @ &
/%0 "

6

%0 *
S
` N /@ ) .>+ 2- J @
.3 3 03: # ,
2 3 / 0@ @
CH3CH2OH
CH3 O CH3
* "@ 0@ ( "8 " ) ) *
4
*G
. G A % +)
"@ U J, 0
0@ L
" > ? J J
5 W
D +H"S < # %90 " ) A T>
" 0@ .U + 4 > -
E
.>+ %
@
00 5 ")
(30-2 )
5 $
, @ -& "
CH3CH2CH3 + 5O2
3CO2 + 4H2O + 5
(30-2)
4 " G A< J ` 4 6-2 + )B
(H4) A< ? ) 4 .$8 G+ A
3: ,
2 3 / G
+ " @ J>
:
0@ J
8 (03:)
*

0< +) G

"A< ?" #0 $

PG )
S W" 54 +J
? @ 0@
" > .(Unsaturated)
E
A <
" . + 0
<
J (Hydrogenation) +) 0@ @ > 2 +
L
"C
0 J
< ? @ 9 %" .5 B
+) > ? &
.60 J > ) "S + A
J (Aromatic Hydrocarbons) +8 )0 $8 6
G H@ & A G " %0 J />"
." -
"@ @ G )B: .6 "

) +
+
" A @ " >" $

.- 8 G P
, R"4 /< /+H

>"

:6-2
-
G+
-
$S
CH3-
3
CH4
3
CH3CH2-
3
CH3CH3
3
CH3CH2CH2-
e
CH3CH2CH3

CH3CH2CH2CH2-
e

>
CHCH3
CH3CH2CH2CH2-
e

:7-2

IUPAC (*)

CH3OH

CH3CH2OH

CH3CH2CH2OH
-1
-2

.

IUPAC (*)

34 4 G , @ PG ) 2
@ S <
` 4 7-2 + .(-OH) ) @+ +) G
4 4 > EH 0 2@ " " 3 AE" . S 3,3
&@ A"
A ! " 0@ $
.+)
$
03: L
" .5 & G ) H
>'8 #% G
@ "
0
@ " " 3: T
" $
" .
.6 % %"
@ %
J 8 O 5 0@
J > J )" 2@< 38 /"3 > " 0
3,3 S . R @ " A ! " 0@ $

. T>0 0 5 100C 54 0? %" ) 7-2 + +

)

* C6H5OH
!
"
# $
% & '(
/ 9 <

/"" h $S )" -
+J "4 2 U
P 7 $ "H
+
" 1 6 "H + .7 2
D @ " 1 M
M H" $H > ? @ "
+ /V' @ "H .$ @ " 1GJ $
'
"H H& .+ B"8 + )0@ H"
. -0 0& >

/1 0 s
? 25Gm

!
) H $
S & ." @+ 0@ *

J
2+ @"
@+ T
": 2&4 $
/ "0 B
J J0 + 6G ) (

)
8 4 .s P
,
. + +> < B"

" @+
J

4

"

i 6

@+ & 7 8 *
4 V*4 6
. )-0 4 *&@ M G+ 4 0@4 1GJ

. 4 " 3 <
&
J

J4
7
V
.7 4
4 U
3 ` 4 8e2 + )B
G 7 8 V
" / G A
*

7 8
7 8 J A < $ @ $ ) "J /"J 2 0 0 ,

3 $

/U
H& & 7 8 2B" ."J

U
3 $5 .(4e2 %H A+) )"U
+ @
0
7 " .HH J 8-2 + (Ionization Constants)
.(Acetic Acid) P0 7 (Dissociation) PH

@ +G" *&@
(31-2)
4 >
2&
8 8 *S >
U
3 *
/0 P0 7 >+ S 0@ 2% +)
/25C + "@ 0.000018 `0
P0 7 K 5 .32-2
4 % 2>+ 18 N /
+ H 0 W"4 % 1GJ "

.+J "4 2 0
P0 7 >+ 0
(32-2)
" /G H" P" /(P

8) /PH 7 4 #
"> > J ) -0 ) P H P
7 4 #
& /00 0 "J 7 a J, 0
+
" <
.
"34 3
/ 7 4 3,3

. U $&J

" :8-2
K

IUPAC(*)

0.000214
HCOOH
!
! "
0.000018
CH3COOH
!
! #
0.000014
CH3CH2COOH
!
!
0.000015
CH3CH2CH2COOH
!
$!
0.000016
C4H9COOH
!
! "
! %
!
& ' ( ) * C5H11COOH
.*/ @

/7 IUPAC
(*)
NaOH @ H
,
2 3 / 2,4 L
"
7 8 A V 8 @ H
M "J 7
M 8 n,4 J .$ , +
" P0 7 A
.00 0
$ , ( ) $

,
: &
7 8 K4 %

< P "J
. ,
2 3 )" 8 3: (
4)
3: (
4) , ( )
" 1GJ .& 0 HB @+0 90 9-2 +

"8 .$ 4 - 0@ 2
@ *&@ 6
H
G
D / "a %
< J
@ + H4 )B
. %0 4 , ) +)

#
$ % :9-2
0 1)
.
+,

/
" -

IUPAC

-ane

-ene
" 3

-yne

-ol

--

2 %23 3
-al
2 0 23

3
-one

4
! #
3

4
2 %

4
! 5
(! 5)
8
-oic
acid

--
3
&' (
)*
10-2
R"4 >" 1 2 PH
0 0 % & "
J
.J /
/J : 3,3
H %0 C

.+4 +J "@ 0@ *

6 ) > 4 . < )" 7 + D / " $
>0- >
. "

>0- V J />
, J 60 />
H
0 00 A5 J

$% 4 .>
S -

PH
0 0 5 <" 8 :
@+ /
+ >00 " 3 /a K4
" G >'8
2 >00 PH
.) <
" +"4 ! % 6<
.(
i < B") <" 3 U4 S

*

4 7 4 J - "

2 4 2>+ <
/H +
" +4 +J

< 3 . 0 " G? & <
+"8
.7 )&
"4 7 4 4 )B
2- 2>+
A

@"

@+ 0@
J 4
& G H0
+ G0 )
0 5 3

<
2B" .2+ & )
" G 4 /( )
4 /" 3 /3)
.2+ S $
%5 & )H
N )
" G
4 0 , )
0? 0-
J

."J 7 4 5
+ Oleobutyropalmitate

4 0- -
:
J >
- 1 "
J J 0?4 +
7^_
.%5 & , + !
)" S >+
PH
0@ 5
4 ) VS / >+ > G

. , )
<
", 0 5 >+4 >+
J U J & 0 *
PH
8
"J 7 4 J /"4 7 4 "
/VG
. 4 " 3 <
!, ) * PH
6
. 5
L
" +8 + PH
N /J, $&) 4
" /0 K4 S &@ 7 4 " )"
.+)
3 4 " 3 > ?
PH
0 >J + 1 + & %80 60
>00 /& 23 4 $? 0@ .*

0 ) K4 % /< 00 0 /)
"> 6 PG * PH
0 0 5 ?

)"4 S /*

HB" H" %
< 4 . 1 + B"8
/* PH
0 % ) K4 " &@ <
. + 0@ %5 & <" ! $ )&

> ? 3 &@S
U
# 7 4 A

3 &@ +
" )" 23 4 S /+)
@ " L
"
5 .P
7 4 (SH @+ G &@ )
0 )
+ "34 (Medicinal Odors) # @"
@+
r&Ce!rj> 6 <
" +
.8
U<" @ W" A5 .> " B 4 P v"> W <
6+ G .2+ 05 ) #

& 9
4 ) #

1 + *
4 & %

M " 0@ >)+
s
? 25G
%5 &@ " 4 @ " 4 J, PH
PG
.
?

+

11-2

$

< *
A < 9H $

>+ > $? * (1 M) 1>

0 >

0@ NaOH *S 0 *
,
2 3 .0

0 .
15 00 0 $+ 2G %" #0 $? 40.0

 $? 0@ *
(1N) B"
P0
) < #0 )H" *
NaOH B" 0 .0
b > >+ > 4 2B" /*S 1 0 )

1 0 N /P
7 .(3-2 + B") / %

./s 49 0@ B" 1 0 *

" //s 98.1 *
*S
b 0 /(mg/l)
0 $-0 >
@

0 " /(gpg) (grain per galon) - /(meq/l)
0
(pound 6 $5 0 " /(lb/mil gal) (libra/million galon) ?
5, 1-2 #&

.(lb/1,000,000 cu ft) per million cubic feet)
1,000,000 2 2 "> 2>+ 3 mg/l 1 2B" .mg/l meq/l
? > 2B" PG /lb/mil gal h 8.34 5 b )
62.4 >
(cu ft) /PG & ." 8.34 *
" *

.(lb/1.000.000 cu ft) 62.4 * 2 mg/l N /"
gpg 4 4 /0.0584 gpg * mg/l N
7000
.1GJ >
@ 33-2 90
.mg/l 17.1 *
100 mg/l = 8.34 lb/ mil gal

62.4
= 0.0584 gpg
=
1000 000 cu ft
(33-2)
,

- ,
.

4 7 0 V< @
0 4e2 pH #0 $

pH h W% O 5 > )+ $
+) 4 >
O % .O 4
.8-2 < #& J /<

@ % &
, 00 65 J > )+ pH h 65
65) pH/ISE > pH O % 3 .* <
> + +>
5 $
2&4 4 / 0@ (8 %
"
6 54 $
"8 >
O % PG / 0 S
.
" 0H 0 4 O %
<E
.E"
E pH E./
D
(<, "/ %*) C
pH/ISE B
:8-2
Hack CO E&
) E, !/ H+ B %* 9+/1 /
6/ G B < 6F#
(Loveland, CO

H "@ /(6-2 <) / < )- $%
0% 7-2 %H k5 "
0
+G" * > )+ 9-2 < )B /(8-2 3) 6
5 0 %"
$
" ! $+ % "@ P
.+
&4 " < )
" %" %
$
.+ V
.pH O % A + +> pH 65 4 "
5
#
I 1 <
/
6F# :9-2

!
+, -* / 01 & )* '( .# $ %& "
& 23/ 4 $,5 +
-* / 01 61
, 0
7 80 1 89 # $
/
pH ; !" :0 <,5 * . / 01 :
0 6
?@
>
0
& 6 ( = ( /
.+ +7 / 89 # / @5 : 8 (
. $ / A1& B
0
& 6 C "
. 0 / 01 ? D ! + ! " $

0
& 6 " & pH 4.5 0 % ", B " 4
# , + .(5-2$
D) 8.3 pH 4.5 G / (?
B)
$ 9 ) pH ; ! ( NaOH 0.02 ;
0 01 + +0
(< 4 8.3 pH )*
" I .8.3 3.7 =0 ? 3.7 H pH
" 4 .34-2 0 J! ! CaCO3 mg/l ; '0 ,
0 pH $ / 65 5 " 4 4.5 pH $6
. = K = L " .8.3 )* 3.7
( ) #m' (ml) @ % S 50000

(ml) "V $+
(34-2)
/
"
34 /_

" "
L
"
>)+

.$>"- $
" ++ ,<
H<
! " 2@< 34
+
J+ & S )"4 $? .0 +
/HB"
W0 &H

Ca++ Mg++4 S *< P,)
,
A>
"> (CaCO3, Mg(OH)2) <5 <

!
@ " HB" 0 $? . "
/ -0 ` >+ >: %
/<% < A

@ G
. 0 + 2? 24
4 /
150 mg/l J 54 @ $5 G /2 I /50 mg/l
.2+ n@ n ) 300 mg/l $% W > +

* 03: % J @ O % 2@< ! 34

* 6 < (EDTA, Ethylenediaminetetraacetate)
4
4
h A
3 % "4 /(Na2 EDTA)
4
4 * 03 $
6+

/0 _

K4 "
Mg++ Ca++
$: 4 - 005 H&4 G .0 )
>
`0
pH 5 K @ "4 0@ 1 /(Eriochrome Black T)
# "4 6 ? / 2G" m 4 0 # /10
#& 3 > )+
S + $
.!>4 0
1 "@ 0@ E%"' /EDTA 0 +V V aC
D .9-2 <
"4 A & EDTA <
." < 0@ $+ %
4 0
0 "4 H

4 2% 2
35-2 / @ H
)
" 2< /!>4 *G"
Ca++ + Mg++ + EDTA
pH=10
CaEDTA + MgEDTA

(35-2)

" 6

CaCO3 mg/l 20%
@
:

= (mg/l) h % CaCO3 h
1000 EDTA b CaCO3 (ml)
(ml) "
(36-2)
.

- / -

) +00D ' " 9 @= )
00 6N
@* .,9 & - 01< ?@
M

H C< O!
4 I -H
% & I@
1 / #
. ! / 6P
:@ H9 = (Mn++)-H (Fe++)- 00 & +
= @ 6 & )* +0

Q " 0, .(: )
-
.':09 ' # ' ! (Mn++++) ?H (Fe+++) ?00
<
D J1 & & : $ : = , # I
H9
% & -H 00 ), 19 !
0 . " +0 4 +0 ! ! +1 #@=
R +0
P
! * . J! ), / -H 00 0 ', D J! 6
&
00 00 / H 0 & /
: "/7 4 1

.$ $ 00,S )0 0 ' , / 0
+0D C : " 8! C & 0 :
: " C 01
.-H 00 -
4 !
/ !
. O % (Phenanthroline) 3" " % &H

> " 4 U
0@ $%
) 8
) + (P0J) 0 7 " + @ PG
:
i @ H
! + 4
Fe+++ + 2NH2OH
pH=3.2
4Fe++ + N2O + H2O + 4H+
(37-2)
G G > 10 e 1

J@ 3" " >+ $%
. %
W" % (Spectrophotometer) & O % $

$
.0 0 >>
O % PG .
" " 510 )
+ 0
>
"" % G H"0 " " >
. 2%
5 00 1@ $

.(Persulfate)
% J 2&4 " % >"-"
$

2" 6G ? 2 < !>
& @ 0
> +
$

"-" " >"-"
PG . HgCl2J
.(Catalyst) > EH &H +

Mn++ + S2O 8=
Ag+
MnO4- + SO =4
(38-2)
>"-" )" L

" 0 +
" "-" 4 >
E3
."

&

O %
(Colorimeter)
0
O %
$

S

S 0 < O % (Spectrophotometer)

0 A " O % 10-2 < )B . (Parameters
)

4 6
" " : + A 0 & G "@
9 TG" GJ ." @ & 3 O % & 6"4 +
" .+

4 6
" 2% + @ >
W+
> -& @ L " 6
"
> )+ -<
#
/O %
>
7 < < )B
. e
S +
.(Transmittance) G H"0 " (Absorbance) >>
S
<
G
36/ B <
/
& 7 /
/+7 ?+ D

B
:10-2
(Hack Co Loveland, Co &
)
F/#

& < &. ?+
J%
$

S
N >"-" %
2 &
$
.0 %
/6G +8 / &
"0 O %

>

3 *G D: < &N "@ &
& >
D 0 O % " 0
.

/& 6"4 O % $
" 0 @
+ 0 0
. 2"
BH
"0 O % < < 0@ L
" 7
O % J "0 % 2@< >)+8 34

& 4 ? /"0 O %0 ) < % > )+ GJ ."0
+ *4

# * $ B" 5 0
$ B"0
$ "0 O % 11-2 < )B . 5
.*
(/ ,) ! ,
< K4 6< 1 V 38 <C
"@ >
%
$
.*G 9
S O % $ $
W
$
/ + *G & O 5 @ 0

12-2 < #& J .6)0 1
$
"@ G 5

(Atomizer-Burner) $&' eGEG *G 9
S O %
* 4 0 /Je0
4 6) "@ G 0 "
& T4 >@ 0
(!< A <) (Monochromator) 0
@ & $&
< (Photomultiplier) & $& /%3"
) A ) J & .0 * 8 0
$
> + U "@ A

2B" /1%
WH" "
0 * 4 0 " @ & >' . )

.W 9 + 8
& / )>@ $

+
S T4 4 % & $& %

." G 5
W& >+ *4
"
.% ? 6)0 @ 6)0 3 O %C
/6 " )
.6)0 3 95 "
@ " " >
%
$
6)0 &
Milton Roy Company, Rochester, )

:11-2
(NY, a subsidiary of Sundstrand Corporation
(Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer)

:12-2
,
/>"-" >0 2 +
"
5 8 +
@ " )
"0 H" 4 - 4 4 4 " JU<" 4
@ " 0
@ " /H"
/"
@ " ) /

% J %% 0 .G- @ " ! "+@ !
% %0 > 0 + K>' *G 0
? 0
$ 0 $
, .#<
4 G "
$

A% 4 O, $
W" / + " 6?
$
!0
& 0 0@ % .> "
8 %
< G?8 + T
" @ " 3
.L" ! @ "
(K2PtCl6) $
"
, 0 5 4
1 mg/l T> L
" 0
. 0 0& ?
.1 J5 5 " " 0.5 mg/l A

,
' *G PG W < 1GJ 3 L
" H " "0 T

e
, 0@ 6 "8 " % $

.
? / % / 70 0
" $5 G 5
.5 0@ 0 " O %
+ 60?8 W"4
/
%5 & &
G ? + !
.<8 9
&
<
@ @ & /K4
B, PG OV0
. @ &
@
25 1 @ `0

.0 5 5
G
J %
! $54 . 100 @ > +
"
+ @ @ B" $
D / + < @ O %
> )+ 1GJ @ .< 6) T + +> 6"4
`0
"%
1G) ) 5 @ 5 "4 4 D .(JTU) + @
. 0@ + < @ O % $

% / 25
$
5 /1 54 @ *G +c 6< O 5
.(
0H") 2% * +
@ O % $

O % .(NTU)
0H" @ )"@
0H" $

$% (" ) & O 5 13-2 < *G
(NTU) 1 54 $% (") & (NTU) 10.000 40
.H S
2 PG
. " @ 1&
-"
P0 *G ) > $
< O%
." @ &
< G " & < %

%

.& 1 +

< & /
<
&
> A A" + + +
"
< & < 1GJ

"@
(" ) & .90 > &
5 %
& A5 J O 5 N @

< & < L $
.90 >

< & <

"@ (") & .2+ @ @ O % 0

O 5 /G " & " % ,
2 ) $ 8 W+
3
/&H"
E
.G " & 90 > 3

& " J
3U
-0
/0 A + @ 3 (") &
. "@ 0
(,> ) ( ) :
2
2+
1 4 1 0 3
0@ $%

T>
.14-2 < & P0
T> 4 $

.(rpm) 300 5
H0
T> @ W0-<
E
+
34 4
A& /
S +:
3 A T> .3 H0
) & A%
B
%

P
$3 3 <
" T>
/
0 & %5 80 60 (rpm) @ " T>
. J
" 0@ T> -<
.15 min 30 (rpm) @ T>
$3 3
> )+ BH
.">
+ @ + 00 @
M

# / ) 5 @ C 1GJ L 0
Y
3 9 B
m ,
/T> 5
.$ 3 2 6 +

0@ & "@
.>
+ /OUS /& :3 H 0
0<
3 0@ + 6 " < 3
* " /& 3
. 2 + /+ " 0@
<
% 1 '+
D
"
.+/ '#/J /+ & 9+/1/ '6
:14-2
(Phipps & Bird Inc &
) '6

, 0 + > _

- 8 @+
A5 .+ -<
8
S @+

T +
S
GH" P0
&4 2+
"
A O % 0@ + N
0 .3 )H" @+ $
K T +
S

T +
S
!
)
$

L
" 10-2 + )B 3
)
- 8 @+ .V< $
@ )" 1 3

K8 4 2B" .3 40 mg/l `0
1GJ +
GJ + "" W"N /3
2&4 3_
pH h 0% +
.H0
B
3 @+ %
S
1GJ %

S
3 2 4+ :10-2

(GPG)

(MG/L)

(ML/JAR)

0.85
10
1.17
20

1.85
30

2.34
40

2.92
50

3.50
60
#
A+
"8 0H 6< 1 0H 4 7 + 6

/0H 0@ ) E
6< 1 *

S

+ "
" .30
>)+
0H0 3 >
. "8 " 3 S
"8 " H
2@ 1.2 mg/l 0.8 mg/l 5 6< 1
@ P "J . "a U< G 0H 6
4 *- 4
@ )+ PH
1 + J4 & (3-2 +) 0H

.0H 4

(Colorimetric) "0 % (Electrode) ) 6% %
&@
%
0 .0H 4 >
%
S
2 5 ! 34 2

+++
/Al
3 _

"
("0 % ) 0 /

@ 0H .6%0 +

S @ 0H 4 % 5 @N 6

PG /P0) 7
0 @ PG / K8 " 5
$
% + @ 0H $
.P
7 " 7

0@ *

S
" 0
$
" .%
> )+
.< < 0
"8
!" # $ % & ' ("
() *
0 * ./0 + $ pH ) $ +! , - () .
30 %4 ,-" 5& () +0 2
! +% (
$ &

! , 6 ' .& /
'
(
! +

( .7 7 !
7 8

: ;4 & /("
! .& $ - /0 + $ /9)
. ! ' <
4 . ( & +2- (
! -
- %- A) CDTA , 0=> /! 6#% ;4 ? -
, % D# 5 (Cyclohexylenediaminetetraacetic) (B '
.
!
: +0 / ? 0- 4 *
' ) # E

-$ ? D$) & ,4& ;4
(

' 0=* F
;* D$) G( " ) 5(Zirconium-dye Lake)
? D$) . & ,4& .(SPADNS) $
? ;*
-$
. 9& ? (ZrF 6= ) 4 !
' ;*
79$ 7--& :
#% A * .& / G0' 7 ? & - $
+2= H ( D' - .& ' $ - . 7 (

! I (12-2 ,-") +
' (11-2 ,-")
.+ ) +

)" /
S $%
2@< ! 34 J 0
> $ & E3_ < 2&4 $

*5 4 @
. >)+
>"-"
(Hypochlorous Acid) >0) 7 < A 0

7 @ H
.27-2 /(Hydrochloric Acid) P0) 7
40 (NH Cl) 40" "8 A >0)
2
"4 . "a 70 " 0 2

(NCl ) 40
(NHCl )
3
< " 0 %

J 0) >0) 7 0
.K4 "
0 %
40
(N,N-diethyl-p- 4 * 0" Pe3 * N, N
>
O% /
0 0 %
Phenylenediamine) (DPD)

0 @ H
4 + . "@ )

4 %0 &: @ H
.4 2" 2 DPD < A 2

A 7 H 6
. 2" 2 40" A *> H <
A 2 6 "

0 -
3 O 5 .40 * 5
$
4 (FAS) > $"4
/%
0
& 4 O % 4
" " 515 J5 + & O %
.
" " 530e490 + K 5 G H" *G
0 $
A )
(1) :

# $4 mg/l ! " (2)
. *#/ '+ 0 1 DPD % &# '* &# + &# ,-
KI 26# 2 7 $ 6 (3) .() 20 &3+ 4
&3 (4) .(9) 20 &3+ *#/ 8 2 '+ $ ,-
<6 ; # 6 . KI 7 9" $6
$# :() : 0< + .(,) 20 &3+ =>
? (,) $(NHCl2) @6 :(9) ? (,) $(NH2Cl) :() ? (9)
. :(,) $ :()
0 %
O 5 15-2 < #& "0 O %0
+ A

/DPD % 0
/4 95 0@
S 0@ . 25 L
" 7@ " N 2%
5 A

S + " 0 3 " % 60

%
5 @ > )+ GJ $
.6< 1 %
0 O %
. P 1
h 1 h h"@ !3 " 0@ %
0 %
S
< ? .& A
6 DPD " %

h&N 1 "@ &
$
.3 5 0@4 O 5 %
h0 4 /(Phenylarsine Oxide) h 5 h4 " 4 O % $+
PhG $B" (
4) E, 0 $
4 A /
3
h 2 2% 0 %
_ .4.2 3.5 )0+ pH h 5 7H
4 1
1 *G # 8 4 7
h" h4 %
$3 O % .A+ + A 6 "
% K4
%" @ H
GJ O /K4 0 . 5 0 @ 4
h" h h@ H
$
% 4 " 4 %
@ )"
h0 h< h !h @ S % $
PG +
m
h
>
O
6"+
$
PG .0

*Gh <h" $
h )" %" s0 0@
. 1
. + !>4 2"

K H 4
& /
B * 2
B
:15-2
(Hack Co Loveland, Co &
) DPD * *1
,

"
" "4 /*&@ +
" J +
"0 < `
B"a V 4 "
"+
" & .*> ? +
"
+
" K
U
0 60?8 @ " 1

.
+
" $
. + 0 G- + & HH

" 5 /
" "4 - 4
M < + *G *&
+
" + 2B" .& 6
0@ &
6 " A+< 4 "+
" H" DV0
N /
J3U
+
" 2V+ 2 230 "8

.0 & <
"
.P 8 V
C <#/

, /+7 */ 6F# :16-2
#& > )+ $

%
J "8 +
"

$"8 4 >
> 0@ 0

.16-2 <
. 0? L
" !
> ? "4
"8
> pH h A $B" 0 & / ! " A&
.(39-2 ) " >

NH +4

NH3 + H+
(39-2)
. "8 : L> %' ! 3 $3 &'
+
" .P 7 0 A+' "8 0@ * 3
/ )+
39-2 /$"4 "4 H + & 0 W0? @ PG
*&@ +
"

NH4+
(40-2)
&
/ 1 "@ S

2 4 7 & "@

@ @ &
0 PH
0@
.8 0
PG $ J < &
. H , 0-
%0 ! 3 . "4 $"8 4
pH h A
G . "8 +
" O % %
@ H
)
" 3
%
W"N /*& +
" "8 +
" %
20
< .*& +
" %
" $&)
$3 /S
2 4 "8 +
"
(Total Kjeldahl
0 0 +

"
+
"
J R+ 60?8
+
" @ *& +
" 20 $ N /Nitrogen, TKN)
$3 " $&J @ < 0 0 +
" %
W"N / "8
$&J +
"
+
" " 2 4 + "8 +
" %
.*& +
"
"%
"
< +
"
" %
$

+H"
>i - <
@
" %
$
."0 O %
>
> P0" H 7
PG 2.5 pH 2.0 pH 5 K
N /(Dihydrochioride) 0) NED A (Diazotized Sulfanilic Acid)

*G <?
0H @ % > 6+
@ " "
& O 5 @ 0 -
3 %
. 0.45 J5
.0" 6 "4 " O % A " %0
2%
2 NO
A+ .$ >

%
" >
%
6 >
S $
/pH h & > .$ + NO
L 2 +
E
Cd ' 0 $ 30 W@ H
@ "
@ L
"
" %
$
.O " 2,? <
CuSO4 O "

> @ /0 8 " 2+
" *4 & >
S 0@
e(
H"e1) eN A W (Sulfanilamide) 4 " H +
"
"0 3 O 5 $
.0 H3 "+
" - < 4 * 03
. ) & " O % 4 "0 O % $

0@ 4 0@ K+
+
"

6<
60
5 . J4 0@ / 1 4 L

4 $
JS 5 / + DV0
# "34 .%
" 0
>
R+ 0 +
" * .$"8 +
" 0@ 2>

$
.
"
" +
" "8 +
" *& +
"
.+
" mg/l
S L
" @
##
t(H2PO 4 , HPO =4 / PO =4 ) H34 J HH0 A < 6
" HB" ` A&

/Na3(PO3)6 3 H

8 - H $B U0
.*& HH
1 . HH 2 00
& PH
" /
3
.
" +"8 4 " A+ 2" H38 6

+ & J / H"0 + 0@ O $
JS
1
$? .3+ " $@
M H
2>@ "
@ " 1 7 4 S / @ HH 7 0@
.) J AH
J
+
" G-
(
8) +
0@ HH DV0
O $
JS >

6 0 2 & 2" 6 *G 8 1 0 (Eutrophication)
. & 6 <@8
% 0 "0 % J H38 %
< %
< $"4
.(Stannous Chloride Colorimetric Method)
" 3 "%
P "J .0 !>4 2? 2%0 HH A % 0
" " H
HH
7
%
J
H38
%

A
S $ " H $
.(Vanadomolybdophosphoric Acid)
$
2 0
O 5 $
. HH 4 A H 4 2" L
" $"8
. ) & " O %
H3 HH / 0? + K 1 " & U0 V
5 >+ > G K4 R"4 / /*

/)
HH 7 H0 U0
. H34 ( H
J
*- 4 Z PG 0%

W"4 ? /W" VH S M U &

>+ .U0 + > 7 5
@
GJ @ % 7 U00 % HH0 M H3 HH
.< % H38 W" 2
S
" + HH *5 7 $&)
0 HH
W"N PG / H34 *& HH PG
4 P
7 4 P0 7 > 0 " 0-C
O % .
HH
& $&J $
P
>8 7
. H34 K
%
&) "
0 HH
h0 % W "8 >H "@ HH >+4 "
&

$
h . HH & ' !5 HH /(G') #<
0
#h< h #h<
h@ ' !5 " @ 6G' "
h
> h+" h HhH0 h 0

.0.45 m <?
h $h+ % >+4 0@ 0 HH 7 U0 H34
' !5 HH K
6 $
.< ? < "
h #h< HH >+ 5 @ 3,3 HH >+4
." " /0 *G HH
%
>h
O 5 ! "0 % + "%
R"
6
4
h
6h+ Gh .k<h
Dh L
" @
604 HH
7h@ & %" >4 .
S L
" A 0

+:
/ h" Ah+ "%
!3
$@
<" A+ HH "
6 h
3,3 .K8 % &
0@ )<
)BH
h5 h5 / h h J,

(Standards Methods

56)
>h+ 4 % %

@ /7 $&) @ 0 HH
GhJ &
A5 /0 J 7 U0 E
HH
&h
( ,
2
P "J .% 38 HH
c - >+

L
" i 6 (Standards Methods) 6
.L
" @

$ h@ h5 $

.H mg/l h #0 HH
$h%
6+ /H mg/l H mg/l
. H mg/l J 1971
31 hh L
h" 6& (PO4 h >+ > J) 95 0@ %
mg/l * h
H 1.00 mg/l N K4 0 .(HH0 *G >)
. H 3.06 mg/l *

H 1.00 mg/l 4 /H 0.34
789 ,
!
@"
$ J @ (Dissolved Oxygene, DO) 6G' +8
6G' +8 $
G .K4 + + /DV0
& /
$5 "4 (levels)
60?8 +
.& 0 * PH

P 8 ! "
2B" .30
M " 0@ R <:
6G' +8 %

/+8 9%" +
" " 3
) + 0@ 5 $
.DV0
2 4 2 5
A" )
< + 0@ B 0 6G' +8 O 5 @ )
1 T
%
DO
$

.> )
+
" 5 R &
.BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) * +a
T
5 A&
H A 1 - "@ T>
.H0
"> H 6G' +8
S BOD * +4
>)+
+8 > .6 "8 B"4 $ J w
@ +8

.PG & A
608 J DO
/A < n+ / +
28 1 <

. B * 6 / %$M
<#1L "
/ 6F# :17-2
*/ I 1 D

#
6F# 1*-
'6
2 BOD '
+
:3 <

6
!/
C6NCNC 9H /.
2 C /
"%
34 J O 5 % $
*G (Azide) >8

PG %
S $
.6G' +8 O % 2@<
.(17-2 <) ) "@ A&
D 300 ml )+ BOD 5
/>"-"
0 J
S GJ
<
0 / <" < /> P
7 />4 e 4 <
1.0 ml &N 8 $
. 0 5
3 $
2+ T>C
) @ %
S $ N VC
$3 BOD 5 H<
>"-" 4 @ H
+4 *4 + $ N .
< % 605 @
++
/Mn(OH)2 2%" 74 2 < ) 4 A % (Mn )
+++
(Mn
) 0@4 _
>"-" 7 U
+4 + N .41-2
.42-2 /MnO2 0 " 4 < 0@ 6

++
+ 2OH-
++
+ 2OH- +
Mn
Mn
Mn(OH)2
O2
(41-2)
MnO2 + H2O
(42-2)
P
.@ H
+8 # 5 P
C
% T
2 2
6
6
1 ml &' .*0 >+ 2%" ,
@ )0% T>C
K4 % C
> P
7
)B
. % 2" +
H 8 0 # 2
!0 " 4
P" -" 4 >
$
D /7 &N $
*G @ H
43-2
. 4
A />" -" 4
.0 8 " 6G' +a I2O
MnO2 + 2I-+ 4H+
Mn++ + I 02 + 2H2O
(43-2)
0 8 " 200 ml b /201 ml W+ " % 6

5 BOD h + +> /< & +
" " #
"3

3 U
.0.0250 N
3 0 0
.44-2 / 4
"
2S2O3+ I 02

S4O 6= + 2I-
(44-2)
/0 $@ 0 H 8 0

2B"
.!>4 2" + 6G' <" .< & 8 60

0 %" A& &
/#
H k% 0 PG0
0 $
G .!>8 00 H
4

<"
200 ml * $+ 6G' +8 %

0.0250 N
3 $
.DO 1.0 mg/l b

1.0 ml N /0 8 "
1 <
28 .BOD & F+8 9/ +
1 D
%$M
<#1, B 6F# :18-2
2 O
*/ !1 D

."0 + 6G' +8 O % <? 6 54 E
0@ " 0 " 5 6G' +8 (Probe)

<) %
" <? "@ @ H 0 0 A O
0 " 6 58 0@ 0 > )" 0 .(18-2
W" 3 0H
4 03 <- - /$
0
% . + O % (Sensor) <
> . %0
+8 O % 2 (18-2 <) %

+8 >"
O 5 /
, BOD
DO 6G'
.% % V @ A )H" % H0
"> H
)>" G -0 0 5 < #& J /0%
0 . + 6G' +8 O % + 1

"> 6G' +8 O 5 D 6&% !0
4 )H"
+ % J 1GJ
O % >)+4 .)

% / )
GU @ )0-<
6G' +8
"@ 4 A< J <- 6 58 $
.
. O 5 % W $
$0 6VG +4 >
G 1
'
h<
0" %0 0 & 0

(SS) hG 0 >
58 `0 .30
< S
%0 0

/500 mg/l 6< 1
0-<"
H
.@ " @ >" 1 >

0 h >N /0 > 0@ )
% H0
+
.U $&J K 0 7H
/6
">
#0 h hJ /h
h+
" 0 %
J 0 0
h 1 4 "@

! %
0 $

h@
! " O %' $+ A& .H H+
2@

4 $
.19-2 < #& J 0
H+
$
. J
2 H
0- + @ 2C h 54 + K H+

105C 103C h h h+
58 0@ @ "
h@ * h .h 3 > h h 0 H+

@ $3 J

0h 8 >
> !H % 0 %
-0
.45-2 $
0 %
>
6 .s H !0
5 D
5
D
D
PH/
? *+
5 I6
D
H
/ 6F# :19-2
O#/ 5* /
= mg/l 0 +

(mg) HEH+ V%
> 1000 ml/l
(45-2)
" ml
%
0@ G %0 0 0
.
0@ + +> 8 5 #< , P0
0@
J 0 W" 6 A5 " > >+ A&
/#<
19-2 < #& 9
, !
+
" > > %
> H+ A% #<
95 %"

.
$
# ! ( !
")

.45-2

* +

* ,- ' & %#!
.

1
+ /

0 -

.$* 23 +4 24 500C 50C
/ !
+ /
/ +*
+' 20 min 5 6 15 min

0

0
+'

5 6 ! %-
mg/l 7 0

$ 24

0- 896 / . 1
(:
) 2 &
+*
$* +4 24 0 / -
%0
/
+ //*
< &
! .0;
24
*
+) + / ! =9 0 +
%$

> ; <9 .0
/ +*
$ < (
5 6 %
+ -

+*
?/ $39 >
A -
B .

!
0 +' @
+*
$C + 0

D1 24 2//*
!
' -

.-

9
E
# %F
.0
D1 24 - 9' ?C1
? <

 0@ 2 ? ! >
64.5 g : > 0@ 2 ? ! >
144.7 g :U "@ A ! >
80.2 g :" >
68.950 g :HH+ U "@ %
A ! >
4.418 g :U 0 %
>
% 5.51 = 80.2/100 4.42 :0 0 %
0 "
65.735 g :5
0 A ! >
3.215 g : 0 >
4.02 = 80.2 /100 3.22 : 0 0 "
% 72.8 = 4.42 / 100 3.22 :0 0 0 "
)+

,
! 2

(Chemical Oxygen Demand, COD) +8 T
$

O% . DV0
1 & % A ! " 0@
" + & 8 0 +8
S
G @ % $
> )+
.1 4 " 3
&N
S 4
.
! 3 > 5 /
* P
7 < / 5 0 0
L> 6G
@ $
.! " O % $+ &H

GJ & & "4 $B $
.
@ (3
$3
)
.46e2 0? *G P P
7 L>
&@ + Cr2O + H

=
7

Ag-
CO2 + H2O + 2 Cr+++
(46-2)
$
/3 /% 1 WHH

L>

5 (FAS) > $"4
" %

0 2% 4 A > 4 @ H
.H < $

.V " !> &8 @ H
)" 0 -
D /47e2
6Fe ++ + Cr2O 7=
14H+
6Fe +++ + 2Cr +++ + 7H2O
(47-2)
)H" COD h

@ % 1 0 "@ 0
$

7
J 0 " 0
) . 1 "@ 0@ +4

COD h 6 .< & &@ + L
" 5 U *4
"

!H $% /48-2 $

. B" 6& " $+ 0@ / 1 "@ 0
/
0 +8 -0 L
" @
0 8000 @ & $

.8 J +a b >
00 1000 * 2 2
D
= COD (mg/l)
(ml " $+ e ml 0 ")8000 (FAS S)
ml " $+
(48-2)
); < ,

J (Total Organic Carbon, TOC) +: *&

. 1 & A

" 3 / " / "e*&@S :

i 0 >+4
A
_

(TOC) G /(CO2) 6VG 4
(Dissolved Organic Carbon) 6G' *& /& >+
m W
5 #< @ *G (TOC) h >+ PG J /(DOC)
! %
*G (TOC) h >+ PG J e!0 *&@ /0.45
(TOC)
"34 *&@,
- .G #<
R"4
54 4 pH = 2 5 s0
" 7
@
M "c ' > - WHB"
$3 CO2 *&@,
.CO2 >: ) @ 4 !
h
2 2 >)+4 (TOC) h 0
! $

& 4

CO2 h < / CO2 (TOC)
h >
" " + ! % ."
H .
%
J
6+

(TOC)
_ /1"
4 +H" ! e

%
4 +H" ! <4 +
CO2 *&
> ? @ %"' EH+' $3 " L
" CO2 h B" 5 .
0 K+ H' 4 /2 + /
< ?
<4 0
O %' D / %" @ M CO2 h0 %
" M # <?
. <- @
CO2 h A PG ' ) 05 " -
P "J

4 +H" ! <8 8 4 /

%
.10 g/l )
"

CO2 h
, / 0 >
0 >)+
>
%
1 0 > 1GJ .+ 1 < ?
S @
4 /)" @4 1 _ S @ +" 5
1 % @ 4 #< @ H&4 /+ 1 > +

"
@" &5 > % .(%
3,3 + & 1 ) 0

PH
+ 0 % %
&@ + +
"
) $J (TOC) h & &
.

U
$%
0 " + +
" /1 0 @ " >"
S
. 1 + "34 0<
3+ +
" /0
$? /O %0 0 5 >
H<C
1GJ 7 34 %
1 < ?
S @: !0% / )
w&
< 53 "%
6 ? 3 . >)+
> ) +
0@ !0
2< /0
1GJ
.1 1GJ

+ @" @ ' 6q
4
M 3 (TOC) h $

5
/ )
>

U
6< 1 0

. 0@ D0
2" $
a 2 % J
2
4 $)& @V
$V%' /(TOC) h 30 >
0@ 5 ? 2 S
(DOC) h (TOC) h > 4 ? . 0@ 2 0) 2 5

U
0
& >
EH 6< 1 >)+

2J &

7 2 $%
. ? &@
1 & O
)"4 4 / + )J 0

+

A& /G 1 95 "
+
" J 0

0
(TOC) h0 K % >

@
.6< 1 + 1 >

+

!
1 3 H0
& 0& < $
%
& 38 &
. )B

6<
0 . " 0
+
" PHH P) & /2 +
$0 + ) 3,3 3 <
/ 1GJ 0@
" + ) 3,3 3 .(CHCl3 0 3,3 3)
. )
6< 1 V
@ " 1 +
" "
< 00
"%
.
@ G K4 &@ <
&
! ."0 0
% J 1GJ & 38
$
. 0 & 38 24 ,
2 &
% "

> )+ W"% $3 1
@ > $3 6G J
"0
PG (+ ) 3,3 3) & ) B"
$
.*> ? " 0
* M 5 M @ J $3 "@ @ >M ? @ % N

2 @ AC
2
$
. " 2 >
2
."0 0
@
A > - > :J *> - "0 0
> )+ "
W
+ & @ /" : % GH" /W", $
4
$ + /

< / " < *
/+
") > - 6 " .(20-2 <) < % <: ""
+
@
(+J 4 $0J / 3e?4
@ - % 0
0 - "@ %C
.
3 6
M "
A
V D /" GH" , >+ <-
M @ S @ P
D > - C

M > ?
P
> - * >+
, ,
S 2% H0

< @C
0 ' 0 0@ E0C?
x J 3 . 3

/" " P
." 4 + +> 6"4 2 BH

2" G 58 " U4 M " 0@ @ / 2" G'
/< @ 1 " " T A . 2"
.5 " + 2 ) <: " -
O 5 $

C6- / 6F# **+/ 91 :20-2
R H
6 "
D / )"
" % > #
A G
5 4 + 1)B4 *G G
/
: P /6)0 U
/ 05 " < ! &
.
+ /15 R H
/>
3 .0

V$

-
J /< " > - 6 " /-<

.H0
&@ M 34 0
#
) $E

=
.
/) &
& M @"

M @+ <'
#0 />+ > @ "J 7 4 R< /> /J
@ " >" 1 )
J4

.$< >
@ $< H" /"
)
" G 2B" . )
+ )

1 + 5 E0% "> 6 "a 0 + !
0
.+ 2 < 2 U 2 0 L
"
(Environmental Protection Agency, % $

90
0 " $ B" ! 1 % 5 EPA)
(National Pollutants Discharge Elimination System, NPDES) D0
%3 % /9,
6G (n-hexane) Je /$< > !0

0
!

2B" . 0
%

U
G . )

1 J5 "@ G_
/ " G4 U
pH 5 7H
" 7
/ @ & 34 @ 0

1 7 5 ml & PG H) H2SO4 4 HCl 2
/ Je 30 ml h J? A5 )&
" %"
.("
. H"
M M % H
: ) %
P
' $3 " A% V>J $

8 @ & 005 A % 1GJ $

10 g A #< 5 0@ * A5 @
6G % 4 ."0
0 % 4 60
%
*4 % A+
' .Na2SO4
Je h " ? A 4
9,
S $
. H A5
<- %
5 90
A+ $
.W 2&4 " ?
20 ml 10 ml & A /Na2SO4 #<0 24 2? 2 "&
.%
Je 6G %
$%
M %
0 % >
. Je
/6G0 3
5
"@ 85C + $ %
$3 J 0 % ) 6' . $ % C
%
! > > % J 90
> .H+ " VC
/
0 8 " $+ 0@ mg h 2V% > GJ $%
.% E<-
.mg/l h W"@ 2 $< > >
%
$

"!
)&J *+
U & 7 8 >
O 5 $

8 + J
7 8 $
.$&) 0@ 5 2JS
0 /P
P" (P0) P

8 7 4
< ) T +> %
H "@ 6
. "0 0

< $3 & .& 7 9
S P0 7 '
7 8 6 1@ 2+
<
"
"
$0
) 4 +
" 90
B"
. < 2 %
" &
K
O % @ @ 5 2+ W
$
/ 4 " 3

M
P

8 7 mg/l h 0 & 7 8 @
$
.7
.(P0)
.

3( 4 " 3 3 /U0 ) 0
L
"
4 " 3 " B, $&) 0@ 5 .+)
0@ 303 D03 2%
)
" `0
/@
> - 3
!
M N ' V A < * > )+
.

(Catalytic Combustion
V>H
!
? (Water-Jacketed Burette)
%
" > ? 9
< *
+ +> 00 /Chambers)
V>H
!
? . 4 4 /+8 / 4 " 3
8 )+ +
$
> ? "@ 6
D / 3 ! A5 J
4 9
S K 0 @ > - . V
& .K4 V 2+ $3 !
S ? K @
J /%
> - O %E
/9
S K @
." *> - V0 " 6
?>
1. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater:
Including Bottom Sediments and Sludges. 20th ed. Published jointly by
American Public Health Association, Washington 2005, American
Water Works Association, and Water Works Environment Federation.
2. National Research Council, 1998, Issues in Potable Reuse: The Viability
of Augmenting Drinking Water Supplies with Reclaimed Water. National
Academy Press, Washington, DC20418.
+
>8 6 /1-2 + G >8 $
1-2
(T) /+0 (6) /(Al2(SO4)3.14.3H2O) V< (4) h >+
(hJ) /P00 7 () /(FeSO4.7H2O) P

.(3-2 + +8 5 / 100 600 (4) +8) .

" (4) :
i G <

"8 J 2-2
" () /$ 0J (T) /P
7 (6) / $
/ 2-2 1-2 + + G+ "4 (T) (4) +8) .$
.pH 0@ 2
@ ( HCO 3 / CO 3= /Na+) ()
0H "4 3-2 + + 0H L
"
3-2
% / P00H 7 1.0 mg &4 GN .0 F.(7-2 + R+ /6+) o0H 4 >
>
++
@ % /Mg 10 mg/l Ca
++
40 mg/l 0@ K
G 4-2
(141 mg/l 6+) oCaCO3 mg/l h )"@ 2

@ 40 mg/l $ @ 175 mg/l 0@ K
G 5-2
++
++
oMg Ca h "4 >

J /$>"-
100 mg/l CO 3= 12 mg/l " 1 05 " G 6-2
(102 mg/l 6+) .Ca CO3 h mg/l h % 0% 6 /HCO 3
$ /HCO 3 45 mg/l CO 3= 6.0 mg/l 0@ K
G 7-2
.CaCO3 h 0% `0
0 &
S %
$3 (meq/l) @4 $ 8-2
.1 0
i 0
+4
Ca++ = 94 mg/l
Mg++ = 24 mg/l
HCO 3 = 317 mg/l

SO =4 = 67 mg/l
Cl- = 24 mg/l
Na+ = 14 mg/l
.(7.28 mg/l * ""8 "

R+ 6+)
.1 0
i 0
0 (meq/l) @4 $ 9-2
Ca++
mg/l 60
HCO 3
115 mg/l as Ca CO3
Mg++
10 mg/l
SO =4
69 mg/l
Na+
7 mg/l
Cl-
11mg/l
K+
20 mg/l
:
i 9 / M + n1 *
10-2
Ca++
108 mg/l
HCO 3
146 mg/l
Mg++
44 mg/l
SO =4
110 mg/l
Na+
138 mg/l
Cl-
366 mg/l
@ 6 . 0

i 0
0 (meq/l) @4 $
4 >
/0 /
", /( " U )
.0% /$
%
V $3 0
i 0
0 (meq/l) @4 $ 11-2
:
U 0 0 &
S
150 mg/l = $ @
56 mg/l = $ @
8 mg/l = $ 4
4 mg/l = $
4
190 mg/l = 0%
29 mg/l =
4
10 mg/l = 0 4
7.7
=pH

12-2
$ ! "# $ .

.(9.8 mg/l $ ' ) .
& 20 mg/l " mg/l %

6+) .P
7 10 mg/l (4) * 0 pH 6 13-2
.(4.0
mg/l (6) P
7 3 mg/l (4) * 0 pH 6 14-2
/+)0 >+ >

J 4-2 [H+] .P
7 1
.3-2 + $- P
7 >+ >
PG + 2& *
1 4 " 3 > ? &4 15-2
A CO2 @ H
">
6
4 .$ " 6 <

35 mg/l A @ H
0 60 4 " 3 6 .Ca(OH)2
6+) .mg/l h 2% <
6 $ J
.(47.2 mg/l /20.8 mg/l /19-7
15- U 4 " 3 > ? > &4 G 16-2
G) ">
6
.$ " $ "
/2
47.2 mg/l
>, mg/l h 4 " 3 6 /@ H

.Ca(HCO3)2 CaCO3

$ " 0@ M H < H" +
17-2
(CN-) " 8 $ J 0 2 + /(NaCN)
:
i ,@ H
0 2% +
" > ?
2(NaCN) + 5Cl2 + 12NaOH = N2 + Na2CO3 + 10NaCl + 6H2O
o" " PH

$>0 0 " $
4 6
Ca(OH)2 + 0 & / @ > 18-2
">
6
/CaCO3 < 0@ " G+ A !
/$
100 mg/l A @ H
0 $>, "$ U" + 6 /@ H
G)
.CaO 56 mg/l /(20-7 6+) .$ @

@ Fe++ 4 ) $
>
e4 @ H
J 16-2 19-2
6
. "
3 /MnO 4 >"-" 6 " "
3
6
MnO4 Mn >
@ Mn++ 6G' >"-" 8 ">

4 $
"-" 1.0 mg/l h mg/l $ B" " .MnO2
.(18-7 %H <5 " 29-7 A+) o>"-" _
4 " 3 + &4 / 1 0 > 20-2
6
. E4 ? 2%
+ 0 Ca(HCO3)2 <
0
,<
4 " 3 / /CaO *
">

J /45 mg/l + $ 4 " G .Ca(HCO3)2
o )
& 6+ CaO < 0@ + 4 " 3 >
H
*G
J /H
21-2
o8

J o@ H
0
64 .10C + K @ H
@ &
G 22-2
6+) .5C J5 + > +
" @ H
>
.(1.42
+ 0@ )

* <" 2 ?
23-2
> 6 /15C J5 > @ &
G .15 C J5
.5C + K 9%" /25 C + K
+ %" (DO) 6G +a R <: 5 % 24-2
mg/l 6+) o$5 2000 R H
0@ J% o # "@15C
.(9.5 mg/l /10.2

mg/l * (DO) 6G +a R <: 5 % 25-2
0@ J% o # "@ 22C + 0 4 1000
o$5 4000 R H

+U 0 ) @ % +8 %
"
26-2
"@ DO J Cs D /(Cs-Ct) * DO > < (DO) 6G
.(+8 %
" )
11 H A+) J DO J Ct /R <:
Ct 20C + K 5 R @ %
J +8 %
"S 0H B " G o!> 760 mm -& / 0 =
6+) oDO >@ 5 `0
$ /$5 5000 R H
0@ Ct =1.0 mg/l 25C
.(7.0 mg/l /9.2 mg/l
5-2) < %" 0 (4 5-2) < "" A+ 27-2
(T 5-2) < "" * G /P" 7 0@ * 0 (T

(4 25-5) < "" *> >+ 2" 2>
oWH" pH h + 25 <

7.5 J5 4 pH 5 G 1 "@ 100
28-2
0.02 N P
7 16.5 ml $
PG 4.5 5
o" + 0%0 "8 - J /0% 6 . B"

0% 6 50 000 3 5 `0
G 29-2 29-2
oCaCO3
6
0@ @ - ! 5
G / - J 30-2
/ )"@
J *? !0 3 O %
o %3
.(11-2 %H 6 " A% A+)
1 + *? !0 %
0%0% < 31-2
- A 1GJ @ H
. V< J

o' #<
@ J D
& " *" 6

32-2
" &@ 034 @ o&@, 1B" @
.H0

/CH3--NH2
/CH3CH2COOH
:
i

F$
33-2
7 / :
i ` 6
.CH3CH2--O--CH3CH2
.$ , /P0
.& 0 * PH
0 D,3 H 34-2
@ 1 &
S G < 35-2
. 4 " 3 + +
o 8.34 /lb/mil gal mg/l
@ * G (4) 36-2
3
lb/mil gal (T) /lb/mil ft /lb/mil gal 50 mg/l (6) :
i
/11-2 %H A+ (4) +8) .mg/l 5.0 gpg () /mg/l 100
86 () /12.0 mg/l (T) / 3120 lb/mil ft3 /417 lb/mil gal (6) / 5
.mg/l
15 >)+
+ V< 30 mg/l J5 @+
37-2
o2 $
V< 2" $ .5.0 mgd
E'& + 1 0 0.7 mg/l J5 @+
38-2
o-<
@ , &
0 2" $ /400 gpm
%" $ 00 " 48.0 J5 @+
G 39-2
0H 4 >
J / 3.5 mil gal h 0H 4 %61 *
o &'
E%C
@ 6

J 40-2
o
S
O 5 "%
8 -
O % $
* > )+ J 41-2
.8 O 5 + % 2@< 38
S F$ /0

S L
" H
oT +
S
7- J 42-2
o0 + V< @+ %
10e2 + +
O % &
u ' (DPD) "%
$
"0 %

S G 43-2
oPG )
6+
% o 1 %
0

S GJ
$
. "8 +
"
44-2
o0 +
"
J o*& +
" &

@ 6G' +8 %

< 00 5 A& 45-2
. O 5 % r>4y
+ 1 %0 0 J 46-2

o*
S

G .(TOC) +: *& #0 @ 47-2
1 0 < ? $
S @ ": 0@ 2" 2 (TOC)
o >)+
> ) 0

o6< 1 & 38 <C
48-2
oJ, $&) U & 7 8 >
@ ' 49-2
JXvvvvvvvvvvv=u@CQ9G
15
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
?| Ot |
9 +}+ wy
J 9= v Q CG h Q h P @G h Q Y 9 " g y G
1-2
g 9+ } z y ,F 9+ } + wy G { + z J A y G
2-2
pH ?+]}AG ?FQOh _FhQO+%yG f(*C R+vQ@
3-2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
, F9 +} + wyG f R G( A yG
4-2
46
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
? +F 9 +} +w yG ? +v QA G
5-2
51
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
R 9 j y G ? + ! 9 < hP
6-2
55
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
?*(ztyG
7-2
60
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
QD M AyG h J 9 *h Qj yG
8-2
64
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
? *( ]gy G J9 =v QC G
9-2
72
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a QZy G g9 +| ,p ? *( ]gy G J9 =v QC G
10-2
76
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
? * Q = M C G ? + F 9+ } + wy G { + y 9J A y G
11-2
27
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39
. . . . . . . .
39
G :
vvvvvvvv
* Ot @
vvvvvvv
+ %E
{Zqy
{Zqy
125
.....................................................
I9
+A
~z f :
J9 * Q a qy Gh 9 * Q+ A w= y G
1-3
I O O g A | J9 ! G( + A G h J 9+ FG O A < : G
2-3
125
...................................
133
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?+zBG
138
............................................
141
..............................................
143
.................................
152
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?*(gCG
155
..................
158
.............
161
.........................
174
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , F9 + } +v
193
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?* ( + AG ?@ 9 g C G ? } d! C
11-3
203
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ? *( + AG ? +v QA G
12-3
221
J9ShQ+qyG
4-3
A9 C 9 < ? y ( t " C G V GQ | } G
5-3
J9 Sh Q +q yG Q9 =A LG
6-3
e ( * O *Q ( =S( A=* Qw yG h 9 *O Q 9 +@G Q9 =A LG
7-3
J9 +! ( y( t yG ? f ( } H J G Q9 =A LG
j( +A G _G T v} G L9 +A IG
q
..................................
+ (
9 F yhQO
+%
{ZqyG
8-3
9-3
10-3
yGh x yhQO
+%
yG :
A9CG bj\
1-4
- ? f QTy G - bj]y G J9 s ;f
2-4
221
.............................................
224
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (zgyG
231
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bj]yG B; >+< 9 !} G , p
240
............................
248
.......................................
e 9 d" yG [F 9 ZL
5-4
259
.......................................
? 8p 9 w CG > +<9 ! } G
6-4
260
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . > + <9 ! } G ? w= W y N ( S 9I { + z ;
7-4
H9+T!:G
3-4
IP < 9 "yG J9 M ]C G [F 9 ZL
4-4
{ZqyG
3-3
>y9Ja yG
J 9 + | ( C Q @G ^ f ? y GO y G ?+ !( y (t y G 9 * Q+ A w = y G
? Q O y > <9
264
.................
272
..........................
276
.................
278
.................................
284
........................
289
.....................
292
..............................
313
* FG
?I Aq
(
> <9
+
9s
9-4
9s
10-4
qZgy 9 Q ? }v
11-4
G H +
p 9T:
H +
ty p 9 T :
G ,
H +
G f *
Q 8}Gh dhG
9R
9T:
8-4
!}G ,
C G J G( "
@G ,
G S +
G S +
@G
p 9T:
H +
BG h J G +
?p
( hQ
9 9F y O
+ ( @G g +C G
12-4
+$
13-4
+$
14-4
Q J= y 9 F y O
J !G
p 9tDy
!}G ,
( hQ
....................................................
(SDWA)
314
...................
319
..................
321
.........................
338
............................
? |6
"
G H
g 9+ CG
QWy 9 | ?t C
G g +
2-5
QW y 9 ? 9 } wy ? f y
3-5
?q d y 9 ?t C
4-5
z r QZA y | [zMAzy _ y 9d y
5-5
q
K( CG
G g +C
* %
CG
G g +C
(CWA)
*(+AG
+F +
(" G
(" G
" G g + CG
G #
,"
+ h
( G e
" G
340
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (NPDES)
353
.......................................
361
QJ = y 9 | ? f
G g +
..............................................
bj] y
| ? 9s y
9= z aA |
2-6
Q8< 9V
3-6
? JaTy 9 { 9 |
$ "
4-6
?w=V
5-6
365
.................
382
...............................................
385
...................................
389
.........................................
CG ,
pu Q
FG
h *R ( @ ?} d !C :
1-6
G J
AG #
h A CG
( G J
IO
G A CG
> <9
+
!}G
{ZqyG
{ZqyG
6-5
...........................
A9CG
(!
9 =z aA| 9 ? }v
362
1-5
?f y
QWy 9 ? Q G ?
+ h
?+ f(! :
395
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >+< 9 !} G Y G( ! C
6-6
403
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A 9 C G #* R< h h *R ( AyG N \
7-6
418
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J 9 | 9} Z y G
8-6
438
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H 9 + T ! : G O G O @ Q G h ! 9|
9-6
447
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . u F GQ A G Q+ <9 " Y J 9$ ( p
10-6
449
.......................
h * R ( A y G ? } d !C ~ + } Z @ J 9a aJ
11-6
451
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . h * R ( A y G ?} d! C ~ * ( t @
12-6
465
....................................................
C @
A9 G
9g| :
1-7
466
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ? + J aT y G A9 C G ? @9 g |
467
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O = z AyG h L RC G
2-7
472
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >+S QA yG
3-7
480
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q V9 =C G K +V QA yG
4-7
481
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . {t D CG Q O wA yG
5-7
484
.........................................
q
q
b h Q| v v v v Q O w|
6-7
486
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K +V QA yG
7-7
497
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,F 9+}+w yG Q +DMA yG
8-7
506
.................................
? J F G Qy Gh ~gay G b=\
9-7
508
....................
? + f9 " Z y G ? * ( ] g y G ? + F 9+ } + wy G O G( C G
10-7
510
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IQ(zqyG
11-7
515
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I Q( z w yG
12-7
{ZqyG
528
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ +t gAzy ? +=! 9 @ G H@G( " yG
13-7
531
...............................................
fh R h } G
14-7
533
.....................................
HQ WyG g 9 +| ~+t g@
15-7
549
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ? +p ( @G
551
................................
A9 C G ? @9 g |
16-7
> +SQ Ay9 < I Q TgyG ? y GR E
17-7
562
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R +"j" CG h O * O AG ? y GR E
18-7
565
............................................
19-7
570
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ? +p ( @G
576
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P(*}G
578
.........................
A 9 C G QG Q tA S G
g9 +C G I Q( z v
20-7
dO9=A yG
21-7
P ( + !} G d O 9 =A yG
22-7
582
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N +! QR yG ? y GR E
23-7
585
...........................................
I Q( z q yG ? y GR E
24-7
585
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ? +W i} 9 < K +V QA yG
25-7
588
...........
jh Qw +C G b ( p K +V QA yGh jh Q w+C G K +V QA yG
26-7
594
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , Twg yG K\9 "A yG
27-7
602
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . QJ=yG
g 9 +| ? I( z| ? y GR E
28-7
604
.....................
g 9 + C G ? @9 g | , p J; ] qy G QO 9 Z |
29-7
609
..................
A 9C G ? @ 9g | J 9 qz M C J9 + z } f Q9 + A L G
30-7
615
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P="y G rY h
31-7
618
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bj] yG K+VQ @ rY h
32-7
620
...............................
33-7
J GQ A"y G ? yGR
A 9 CG ? f h R "| I z}A G MQ _
645
............................................
A9 C G J9 aI
{+ jW@ :
645
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &A!9+Yh h*R(Ay G
e9 d!
X+Aq@
1-8
653
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . h *R( A yG
e 9 d! Q9 =A LG
2-8
660
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?+ F9 C G
{+ jW@ b=\
3-8
670
.......................................
J;GTy G
673
......................................
A9 C G
677
...........................................
679
..................................................
J 5W"C G
xT|
4-8
5-8
q
A 9 C G J: O g|
6-8
7-8
^f ?dp9 JC
#|}
683
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9% Z F 9 Z L h
684
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?+ z J CG
a QZy G g9 +|
1-9
690
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,f 9"ZyG
a QZy G g9 +|
2-9
696
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . {L GOzy
700
....................................
704
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >vQ|
710
.....................................
717
a Q ZyG g9 + | J 9 <9 + T!G :
3-9
G a QZy G g9 +|
4-9
f9+AfG
5-9
H 9 +T! : Gh
?+!OC
KVQy
aQZyG g9+|
.....................................
~++t@
aQ ZyG g9 +|
h + } : ?} d !C :
1-10
G jQ 9 G CG e 9d !
2-10
H9 +T !: G f 9 +A fG h S 9 +s
3-10
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . rZg yG
724
.................................
733
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q* Q9 G C G ,p
740
............................
?+JZ y
J; Y( yG h
vu
Q * 9G C
>+ <9 !
{ZqyG
{ZqyG
10
{ZqyG
6-9
jQ 9 H e 9d !
718
4-10
746
.................................
eO Q yG h ? * O f9 t yG ? t =a yG
5-10
749
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q* Q9 G C G >+v Q@
6-10
758
.........................................
Qh Q G CG Q9 =A LG
7-10
763
......................
a QZ y G g 9+ | h = ,p h p Q J 9 aI
8-10
+ @
769
...........................................
773
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?a J C G ~ + } Z @ , p
J GQ 9 =Af G
1-11
779
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ? + yh } G ? @9 gC G
2-11
790
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N]yG
J 9 aI
3-11
799
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >+S QA yG
4-11
813
.......................................
j( + AG K +V QA yG
5-11
837
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?*(+AG ?*(%A yG
6-11
866
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9+zv ?FhR F ?*(% Ay ,\9*Q
875
.........................................
884
...................................
891
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?* O Qp ? + y R " |
893
.....................
900
.......................................
908
...........................................
915
. . . . . . . . . . Q * Q 9G C G
915
..............
aQ ZyG g9
9g| :
LP(}!
7-11
QG Q tA S : G c Q <
8-11
| ?
LQ 9 BG u p O AyG ~+t g@
9-11
MQ _ ?}d! C
10-11
a QZ yG J 5> J9 +} vh [F 9 ZL
11-11
I z} A G J9 M ]|
12-11
Iz } AG _ M D@
13-11
I z > M Q _h ?@ 9 g C ~ + d" A y G J 9= z aA |
14-11
r Z y G ? * ( + A G ? = z Z y G O G( C G J 9= z aA |
15-11
vv
11 {Zqy
G OG G J9=zaA| 16-11
A9 G YR 17-11
G ?=zZyG OG G MQ_ 18-11
? QwyG ?JFGQyG b=\ 19-11
A r Zy ?*(+A ?=zZ y
938
..............
944
................................................
956
.............................
964
..................................
989
?*(+A
(C
. . . . 9 %A !9 + Yh 9 %z + jW@ h 9 7 QG O Eh
a QZ yG g 9 +|
?}d ! C ? f9 aASG :
a Q ZyG g 9 | ? 9 g| ? f9 aA SG
Qh Q G G ? f9 aA SG
a Q ZyG g 9 | ? } d C I QG O E
aQ ZyG g9 | ? } d C ? 9 Yh { jW@
9 q d @h Q Q9G G ? 9 Y
991
..........................
999
......................................
1012
..............................
1014
....................
1015
...............................
1023
(C
! +
% + "
...................................
a QZ yG g 9 +C
5-12
? |O tA | ? @ 9 g | :
1026
..............................
1038
........................................
1041
......................................
1045
............................
1049
.......................
1056
............................
1060
...........................
*(+
+ + +
"
vw
1-13
(C
2-13
3-13
(C
4-13
{ZqyG
3-12
! +
? *O +z t A y ? @9 gC ? *
13
2-12
4-12
G OhO
q
? tz g G ? = z Z y G O G G ? y GR E
J 9 \Q } o G ? y GR E
q
? |9 TyG OG G ? y GR E
a QZ yG g 9 | p Q q S q yG
k
k
9 Ih 9 F9 } v Q q S q yG ? y GR E
a Q Z y G g 9 | p F hQ A y G
? @Q A yG ? yG RE h ?
G ?@QA yG
..............................
{ZqyG
1-12
1023
12
5-13
6-13
, _
"
7-13
*(+ A
"
8-13
1083
...........................................
..................................
1069
.......................................... ,
1101
..................
1103
.. ,
14 {Zqy
tyGh g9+CG ?+f(! 1-14
1089
#+!G (
g 9 +C G eGO MASG IO 9 fE :
fGQRyG jqQyG 2-14
OCG ,p g9+CG d9}gASG IO9fEh jqQq yG 3-14
f9"ZyG aQZyG g9+| d9}gASG IO9fEh ?*O9|QyG g9+CG 4-14
9gCG g9+}zy iQLC J9|GOMASGh A9"=yG d9}fC 5-14

1106 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9%y9}gASG
O
QWyG A9}< R+%GAyGh ?+q p(@G A9+CG ?*Pj@ IO9fE 6-14
1107
.......
1111
....................................
1115
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P CG
QyG ?}d!C ~+}Z@ 7-14
O h*R(AyG ?}d!C ~+}Z@ 8-14
1143
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . uvvvJz|
1157
...........................................
)N Q f v v v v j R +z G ! E ( J 9 J z a Z |
B v=C
1201
...........................................
)j R+ z G ! E v v v v
B v=C
1245
.........................................................................
vx
NQf(
J9Jza Z|
S Q vvvv%p
3

.

! " #"
$
%&

*

+

'#(# ) %&

12) # # 34# # .0
1 #
/
(
-#
&,
+
#
5
(6 7 & 8'
4 (9 :;" +

#

# -
1 #
#
<2=
%% .0
1 #
%&

.>!%
( / "

& . ?
< #

#
@#6 # /

. #(A $
1 # !'

&

1-3

(Bacterium)

.,- .-/ *) 0
+ " ()
) * &
' %
$ ! "#

2 3.
4 5 6 *# 7
8 %

./ 9 .0. 5 2 3. 8 5 . 5

+< .+0 7) +: 7 ;" 5 m *) 0.5 m
125
% . 400 2 $ +0 $ @ (>1-3 /1-3) 4-

/
+<
' 4- AB / @ / /

(
A 87 F G .4
E
C % / $A 4D- / 0
A
87 J
.

0 8 + H4 I3 *) H4 8 J
0K ! "B 5 F" G 5 8'

30 *) 15 H4
M 8 ,
M ' P
M %# " $# / N K O. 4D- !8 M .LK "B
.! "B A+0
8 Q8
() .(400 X) () .
:1-3
Sphaerotilus ! "# $%
- J LK G <

R
- S 5
0 .N *) G ,0 *) 6 * K
126
,0/ +<. UV P

& A P@ T 5
(Bacilus) , (Flavobacterium) 5%5 (Alcaligenes) ,0/
2 G 5
2
/

2 7 .(Pseudomonas) ,

.' F" # B U>.@ 0. 5 +A ) J G
7)
> .3 8 + 0 0. 5 $ - 4- G/
' G/ G I F" 0 - S G
(Sphaerotilus , , ;" > $# .(/ 2-3 4- )
V5
+03
, 3 $ 2 T% ") (> 1-3 4- ) natans)
4. .

0 V' $ G ' , ( % & U

/
5 +) -R G/ (Escherichia coli) --)
0.
0 2 * M -:
& .- & ' @
*1000 F+0 Q --) % +< .T
.
M @'
M @
$
"B 3 "B " 0 5 P@
$/ - "B 3
"B

@ *

R ' M
@ 2 3.
(Saprophyte) K +)
* $
J%G
M 0 *) T" 8 . 3 > 5
> 2 " 0/ *) + ( . 0K T0 +
P3 A% ' * 4@ D 2 3.
5
D ># 5 2 3.

:5 % / .1-3
.
2 . L/
M > "R 0W
+ $
2 > "R 0K
$ 0
% ' * 4 @ ;" 6# 5 X. * $
'
127
+ +0 3. P

@ P@ T 0. !G/ 5 . %
3. 5 S 3 5 / 8 - - S 5
H4 5
0 .+ % +0
. % + 0.

:

3
+ 0/
CO2 + H2O + '
(1-3)
:

3 + NO-3
CO2 + N2
+ '
(2-3)
3 + SO4=
CO2 + H2S + '
(3-3)
3
3 O/ + CO2
+ H2O + '
CH4 + CO2 + '
(4-3)
(5-3)
) 3. "B 3 4 ! 2K > )

V3 . ,

0 % V@ ' * 4 @ ( 3.
.6-3
. @ ' !A0

0 %
3 + ' :> N@

,
.3
128
(6-3)
+ *% () .(100 X) ' % *% () . & %
:2-3
(100 X)

@ *

2
2 $ ' 2
.

) ' 2 *@'/ 95 .OK 5
R 0K
O/ ' 2 *
/ I (1-3
.)
K 5 0K
P@ T 5 8'
3. J .(4-3
.)
28 7
<7 %
$ G5 .

0 % N@ *@'/ *) 4@ ' 5 *@'/
5 M 3 M 2 + M

0 P
M @ T M 5 J
/ %
T 3 ; + /
*.5 .[B !M
7 + G 0 / # .> "R 0K $ 5A P@

+ $ 7 4. / 7) .
8
.
2\5 .(2-3
.) 0 A# 5 0K
*) 6 (3-3
.) ) 0/ G/ 5 5 0K
8 A .(
O ) 0
+

129
L/ 7 3 O/ *)

A0 4 7
5 G 0
0R \5 .' M
8 *
/ $ 0 4-3
.
2 A# + *) 2 3. OK 4 3+
.(5-3
.)
/ G G
' * 4 @ 2 3. 2 "B "
:

.
@
/ G

*) 0 /
S 8 ") ;" 5 L 2/ "
:] 2 4
NH3 + 0/

NO2- + 0/

NO2- + '
NO3 + '
(7-3)
(8-3)
3 P < 2 G 0. 5 J

/
6/ 7) $G G/ "B
5 +/ # .5
0
3
5 S 4D- V 0K ;%+ P P
+ ;" +0 2 $#
S 5 @

;" J
.+ - *
. 4 A 0 4D- 0 A# 85
F" 9-3
. 5 ^23 4 A0 .- 8
.0 5 42.5 4_ *) 3
H2S + 0/
H2SO4 + '
(9-3)
A# 5 0 > P@ T . $#
@ 0 5 GS ;" .(3-3
.) 0
+
0
+
Q@ 2 .5

M 5 $
0 4
M 3 M

130
8 J .> K

8 0
0 * PG 5
0
H2S O
S 1.0 H4'/ pH ' 4 *
8
4 .0 ! 0/

F 8 ; O *) P.3
0
P.3
. 6 ' O5 V ; O
T
8
. 8G 7 GS T+ > 4_ 5
PVC ;% / I20A 4_ 8 >/

) .+
P@ .20 5 .@ 0 5 4_ ' 435/

' 4_ P >/ 0 +
@' +0 J
PG 48 0
+

P
+ + 4% > K
P
+ 0 + !G/ 5 P@ T M M 0. 4% /

0 ' 7 5 "K >0 .0
+
4D- 3
.+ / +%
C ) ;" >W
/ *) > "R F 3% A

"B "

:
.(10-3
.) > 2 " # ;

Fe++ (A

) + 0/
Fe+++ (;

) + '
(10-3)
:

(Crenothrix) (Liptothrix) >

A .! *) ! @ + / 7
$ 4D- +/ 5 Fe(OH)3
5 '
@ > "R

5 J ! >/ 5

$. $ . 4 A V T" .
@
5 T" 2
' + 8
0 7 .+
A

/ NA + 2
' G ! 0` G/ ) .! VA </
NA 4
M
.> W
^ 4_ 2
! 0.
131
0. T >W 2 M @ I !

" T 65 Da3R G , > K 60.
!A0 4A 2 [D5

2

. . '
2F/ / 4
M AM
.
*)
.R G !A0 " P-R ,
7 M +0
M *) - (Fungus) 5 5

5
.. 23 3 > . 8
. @ 5 8 5 A @ 5
") 2@
2
5 4D- V 4 4D-5 D ROS 7 P < 5
4 4D- 7 P < .

0 % *
K
) +
;" .G /

0 % (
. ,
/ $ P
+
" A + 5 ' 6-
& 5 (Molds) .
3 7 %
2
.
& 5 .
M 6-
4 5 + M 435/ 3 > . 8 7 "B
0 ^ * F
4
M - + <% . B 3
- S </ 5 . 2\5 +. *) $< .D +
T "B 8G 4@ V G > V0 > /
6 > # # U J
$# .+ 8 5 P@
4
M L " @
M 0. >@ 3 pH P < 5
K 0 $/ pH b V5 ' M
53) F 3 .
. . L O ;"
132

(Vibrio cholera) (Salmonella. spp)

%& '(
)* " #$ !
.(Shigella. spp)
/ * 1,
(0 %& '(
"
.+* ,%
,
-/
.4 + %

9: ;(
9 8 *$ 7
#
2 $ 3 4 +56
+> ?
$ +@ < + %
$ # ,
8< =

' ;(S. typhi) ,
' : ?*/
,
-/ .7"

D
E C
B
( ;! 84A * 2#$ ( ;(S. paratyphi) ,

"
+* ,%
.% "( ,
"( /4 *
.+* +!
+%4 ( * , / * 74
1
0 ,
0 %

*E ;/ 1 & =
0
#
0 ;
< '
0 7 ,
G
8< .? 9F
0 + I$ *E H ;=%
.+@ <
4 / "
:
% ; * * 4
;*/
J5
/ < ,
0 */
0 4 +5K Shigella spp '
.7"
> =% /
=
Shigellosis
: .
M

0 !< -/
0 (L "
0 /"
.% $
NA "(

O" ?
8 *$
Q0 ;/ P
5 #%
7 #
G

." ! 0 %4 0 /4

2-3
3*, ;A */ @ J/ (Protozoans) (Protozoa) J@*
5
J9 ('3-3 3-3 ) C$ + 5 !
;(Protozoan) @*
5
133

7 .! "B @ 2 3.
* L"B
D8. M 3 <
5
K ; 8 - D- S 5
0 3
> +3+ .. T 5 ;" P@ T 0.
.F ! "B 5 $ $ 5 +D\5
.(1000X) '# () .

/& - ,
* :3-3
(1000 X) () 2& 0 1$ 2 3 4& ()
*) 10 +0 ")

7 / B@/
7 )
4. $ +- * $
' .- +- K : .50 m

7 N / O.
@ >@ ! "B + UG 3+ 5 .
T! "#
@ ; K 42 5 . "R 2 3.

8 5 ] 42
0 . *
8 A%
0 " / # + O /

0 8 - K B
134
/4-3 4- )

7 .
% LK 4-K 5 VM - ,
V0 $
' N5
7 +D .- +-
M >
M
/ " (>4-3
0 +0 3 5 + +<% .2 3.
8 4-K [@ 300 m *) 50 $ +0 . +
N5
% +
/
+8 + 8. @
((4-3 4- )
.! "B >0 $
'
5

(Giardia
lamblia)
7

0

.

*
0 (Cryptosporidium parvum)
+3
G N K G +@) + 8 4
1
.S F 3 *) F

4- + (Giardia cyst)
0 . `

0 ^@
$3 15 m *) 5 7
$ 18 m 8 9
" 0"
A 5
,

P3
0
4

M . M
. 3 $ G M + L"B (Trophozoites)
*- (%.
O
M @` *) O / 2F/ +<
9
.P3 2@ ! $.
# # :;" (Giardia trophozoites) 4 (
3
B
' &C :;# 5- " # 52
0;#
4 ' 7&
#
(
&/ (Cryptosporidium)
@ .5#
54

(Cryptosporidiosis) D%

% # E+
)

.6 m G
4 1+ F + 0 5 8
F $ 2
135
&# & ( ) 2

/& ,
* :4-3
(7) .( 56) 2(Blepharisma) 1" 2(# 56) (400X) 2(Euplotes) !
(400X) 2(Vorticella) $ #
136
# !/ $ 2 8'

!.K 5 O ^ +3

AB 8
.O A / @ A M
M @

.O 487 .-
@ / >- T .
"
(Entamoeba histolytica) )
.F FA [ d A > 20 m * 10
./
! / .K O2. / @- - , 487 2
V- # ! L
. 48 / # G2 / 4.7 / G
$ - +3 / G/ L
" $ X
M UO ] A .$
K @` <. / # 0
4+`
.$3 / F
7
<2=
@H %&
!-# ) ) (Rotifers) A

"
)6 # 5-3 8$
I!;#
A
& .%

J$ %H K L&# # J#+ A
D" .<2=

?
E# A
:# 8-3 8$
* . # I J#+ :/# %-
%"
L
.82 "
F %# L # + D" L J 2 :% 0%&# %
K ) # #6 J(
G%' ($ F F + F + F -++ 2 (Keratella)
137
A K -

1 #
A
( .)" E# K
F $"
.;&# ;' A# -#

@ "

(200X) 8, (Rotaria) ,
* :5-3
+0/ %
2
.
& (Microcrustaceans) 8'
-8
8'
-8 V .
0 . + +: 2 mm 0"
-8 >. .
M 8 V .' 8 6- !M B / M
8
> 3+ ") -.
! "B 5 8'

'
7 <.

.;K 4' 4:

.
A 4

V F+0 Q

3-3
/ ! # M
F # 2 L&
#; % (Viruses)

* G
5 @# # :##'
0;#
#;
A O # A #( = G
:* . 7 # N# @"
# P ( 2

*-#
F (#
( # :<4( #& # :<4( 8 - # !5" ( # %#) # 100 G
20
"

:##' D
<4(H 6-3 8$
I!;# ) # .

138
N/O

.# -# P '#(# # !# " 1(
!-#
.(Phage) G
! (Bacteriophage)
#%# G'

2 +

. 9 , ()
)
7 5 .7-3 4- 5 ^23 4

0 * , Q@ J
.6 V 4
M
M GS 2F/ ,
4C 8R V' , A0 5 7 V'

7 4
0
4d 8 7
. . *
8 8 O8 * 4 *) 65%# 4

.0
P%# NA +8 3 !-#
* ='# <4 (7) () () 2-# " 4 ;9 9 :6-3
!

% % &
'() * #$" ."
3 ) ." ! 0 /
1 0 2
/ +
! '," -/(
. 8 40 7 30 6
/
4 & 5 /
8'
!.K 5
0 ; 7 )
A 5 9 +D\5 ` 5 $
8 7 ) J .e
139

7 4 .B@ 4K $
" @ Q-K
/
.FA F [ Q- *) Q
M - O 487
. T 5 C 0. "B 5 &
0
2-# () : % ? # -

- * & 796 *+6 >& :7-3
. & () EF9 (D8) 2 9 /&B -9 * C#9 () A% (7) 2@ ()
D" :) 5$

4
'H (

D

4 (
-
@#" E# #
(Adenviruses)
D -#
@#" 8 ? 52
(Calciviruses)
D? (Coxsackie) D !#; 52
(Eneteroviruses)
# EF 0
F !
(Polioviruses) D

(Echovirises)
D

%
%;-

K
2 # @#6
U T
E+
) 52

52
(HAV) A
D D

$#

W8 ( !V W"
.

.< #

# #
6 ( A D

D
140
4-3
. 8 +0 > (Alga) > >

.[ / / [ / "0 + ,
M 4-K S 3 >
4-/ *) 3K ! .
B@ %
./ 9
$/
R .! 3 4 V $#
4
M
V' ' 5
0
> *) -e (Diatom) - ^@
"B
0 T D-R > 8-3 4- +< ._
A\5/ (Anabaena) d (Anacytes) ,d ) . 100
4
g
0
.J2 ! [5 3 f [A U> (Aphanizomenon)
M @' >
M - 4- *
0 . +3. V $ .20 K T" &

(Oocystis) , K / .! 5 8D.
AM A0
N > N K ; .3 U> +5 (Pediastrum)
H4'/ 4
M - 3K + >B M 4
M %< V M 4
M - %
3 .2K +@@ +0 <% >

.K
+ [5 .- > 3 $ (Standard Methods) >
/ < T G2 T
+ +. P
& @
:]
. 3 > 4G L/
CO2 + PO4 + NH3

0 + 0/
(11-3)
M
@ /
/ G "B " >

W M
@ 0 3% "B

141
AB
2
D"B M G/
*) +0 *) 53) .
G * &
' 3 f [A > N / O. .
. 37 0 9%/ 5 ") FAB 0
.0K $

0 $ 3 > 0
GK .! 3 3 > A% ' * 4 @
,- .-/ 4 8 F" 3K F" II 45 $ ,- .-/ 5
4 5 .G
' *) $
$8 D- 3 > 5 4
2 O.

4 42
. .+8 7 A% ' D5 0K V

.< 4
M - 3 > S/ " !8

A G

0 !-) 3 > P
+ )
.5 G > % "B 5 "\5 .>
+0 > + . . T 5
0 > >
'
*) 857 / !- 4@5 4% 3 0
2
.,- .-K
*)
5@ 0 O. 4 .> "B
0 B 5
! F
> O. AA.
> $G $ P@ T / 0
8
T 8 ; A2A. .> !G/ 5 3 $ 0
7 J $ " %
$ < 8D. 65 >
M *) > $A# $
A P@
0 3 > 0 "B 4DG
.,- .-K > >0 0 .
142
(100X ) 2 ;H 9#& * & G &'

* :8-3

5-3
3 .A %35
. . O K G 48
H4 (>@ Q- A 5 O 4 ) (Pathgens) 3R
G/ .

7 : N K
P
& @ +5 F0 7 . [ ; 5 + 0 O K

.% 4
M - >- T 0. F- A 2@
143
" .d Q- 25 *) >@ Q

M - A 4
487

' F FA [ 6 ^@ F" *) (- 487
O. >@R
' .! / . - # / V@K $-
/ B [- / ' M - / @
M A Q-K

' .- [ 5

H4'/ 4
M - [ . '
. . O K 5 - 48 3R N / O 48
4
M - h h@ I
M !\ O 2.5 M 5 *) 4@
- N / P >" 5 A @- 5< 23
T 0. !
@ $% $ ! "B 0. '
.@ Q-K 0. / *D/ O K , @ >-
! "# $!
* V20 A P@ T 5 3R A N /
.
.F- A 5 A 3R * 2F/ @
/ ! # # 2 %& #; % ' '

# 140 G%' 5$
4
5 .(3-3
) 0;#

(
#;
A
: # /6 '#(#
(1-3) 8(
(X" + .
8 #6
@# A + .8 A G%' %

#
@#6 E# < #
8 L
L
: # # @#
= +
D
#;) ( #
Y &$6 ;

.-#
#
# M5H #
Y &$6
%(
/" 8$ 54#
-
*
!' :;#" 2#

>&" # Y&
J( G%' (A) D

D -Z .%

F # 4" .
6 -$
/=
)
$
J;'" # .@#6
@#
< ( ) # %(
-
@ *
) J
F 4##
144

BN/# TNO# < #

@# $ .6 +

.
4#
< #
#*" K
2 > " #
A
B
2 7 G%' [ + %&
(# (Bacteria)

%# 1 P # F ' G%' 5$
4
5 .(11-3
) 2

:]
'#(# # \ 8 %# 1000
(Enterococci)

(Enterobacteria)
-#

(Bacteroids) 4 (Rostredia) (Lactobacilli) % A

$$? - .(Eubacteria) (Bifidobacteria)
@ -
) 8 ? .-#

'#(# :'$ 4

/"

#

@#6 /" .-#

@#6 # / D

(
)

L%#

G#
< #

$ F -# T@#
.( 4 L%($) J 52
5-
4

5-#
5-#
4 (
8

## -# G# 4# &

8 ? 4
.0 (
/=
8 ?

@'" !#; .

.G# : " F 4F
! "# )* " '(

:1-3 %
&'

()

()
" #$
(
" ) !
# #$

#&! #$
%
145
%*! !
! (A) !'
# -!
+, -

II
(*) /$
% ."
II
! /$
% ! ."
II
-!
+, ."
II
123 $
." 0
II

!
II

+, !
II
-!

!
I

"!4

5! ! 0
%! $
' !
"
#!!
III
"
"
III

6) !
6
( 6) !'
III
"

III
, 6
"7
III
6
6)
8, 3 # I

93 :. /"3 23 () #3 / # II
:. /"3 23 # III
487 2 .I. ) 5 *) 3

' $.3 O K T" H4 >
/ # .! > . - ,
146
5 % : 4

5
A O K T"
5
7 5 $3 5 @
' +D\5 $
7 5 O K T"
# .! A+0 > 8.
V0 %0- A *) LA.R +5 . O K - 2\5

!-B >+ I UO K " .% *) !.K >+
. ` >@
7 .!.K
.
.- 5
0 P3 5 P3
O. 5 .- G L"B J !.K
0 A 5 [@
*) 0 5 42 8 !.K 5 . 2 A 5 5
.P3 ( 8 + $ 03 # 3 *) / ,
FA [ 68 ] Q-W F
. 4- ,
* / +.0 15 m 5 $# 0 .F
> I A 4+` .- O K ) . . .
> .1-3 4
0 5 0
3
G%G
5 K A V- .

- 4
M - F- P3 / M A
* .
. 5 48% 4' # . `
- " UO / ,
,
0 2\5 O8
.
7 5 - <K 5 ! 8 +0 J

G/ / $ / $

4
M +\ 7
0 0 O A
A+0 ! $. .A
85 4 i 0- 6@
'
O 2
M >
85 O Q- @
5 3 5 .*- *) 65.) >
' F
. 4+`
4DG
5
0 . / N / O +< 4' P3
147

K 3 P3
>. F" ` *) +8
@ J2 0

0 >@R 0 [ 5 .
0

. .7
0 * F F- A + V T0
$3 63 2 , H4 48 ! *) % @
.5@ 0 ! 5
0

/ ;"
5 V ! 5
7
5 . #
0
( 3
. .4 /
T 5
' * !8
5
0 - <. .P3 !./ >@ A 5
F0 P3 * .'
5 .0 5 J

7

' 6/ / ! A+0 ^- 2 7 J 0 [ 5 +K
.^- 4' > G
) +@

- 4+` +5
N / + O K /
.+ P
M - 42.5 (
M % P.R 7 J
0
4+`
L
4+`
3 # $3 / Q-K G .
. " Q-K 5 .A 5 Q
M 8 $ @ M d O.
.+
+ P0 4+` > / A . O /

# 3
J%#
/!%#

1 #

@ (Z

$ #
-+ + 2
.< #
\6 4 " $ #
-+ 8\
B%- # .D
8 ! #
&
B # G'
G
8 %
F
<
# :( [ # # ; !9 (

< #
8#

G$
.

1 #
$ -;
1 # 4(# -!#( /#
#
A
# -
1 #
#*"
$' ^% E!#( # -# " A
" . $#
0$ !
.-#
F ($ 8 ? G#
# 4F ( * !&# 0
6
148
;#Z#

@#
4 (
-#
1 #

@
% .@#
$ '
O# %
"
"
_&6

.< #
4(
* (
-#
1 #
' W8 :%

&
8# (# 0 1 # 8&
6 < #
4(
>!%
8# #
#

#
/&
%#' ' @
# 54Z'
.

'" #

( I$
' G
8#-
' ! #
N/&#
0+ G
I$

0AC -;
% /
.%
\ 8=$
4(6 8N-
!
.5-# 5-# @
F # (
-# 1 # #&# Y&$ %# 8" #
4('
.(
-#
1 #
&
1 #

@
. L#
\ 8=$
G
#
I$
#
/&

#
/&
' 8/#6 ) G
(
-#
%' E

< & I$#
< #
' Y $#
L
-
%# $
$+ #%
15-7
G
E()
@ G%' 1 #

.(
1 #
4(
Bj/ ,

,
0 7 G )
5 Q- *) Q
M - O 48 + O K 5 7
4K T 5K 2@ 2 . *) 857 ) . A
A 5 O VM M - *) 3 / 4+` @
> / O K T" / $3/
0R
8 . 5 ;"
T >- / J2 . 4 $# J
F" 5 4+) *
7 7 T" N / A B . 4
5 0. #
.. ! <S 4 O -
P3 0 5 P3 7 .

2\5 (Strongyloids) A
0 7 !G) F-
149
.+3 2

. O
. - >@ Q

M - 5
9 2 J >@ Q- 5 O O /
$3/

3+ 48 / 1-3 4
0 5 0

<. .TA 5 O
5

X. ./ .3
' M 3 5
. J2 . / !
L
/ .
0 +' e
.
B +
. 5
3+ 37
85 5

O

- @` O /
60 m 40 $

O 4 / . 7]
.! 5G */ +5G

% "# $,- %
+
48 L
+0 !8 * +
' 3R 3 5
9 @ A 3 5 .! 8 O K
/ , 5 .d P
M 3 $
.
B +2 3R @.
/ +3 48 85 + ' 2\5

/ .3 V
/
5 >5 +<. / e - L
. A *) +'
4 5 4
/
. ) O +0 3
./ 10
' 3 5 + ,
,/

5 .+ 8
> +3 B G0
L
. 0
H4'/ $ 3
7 2.
0 $
.O
J
/ M

M
M ' / M 3 6/ # ;
Q-K P@ @` A% 0 +5 0 42
. / .L
.
.L
. J2 3.
5 $ OR +5 *8 A 4 !8 *
8 ,8
!8 *
8 +0 487 .F- P3 (
150
@) * $
' *8 P@ T 0. < 4G $8 V /
$ !8 *
8

A $ . K P3
. Q-/
*)
7 *) *) (!8 *
' *
/ ")
. +- !8 * +
' ,8

O
L
. 0 3 $85 @
' 3R 48 Q@ )
I F .1-3 4
0 K
. 5 ^23 !8 * +
8
M / *
$ 5 .5 (100 4'/) 3 f L
0 " O
" K 3 Q- *) Q- L
. 48 2
8 .+ 4
$ >D O K T" 5 2\5 ;" .
. @- @
T A+0 ! "B

) ;" 5 @ @- 5< 5
L
0 " O K 5 II 3 .P@ T 9
f Q
M - , +8 (10.000 */) ' *)

2
5 ! 0) *) 53) .I O S 8 7
$ H4'/ Q-
2@ 2/ +

) +0. P@ T V0 2\5 I
PD
M *) -. L . @- @ ")
.Q- f Q
M - 487
.!8 *
' 3 5 " 48

III 23
+8 .5 +3 / *) $< @- 5< $ H4'/ +8
4 8 5 3 5< $ G/ + .- *)
5 S
2F 5 P@ T
4% - A 32.
O QD F 3 U/ P@ T 2. 0. ) .

. " O - 4` F 3 S 8 )

151

.$% & '() *+) !
, - #! "
1 "2 3 4 0 /, /0 0 )
! " 5 6 0 7+
!
) 82 3 0 /, .6 7
: : *+) < . 9" " 3:" ;
? , ! @A 1 B) =! 8$ >51 "2
7 A .8! C :A 4
@ 8@ :

D 1 /5 *+ B:1 "2 @
.! ;) E%

%) . ! "# $ %& ' & (
+ ,& - / 0 # 1 "*
5 + #
23 3 4
# ' & ( &#
0# 7 - 8 # % 92# .( 6

=> ?

5 6 4 16 :; & < !
& 8+ B& 46: A 6: < 4: 0*< . @6 1## +
%# B; $ + .8
( C $ B# B$
$
1D 8 * ,>; 9 < (Clostridium tetani) &##
.(Tetanus toxoid) # E&## %&
& &
76

6-3
$ :(! E 9 E ,(+ $) !
<
% &G !H 7 4 4 %" F;= !
:
152
*) Q- >#K 5 48 # .@ Q-K

5 0 T 5
0
' +/ 7) F FA [ QA 5 $
M 9 .A ! G2
, 5
/ , 5 ) , 5 ) , 5 , 5
+ (Norwalk) ; 4 (A)
>+ , 5
0 4 / *) $< .2L
. 48 7
. * >
.P , 5 100 G/ A 2
85 @ / PS
.

$A $@% > . )
@' / - ! M
M a
M 3 Q%7
G2 # LK T >- T 5 L .
+0 9 ! 0. > K ) J $ O
8 . P- 4
A ;" P/ .3
6 A A : ^- Q' / 5 5 8 > A 5 .
/

> A A +0 - * >
.24 # G
Q% (Dialysis) -B A
85 !A0 ;) 2 6D\5 T" A Q%7 4%
.! 2 $. 4- 4@ ! .@K . 5
0
+) P3/ 2 * 7 ! 0) B 4@ D'

85 ;" *
,S P
+ 7
' G/ / * F 8.
.(Recovery)

! !)
2/ 88 * A 5

4
.
*) F
: G 2\5 "
2
" 3
- . P3 % k < ) .+3 %
153
.88- / 4 @/ )

G (Culture)
G/ / <
5 . . <. P-
P3 < V' 5
0 7 . B@
F
3K
8 % F" 2 . . 4
F 5 . .
M
. ,2 P
& 3 85K
.B 5 00A 9 * %
/
& 8
.F ^ *
A A U!A0 4BR
F0 F" . !A0 5 A
8 2 3 5
.
@ ! 0) (Plaques) ^@ F+0 h
7 6
%
K 8 5 #5 @ ) .P 8.
.(% 5
0
+<
DS
14 4 $
% Q5 2
^@ -

. 5 , A . ^@

DS 53) @ 5 K > . (PFU) (Palque Forming Unit)
* $
, /

8 .@ l-
.@ % * , GS F+0 Q
5 +.
@

['

23
. 5
2 <. [ 5 . )
T A D * B .P@ T T

+ 0+ S ^3 ;
) V ;" 8 / P@ T
2 $. 4
M - A Q% [ ! .2

! 0) >D $@ $A+0 . 0. >D .!
154
2 / B 7 . 5 2 _- ,

_- 5 4. >Hk
R 5 4' 7) ,

.$@ $A+0 A2+0 5 2
2 2 3 P
& @ 2/ U/ . )
- / T 9%@ G
@ 7 5 " !
5 @
+ ' 2 13-3 8 +< .O K
8 .(3R NA)

3 , 0/ , .8
NA 3 8 . / 5 "l O G N - *@8
.
-) L * P@ T GG 0. .
^- P@ T I. GG G $ ;
' V [D5
. .(13-10 4-) NA 4 , A
/ 4 100 / ' 2.2 8 A 42
. A 0
2
UI ,2j/ NA 3 .2 NTU . L A 0 7
4% +.0 2 2 * hF
M 7 '
K 4

1045 2 1999 *) 1979 " . 24
4 "/ @ T 4'K * 1000 + H4 0 .
* 85

0 I +</ .G GG D
. , , 5
*
&

&' . 7-3

#
(
- $ ;##
-#
L
#
2)
&C L
: $ Y&$
Y&$ D # - .< -#6
" 8 ? 1 #

(

%
12) ( # \
.@#
8 A :;"
155
( / K
2 \ .: # Y&$
# 8 A " A

>!% - # (
-# $
1 # *
`
#' < #

# @#6 &
8!(Z ; #

- .
4
1 #
#
& 4# %#A (
( a+ #
A

0# . $# \ 1 # # &,
-!#(
1 # #*"
- I$ (

[ ( / 2#

#/
.
0
1 # E4
* 1 #%
;' >!%
" #L# \
.4? G;#
!# 0' @#

@#
' #
-# 2
Y &$6 8 ? G%' @#
@'"
8$ ] =
( A .' #
4' - 2
Y &$6 /" :#4#
. ) ! !-# (
-#
8 !- #C
T
@) 7
' ! ^-
0

Q% (VA < / +8. 4' 0. L

[S P- F+0 Q5 Q A
308) 100 gal $
n ! 0 a3 2 .(Immunofluorescence)
2Q'
. m 1
' 3 " F" a3 5 4% (
(Particulates) ['
4#
0/ 4@5
4 5 . ['
4@ ." A G 8
* A f 4 /T ^ !A0 V3 .A f 4
G - # 4- [S 2
3 0S *R
/ $ 8 4- -# 5
$ 8 >D - Q5 / *) $< .2 F+0 [S Q
* .
0 +S S * 0 3 .
85 $ 3
/ ' G
+
R

/ !%) >0 ;"
.#5 3 23 ;
156

0 7 6-
O 3
A ^- A0 NA Q%% ! ^-
P
+ 8S
3 0S +% G O 4@5 "
+ A +- +0 O
S 2 .F+0

.0 0 5
/
O F0 B
8 ) 7 -
8 .
0 3 + Q ;" A+0

'
5 +) 0
- B !
J2 R
8 . : (A [8 o . @
VA < 5 .0 ! 5 "
-" O
0 * T -
7 L
) 5 .O - @) 2F/ +<
#
6 ' 5 . 6 .
0 3 6
' 2
8 F"

.+ ; - 7 4 4.0
0 3 4-
T T H4 5 >
0 $A0 $0 O o
P- +</ G 5 .$+0 O 4G 0.
. I > % # 4
M 8 2 P <
4 A 2
. P- 1623 8 1622 8 EPA 2
8
2 8 [ ;"
O
0
(Immunomagnetic Separation, IMS) B 4@
2
6 *
@ M 0 * (Immunofluorescence Assay, FA) [S
O P- 1622 8 '
8 .2 M 85 10 n
T 0. 8 8 %
. 4' 4
0 T 5

O A *
. 0. !) ;"
2 . T
@ 5

157
P3 ) LK *) P3/ o-

) *) P3 10 +0
;" 4
0 T 10 b *) 3 250 f 100 +) P3j/ :+)
4
0 T +) P3 .+- O

A
$0 $
+) P3 . O

) .(.
.(%20 G/ *) %5 4'/) B $ $#
O

4 0 +) P3 # 4
0 T V3 /
5
! . 4
@ ! Q@ .0) +5 O
4 O ;" * .
.
*) 7 8

7
.< * . T 5 O 8'
2
. P-

,' /01 2 &

8-3
G
6 *
# ;##

< #
_ # &
&A " * L /" B+
.(
#
!'

(#
./
/# $
1 #
(
#
!'

;#Z#
(
B
- A
@#%
(#
%
&#
Y

=
9 K
2 ' L
: ; . 3
G
:# )' 8
# A :##'
A .0%&# @#Z#
## * ;
; A # @#Z#
4

" : @#Z#
0$ +#
#L# 4(" %)O# &#
*-#
@ &
! #
#
2 #&;
b$#
@- . :;'
I(6 G%' E( .$
' 4 G
1 1+

8$ A E# 8$ (
-#
B& G
< #
E4 * G
;#Z#
8&

#
% %; #+
+#
2 # G
##
/" 9 (
1 #
/H
E;& A
) (
1 #

.# -

<(
-#

# # a" ) A
: # ;#Z#

B
!, A . ;- 8 # " %#' \ :#" )
&
+ 2 & # N# +/# $
;#Z#
0$
#

158
& G%' 1 #%

(
#
!'
#- 6 12
.# -

H$
.

'#(# G%' ! "
!
;#Z#L
;-

F . A+0 5 --` +G 8 8

>8R
" - A 5

S 9 F-
/ ' 3 0. # P@ T F . B / ' 50
O W
7 3R [G .100 ml
Q- A # 6
@ ` 5 .
$
$ $ .R FA J
M 2 G2 T 2\5 6 ! .>@
. 8
0 *)
D

< #
(#

'#(# D (" @- H$#
.
$
< -#" 7 & ;' # G%' )/ )# G
:* : 4
$ . ;#Z#%
8
F # # F ( G%' A 54 >!% G%'

12) W8 A
H#

8 G
&#
& %

I%#
G%' 4

I%# W8 ._&6 #

4
#

:##' -, .

2 4 # " ? 4 # (
+
.;#Z# \ c
5-#
4 (

4

[ d# # dc
d;## %d ) O157:H7
$$

B%
4 .$ #
-+ 4 (#
! # !
;#%
d# $A 8 A G%' >!%#

&
%
>!%#

G%'

.Y&$ G
Y
F &$
d' O157:H7
$$c
< #
8#

$
>
\ &b 8 9 _-

+ .# 2000 1+ E!#( 1987
0
1 # < #
4(
>!% $
. ! E" G
:;#
.1 #%

&
L PL < /"
159
Gd%' < d#
;#Z# ( G
$9

+/ #-
d# d(
d
8!d-# .

# ;#Z#

- ##

7 d& d(#

' (
K
2 # G%'" ;#Z#

?
d
d' 8N% ! #
%
@!-
!9 2
. ? _
#;
4 (

Dd
d
! #

:;"
Y+ .

# ;#Z#

!d$"
A #" .

# a" F G%' ;

8d+ d 8 !-
%
# A + L
: /# .

# / : - ##
#&
!- \ # -#
%
# #
a6 #& "

' I$%
# + D-
G%' 8 2O#

@ " A
d dZ " ' " -# F #
%#
! #
8#
-

#( @

" #
/&
- (
-#
#
.< #
%-#
:
# #

%
I# # :

d #&d d(
-#

1 #
#L
B/# $O#

: d$ Y # :/& (
-#
%#' !#; " $ 5$
KLA
d
1 d#%

!- %
:# %-#
#
@

-? K
2
d$O#

& # $# .
8
#&
:d 0
1 # 3
-, " $ %#
1 #
& '? < #
!'
" : 4

@ A -6 IN$, " : # N/&,
.
8+
#&
#6 % % K
2 -
d\ _d&" @
F \6 < #
!' 8#$

-# & E
d# GHd d+
12) G
:* .P; ! Z
$%
#&
Gd
: d;

2
# "
# "

2
d#
# !5" G
$
1 #

* !9 5$
4

160
" ! :

0 -/% +0 & '() %
) * +, .%
&" #$
# %
% $
&
01 2 3 4
1 $ %
!7 9# 8 5! 0 %
) '6
7
. "
%
.<" 09 9
" !7 '; +)

9-3

. ! (Enterobacteriaceae)

%& '( ) $ : " #
, - /( " 01
23 4 (Gram Negative) *+
.35C 5 5 48 '7 !5 2(" 89 6/1 5
(Multiple-tube ;< " ' # " -&
(Presence-absence ;=+>= = 6Fermentation Technique)
0 ! 6(Fecal Coliform Procedure) / & 6Technique)
AB .(Membrane Filter Technique) + ? @
.1 (Standard Methods) @ , 5!D / 6-& C9) A/
? '%)
$*
0 >
% %
)3 = * 491

# A " +" ) = % +07
! @ 5! %
%
1 9 +71
1 "'" " *' "'"
**$ C +07
) = % +07
! +)
."
B%1
)
.%
"
B%1 "'" ,/ 7 A
F %C ) -
0 E4 > # ? 180C D160 ? " *
.)% 1J "
>/)
K %
3 1 +07
E+"
I H +)
G .%
-7 @6 15 Psi ?A )%
1J "
15 min ? 97 +
G
161
# '# 120 ml ( 2 ( (4

.121.6C (
!
.-
( 8!#
# 4% Z# \H !4# e0 $ 7 (4
>!% 5
&
<
(
-# _&" G
# -
8
#&Z#

-# 8
L
"
# = B+ K% # $" & .-

+#
# A G J& K%
- .#
# %; #
& 8$ '? %" ) A " .(Bunsen Burner) 4

" .(#
;-
# '
K
2 ;'L
!;-
2=#%
!# E; ;

!#; . : ( # (B # 8$) < #
'4#
. + 2
G J& # < # # 4#

&&+ .
S 8 +5 8 8 T"
A 8 L/
@ A
8 T" .
" A / F- A lS '
A 8 8 H4 2
. ' G 8 G/
8 T"+ V-
7 . T P@ T 5
^ ;" 8 . V +85 L
0. P@ T '
.! 2 . V +85 A0 0 T
8 2
P- 2 ! 0` 9-3 4- +<
/
M >/ . A 8
/
@ 48 # "7 !M B / A !B [B K 2@R 00A
8 B@ >/ >/ 3
0 > K 5 * [A
.F
AB V0 / 3 3
162
> 4 8

8 # %

&
# (%
) 4A 4 G%' F (Lauryl Tryptose Broth)
B% 2#
8
G
%% #
< #
' ;" 29 .;'A 2=#
&A !9 (5$
(
( 95F) 35C ( _
4 \

# : ") .

G%' -
< @Z J" !5" (
B% " -#(# #
# '#(#
" fg
%$# )A
+A
.(> 4 8
:4 \
& 1 - 9> 4 - 9> > 9B % 9> ''% :9-3
&'# 9 + * *&
" A F- A S A 8

J A 4 !#) / ) / 5

$ 0 ( 37 "B 9%/ IA A % A *
0
3 *) *
. A# ;7 O
. 0
.(&)
A
163
8 48 D8. -/

.A % 8 7 T"
*) 0 >0 J A 4 > / !A0 B@
> 8 > K 5 685 < A# [% V ) . / > /
A# +< 2\5 .A 8
0 * H4
>0
>0 7 5 A '
0 7 $ 7
. 8

2
. >/ 5 P ! 5 5G
8
D 7
$ GK
.
0
. . 8

8 + . A0 7 4
0 * WEDWE

(DWE)
8 .- ! 0` 23 .(DWE )
!# " D8. P '
'
A . D8. 2
H4 >/ 0 8/ F 4 ! F A
$ 4- +< .J A 4 >/ +
+ H4
' . ! A0/ 48 D8. 2
.7 3
*) T
'
8 VA ;" >8. >/ H4 *)
K > *K P .>/ 2 G 8 H4
>/ 2 JG 8 * . T
8 VA
P ' 5 . V3 2 ;" .'
6@ 4 F"

'
8 2Q ] .(A G 8. T F
2 JG 8 *) +8 ! *

8 .+ P ' V 8 *) 48 .>/
! *) * K P ' 48 L/ .
2 48 .d 4
M G P P
+ G P ' 5
0

3 5
. .,
, 8 *) T" P ' U! A0/
40R >K 5 AB [% 0

. 4 0` %
164
9> (MPN) ,J & B > 9B % 9> F& -I6 :10-3
I 9 +
0 ' G L @8

(MPN) '
8 R

K - ") .3-2 4
0 >K
. 0` I

! A0/ F 4@/ 0` >K
*) * K G%G
>K 5 . H4'/
) .0.1 ml 1 ml 10 ml +0

2\5 .4
0 5
0 0K 3
) >20
2 "
4G/ -. / 0 (MPN) ' 5 0.01 ml 0.1 ml 1 ml ! A0/
ml 0.01 ml 0.1 ml . ) / .4
0 5 . 8
;
" 4
0 5
0 8 4G 100 n ' 420 P 5 0.001
5 J%G G/

. 0 ' [. 5
165
.(MPN) > 5
P + J%G I 2\5 -
! A0K 5 5 0) +0 */ 8 G%G
.( +0 H4'/
0 7 J)
$&)&+ 3 "# "00 4.
. >/ 5G

0.
. ! O F L " T 85
P
0 ' G L @8

(MPN) ' 3-3 4
0 +< .GG
! A0/

. >/ -. 0` I

5 @ ! 0` " 5 (MPN index/100 ml) ' ) .10 ml
'
.23 *) 1.1 40
53 8. T 4 99 F P ' !
>/ > / H4 5 ! >/ *) 2
1-3 %,
8 8 > K
. 4 I 5

> 10-3 4- +< .G + T 5 A
7 % (MPN) >

EC # !
5
4
1
1
0
0
!" !" "!

5
1
5
0.1
5
0.01
1
0.001
0
0.0001
0
0.00001
166
0
1
2
3
4
5
%
(MPN)
#
/L/
&
* :(MPN) %

( ' 2-3 8(
#
#+ ^% .0 1 5 ( "
^% 0 1 5 %
#
-
<4(" + " G
:*
.30 -
<4("
+ !9 K
2
.1000 d (MPN) #+ ; ( 0.0001 0.001 0.01
_+ 30000 ^% %

& %% 8(" # (MPN)
A
: # /6 -
) (MPN) .120000 d
10000 d%
%95 ^% +/%
8
W8 # %95 " - +/%
_

< #
# 100 ml
2) #; * ( # E " = -
D G%' 2#
(MPN)
.(! #
%
8 (#

8# ' E# 1 4 5 ) #
&
:4

(MPN)
700 P +/ E# 1700 5 (MPN) #+ .10 ^% I
.4800
%95
(MPN Index)
:2-3
$ # !"
0.1 ml %&' 1.0 ml %&' 10 ml %&'

%95

(MPN
index

5
%95
(MPN
5
index

$
$
100ml
65
12
26
67
12
27
0.1
ml
1
ml
10
ml
167
100ml
$
10
0.1
ml
1
ml
10
ml
2>
0
0
0
0
$
1.0
77
15
33
10
1.0
0
80
16
34
13
1.0
0
86
9.0
23
11
1.0
110
10
30
15
1.0
140
20
40
15
1.0
120
10
30
18
2.0
150
20
50
18
2.0
180
30
60
5
17
1.0
170
20
50
20
2.0
210
30
70
21
2.0
250
40
90
24
3.0
250
30
80
25
3.0
300
40
110
29
5.0
12
360
60
140
5
24
3.0
410
80
170
29
4.0
11
390
50
130
29
4.0
11
480
70
170
35
6.0
14
580
100
220
35
6.0
14
168
690
120
280
40
7.0
17
820
160
350
940
100
240
38
5.0
13
1300
100
300
45
7.0
17
4
2000
200
500
46
7.0
17
4
2900
300
900
55
9.0
21
4
5300
600
1600
63
12
26
4
2400
56
9.0
22
4
American Public Health Association. 20th Edition of Standard Methods for the Examination
of Water and Wastewater, APHA, 1998: Section 9221. Reprinted with permission from the
American Public Health Association.
90 0. #

%95 8 5
,
&
&
(MPN) 5 :3-3 %
&'
% 10 &5 !'3 * &. &1 0
';
%!&! !' %95 (MPN index/100 ml) "% (") *
!* +%"
,-
, #
$
$
3.0
<1.1
5.9
0.03
1.1
8.1
0.26
2.2
10.6
0.69
3.6
13.4
1.3
5.1
16.8
2.1
6.9
21.1
3.1
9.2
6
169
27.1
4.3
12
36.8
5.9
16.1
59.5
8.1
23
+
13.5
23 <
10
American Public Health Association. 20th Edition of Standard Methods for the Examination
of Water and Wastewater, APHA, 1998: Section 9221. Reprinted with permission from the
American Public Health Association.
= <&
'

")
8 (P - A = Presence - Absence) >B f
0 V
*) -`
! 5
0 --) 8
" [ *) 60 .0 0 " 5
0 8
- 5 ;" 0. 8 5 >- T ' 5 7
J2 <K L S + * < "
. .VA < >/
. $@ F 8 (Maximum Contamination Level, MCL)
30 G%' 5 ( (4 + &
$
1 # ' E#(
-
8' 0 < #

-
/ # mg - 15
-
+ !7 &A <( " .%
# 10 mg/l ; # 3

8$ A + < \ - ! .%-# B +
#
I
# 0* # ;? K
2 < #
' # 100 ml ;? K
2 -#
#) & # 2=# G%' 0$

2) 5 .Colilert 0$
(MUG,
4-
ONPG,
O-nitrophenyl--d-galactopyranoside)
( # G
$ 2%
methylumbelliferyl--d-glucuronide)
4
IDEXXs G%' 4 Colilert ) .
$$

.(Defined Substratum Technology a& < G%'
170
0
24
3 5 7 ' V3
-galactosidase AK Colilert 5 8

35C
+< "\5 .@/ *) P@ . B ONPG OS 8

.! 5 '
0 7 7 2\5 @K
5 J
) MUG b OK -galactosidase AK --`

@) ) 365 0 4 " 0 [ 5 .-/ GS
4 [S ") .(d
@
8 N.-` Q@ I ! 3
--` *) 0) 7 2\5 [A/ 5 @K "
. 7 / . [AK ># .
@
(MPN) 4 5 Colilert

T 3
. . --` 8 2
. (Quanti-TrayTM)
' !#
./ (P-A) ' 5 Colilert 100 ml
'
G -. 0 W @ * . > 8. 4- 7
.35C 0
24
3 5 @ V3 .@ [#/
8S 0 ( 8)@K " 0 2
. '
(MPN) ' ,' I 3-3 4
0 +< .( --e)
0` 0 0 ' G L @8

.. 10 ml T
' !A0 + H4 L -. 0
2-3 %,
8 H4

GG 0. ( [D5

A 4 4 F >/ - 2. .A 8
.35C 0
3 100 ml 10 ml b J
>K ! A0K 8 .A# [% V >/ ./ +</
171
0
3R EC F >/ *) .K 0`
.A# [% .K >K / +</ 22
. .44.5C
' G

pA 8 8 (MPN) '
pA 8 8 %95 b
%
8
n 0) % 10 4@/ 4 / 3-3 4
0
% 10 4@/ 2 / .(MPN index/ 100 ml) ' 5.1
L @8
2
(MPN index/100 ml) ' 2.2 A 8
n
. 8.1 0.26 ' G
0. > .
?1
$ ; 2\5 .7
. NS 8 8
/ 0%G 5 +.0
. $ 5 . < 4% 2 0. !

< *@'K A .10C 4'/ 0

IG [
@ 5
>20 ") .20 >- T *G . 6 6 *@
. V3 >0 T" 5 .FA *) Q /
+)
. 4' 30 *) 4@

20 5 5
h (
M 0A @ ' >- T 7 0" 8 )
V0 120 ml n 0 " A !B
2 A 3 5 "
+3 8 V3 53) V 5 8 D8. .7 100 ml
'
.8 15 mg/l n
;" 4A

8# 0* ) -
2&6 E4
* 1 # 8;"
< #
& 8#
#&
& # $ # < #
4Z J%& : <h # 5
< #
'
4 4 ( %

( = .
E!#(%
D

172

-

3
!4&
$#

& # !A 2 .

# 4#

L&

K
2 #" %&

# 84" & 1 # 1 # L&
8=

< #
" &
< #
B%\" / + #
BN &
< #
a
.% J& A # #
8= G A .-
2&6

< #
a 1 +" 8
I -
E#(
#

<

B%\" .< #
&
& 0*
0 #4
" >L/ " + #

%# *
G %=# -
+ B
V " .-
2& < #
0&
:4(
#
<F ) f a ' ' + G ( $ )
g# < =
-"
<4(%
( !5" D # P #
" # ' # -
2&" 8L& H .: %\" /
= .@6 G%' < =
E; A 4% #
-
" %
" < =%
%&

-# I# A .( (4
I 8+ " J 8= " -
2&H # G%'
>!% 5H

$
1 # >!% %-#
#
_
>!%

.-
2&H # 8+ # -%
# \
EPA 4' 6 *@ 8 >B f
0 8 )
0 $0) 7 "\5 >- T 0 '

8 [S (P-A) 4 5 @K 2 8
. --` 8 ")
. $
2 0.
. P@ T [D5

8
) .100 ml H4 5 A ' 200 G/
0
. 0
6 5
2
J > K
. 8 ;" 5 423 7

4
.A 8 G 6 5
2
8 * K
.-B ^- 8 8 T"
173
^- G GG 0.

. P@ T [D5

28
M S
7/ 100 ml H4 5 4
. ' 2.2 G/
0
. $
R
V F7 ! 0` ) .100 ml H4 5 23 L @8 8 A 0
+ H4 . >/ -
>K
. 5 P
.100 ml +0 10 ml b
8 2
+K 5 T 5 F0
2
. 8 %
$ G5 .! 2 ' A 8 / /
M * /
' F
0 ,% *) F 3 F" 07 5 8
.100 ml 5 ' 1000 100 ml 5 A ' 200 T
' *@'/
8 > K
. 8 .- 7 ! 0` )

.-B ^-
"
?' @ 10-3

8 $ - GK 42 BOD F 0K ( )
68 V / .2@ 2 3. P@ T / 2
P@ T '
! 8 5 0. *)
P@ 7 ,' 5
0
8 5 BOD
;" *) 53) .T" 0. </

.G2 T I. P@ T [D5
0K
I (7 T 0W . (7 ,' 5 8
/ *) $< 4: G *8 0W . 4
0 0 7
.4
0 2 A P < / + 7
V20 4'
R 0K 2 $. BOD
(P@ T 5 2 3.
) +
K 5 +0 3.
,S V3 . / 3 3 20C 1C 0

174
3 4% BOD 8 . [ 5

@' '' / %
D P@ T 8 V3 .! > V D P
T N-) .(11-3 4-) 300 ml +. BOD ' 5 $8
. !
AB (pH 7.2) < * F P

3. NA 2 .DO > "R 0K ;

+0 3 ; ) P@ 5 2 3.

: +0
.F0 . F 4 3-12
. ^23 .P@ T 5 5
) .DO 5 P T 8 2 3.

\ P@ T 8
> "R 0K Q@ *) 53) 2 3.
O/ 4
0 .J2

A ()
/ G
P@ 4
% + 4. F G 4
0K P A R .(Predator-Prey Reaction)3 f , 4
> 2 .D 2 3.
$ - 7 ' 5 > "R
7 + 5 +0 3 ,K
0 J P@ T BOD
5 3 F. 7 ) .13-3
.
0 NA 2F/ >D
.(20C 0
/
3
0
1
3

0
1
CO2 + %
CO2
+
% (12-3)
BOD =
(13-3)
mg/l F 0K ( = BOD J
175

. P@ T 5 > "R K 0K = D1
.mg/l b $
8 3 15 min
. P@ T 5 > "R + 0K = D2

.mg/l b $
8 / 5
' 3 5

R P@ T . F-. = P
=
!

BOD

:11-3
!
2 1$
0 / +
. -* &DO ,
*+
")
(
&' $% "#
"#
: #+ E+
8N/# A # 5
(g
0
1 # 7
176
# W8 !# 12-3 #

* .#4
- ## %#' ) 8
4-#
.#4
E# !
%#-
E 04i Z#
2Z#
(6 # !#
BOD
G
:* #4
E# Y+ # 8-# (12-3
-#)
(6 7 E
2) 8$
8;6 8/#
.#
-
# Y+ E# (

$
Y+
14-
-#

=
G
6 #
# ) ;A #

#
-#
12) G%' : #' .8-#
/ k 6 :# #4
) t > 3
0
1 #
4L
BOD d
# -
#
!9
0.1 5 k #+ 8("
. " #& 8L& !Z#

BOD # %68 ^%
4#

BOD t A 2F/ 5 = + BOD (1-10-kt)
(14-3)

+3 3
) :12-3

177
4% 0K > ( 9

S 2\5 < .8-3 7-3
. 5 ^23 BOD
7) $ J
7 . 4 8 +0 3.
T 5 BOD 7 / 5 n . 3 5 / .3
.
4
0 T O. 0. 8D5
O. F

' .0. # P@
@ . $
* . ") / $

6f f2 10 mg/l 53\ J

3 . [
. 4D- P' P T *)

( G%G 4G)
## = G
:* + BOD & j ( # A
#! " &#
`
# .%&#
!;-
#%
5
8%
>

4%=
# 5 -# 8% # G%' BOD 8% # + ' K
2 : <(
#+ 8!-# " ( . ## W8 # 150 mg/l G%' 5 K# %=
@#
8N/# # 0.19 G
0.16 k 8-# 30 mg/l 200 8 (# BOD
0 1 # G%' 2#
&A * .8-#
#+ # %15 1+ :
G%'" %(
.#
( G%' %20 10 * L# : '
5 ' " : '4 N%
!'
0
1 # &
.
/H (
-# # N ' " 5
$
B- :#
<h &" ! " &
;
+ /!%#
0&
1 #
#
0*
G%' (Standard Methods) 4 .BOD d
& 3
& < /" #' 0& 1 # ' 8% <( G%'
L#

KL #
= A .a4#
\ 0&
1 # !' G%' B
V + BOD
8
#

*# E# a4#
\ 0&
1 # DO 2Z#
(6
# W8+" " 8!; 0.2 mg/l ' 4 " ;#
;'L
2=#

!' 2 .20C ( ;
# " #& - 0.1 mg/l
178
8
#& 8+
+ _# & ! " # 8O /# 0&
1 #
& 8+ 0&
1 # G
a4 # ;9 K
2 <(? .BOD
A . " #& 8L& 0.1 mg/l G
0.05 1+ DO KL 7 G%' J+
.0.2 mg/l G
0.1 (g
%-
&A 4 ( " =
#+ " < / 0
1 # BOD COD (# +L' ( A
#
8N% ! #
6 " G
:* BOD # " " ( COD
D 5 -#
BOD &
: (
8% %
%
\ ;-

COD #
. " #& #
!;-
#
@" &Z#
(6
!&# 8

# ' G, " # -# 0 1 #
BOD
= (
\ = " +L-
12
#Z *
<
.-#
( : " @ .
4#
0
1 # !' &C G
# >
8O '# 3
N+
G (6 7 8 G
( %
.
BOD #
:' # 2#
0
1 # COD "
! 4A > "# BOD

8 65 * K 0" BOD 7 P@ S 5
.BOD ' ' H4 5 6.3 >0 F" . !A0 2
%
$ G5 . 7 13-3
. / 4-3 4
0 .

4-3 4
0 - 350 mg/l b
8 BOD L " P@ T 40/
4 300 ' 4 T T" 4 5 2 9 0/ / *)
13-3
. 5 mg/l 350 F BOD b ' 4%\ /
T !A0 0 2\5 5 mg/l T
' > # DO Q8 4 300 ' \5
;%+ >0 [ ^@ BOD 40/ .4 4.3 P@
$< .1 mg/l + DO 48 7 / >0 DO H4'K * 2 mg/l
179
+2
. 2 2\5 8 mg/l * n P T 5 K DO / *)
2 mg/l n > # *

K 2
0 ;%+% mg/l
.8 mg/l n *@'K

BOD
:4-3
3
2 " 3
5
"
(mg/l) BOD
"!"% 2 " 3

")
4% "
(mg/l) BOD
7000 $- 2000
% 6

0.10
10.500 $- 3000
(ml) " 3
0.20
3500 $- 1000
0.20
4200 $- 1200
0.50
1400 $- 400
0.50
2100 $- 600
1.0
700 $- 200
1.0
1050 $- 300
2.0
350 $- 100
2.0
420 $- 120
5.0
140$- 40
5.0
210 $- 60
10.0
70 $- 20
10.0
105 $- 30
20.0
35 $- 10
20.0
42 $- 12
50.0
14 $- 4
50.0
21 $- 6
100
BOD
#
"
! BOD :5-3
(*)
!
) " (k-Rate) k ( &'

% $
DO
"#
DO
DO

(mg/l)
(mg/l)
(mg/l)
375
2.5

()
DO

(mg/l)
+ 5 8

% "9 BOD "
0
8.3
0
8.4
0
8.4
8.4 =
5.9
5.0
8.4
180

2.0
4.0
6.0
1
2
3
2.0
360
345
365
=
90
75
165
190
240
240
300
285
2.4
4.6
4.9

1.2
1.0
2.2
2.5
3.2
3.2
4.0
3.8
6.0
3.8
3.5
8.4
8.4
8.4
2.0
4.0
4.0
5
6
7
8.4
6.0
8.4
6.0
(k-Rate) k BOD

7.2
0.5
8.4
7.4
0.5
8.4
6.2
1.0
8.4
5.9
1.0
8.4
5.2
2.0
8.4
5.2
2.0
8.4
4.4
3.0
8.4
4.6
3.0
8.4
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
0
0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
.300 ml BOD

.13-3
(*)
0
P 5
R 8 ! G A 2
8
6 + A+0 3 ;"
. > .BOD 3 5 6.3 20C
$0 r A K > 7 .(11-3 4-) "B < 4 V/ 53)
/
S .. 5 %
$ @/
0 + *) $< A P@ T
G%G + @ 5 3 2 8 O.
' J%G *) 53) J%G / ' P H4 A+0 J
8 ! F 8 L/ ' J%G > "R K 0K 8
BOD ' *) - P@ T 8 ! A0K 53) 2 .85
+ $8 A+0 P ! W 2 #

.. *) ! + 4
>0
181
5-3 ! k

BOD :13-3

. ;
8 /#
2
DO + -
; 5-3 8(
Y&%
: # > .0
1 # # 6.0 ml 4.0 ml 2.0 ml ( #&
182
8- & 2Z#

(6 !#
:#( G
6 /L/

-#
#-
>L/

G
; +
E

#" .
D +
4"
- / 20C ( " #& #
; 0&
1 # #
.13-3
-#
& + 8
BOD + .#
DO
:#(
' 360 mg/l & 8" # -6 BOD # #+ =%

. " #&
; 8+ 04 + DO ?
\ +
.0.2 mg/l # W8+" DOY # #-
>L/

*"
BOD 8 k %)&+ &
A/ 5 8 BOD ' 14-3

. 5 k 42
. G >
4
0 5 4 17 *) 10 'K 4 8 4 .
; T" 2 ./ 3 *) 0.5 3 5
. 5-3
* 4- ) .13-3 4- 5 /
3 ' 8.

@ 2/ M @ lS A P@ T 0" A BOD
"0 ' ) .k 42
.
8 8 13-3 4- F . !A0 .
>R
' mg/l b $ BOD * $ 8 K A .
* 85 AK 48
@ 8 + 2
' 2
k 42
. > 5 8 T" 6 435/
.
:] '%.

k = 2.61 B/A
(15-3)
4
. G =k J

@ * 8 8 =A
4 =B
183
& ' & () BOD "

%6-3 ! %BOD " # $ :14-3
& *' / & 012 !
3 & .* )+ , &-+
)"1A 4A > BOD %0

@ S 2 3. <. 5 BOD ! 0
5 B .F 4 3 L/
@ "B
T " S +0 3. VA 5 P@ T 3

P T / 7 ' * G2 4
0 T /
' P@
*@'K 2
*) 4 @ 2R 48 J P
M P
5
T > B $. . " P V0 *) 53) .BOD b
.2@ P@ T [. 5 @ . 40 >0 6D\5 P@
4B- - .@ 0 $

2@ (` )
P@ T ' +8 +0 >0 7 5 !G/ 5
2

A 5 L
* 2 .
K > .0
184
T ! ;" () 4

0 V @ 5
.V@ (` 0 P@
%-( #6 % -
;# G
#

6 (
-#
0
) " K
@# & K
2 7 pH d
# #+

' 0&
1 # pH = A" = .;#
"
%

4?

" = .BOD &A &
W8+" + ; < /" 0
1 # ;
%
!# :
\ . -4 8+ % G%'
-
# %

4
" ( %
%
!# " \ ' " ' #
-
2 #

5
'
0
1 # N% .
8% # ; '
#' #
A
. & # (
-# _&" !# # G%'
BOD & ' %&
! ! #
#
;#
# A
.(Chemical Oxygen Demand COD) & J' @ -
8 F [. +0

$# P-
0 P@ T 4 I 14-3 4- 6-3 4
0 Q .. BOD
2R
@
8 .4
> * "B
0.
4 K 4
P-
8 .(` A >/ 8. 5
F

' 5 20 BOD 8 V P 8 -
485 *) 220 'K J %0.67 6 P 7
A V BOD b
A $' +</
' 7 / ;" K .mg/l
F - ') 2 2
A ) .P
+ [(300 ml) ' ' P@ T (3.0 ml)] H4'K 5
-/
20 BOD 0 / B .300 ml (1.0 ml) *K 5
185
42
. + T" AC R @ 5 + 4 @ 2 ' */
.*
K T
5 2.0 mg/l n DO Q@ 4.0 /

BOD

: 6-3
(*)
*+
& ) BOD ( ' "
&
% # $
! "

3
:

' "
" 3

'
(ml)
240
1.00
3.0
205
1.00
3.0
250
1.00
3.0
145
1.00
3.0
365
0.76
2.0
485
0.76
2.0
315
0.76
2.0
220
0.76
2.0
520
0.33
1.0
440
0.33
1.0
565
0.33
1.0
520
0.33
1.0
5 ("2 $ 49

BOD ;
(mg/l) +
210 = # !

350 = # !

510 = # !

.89* ;' 14-3 7 (*)
0

/ * 2@ P@ T $
0 ' D' F
IA G NA .P2 NA
BOD ! 0` 5
186
P@ T 3 4 + 2

7
* 4 @ . 4'
M
V
2
2@
+- 3. "B @ P@ T A% +0 3.
UI 5
" 4
g NA ) .0. #
' P@ T
5B 0
24 5 A P@
0) * 4 @ >0 . 87 +D F" K
F 4D ' 3 " @ P@ T (Biota
3 * M M
@ ;" A P@ T 5 A# #
2@ P@ 0. "\5 .T" P@ T V +0
^- 4
M / + O - S 2\5 F <

.': 2 +0 3 F 8 T / @
T0 4/
. * 4
0 T 2\5 L0 5 P@ T 9
.NA " $
0 $
@
' + 8 T 0
- S !4 > B@ 2

;" o+ NA
5

;" A @ P@ T IA

) [ 5 3
.5 # " T" 2 / G ") / " .
@
+ 8 G
" 0&
1 # G
;#
a4
# # " (
; G
( # :%- :(
: $ #O
BOD + # %#
JN9 #+ 0 1 # " /!%# 1 # &, #' .;-
#
# /

> a4
2 G%'
0
1 # # !# ; = (

2
7 # eH# -%
N%
BOD # %10 G
5 1# #
BOD #+ J
a4
2
&Z#
< #
" L
: /# @% .(g
)#
10 ml ( #6 % 4-3 8(
& JN9 150 mg/l )+
187
a4
2 /

.12) 0
1 # G%' BOD & %
+ 8
1.0 ml G
0.5 ; / # .#
12) # %10 G
5#6 %
#
E; 8!; .!'
0
1 # & + 8 '

#

!9 BOD + $ # J-; G%' 0&
1 #
G%' BOD & %
.K
2 :/ ' 4-3 8(
#
74#

= K
2
.%3.5 J 34# & GZ 150 mg/l 14 0 1 #
0.17 a4
2
8#
0&
1 # 0
1 # 4 P "
.0
1 # #
W8 G
3.5 ml 1.7 ; ' K2 #
0.35
BOD ' 8 !G/ 5 0W NA " (
.
.16-3
.
NA " +) P3 2@ P@ T 7
' 5 0W + K A *) - D2 D1 @
T P T
8 !A0 * NA " +) P3 P@ T
+ K 0K ' *) -5 B2 B1 / 2@ P@
" 0 f 5 NA " * 48 4- " BOD
7 5
R *) 2@ P@ T 5
R
0W " ( (B2- B1) f 2\5 . "
* L0
BOD =
(16-3)
15
. " +) P3 P@ T . DO = D1 J
.3
.3
. P@ T . DO = D2
.3 15min *
. " . DO = B1
.3
. " . DO =B2
188

= f

! " #
=
$ %&$ '( = P
=
! ,( -
! ,. / 0 1 ) * +
3 -1 * 4 5 6 , 3 - * , 2
. 6! . . 09 ! ,( : -; BOD 7 .7$
3 -2 -1 - $ : ,. # 6 ; < >
,. , 0
$ ;
+ -: ,. 3
DO 15-3 0& 4A . 6 09 ?0 @9@ 3 , ;
, ., ! ,( , + B 5 ,

,( C D E , #
) @. BOD ; :7
. ; F ; -! ,( 4 > (Time Zero) 1
. ' G7 ! )
$ , 5 # H$ 6 5 )63 & ;
D& , )7J (3 16-3 0&) 4A . 3 5 I ; ! J@K
3 ,
C - ! . : .N

4
F ,O J! / # 0 6! + @
N >94# , 2 :16-3 0& G B @ , . 9
189
F0 *) P@ 2

0 K 4% 0W
+ 4 [0 *) $< .[0 V@ lS

' 5 (K1= 0.65) K s
7
. OS +\5 G/
.7 5 S/ 7
. 0W +0 2 3.

# 8-( # !# 8
F $ _+ 2 !'
0
1 #
.%# & + G
N+ # %;
F # 8 #
# 8 -

+ # ( G
8%# 0& 0
1 # 0& #

12)
+ 8
3000 mg/l BOD 2 0 1 # # 0.5 ml L
: /# .+
ml G
3000 BOD mg/l 2 0 1 # # 100 ml & 2
.BOD
8 G
+ J # 34#
# 5.0 ml # !9 #
< #
# 1000
2
< #
74#
- %
%-#
=
0
1 # + . +
.< #
2#
%-#
$ ' #%
NL& -
(# 8

! ') / 9 < *' BOD +, ') :15-3
(Time Lag) *+

190
' . 4- T" O. O -' T" P

+ )
\5 A0) .@ # .2@ P@ T BOD 60
0/
8 ;" V@ I P@ T 8 5 .- 7 T"
# NA ) .0. 7
8 / . F0

' I *) 3 / 8.

< # GS ^@
2@ P@ T / # .;` *3 *)
8
8. '
$# 6/ # 2 7 * $/ 2@
.

- " ! 0` N
BOD (2). & 97 & &* & => BOD * :16-3
BOD (A) .&-* < #
@ 2 & => &? & = &
&$ %&!
<
&! &
' &! & 97 & &* &
& * .4.3 mg/l F / DO
. 0.10 n (k) 42
. / O 5
191
%
13-3
.
BOD =
(3 )
= 210 mg/l
14-3
.
(>)
+ BOD =
= 310 mg/l
4-3 %,
mg/l b t
' ' " P@ T * NA BOD ! 0)
T * 5 8. 53 " . 0. 0800
n (/) .150 mg/l b
8 BOD " 8
8 2
P@
P@ T A+0 +
B ! A0K
8
") 2@ P@ T BOD ' > (>) pNA
DO ' 8.5 mg/l n . NA ' 4 5 K DO
T . 3.5 mg/l NA 8 4.5 mg/l F /
.A P@
%
4-3 4
0 * $
(/)
*) - > 10.0 = 150 ml NA * BOD 7 > 0
.300 ml '
192
ml = 800 mg/l + ' 0. 0 P@ T > 0
.BOD ' 5 + 2 2.0

ml = 10.0 x 0.10 = P@ T NA A%
8 P@ T
IA P T 3.33 mg/l 53) / BOD ' 5 + 2 1.0
.%0.33 T
'
16-3
. 5 4%)
BOD =
(>)
(8.53.5) (8.54.5)1.0 / 10.0

= 690 mg/l
2.0 / 300

'+ B3 11-3
T 2 3.
NA ! [ G/ 2 0.
4u
k * 2 <K T"
. .A P@
0. 0 5 .4 " B 2 3.
NA
0S - S
A %
$ G5 .+ $ $ +0 3. F
F ! "B * P@ T F . P < * <5 P
k $# .+0 3. . "B

* 4 @
@ P@ T . N%) * " Q-K

7 . 0 ) > 0 .
;"
. .0.
NA 8 A P@ T 5
0
;" G2 0. + !8` # 2
2
8 8'
3.

) P@ T > M " M D
5 ^ * 4 8 2 .L/ 4 0K

)
193
V3 3# 5 .O * P@ T X5 ;" 8 ^-

^- 4 2 3.
NA 8 4B- 5 ^- 4
V/
4B- NvA ! < / < 5 - S /
.O

7
$ 2
. 2\5 /
J .P@ T "B + 9
4% 6/ # .P
M F
M * < F
w 3 + [2
'
> 8 > ' G @' M
$%') 0. 0 >.@/ + 3+ ) .! 2 3.
5 P
M 4
M - 3+ 2/ G - 5
. ;"
(

- !M + 3. T" 2\5 ;" %
$ 35 .P@ T
M * N2R / 7
M 3+ !
) .G M P
M < *)
3 S 5 2 V " P@ T 2A !4 <
3 / 7
. S

` G .' 0.
' - T" 4G * 6) 4 pH G 3

0 53)
.4B- A0 0.
B +- .3 K >
0
% A0 3 A AK
4 > .2 V [
M -
.COD 5 4 F ' 3 4 5 +#
3. $ ! "B + " 3 2 /
O/
G H4'/ 0

M
. 5 / +0
AK <. 4A 7 .AK GS ;" '
.
N 3 X8 / # .< +
' '\ 7) 3.
5 . * >0 6D/ 7) > " P
) ( AK

AK 53` / *) + / @ . 40
194
5 $
.2.5 # 0 0. $0
I 8 F- N'` 4
M L " @ >. '@
A 87 ; % 3+") / "P@ T A/" :4'
(Diastic) 4 " B 5 . % 10" (a ..."P@

4 (Amylolytic) !- 4 (Proteolytic) 4
" % + AK @ " "A (Lipolytic)
T" 4 $5 $

) A P@ T F V' 5 .++-
6S $A0 P@ /
A F" +
A 53) AK
." 5
8 "
"# $,- %

+
"B 5 F 5 G: 4 . / )
) ,- ! 3 *) 53)
0 pH 0K

)
G F 40 $85 P@ . 3 > 8
10C 9 0
40 5 I 5
- + 2A 4. .37C

' 20" 0
40C
J " 40 P@ 5 V8 0
$
8
10C *) 8C i 5 25C 20C P@ T 0

0

d T
") .- 'K 5 !- 4%
5 4B- F
:
' P@ 4% 20C 4'/ / P@ T
;
0 *) + 8 ^ *
0 4D- *) B
,8
0" 0
*) % 3+ 2A D
. 87
. (98F) 35C
'
195
*) 10C 4 P@ *) O / 0 - 42

. P3
. .35C 5C F 40 3 ;" $@8 /
A 15C
" S) V 4 42
. G 5 B 3 '%.
:] (26-2
. 5-2 8
(17-3)
k = k20 T-20
. T 0
4 42
. G = k J
. 20C 0
4 42
. G = k20
.
% 0
4. =
. 0
F 4 0
= T
0. 5 2 0 P0 i B
hF @ M ') 5
. 8 5 ; P@ T
! + 0
> < M * */ P@ T 0
T / d T >- T

@ ") .3 >- T
25C / .
* P@ T 0
2\5 %
5 $ 0 $GS P@ T ) .P@ 4% ;" A 0 30C
8 4 4
. F - 42
.
A 0.
GS ) . / - / 5 . @ 5 8 7
.
T 0
+
/ [% : 5
P@ T % #
P@ T > + ^ [% 4_
A 7 P@
2 3.
0 8 S 5G V0 - S
5 > K 42
.
A 2 + S 8 5
) .8 # S ! NA 5 .@ 0W / (
T + . */ @ 7 : 5
P@ T
5
[D5
8. <7 A V0 F -
A 4
. > P@
196
; 8

: 4
A 4
. > P@ T
.3R +0 3. N/ !5 0.
42
. P@ O / P3 5 ;" 1.072 n '
/ P
k 3 ) 1.047 n 10C
8 0
B F -
7 .15C
8 0
B F - 42
. P@ *) O
' ) 35C *) 5C

40 $G F - 42
. *8
5 ^23 0
f4
. f4 +< .. B J

^@ 0
N V

A 4 42
. / 17-3 4-
'

A 0
f4
. f4 5 6D\5 ;" .%
$
-/
.4 0

A
* & $* ? <- / &! 7C :17-3
& ? $
197
/
40C */ 0
L

OK - O
' V 75C 45C [ 9 . >
0. 5 0
[ "
$
.55C n *G
N7 " 4G 4B- 0
* !8` >.@ 6K
B 2F/ T0 G/ *) 53)
+ > ' 4 ) . 0
5
4@ ># F" D 8
' .8 T" >0 B @ 2/ "
3+ .3 S 0

A 7 3 5
A
M - *)
*) S ") .AB 435/ $ ! $0) [8 $0

4- F - 42
. Q' P 5 *G * 0
[ 5
. 4- 4B- * G:

0 5 A $
A P@ T F
\5 $< .
G/ "B
2B O. V + 0. $
0 1/5/100 B BOD/N/P
P@ T F
.4B- > / < * $. ;"
") .3/17/100 4
. BOD/N/P V 0 $35
"B 85 @ P@ T 0 * A P@ T
(NH4NO3) K / (NH3) % K
A $
2
.(H3PO4) ; 5 O
* <5 P ! + - + O /
A >0
. .P@ T 3 O/ 5 6

(Biota) DO

' [ 5 > "R 0K A * - 42
.
. ., 60 F" 0K

0 4
. O 8 T"
198
P@ T Q@ * - S 0. * 8'

8
2.0 > "R 0W 2
8 $- GK @ ' ) .0.
'
.5 0.5 mg/l *) 4@ 3 ' / G/ . 4B- mg/l
0W h >
M # 4< 5 4. / % <K * >0 6D\5 V
/ . +A 3+ ! + V 6 > F" K > "R
.! + V G #/
2 0. </ 5 - GS 0
+ / A
</ 4B- pH b . 40 9 .
5 !M
/ 435S 4.
' - [. " 40 [ 5 .8.5 6.5 +
O/ * ,5 5 * > ^@ 0K 6.5
P@ T 5 <
' $
.P@ T 3

/ G () 4 pH ' O 3 N V $ 5
"\5 .. pH ' " P@ T 8 D +0 3. 4'
85 G 40
.7 * pH b ' @ P@ T 9 0/
T" 5 .pH b '

53) K >
+
. +5@ T 8 0. .@ +0 ' 65 > # 43
pH b 3 - 5 $ 8 . F0 5 + 4'

.
0. 5
7.4 6.7 9 pH b 8 [3 40 % 3+ )
A P@ T S ^ .7.1 *) 7.0 n pH '

hG 4B-
7
5 / N%'` 5 !G [3 40 " 5 4B-
;" 3+ pH 3 5

0 [8
8 .
A 3
2\5 < ! . S

V 0

" 53)
199
L/ 3 4- O /

/
' pH b ' O 3

A
.+0. / 0 53` 7 2 8G
. 4G
!'
0
1 # 5 .
(
-#
#*" !#
#
B-
.
8
!# " G%' : ' -#
YL& ' # H#

!;-
!#
# - '# : '#(# #
'
3
" a4
J%- # # %+ G
:* .(#
;-
/H D- " #
'
+ % #6 9
4#
0
1 # !#Z
!#

.#
(# 8+ # 3
0
1 #
# (
-# %&#

&
) :- ( 8N$
(Biota)
!9 < #
(
-# %#'

E# 8 #
A #

# E 0
G%' D
:) /L/

8#-
._&6 (#

# ' .%
A ;
D#
+L-
J <2=

2) G%' D
4 ;' # (#

# %&# '#(#
$ .:# =
#? # G%' D
$ <2=

.)L

%#-
# 8 D
52=#

5 ' 8=$
- $
;
D#
+L' ) L

KL #
A _2= A K .
$# $#
H#

8 # ;-
K$#
k-
8
#" .

A

+L-
- .'
L
_+" :# A 2) 3 >
# :
.8
G%' :4 ## A
: /# A K

W ! "# P@ T 3 - S 5
4 O. .
0
' 8
200
F G F"B ;+ .L/ 4' +

. +2
.

0
()
) 5 P7d .3 (
7 )
$ O2 A) (1) :
5 3 f , .
G 48G Q@ 2 (2) 2 3.
OK $. $

8 [D5
.4 5

/ 4%'` F
. 2 " 37 9%/ > ' # 3
0.
.(18-3 4-)
+ 2 "\5 .: 0. 2/ U/

/ 3 )
4 8 #
*) $ 4 ') A 2\5 P@ T
O 40/ C20 0
/ 5 2
8 A 5 >
2 3.
Q% 6/ # .%70 2 3.
L
+0 3.
(A - + V3 4%

+0 3. > $ ;" 4@ .P@ T V

M A O/ 40/ + A *) +
) + 8 5 4

0 >2 Q@ 5 .(18-3 4-) P@ T 3
(Starvation $ 0 )
5 - S <7
BOD b NA "B Q8 . $ $
\5 ;" %
$ 35
0. +0 3. O5

!@') 2 .4
. + A 5 F V20 ! "B

) >
M A * <5
(Food-to- +0 3. *) ! "B ^@ A " *) -R
BOD

. $
+ v.R Microorganism Ratio, F/M)
( A 4 5 8. @

lb 4
R
. + O 5 (Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids, MLSS)
201
() &$D (2) .& C *' & & 9 & :18-3
&? *'
'E > (A) .& C &! 9,
& -
& = ; (F/M) &1 & =! - / F0G
$
0 (F/M) "+0 3/! "#" 4B- >
2 G >
M Q@ 2 3.
4 # O
M 2S
5 $ 3 (F/M) ) / .BOD b A` !
0
> $ 0 P < $ ' +0 3.
b : A) - S >
0
' 2 3.
A)
4D .B@ 5 > '%. 19-3 4- +< .BOD
/ G 5 F 37 0 $ 0 2 3.

,- .-/
8 ' *) 53) 2 T" >
.
0K " 4 3 0K $ 3 > ) 5

8 [D5
F .
[B " 4' QR T

5 .F 4D + I $ 5 $ $ 8D. $ 87
202
G/ $
J $
0 4 #% 5 BOD Q' P@
- O
0
4B- 5 6/ # .%95
*)
P@ T [D5
P *
.
*) BOD A)
.
87 ; 5 4 A0 O $
.A0 T 0
.. ;" G/ $ $ 90
? & A

( &$D') <) , - + :19-3
0*
E+ # 3%/
%(

G\ 2 & < $ -
8% # '
4 E# .E
8L& 3%/
2 8L& %
#

(6 : #&#
< $
< /"
!;-
#

# 1# 8!-# # " 5(
0L=
# J # 8!-# # a" 8
F -# 8 #

& #
0*%
:- E " -; G
" -; # - .

8+
G
( # A G

- \L
G

0

#
# 8#-%
%
+L-
12) - #
.(6

4
.I
+ / 0+ /
$
l _&"
)
12-3
0 5
F N A2 20-3 4- ^3
V3 8. 4 . 2
A V " J
.
4- ()
.R B@ S 5
. . B@
8
203
2 %

/ V 4
M -

A (
A 87 h2/
*@'/ x * V20- . .3
O5
0 ) . 5
5 .G *
' 85 T2
42
.
+ v.R 2 %
4
A \5 " 2K
:> G J 18-3 '%.
rg = X
(18-3)
B 42

. = rg :J
(2
4
.) 42
. =
B 2 A = X
I (Declining Growth Phase) V0 )
V0 .F [. F" K . .3
Q'
. % 2 A 0 % O. G 42
.
V0 +
. .3
PAk

.8
0 > $ $G 2 H4
:V0 42
. (Monod equation)

. P@
= m
K
+
S
(19-3)
42
. *@'/ = m J
B
D8 4 A = S
204
*@'/ ' P@

D8 4 A F ) N-` G = Ks
.mg/l ( 42
.
& ? & & ' & &** :20-3
42
.
D8 4 A 3 '%. T" )
F G .21-3 4- ^23
A V8 V 2
P@ 42
. F
. .3
A
42
. 5 19-3
. 5 18-3
. O . .m 42
. '
:]
D8 4 5
XS
rg = m
KS + S
(20-3)
) (20-3 8$) (Endogenous Growth Phase) 2

#

%
# W8 J# 3
F Y
F + E# (Decreasing Metabolism) Y+ # @
F "
205
#
# %%
#
G%' #

D .

!

8% #
L&
# .8% #
(#
4 #
-%
-; &

-
L&
'" # L
: 8%
8- Y .8
G
- N2=# :# : (#

%
E# # !
%
Y+ 8!-# .!
%%
N%

> (#

rd = - kd X
(21-3)
:J
B 2 4 4
. = rd
2 4 4.= kd
B 2 A = X
N 0 +5 " 4% 2 5@ 42
. /
21-3 20-3
.
XS
- kd X
r 'g = m
KS + S
(22-3)
B 5@ 2 42

. =
rg' J
:^@ 42
. (19-3)

. 4
.
S
- kd
KS + S
' = m
(23-3)
5@ 42

. *@'/ = J
206
0

A (Growth Yield)
@
21- 4-) 0 5 .. .3

A O/
2K !G/ 5

A
M @ *@'/ \5 (3
*) (Exponential and Declining Growth Phase) (Xm Xo) V0
$< .(So Sm) + A 4%
R . .3

: " @ *) Sm . .3
A *)
Y=
(24-3)
:J

mg/l b
8
A mg/l
@ = Y
3S . .3
B . .3

42
. = rsu
5 5@ 42
. \5 22-3
. 5
@ O2 R ")
:

rg = Y rsu kd X
(25-3)

4 GS *) V0 F" <%
@ ]
. )
. 5
Yobs =
rg'
(26-3)
rsu
.F 4 5 <%

@ = Yobs J
207
/ ? * ( ) # * &-+ : 21-3
.(19-3) & @ - # %<! D+

1.
Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 20th

ed. Published jointly by American Public Health Association,
Washington, DC 20005, American Water Works Association, Water
Pollution Control Federation. New York: American Public Health
Association, 1998.
2.
Waterborne Pathogens. 1st Ed. Denver, CO : American Water Works,

1999. AWWA manual ; M48
3.
Hammer, Mark J. Wastewater Treatment in Dry Climates (Desert or

Desert with Some Rain). Alexandria, VA : Water Environment
Federation, 2001. 22314-1994.

2F/ 5 p"B 3 . ^@ Pt 1-3
* p0K 5
@
3
208
G 8 P P@ T + !G/ 5 p+ ^

.(6-11 8 1-3 8 *) V0 ) p2 3. %3
7-3
.) *) K 4 O. 8 " t 2-3
p0 A# *) 4 A d UO. 8 " (8-3
5 % ."B " ^@ Pt 3-3
V0 ) pP@ 0 4_ 5 (7-13 1-3 8 *) V0 ) p
1-3 8 *) V0 ) p>- T / A) 5 (4-10 1-3 8 *)
.(18-7
>K .! 8 G%G 3R t
k 4-3
T J
! </ P@/ 2F/ 5 p! %
$ 8 A O -
p, 0- O - ^0K *
0. 5
% ,
.
7 ^@ Pt 5-3
.(6-11 2-3 8 *) V0 ) pP@ T + 0

0
7 0 O K O / 6-3
7
$ GK 487 O 487 , p.
pJ

0 G 0 + , @ Pt 7-3
p *)
y4 (Life-Reproductive Cycles) L
I
' 8-3
."B "
. 3 > Pt p> 9-3
F" .3R 0 t OR ^@ *. Pt 10-3
pP@ T 5 3R A /

209
.O K 48 5 F FA [ *. Pt 11-3

0 (Persistence) . (Latency) 0 ' 12-3
.% ,W (Infective)
.

. O K
7 5 $ 13-3
O K $ p$3 5 +@ P .A

' 4+\ > ,

,
0

.
. A . O / . " Q-K $
+
V0 ) p! O K T" 48 P "/ >20 ! 0`
.(15-7 5-3 8 *)
. . O K 48 5 - 4 / X' 14-3
4 -
7 5 ! 8 O K
p O K T" G - 3 P p-
G2 # T 5 . 7 G%G K
15-3
. 5 85 $!A0
@ A Q%7 ) J .$
p . *@ * p4@ D'

8 P 2
5 .

P- 85 4- ' V3 16-3
P p A 5
P- P F
p(PFU) ^@ -

.
O
0 7 . ! 0`
. 17-3
T 7 85 101 . 0 n 1622 8 5 p

T 7 8 T"
.
O
8 . 4
0
p3 O !@) P- D'
" V' 5 4
0

18-3

!"
# $% & '
210
2F/ p!

0 2 P- 8
" 19-3
p 3R
0 * H4
/ 8 ' G P
M <
A T 5 8
@ / 20-3
8 A 4 . D / A A / F-
p$3. +3. G%G
@ T" S
. ! A+0 5 A 8 0` 7 " 21-3
p 8 0` 7
0 G/
O157:H7 % % , % % , ! ()* + 22-3
7 7 / 4 5 (> ) A %

" 23-3
p 8 0
I + T > K
. > K 4 */ 24-3

p' G

MPN b n

5
5
(ml)
1
0
5
4
0.1
5
2
0.01
5
1
0.001
5
0
0.0001
4
5800f1000 2200 0K
: I + T > K
. > K 4 */ 25-3

5

EC

5
5

(
)
1

0.1
0.01
0.001
0.0001
211
8 8 ' G

MPN b n
p A

26-3
+ , '
$ ( )"* 10 $ %&
!" #
* !" 4"5 .100 ml 2 "$ 10 ml -. /+0 1
)"9 : !$# 27 ; < " 2" 6 !27* " 8 )"*
. :- MPN index/100 ml ". :- .2" = > 6
@%95 ?
!

` A 8 . $# > 27-3
5G ! 0) * $
.23/100 ml > 2.2/100 ml > @
. >/ - 5 10 ml

' ! A0/ .
$ . / F" >W *@'K
MPN 4. V $ 8 $ 0) %
p100 ml 4 ml 23 > MPN 4. p100 ml 4 2.2 ml >
* 4
F" 8 >B f
0 5 28-3
pA 8 p 8 0)
48 8 7 >- T V0 ! 0 P@ 29-3
.
@8 # J2
* $
2
P@ T / BOD > 30-3
DO 6.0 ml = 300 ml ' *) 3/ P@ T 0 :
+ BOD b ' .4.2 mg/l = / DO 8.1 mg/l = K

.(290 mg/l 195 mg/l > 0 ) p 0.1 F k 42
. / O 5
C. !. " B / '
$ A+6 BOD (* 31-3
;. : 5 + 8& !&* .600 mg/l ? * 5 ?
:F" (& " /+ # (*) .200 mg/l ( 6 BOD (& :$"
212
)6 ()) @A+ !G 6 !HH $I C6
8& K, : : 9 DO ? &J " BOD .
4 mg/l 3.5 mg/l ( 6 * 6 . 8.2 mg/l !" ! .
6 .: '
$ $+6 " A+ 8 #
? 8 . : 6L 8& * M (*) /+ !5I
2.0 ml (*) 9) .A+ : 6L %
%10 ( 6 BOD
.(560 mg/l ()) 8& "$ 8& 7.0 ml N+ "

P@ T / 4
. G k BOD > 32-3

8 A fBOD .] 7 * $

.P T 0A P@ T %2 b 4 300 ' .k 42
.
* $
;" mg/l 8.3 8 H4 5 DO K > "R 0K
V DO 8 .3
. $0 +. ' J%G
2.2 6.7 mg/l = DO 1.1 = t :] +3 2 8 A
.2.4 mg/l 14.4 3.8 mg/l 6.3 4.7 mg/l 4.3 6.0 mg/l
# [D5
/ 4
. G k BOD > 33-3
42
.
8 BOD-time .- S + 0.
.
' 4 *) P@ T 60 ml 53\ 8 V 3 .k

8

)
. $0 ' J%G C R .P T 240 mg/l +.
* 4 @ LK 8 3
C R .8.1 mg/l 5 DO b
7.2 mg/l = DO 1.3: I 5 A V DO 8
mg/l 8.3 5.8 mg/l 5.3 6.2 mg/l 4.3 6.4 mg/l 3.3
.3.5 mg/l 11.3 4.5

P@ T * 2
P@ T * BOD F0 34-3
7 OB .0 < 5 "#/ 0. 0
213
.$ k 42
.
8 ' / -BOD ' > BOD-time
4.5 ml o5 F" %1.5 IA

` P T P@ T 0A
* $
8.1 mg/l K DO .300 ml ' H4 5 P@ T
0.63 : 3 8 . I .$ 0 ' J%G .
mg/l 2.8 4.2 mg/l 1.7 5.6 mg/l 0.9 6 mg/l = DO
.1.7 mg/l 5.0 2.1 mg/l 3.9 2.3 mg/l 3.6 3.1
* 7 T
/ 0
BOD ) 35-3
T I. GG ( [D5
24
* .0 u
4' . .0 .2 +
. R ^- 2
P@
. 8 NA F 3 R; " +
17
13
9
6
5
3
23.8 20.2 18.2 14.3 13.6 12.5
2
6.3
1
4

(mg/l) BOD
' > ./ -BOD '
A 48 BOD $ 4DG

.k 42
.
8 P
+ A 48 8 T" $ 4G (time/BOD)1/3
* 0/ T
/ 0
BOD ) 36-3
.. 6 (` V@ P@ T 24
* .0 2
12
9
6.1
5
3
390 345 280 252 150
2
50

(mg/l) BOD
5
0 ) ./ -BOD ' V'
A 48 BOD $ 4G

1/3(
) ' > .(15-3 4- O. P A

.k 42
.
8 A 48 8 T" $
* $
4 @ P@ T BOD '
37-3
.> .3 8D 2
P@ T " .
214
(mg/l) !
DO
(mg/l) ! DO

( ml)
(ml)
"
# $$%
&
8.8
1.5
5.0
8.7
1.5
6.0
9.0
1.5
7.0
BOD $' *
5.4
15
5.5
15
5.7
15

BOD $' *
0.5
1.5
8.0
0.8
1.5
8.0
0.4
8.0
3.1
1.5
1.5
2.9
1.5
6.0
2.9
1.5
6.0
4.6
1.5
4.0
4.5
1.5
4.0
4.8
1.5
4.0
6.0
' " "#

0. P@ T NA BOD A0/ 38-3
T 300 ml NA '

) 5 20 ml
8 ! A0/
.
* A . BOD ' .> .3 8D P@
T" I 0
/
8 ."
2.0 ml @ P@ T 1.0 ml
mg/l= B1) .BOD ' >/ . 4
0 5 7 '
215
48 BOD .(1/300 mg/l =p 0.10 = f 8.2 mg/l = D1 8.2
fBOD ' 0K ) k 42
. ' 2
' p/ fBOD ' A
.( 0.07 = k 900 mg/l = /
*
D2
mg/l
4.1
3.8
3.5
2.9
2.7
2.1
*
B2 +
mg/l
4.5
4.1
3.9
3.4
3.6
3.8
*
D2
mg/l
8.2
7.2
6.4
5.8
5.3
5.0
4.6

(!)
7.9
9.8
11.8
14.0
15.6
19.0
*
B2 +
mg/l
8.2
7.3
6.5
5.9
5.5
5.1
4.8

(!)
0
1.0
1.9
2.9
3.8
4.7
6.0
5 . 0. P@ T NA BOD A0/ 39-3

.A P@ T " 7 DO > "R 0K '
(> .3 8lR
P@ T) " BOD ' A2+R0
0. P@ T BOD ' A+0 .300 ml ' 4 15 ml 53)
." 1.5 ml P@ T 2.0 ml 53\
' , DO *&
(mg/l) -

(mg/l)
8.1
5.5
4.2
3.7
2.5
2.1
2.1
2.0
7.9
6.5
5.4
4.9
4.0
3.8
3.8
3.6
216

(!)
0
1.0
2.2
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
NA ' 5 K DO G%G 7 72

. * $

.8.1 mg/l P@ T ' 5 K DO 7.9 mg/l
. 0. P@ T A P@ T 4BOD-time

.
k 7
. / BOD '

2 P@ T * @
4 A0j/ 40-3
* $
. 2 G%G 4 A0) 2 32-3 S 5 BOD
2
@
A > ] 7
.2 8. @
8. @
TSS # $
*
3
./ &
53.073
53.252
52.842
(g) 01, ./
102.8
104.0
110.0
(g) + (g) 01, ./
53.126
53.308
52.902
53.092
53.287
52.859
$
+ (g) 01, ./
(g) ,
$
+ (g) 0 1, ./
(g) &%

SS '
$
*
3
3 &
0.1152
0.1165
0.1160
(g) 45

72
72
48
(g) , (g) %
0.1332
0.1353
0.1270
(g) $

+ (g) 45

0.1198
0.1208
0.1170
$
+ (g) 45

(g) &%

0) 2 9%/ (1070 1100 1050) TS = 1070 mg/l) 0K )

(690 410 750) 720 mg/l
$
8 = (TVS) (Total Volatile Solids)
217
Volatile ) (250 261 229) 250 mg/l = (Suspended Solids, SS)%69
.(%79 (186 201 208)
198 mg/l = (Suspended Solids, VSS
2 0. P@ T * @

4 A0j/ 41-3
* $
. 2 G%G 4 A0) 2 .39-3 S 5 BOD

Total Suspended ) @
A > ] 7
@
(Total Volatile Solids, TVS) 2
(Solids, TSS
Volatile ) 2 8. @
(Suspended Solids, SS) 8.
.(Suspended Solids, VSS

TSS # $
*
3
./ &
50.326
51.999
51.494
(g) 01, ./
118.4
103.4
109.5
(g) + (g) 01, ./
50.437
52.081
51.587
(g) , $

+ (g) 01, ./
50.383
52.042
51.541
(g) &%
$
+ (g) 01, ./
SS '
$
*
3
3 &
0.1170
0.1170
0.1154
(g) 45

30
25
25
(g) , (g) %
0.1278
0.1259
0.1241
(g) $

+ (g) 45

0.1178
0.1173
0.1160
(g) &%
$
+ (g) 45

218
2
@
> 42-3
4 5 @
. 5
.(11-2 8 5 @
*) V0 ) S P@ T F
50.160
(g) %

6 - 01, ./
50.2
(g) /

6 - ./
90.8
(g) 7
% - 8
./
52.783
(g) 7
% , $
8
./
50.969
(g) &%
$
8
./
pP@ T 0. 5

7
@ 43-3
p0 . . "@" ! - >20 4
.0 42
. 5 G: 4 . ' V3 44-3
' 5 F - 5 0
DG: / P 45-3
0

A
8 1.072 F ' 40/

A ") p(4
. P.3) %100 F - 42
.
A +
pF -
A
8 5C
8 0
L
2 + 0/ 640 g/m3. d
' BOD L
46-3
2 BOD / B . $A $0 $8D5
25C 0
.(1000 g/m3. d > 0 ) p6 ( [D5

.@ P@ T + 5 (BOD) O 42
. Q' 47-3
.16C *) 20C F A 0
O
%20
. 0
4. > 17-3
.

219
+0 3. - S + 5 48-3

p G "B ; "B
p$ 0 5 - S / >0 " 49-3
p; k 8 >

/ R
0
" 50-3
.

. $3 T

2 F" F - P@ 51-3
A B A F >/ . 2 52-3
% 5 A

.8 F F"B J 5
0
5 .37C 0
3 16
. J 3
6 $. 42
. $ 4lG . K A B A 72
.
42
. t
' .A B K A 48 5 F 87
.(*@'K 42
. ' P@ L
A B A) N-` G *@'K
*
. T" 19-3
. B@
. >
A V' V 6S 8 " +< 4 . 6 F"
p
'% T

,) 9 '
(410
) # 1
,) 9 '
(-
(410
) # 1
(-
0.94
0.8
0.23
0.1
1.06
1.15
1.6
3.2
0.28
0.32
0.71
0.1
0.2
0.4
220
4

! !

,% - /%! + * &'#( ) ."# $ %
% $ %3 4 )5
67 .$ 2-! 0
!( 1
.9!:; ' 47
8 )3
)5

1-4
@ ?8 67 ./' ?8 )%1 >1 /' !8 =7 ;< m3
1.94 slugs/cu ft , ,% :A 1 / :A (15C) 60F >1 %
6 (1.0 m3) 1.0 cu ft =!4 ? 3 > 67 .(999
) -,
B% C A ?8 > $B5 / .(9.80 kN) 62.4 lb ,
.(9.81 m/sec2) 32.2 ft/ sec2 D!
6 (1-4) /8; 3 .1 >1 =!4 > 5 :A 67
0.433 , >! 1.0 cu ft 9%1 4 >4G =!4 H :A
-!! )G 1!# :A 64 >0 4 -< I 3 J3 .Psi
/8;) 1A 1 $B5 6 GL 67 .Psi K A (Feet of Head)
:A .0.433 Psi $G 0:A 1 ft D! $ -!4 /B 21 I(1-4
0A 0.433 K N Psi K :A 67 21 M 1 0(
JB 0 /B :A (+1-4) /8; 3 .)G 0

1 / .5%* /8 N /
N 8; :A /B G .
=!4 .1 Psi $G $ :A O 2.31 ft -!4 6 =!4 ( /
A
1.0 Psi $G 0:A 6P H8 =!4 .0.433 Psi Q8 -!4 6 1 ft 6P JB
.-! 6 2.31 ft K Q8

Psi

:1-4

! kPa

:2-4
. 1 SI $ -!4 :A GL4 2-4 /8;

% 1 >! 3) 1.0 9%1 4 >4G =!4 :A 67
$G 0:A /B $ -!4 6 1.0 m 6P JB 9.80 kPa , 15C >1
.$ -!4 6 0.102 m , :A 6 1.0 kPa 6 I9.80 kPa
M-A (Piezometer ) :A HG 3% 68

.:A 1 % 6 4 64
:# + 6 (3-4 /8;)
>3% 68 0 .#1 :A =!4 + /
-!4 :A )G % =7 0 I:A G !4 '
H ' 6 4 )( 68 .9G > 68 >4
6 / ? ' 68 + 1 -!4 /% 6A JB I0 4 :A )G
0:A Q8 ' 6 1 ft $G -!4 6 B5 I> 13.6 =1
) ' :A H 0( (+ 3-4 /8;) 3 .5.9 Psi $G
+ G 6 /' :A 6
, :A >G 67 .(Manometer
68 =!4 )( 04 # .U /8; 9
.? 68 >1 21 !:
(3-4 ) (Bourdon Gauge)

%&$ ' * + , & & $ $"#
! "
*
53 4 * ..- .$/ .- 0 1
.: &
$ & . 1 6&00 5 + 7/ ! 8# $ $"9

0 .Psi ;&
!
<

! = ) .= 8# .- $> ;0
;&0 .(?3 7- %> 1 . - .$0
@ A0 =0
kPa) ! 14.7 Psi & 7- =0 . - C . B
&! 80 0 C E> = !
DE> .(101
= /!

D# ! .(Pressure Gauge)

(Absolute %$ ! .(Vacuum) F: 7$/ # >
.%$ H/ 8# .- =
G:0- 7$/ 1> Pressure)

" :3-4

2-4
1 I4 I + 8 6 GL 67
: > + L A
Q = VA
(1-4)
(m3/sec) cu ft/sec > 8 = Q 21
(m/sec) ft/sec 4 = V

(m2) ft2 + L A 1 = A
.(Continuity Equation) * :# $B5 "

M#) A 1 #G 6P I:AL / T /' !
H8 I 6 +% + * 4 6P I(:# $! H' ( G
.(4-4 /8;) 4 &G I1 6P
$
& % # $
:4-4
-!4 6 U/8 C% -83 ) 6 -, !8 G ,

4 !4 :A -!4 IC
*
4 -!4 + :A -!4 + C
* -!4 = !8 G
E = Z +
p
V2
+
w
2g
(2-4)
!8 G -!4 = E 21
% @ 64 C
* = P
:A = V
/' / ? >1 = w
? C = g
/V? 5-4 /8;! " =!4 1 4 G; ( 67
H >G 97 /# ,B C
* :A -!4 , .!8 G
@ 6 Z -G; C
* -!4 , .+ 1 :A
.-83 -! 5 6-! 6B5 C% 67 .+ =7
%
-! =7 3G AP + 81 G I4 -!4 ,

ft-sec-lb 1 ( B7 .!8 G =7 /# -83
.) 68 !#
-! 1 U/8 6P 2-4
+ ) 6
!( 6 !%W 1 G G B7
) -, G CA hL M!# /? .3-4 O I(5-4 /8;)
% J-1 6 J81* @G =7 % 1 G CA . 1
64 O + * +A % G! CA 21 G 68 I+
.5G -: + ( ?* I-#
(Energy G X- !8 G 6 /# 5 ( =4
$% 0 / 6 ( B3 : .(Grade Line) X- ( Gradient)

4 ) =7 >% Z G
AY B7 *7 IG 0#G 0 I+ *
6 /# ( 9[ -83 X- "- ./? / =!4 (A
\ 4 $1 -) .:A G C
* @
.+ 8; 1 5
# $ )*
# $ (!
'

:5-4
Z1 +
2
1
2
2
V
V
p1
p
+
= Z2 + 2 +
+ hL
62.5 64.4
62.5 64.4
(3-4)
ft IC
* = Z 21
lb/cu ft I:A = P
ft/sec I4 = V
in I-! = hL
lb/cu ft I / ? >1 = 62.4
ft/sec2 I2g = 64.4
:8 1 3-4 64

2
1
V
V22
p1
p2
Z1 +
+
= Z2 +
+
+ hL
9.80 19.6
9.80 19.6
(4-4)
C
* = Z 21
(kN/m2) kPa I:A = P
(m/sec) I4 = V
(ft))G* I-! = hL
kN/m2 I / ? >1 = 9.80
m/sec2 I2g = 19.6
)( + J81 6 O :A + 1 68
(Darcy Weisbach Equation) ^
hL = f
LV 2
D2 g
(5-4)
ft I:A = hL 21
K IJ81* /4 = f
ft I+ / = L
ft/sec I+ * 4 = V
ft I+ G = D
+ &'#( + > ;( f J81* /4

5-4 6 B(_ 6 68 f G 6P I84 $ 6% /% 6 ./'
.6-4 )( 9 ;( + G =!4 04 JB

4
@( 1! 3% L# -# +
+ CA =7 A7 -!
+- + 0A
T 4 =!4 %B ) 68 .+ 6A J81*
0 0 L
0 3 4
1! 6 O
68 JB =!4 I
8; À 1 % 1 .+ J81 6 O

4 B 4
1! -# -?
68 IÀ V1
Q88 -! >1 64 68 .!8
6 0 ' 0% /V8;
: + 6 -1 / 4

hL =
KV
2g
(6-4)
(m) ft I-! = hL 21
(m/sec) ft/sec I+ * 4 = V

/ = k
/V? 94 9
:A G
+ + Q8 / 67
-# ,B + '8 / k )G 1-4 /% )- .+ G
.
!( 3% L#

:1-4
( )

20
0.60
(! )
60
1.80
(
)
90
32
0.90

27
0.75

20
0.60

15
0.42
45
17
0.48
()
135
3.7
() !
40
1.2
() "

(*)

= (*)
1-4
5000 ft 24 in.

.10 cu ft/sec " # $ # ( = 0.001 ) !

1-4 %&
V=
10 cu ft / sec
= 3.2 ft/sec
sq ft
# .0.017 = f ,0.001 = 24 in. = d +#& ,6-4 $'*

5-4 +#&
hL = 0.017
= 6.8 ft
(Flow of

)

:6-4
(#$ "
! .Crane Co
Fluids)
2-4
3 I12-in. % +# 1 + 6 )G 200 6 (A "# 68
.1 M%[ G )# I61

# I G "# 90 C8
.3.0 ft/sec 4 1 ( /8 4
+ 1

> 5 8 -# L#! '8 / ( B7
:, Q8 V!8 + / 6P I1-4 /%
200 + 3 x 27 + 2 x 17 + 1 x 135 = 450 ft
0.019 = f I6-4 6
5-4 )(
hL = 0.019
= 1.2 ft
3-4
= Z1 :! ! 5-4

"200 kPa = p2 "9.3 m = Z2 "1.2 m/sec = V1 " 280 kPa = p1 "4.5 m
.1.2 m/sec = V1

4.5 +
= 9.3
+ hL
4.5 + 28.6 + 0.07 = 9.3 +20.4 + 0.07 + hL

hL = 3.4 m = 33 kPa
!" !#$ 3-4

2 /
- 0 !1! , "'*+&# $% & ' ()
7 '&8! 03 &9 !% .'%3 45 0%! 0%6!
!% <!, (

) &; "(% % , 9 08 &%!
? ' . 9 &> ?6 (!! ! '% ' )
.% , 4 '%9 4, 0 !1! @ "AB+ '%%!
) ) )# 04; + + * * ?8 67

:7-4 I(Hazen Williams Formula) 65 5
Q = 0.281 CD 2.63 S 0.54
(7-4)
+ -,' 4 A + 8 $B5

.+ ;( =!4 04 J81 / I+ G /8 b 21
.
!( + L $B5 )G 2-4 /% 3
:21
gpm I+ * 8 = Q
2-4 /% I/ = C
in I+ G = D
in/in I-83 X- = S
/ U/1 !%W 1 7-4 /8; ( 67

4 BP . 20 =7 15 $4 6! 1 6 0 /V? B5 I100 $G
6?* 6P (4 I-! I+ G I"#) *-1 6 6?
. ( 4 ) ) V( 6 5 68 6(
5G 4 9 68 8 in. $G + 500 gpm $G 0 67 L
0 ?
.(0.0085 ft/ft) 8.5 ft/1000 ft $G -!4 3.2 ft/sec
! "100

ft/1000 ft * "100 = C & '(
)
.3-4 # $ %#
.5.3 ft/1000 ft = 8.5 X 0.62 * 100 = C , + "8.5
>0 ; -! + 1 c# 6 65 0A 68

:+ >47 S =
1.85
100
hL = 0.002083 x L
Q1.85
D 4.8655
(8-4)
ft I-!4 = hL
ft I+ / = L
2-4 /% I/ = C
gpm I+ * 8 = Q
in. I+ G = D
9-4 ( 8-4 ( 7-4 $ ( )* "C" %& :2-4

140

150 130

130

120

5
100

20
130

140 130

150 140
!"
120
#$ %
&'(
110
#$ )
&'(
1 3T# 4 I8-4 I! 65 68
: /8; SI
2.63
Q = 0.278 C D
0.54
(SI 1)
(9-4)
:21
m3/sec + * 8 = Q
2d4 /% I/ = C

m I+ G = D
m/m I-83 X- = S
: 1 >; -! + 1

1.85
100
hL = 0.002131 x L
Q1.85
D 4.8655
(SI)
(10-4)
:21
m I-! = hL
m I+ / = L
m3/sec + * 8 = Q
2-4 /% I/ = C
m I+ G = D
65 SI 1 8-4 /8; ( /1

=7 15 $4 6! 1 6 0 /V? I100 $G C / /% 6
I-! I + G I"#) *-1 6 6?7 4 BP. 20
4 ) ) V( 6 5 68 6( 6?* 6P (4
9 68 200 mm $G + 30 l/s $G 0 67 L
0 ? . (
.0.95 m/sec 5G 4 0.0080 m/m $G -!4
, + :3-4

hL = KhL
100 = C *
0.71
120
1.51
80
0.62
130
1.00
100
0.54
140
0.84
110
:21
I-! = hl
m I+ / = L
3
m /sec I+ * = Q
2-4 /% I/ = C
m I+ G = D
4-4
ft 14 in. $G H' / + 4 -! 1 ' 6 % $ À

gpm 1400 $G + /- -! + 1 .% V1 =7 10.500
.140 = C I100 = C 6

I100 = C 8-4 )(
1.85
(1400)1.85
100
= 38.3 ft
hL = 0.002083 x 10500
(14) 4.8655
100
0( ) I100 = C /% 6 7-4 /8; ( )(
4 > 68 .e7 14 G 1400 gpm "# 4 0
.3.6 ft/1000 ft , -! V(
hL = 3.6 x 10.5 = 38 ft
100 = C

:7-4
I140 = C 8-4 )(

1.85
100
hL = 0.002083 x 10500
140
(1400)1.85
= 20.6 ft
(14) 4.8655
G /% 6 M1# /4 ( 6 3.6 -!4 G )(

I3-4 /% 6 - f C K
hL = 3.6 10.5 0.54 = 20 ft
5-4
l/s $G 0 % /1 200 mm $G (100 = C) H' $ + 68 B7
g! + * 4 I30

l/s "# 4 ) ( 6P I8-4 /8; )( ()
.0.008 m/m 4 -! G 200 mm G 30

D = 200 mm = 0.20 m
Q = 30 l/s = 0.030 m3/sec (+)

2
)( .0.0314 m2 = (0.20/2) = + * 6% 1 67

I1-4
2
V x 0.0314 m = 0.030 m /sec

V = 0.030/0.0314 = 0.955 m/sec
I9-4

0.030 m3/sec = 0.278 100 (0.20)2.63 S0.54
S0.54
= 0.0744
S = 0.07441/0.54 = 0.07441.85 = 0.00817 m/m

S = 817 m/1000 m
I10-4

1.85
hL
100
= 0.002131
L
100
(0.030)1.85
(0.20) 4.8655
(X)
= 0.00817 m/m
100 = C

:8-4
6-4
6( I (A 6

N ( 6 :! 3% ) 68
.9-4 /8; =!4 M-A (+1 8) /1 8 + 8; IN/4
X- 6 01A 0( ) I =!4 04 ()
:)! -83
= PC I40 ft = ZC I30 psi = PB I30 ft = ZB I80 Psi = PA I0 ft = ZA
(6( @ ) I100 ft
U/8 6 ) + * B @ + 1 I; $B5 1 (+)
5 8 + )%1 100 = C )( .
6-( 6 6(A 6
.( M-A
6-4
% #$ "

! :9-4

@ -83 -! ()
A = 0 ft + 80 Psi 2.31 ft/Psi = 185 ft
B = 30 + 30 2.31 = 99 ft
C = 40 + 100 = 140 ft
-83 -! 6 /# (8 -83 X- 3

.-G; (8
B A 6 hL = 185 - 99 = 86 ft
hL /1000 ft = 86 5 = 17.2 ft
12 in. G I 17.2 ft/1000ft = hL
# I7-4 /8; )(
. 2160 gpm = Q G 68

hL = B /1000 ft A 6 = 13.7 ft
hL /1000ft (C B 6) =
=
= 13.7 ft
Q 6P I1180 gpm = Q I 10 in. + 13.7 ft/1000ft = hL /%
.3340 gpm = 1180 + 2160 = B 4 > !8

01 / -./ 4-4
)( f ."# $ 4 "' (A )(
$ I # 6 (Low Lift) (A
( (A )( f I"# V1 =7 % 6 "#
) =7 :A 1 >% "# (High Service)
(Booster >- (A I ' "# V( 4 "# $ "#
(A )( f 61 I$ ) :A > )( Pumps)
G J1 (Recirculation and Transfer Pumps) / 8 >47
(Well Pumps) ' (A )( I% V1 6A %
6 @( J5 / I 3%! 4 !1A h 6

.6 18 64* '8 W )( f (A
(! '; /
N 8; (Centrifugal Pumps) >B (A )(
(Reciprocating (A )( I / JB
) (Progressive Cavity "-% (A %W 1i Pumps)
(Vertical Turbine -G; (A )( f I>[1 J1
Pumps) : (A )( I À Pumps)
(A ."# $ >:# V1 (Pneumatic Ejector
(Pumps G % (A (Air Lift Pumps) '3

N )( f (Turbine Pumps) (A Peristaltic)
) I>B (A &'#( =!4 >
$B5 ;G # .#(
.+8 B5 @( 3 eGf 3 >-1
N 4
*+
(
$ )! ( &
'
:10-4
A
( 3
!8 5:# 3 =7 0 I; >B (A
5 3 % 67 .:! N
!( "
N 1 / =!4 3
."!: # I4 4 < CV I
; - j#4
8; =7 5
4 $ ,B !1 (Impeller) CV
."# +
(A 4 5 I>B > =!4 0'% $B5 /
_
8 /1 4 JB :A 68 =7 (A /4 "3 .3
.4 >
8 =7 /#! VÀ !: CV >0 4 )( .81 G
68 G .!# =!4 1 "# $ 1
CV >1 )( f
>- : 6A .>;
; - G I0!1 # /8;
B (A 6 "
; L # )#
.-#( !:;
/ 3 2

@
!( "# *- B >-1 (A 9% ,B -! -1<
= -! .# /G 6 >% (A ( 4 I? C
N V 4
=!4 (A /( 4 $! 8 @ 68 21 "# :A 5
+1 +
IV(A! 9
-,8 ( -
-) 9 I11-4 /8; 0 M-A (* 6 ."#
H 4 "# :A H < I( )-# "# )V81
HG -) I6
N /8; I+ H 4 "# /- /-% < I:A
0 !: "# + )-# 68 4 .>
8 !( G
=7 (A X( 4 :A I"
N -( CV 6 +-
." W ! 37 ;< G
,- # (

:11-4
(A -!4 &G /

N 8; + I0% )-# M
"#! /- (A >
8
.12-4 /8; M-A 5 8
>
8 @ 6% /- - < .&G )? 6 @#G G =7 /# =1
.
;! 4 (A )# 4 @#

% 0 $ *+
(
./
- :12-4
" . !

%+!
+#
, (Bearings) ($"
) #
$
%&' '
$("#
2 1"3 +'" ."

+' 1
" - "# $# /0+
' +'
& 24
"+ " '
$("#
+
+1 56!
%!

%9 "
+ ' 8 $' 0 +' 24
7+# .&#
= ;+ >
#

" +<3" .:3
- 4 7# ;
-
A +'" .
/0+ # 4 ' &#
+"43" ?
@

"+ +'9 C 2B
"&' %9 ""
%#
2 +
C FG!
I4" ."+E +- ""
1
1E FG
H0 D"+
J %120" 60 3

; 2 + +'

.
+3 (Best Efficient Point, BEP) !

4/ -./

- 3 ; & 8 $
" $'0+ 143 +'
2 9 7#" .0
D"+ 3#8 - 3# K ; FG 5++#
$ '

" 5
G" /0+

4& +' N" &

!
$
" $'0+
$# AL 4M
FG 5& $
- 'G /0+ ++# 38 .68 "8 'G
; ;
+ G "&
"" 5(11-4 +
) 'G
;
+ 2
.(13-4 +
) 'G
F ;
+ G" 5(12-4 +
) 'G
Q1 / Q2 = N1 / N2
2
(11-4)
2
H 1 / H2 = N 1 / N 2
3
Pi / Pi = N13 / N2
1
2
(12-4)
(13-4)
:21
(l/s) gpm I"# = Q
(m) ft I-! = H
(kw) (hp) G /( = Pi
=!4 ?_ CV G -: 6P I4 H

/ (A /% 6
:! 0 0 G /( I-! I"#
Q1 / Q2 = D1 / D2
2
(14-4)
2
H1 / H2 = D1 / D2
3
(15-4)
3
Pi / Pi = D1 / D2
1
2
(16-4)
:21
cm in. ICV G = D
(m) ft I-! = H
(kw) (hp) G /( = Pi
0567 &
3 G X( .V(A =!4 J-1 /( 5 G /( 67
(A >
8 .=!4 C
=7 ,B 6 >1 % /
.H G /( =7 G X( 5
Ep= Po / Pi
(17-4)
21
>1 L IÀ >
8 = Ep
(kw) I(hp) I(brake hp) J-1 G /( = Pi
(kw . m/sec) I(kw) I(hp) IG X( = Po
(%85 =7 60) 0.85 0.60 6 \ /% >0 4 (A >
8 68
Ep J-1 /( G =7 (A "# 6
Pi =
QH
wQH
=
3960 Ep
(550 60) E p
(18-4)
21
(hp) IJ1 G /( = Pi
gpm I"# = Q

ft I-! = H
8.34 lb/gal = / ? >1 = W
>1 L IV(A >

8 = Ep
ft lb/sec per hp = 550
sec/min = 60
8.34/60 x 550 = 3960
1
Pi =
WQH
Ep
0.0098QH
Ep
(19-4)
1
21
kw IJ1 G /( = Pi
l/s I"# = Q
m I-! = H
0.0098 KN/l = / ? >1 = W
(7-4)

!

.

,1450 (rpm) )* +
( %
& '
."#
$ (bep)
.(bep) 3 %120 60 )*
2%) 1
0
- / .

1150 (rpm) =

(%)

1750 (rpm) =

(ft)

(gpm)
96
65
93
1000
77
89
83
(%)

(ft)

(gpm)
220
63
216
1500
1500
81
203
2500
82
2000
85
192
3000
84a
77
2200
86
182
3300
83
70
2500
85
176
3500
71
49
3000
72
120
4500

= (bep)

%< >
8 )G (rpm) 1150 1750 6 /8 > 1
.
N ( >N
8 /A !#< G 4
)( 1450 (rpm) 5G /:; 4 "# d ! )G <1
(rpm) 216 ft 1500 (gpm) )( L
0 ? .12-4 11-4
:8 + 1 ) I1750
N2
1450
= 1240 (gpm)
= 1500
N1
1750
2
2
N2
1450
H2 = H1 (
) = 216 (
) = 148 ft
N1
1750
Q2= Q1
(gpm) :8 8 1750 (rpm) @ 6 1 ) /8
I132 (bep) @ 2450 (gpm) I140 (bep) @ 2040 (gpm) I148 ft @ 1240
@ 3730 (gpm) I121 (bep) @ 2860 (gpm) I125 (bep) @ 2730 (gpm)
.82 (bep)
"# 6 %120 60 K8 1750 (rpm) @ /:; "!: 1 1
.3300 (gpm) 4 (bep) @
0.60 x 3300 = 2000 (gpm)
1.20 x 3300 = 4000 (gpm)
1300 1 68 (gpm) 2200 5G (bep) 1150 (rpm) @

.L
0 ! 13-4 /8; (A /:; "!: .2600 gpm

:
%8 -./ 5-4

6P I+ 8; ) =7 6-( 6 >B (A 4
.) -!4 1 # 68
!( "# *- @ 6%
6 C
* 5 ,B 68 -!4 5 "#! 6 ' 6-8 67
-!4 I"# "# 6( +1 6(
.À /- > ,B J81*
VÀ -) 9 1L< I14-4 /8; M-A JB8 k' )N
/1 8 @ (1 X()
6( 7 9
# + 4
(A 6% /8 5 1 -83 X- V( 67 .3!8 (2 X()
5 2 -83 X- V( 67 .1 X( @
6
N ( -+# 21 Q
I2 X- V( " 1 .2 X( -+# 21 (A 6% /8
.2 X( "l#<
6-( 6 0%( 0A +
! &' % $! #! " !

:14-4
- 2 $!" &' *!+, 2 - 1 $!" &' *!+, 1 () (
!&" $!&" .%"
.-83 % $B5 "# d -!4 1 15-4 /8; 3
3 2 1 I
6-( =7 /( (A + * 1 1
68 ./-1 8 /? 2 X( @ "# (A + *
0 JB 61 6B5 6 68 -, 6 "# d ! /:;
/ 1 .2 1 6%( 6 U/8 3
# -) 8
0 ! ! "V!: 01 0G 0! ) -!4 1 68 I 1 $ 8;
.+1 6( VÀ
!( "
N V! 1 6
1
.14-4

:15-4
% 2 "#
! 2 $% 1 "#
!
+# /

6 1 4 :A 6% /- % +%
4 / I4 ? (A 68! .+ 8; ) (A
(A "# d -!4 1 >-1 68 "# d !
6 2 1 61 0 16-4 /8; MA .) "# d -!4 1
/8 + 4 .4 ? (A "# d -!4 1 15-4 /8;
K 3 4 V1 /:; 68 I

6-( =7 "#
I2 X( 4 + 8; ) 6 + -1 "#! M< BP .A
."# -!4 1 =!4 B 4 /:; V1 6P
!4) /:; -!4 6 =7 0 I Q1 6 8 I Q2 "# 8 67
-!4 6 U/G I2 " 1 B 4 (J81* -!4 97 "A 68
.1 " 1 A /:;
%

*
() & &' &#

:16-4

()
$14-4 0
& /
!- #
.&,#
+
15-4 0

4 "# ( 1* I2 -83 X- V( " 6
d -!4 1 -83 X- V( 6 U/8 C
5 % .2 X(
"# d -!4 1 =!4 >% /:; 67 21 I) "#
? >B (A / .C 5 IB A 6 (A

: IV(A "# d -!4 1 =!4 4 0' 4
.$B5 /:; 4 ) "#d-!4 1 9 6
3
XW G 3 6? 64 B (A )( f G
6( =7 >; À 6 ! 68 L
0 ? I>:# VÀ 1
)81 /
N 8; (A / . 8; B: $ )

% =!4
6-( 1 I6( + M%[ 3!:;
6P 8 .V(A /4 64 / /
N 8; ) :A
%1* =#G : 9 +T j U/G =!4 (A 2L? +8
1 @17 X( /1 /! >5% ! V1 =7 A7 -'
6P I ' X1 B >8 68 =7 0 .( 6
-( 68 >; + 8; >; "# 3V(A
.8; $B3 #

6(A .4 ? (A /:; 0( 17-4 /8; 3
6-A I8 " 7 -!4 8 N G B 3 (A I6 61 2 1
."# +1 8; + J81* "# d -!4 1
JB ' X1* ! J; /
N 8; / /
N 8; (A /
/ 4 .X( + J; H' + "#
J; "# d ! 1 -) 9VP I6 /
N 8; ?8 6(A
.! "# d ! 1 9
-! @ "# *- AP
d -!4 1 8; "# d ! 1
.3!:; -! (A "# J; / I) "#
.45
9 9 (7) .45 3
1 2!!1
#
1
:17-4

1 2!!1
#
1
(9) .7 3 &#
.<= ;
- 2 1 0#

*%
# !
$&= #
1
; %
>
+# 0 /

" 4 I (A ? "# :A =!4
1! /A 67
)T .(A
; 4 : 5 + * *
( )-# )( ? N 4 / (A "# A 68 9 6
6 >47 =7 ,_ G "# M8 6 *7 I(A X( =!4 +8
() /1 8 "! 3
8 6 /! (A #
)( >B (A N 4 )V81 =7 /# ) .3
; (A
.0!1 * 0% 4 : 68 21 )-# -'38 J-1
(Head-discharge Curves) "# d ! 1 (18-4) /8; 3
.3 >
8 , ( G I6
!(
; 4 / (A
64 6 1 6 1 * N 4 @ / 6 (A! 68 I0!
6- 1< +! -! 5 I-! d X1* 1 1 .@#

6 04 /
1 I) /G 6 + * X1 / (A
.(+18-4) /8; M-A 5 8 I3? )V81< :A G

1 &#
2?= %
(7) .& +
#
&;/

:18-4
& + ;7 0

+ "
(9) .0= #
@,!
&
(!) .&
&#
"
(") .&B A
X1L % (A "# :A &G 4 (A 4
4 G /-1 ) ."# :A &G I
+% .4 J-1 =7 :A \

6 >;W / >:
/ 21 :A
( \
>0 4 A :A ; 6 6
\
54 / :A G 6 /! =!4 :A M# 4
"# 4 :A X( % G /-1 /% B5 +- .:A
/ :A X( 6 %10 U/G (=#G X1*) (A! =#G

( G /-1 - >

( 68 .
# $G "#
.> (A A )
# =7 -! d X1* 1
> $B5 6 T I311# ( ";8 -'38 > 0A 6-A
d -!4 1 . À 6 ?8 V * >0 4 A
18-4 /8;) - I(Deaman-head Curve) -!4 d X1 1 "#
>
8 4 ( -!4 d X1 1 )G )( 68 .(X
.X1* / >
8 4 /1 "3 JB
.

+
, * )!" #$ %&' (&

(& / 0 ) 1& %&' / , .( -
6 7 8 . + "4 5 3 / 0 %35 25 2

* /& # /
84 * .19-4 8-9 : * 9

< 1, = # 1
9" ; 5; " # 0
.) 1& (& / 0 %&' / >:4
5; " ; $ 0 * /& ? = * 9 *

9" $ C * /& / 0 .(& @ A, 7A B ;
5 #$ /
: 26 %10 0 (& $ 1
$ 5 )D!" B7A 1

.(& %&' 0 % (&
F G ; " * /& 4 B1 ' E"
<

" %? 1

.#
!
)!" *& $ 1
2
. /
1
?-;
" " .$6 4 " 1
2
, D$
. H60 -

9 (9) .9A !!1 !1
(7) .& 2+
#
&
:19-4
*; + !1
I(? 4 ) /? >

8 ?8 (A / /:;
/( + 1 : I+! X1*
i >1 (A 4 -:
68 .#G ?8 /:; )# 1 "3 I! b G
.4 ? (A J;* 0A 4 >: (A )(
/:; /! + * %1 4 >: 1 ! 0T
!4 d X1 1 "# d -!4 1 A7 68 .
.(17-4 /8;) 4 ? >- (A +8 "# +!
8-4
' )! /:; ; 1 6 /8 "# d -!4 1 )

1) =!4 "# d -!4 1 /V8; .20-4 /8; M-A
-, % 6 JB
6-( =7 (A "# /( 4 (!
=!4 "# d -!4 1 VG 1

( /V8; .9 $! +1
6 ) =7 + * /( 45 Psi /1 8 :A , 4
"# d -!4 ( =!4 ) .
6-( 6 (A "# 6 U/8
(rpm) $G /:; 4 @ 13-4 /8; 6 9
- (A 1
.V(A /:; /% -1 .1750
8-4

:20-4

=7 / ,B 8 -! 68 I+1 -, % )4 " 1
J81* -!4 .150 ft 0
-( 6 (A
"# 6 "# /8 I16 in. 5 G 8000 ft / ,B +
0 ? .V(A
8000 ft / ,B + -! 68 I2000 gpm @ L
V!8
68 I30 in. I0.0037 ft/ft x 8000 ft K 0 16 in. G
-, G 68 JB .180 ft : 30 ft 37 mA 150 ft , (A!
.180 ft gpm 2000

.21-4 !
20-4
! 8-4
:21-4
13-4
( 1750 rpm &' $% "#
&104 ft % 45 Psi

" # $ !
2000 gpm - 0
/ 1! .16 in. + , 5000 ft ) * '(
!
" #
ft 5 &0.0037 ft/ft x 5000 )3 / !4 104 ft 2
. 8
"2, -% 6 +76 .123
- 94 )8 $
6 94
#3

: 09 .13-4 # 1750 (rpm)
.2620 gpm # 200 ft ; / 94
#! &

< 8
< #
(bep) - (A /:; /% 67 .3770 gpm 165 ft @ (A
.(bep) G 6 %120 60 6 \ 21

. 7 !" 6-4
- 1 ) 6 U/1 U/1 5 + >G 5 Q8 +
68 L
0 ? .+ * 8 0 6 L8n -! 68 21
Q8 +[ / f 6 / ! =!4 #
!( G 6 +
B3 ( 6 -! -G )? + * 6 8 :8 1
/(
n I
+ * -! C% )( )? I+ *
+ .Q8 + G %W ( =!4
4 + * 8 1 21 I-!4 %
I, =!4 #
-! * C% )( -) )? .3 =!4 + 6 U/8
Q8 + 1 9-4 /? 3 .Q8 + )%1

., =!4 / ! =!4 # (!
9-4 '
97 :22-4
$$ 4 1, 29 B 60 9' " I" # ' 6$ E$
; 1, " , B /6 E$ =4 " # ' #
6" # ' " # .

* 9 " + # $ 6
. $ ? 94 " + $ /0

9-4
22-4

2000 ft

0 /
.1000 ft 9 Q8 +[ C B 6 + *
+ * 6P I ( =!4 04 .C B 6 10 ft $G -!4
550 = 10 ft/1000 ft $G -!4 1 ft 1000 8 in. $G +
(12.5 10 ft/800 ft $G -!4 1 6 in. $G + + * Igpm
+ JB 5 1000 ft ICB 6 Q8 + 67 .290 gpm = ft/1000 ft)
4 10 ft/1000 ft $G -!4 9 68 6 6 98 21 )%1 9 ,B
G 6 3 ( 6 I840 gpm = 290 +550 , "#
.9.4 in. = +
1000 ft I8 in. 400 ft : ?L? + 6 1* )?
6P I500 gpm $G
+ @ .10 in. 600 ft I9.4 in.
=!4 1.6 ft = 2.7 x 0.6 I3.8 ft I3.3 ft = 8.3 x 0.4 , + -!
A 6 Q8 + 67 .2000 ft -!4 8.7 ft C% JB
= + 1000 ft/4.4 ft $G 0 , -G 9 ,B + JB 5 D=7
.9.2 in. 5 +% .500 gpm
!" 79 # 7-4
1 /!1! >4 -A O -
> 1 >81 XB 5 3 '; ( .#(; + 1 )(
.:A + * " 6 0 >-1 4% -, ) /V? ,B

.6 4 G ( 6 N ! ! /L( > T 1 XB 81
> -) 8 ) /1 /(7 -) I+ O (
4 + 1 "'1# >0 4 )V .! 1 G =!4 04 O
64 :A I+ + * 3 X >N 4 /8; =!4 O'
/8 IV(A "# :A I-83 % I+ /#
8; 5 $ ) "# '
-8 .!(
.4
1! -# I-( I6( ( I+
O 4 0A >-1 N (8 + 8; + 1 6-(
L# I(! 65 C )G) ;( )G I5G + / !
-# I3G[ /# + 34
0A ( * ) +
=!4 04 + ;( /4 )G >0 4
.:A - I(*
-) *1 .XB > /L( A )? 6 I+ 4
M . (* /L( 6 ' + ( -!
C )G
( B5 M ./!1 %7 ? >-1 + + 1 O
3A 7 0 1* 68 - ' + ( O
.>% 8; =!4 /!1 ) ! 3B1 I1 ) JB
>:# G B + /3 6 7 I8; XB )%1 :#
67 .085 '8 +[ 4 JB >% ( Of
1 -) ./!1 VG 6 6 XB - > !85 + 8;
./:; $ + + 8; 3G 1 4 6( -(
I1 "# d -!4 1 IC
* 4 VÀ 1 "# )
O 68 * .V(A /:; ,4* /% 0A 51 -)
>; # 8; /G 6 >% (A "#d -!4 1
-! +1 @ 4* B([ * 3 =7 0 IO

; /8o I >4 -!4 V1 + 8;
3(W N 1 /A =!4 (A &'#( ) .@( /4 -,
:A 6 " 1 ' VÀ V1 @ -! 1
N G 4 XB
6A +1 -( + ) 67 ."#
.
!( " VÀ 1 A A I' 87
I )( O >( 68 I'
) %B
(+ 8; /#* ) * 4 +1 ##1 JB
&#( 5 JB @17 . JL3 " 1
I)3 /#* 4 6-4# 6% 6
! -' 1
) 6P ./ 68 0 ##( 8L3 *
+ 1< ) 6 ) I$! XW /- 1 C% l
=!4 ) ! @( Z J5 ./#* =!4 )3 1
6% 6
8 =7 6 +1 /- &#(
1 =!4 /#* =!4 JL3 * &#( 6-4#
$! !
JL3 * L% 6 MA 6 .+ /
/A - G 6 > -4# % 8
. JL3 64
9 6 V8[! I+ 1 O )! A XB 6 +%
I * /% >0 4 %W 6-A .68 +G[ 1 ) /V?
/!1! $B5 /( )? 6 .> N ( ) /:; " :A
> ) .! 1 3 O' 6 V 1 ) 1
1 C- 68 4 + 8; 4
!( G :A H
01# ? 4 4 >0 4 JB 68 IJL3 * %B
4 8 :A L% =7 A7 .4 / ) 3
:A I-( 4
6-A ! J5 I#
+ * HG 6 VÀ 1 6 + * * "#
T >81 8 6P .$! 6 ' 68!3 @ )
-, !: )-# % 87 ,-1 +% 9VP I!1 1 % 8
C )G : 4 XB > >0 4 ) . ) *
6P .0A JB 68 67 1 A I+ 8;
I JL3 ? 1L :A X7 8 XB >
I 6 '1 !8 *1 6A T G G 6P
' !8; J5 JB =7 A7 . / L =#G -1 !
/1 XB =7 3(7 68 ( 6 68
$! !
)( * 6 =!4 + I0L? .>!
- G 9[8 XB /% IQ( N 1 =!4 C )G 1P
.9
6 >8 4% /!1 % +V! _ XB >G 67
68 . ( "3 JB I-? > 6 U/8 %W
- JL3 * /L( >B G 4 -? %7
) 6A G 6
7 ( ) $! -4
:! + 1 %( )G > VG 6 V 1 -) .
:A 68 6 : .V 1 /L( ! 1 -83
I2 Psi 0 # @ :A H >G VG D! .5 Psi 6A 3 [<
Psi $G [( 94 + ( # C
HG 10 ft $G [( 67
%
n Y I G T C
N
?[! 0 A4 :A G 67 21 .4
4 3 [ * 68 > % !
Psi G /? '; ';4 :A @ + 1 >81 ! 1
-! 5 ?? .'1 1 ( < 20

C )G / +% =7 0A ; I9 [< -! =7 1L<
.94 6 > =7 /#! 1
J5 ) 68 .' >-4 ) ? 1 XB 67
I=#G = ' X1* /% 6 .-%B G >
8 )
*1 68 .? /:; =7 /#! (A /!1 68
IH' $ V( 8 '1 C* *1 ' X1*8

N o; ( .H' k4# J
N !3 /1 ?[ /!1 68 8
? ! ( (* XB )( 68 >%
>% ' ( )%1 - XB 6P I0( .6 1
.V(A ( -( 68 1
) 0 03 +V! 1 XB > T# !4 67
68 9V 6 )T .8; /!1 >N ( =7 0 A7 9%B ) ,B
6 -? 9 6 *7 I>N #G - >N A XB T#
V .U/G =!4 /
N 8 )N 4 @ =!4 ! 1 % +V! 9L

! # I/? /:; XB > 6A ;
B 0T 68 XB L!1 =7 ) 1 67 21 I)
.) >7 #( 5
. !" !#$ 8-4
8 3 + 8 "# ,% 1# ,% )-#
01 68 G "# ,% 6 6 )T I:A! A( T I1

$ + .% G >% 1

4 1 >'
. ? >G ?[ J1 21 I% +# =7 + "#
)( .J81* + 1 / >; =!4 + * 4
.) H% 1
>G + * I20-4 I(Manning Equation) D
M A =!4 (Roughness Coefficient) In
;( /
,% + ./# + I+
=7 0.011 /% n ) H! 6 O-% /#!# 6 ';
I ! L# # ! !G ) .0.015
B*
! .' L# 8 "# $
;( )G
6 \ I1! 4 ;( "# $ )( < 6-A: X-
, G .0.013 % )# > n G D! I0.026 0.021
N J L8 +
A IA
( n )G >N % "
6 -: @( )1; H8 0 )( * 8 L +
."# $ + 0A +- +b !( %
Q=
1.49 2/3 1/2

AR S
n
(20-4)
:21
(cu ft/sec) + * 8 = Q
C =!4 04 ;( / = n
ft2 I+ L A 1 = A
=!4 A 1 ) G I-83 "# = R

(+ 6 1
ft/ft I-83 X- 1 = S
8 SI 1 21-4 ID M#

1
Q = AR2/3 S1/
n
( 1) SI
(21-4)
:21
m3/sec + * 8 = Q
C =!4 04 ;( / = n

m2 I+ L A 1 = A
=!4 A 1 ) m I-83 "# = R

(+ 6 1
m/m I-83 X- 1 = S
(20-4 ) D 23-4 /8; M-A ( /1

/ G I3 /8 =!4 0 + * 68 21 ' +b
I+ G I+ *) *-1 6 6? 4 BP .0.013 ;(
6 5 68 6( 6?* 6P (4 I+ 1
0 ? . ( 4 ) ) V(
CA .8 in $G + / L
1.7 cu ) 760 gpm 5G + * 6 8 (%2.0) 0.02 ft/ft $G 1 =!4
+ 1 68 . 4.9 ft/sec $G 4 / + /8 b (ft/sec
)G =!4 O ) 4 JB 0.013 4 n )G @ * 8
.+T n /
+ * 68 * ' + -83 /8; !1
-) I1 $B5 ) .24-4 )( 4 3 /8 =!4 3
,' + + L
!( 4 =!4 -83 # + + 1
'% + * " =7 a Iv Iq ; .D )( JB
D!
N 4 =!4 + + * /V? ./8 +
N =7 A IV IQ ;
( B5 4 .0.3 ) ( + G 6 %30
0( I4 I+ * 1 I+ * 8 1 (
I0.78 0.25 0.2 )G =!4 G H =7 /
b 0G;
8 6 %20 5G + * 6 8 B5 4 '% + * 6
!8 1 6 %25 D! + L A 1 6 I) + *
+ * 4 6 %78 , + * 4 /- 6 I+b 1

.)
"# / I9 4 "# + * 9 D! 0 6 ( B5 3
68 .) + * 4 , 4 8 B7 I) + * 8
I+ 4 6 0.93 @ + * 68 4 + L @# 8
9 =7 JB + .+ 4 6 0.8 @ @# 4 68
AW J81* 68 I) + * 6 + * +G
.AW A 1 ?[ 6 8 ?[ + G + %
6 =7 0 I O' ! 24-4 /8;
VG - * ? H% + =7 1
)( 13-4 =7 10-4 6 !? 3 .% !
+ *
.'% + ( ) =7 A7 D
10-4
+ * 8 D! )8 .0.010 $ / =!4 10 in. % A B7
0.015 = n (+) 0.013 = n () /% 6 4 )
9 &! 9E &

! &5 ;D ! C
&!1
#
:23-4
.(U.S. Pipe & Foundry Co &%
) 0.013 = n 3G F!

Q 8 I10 in. = G 0.010 = / 4 23-4 /8; ) ()
.4.0 ft/sec = V 4 I 990 gpm =

B In 0 84 V Q 6 U/8 + I20-4 6 (+)
0.013 990
860 = gpm
0.015
0.013 4.0
V ( n = 0.015 @) =
= 3.5 ft/sec
0.015
Q ( 0.015 = n @) =
11-4
ft/ft 1 =!4 48 in.

#4 % + L H D!
g4 1 + * 8 D! )8 .30 in. 5 0.00015

ft/sec V 4 7700 gpm Q ) + * 68 23-4 6
:+ G =7 + * 4 D! .4.0

d
30
=
= 0.62
D
48
4
q
v

G I $B5 6 04 24-4 /8; 0 0( )
Q
V
1 ( 6 04 /

1 G; V( )
q
v
G .4 + *
1.08 = 0.72 =
Q
V
5500 gpm = 7700 x 0.72 K 0 30 in. 4 =!4 + * 68 )?
.1.5 ft/sec = 1.4 x 1.08 = v ,
12-4
4 -, =!4 .0.0025 / =!4 A 0.013 = n I18 in. ,% +
g2.0 ft/sec K 0 + * 4 $4 68 +

.(23-4 /8;) 3.0 ft/sec = ) + * 4
2.0
v
=
= 0.67 ft/sec
V
3.0
+ 1
)? 4 V( 0.67 6 04 24-4 /8; 0G; 0( )

.0.23 =
d
0
D
4.1 in. = 18 0.23 = 2.0 ft/sec 4 4

13-4
n I450 mm $G % + * 4 ) + * 8 D! )8
+ + * 8 + 1 g 0.00412 m/m 1 =!4 % 0.013 =

.300 mm

23-4 )(
M# 0.00412 m/m = S 45 cm = D K

3
Qfull = 0.18 m /sec = 180 l/s

Vfull = 1.14 m/s
21-4 )( Vfull Qfull K / /1 J5
:+b A 1

2
0.450
= (
) = 0.159 m2
2
) +
N -83 "#
d 2
d
0.45
= 4 =
=
= 0.112 m
Qfull =
1.00
(0.159)(0.112)
0.013
2/3
(0.00412)
1/2
Qfull = 0.182= m3/sec = 180 l/s

Vfull =
Q
= 0.182 = 1.14 m/sec
A
0.159
24-4 /8; =!4 /(

d
= 300 mm = = 0.667
450 mm
D
.140 l/s = 180 0.78 = (300 mm) d Q

q
= 0.78
Q

" !

:24-4

9-4
(Positive-Displacement Water Meter) %W 1W $ -4 ,1
' 81 J1 &G =!4 ,1 " )%1 B HG >%1
/% =7 >%1 D
' 64 )% 6 / .(25-4 /8;) 54

I9G 9 1 I9 5 - B5 ./%
/% VG ?[ * JB 64 L
0 A .9#

( I-!
( /G 6 '; /8; B5 M%[ & -4 )( .- G 0
. ; ! 8 68!3 :#
3 2 . 0 / ) .- ,- ()*+ &' % $ # :25-4
(Kent Meters Co ) / 56 2 ) 4 2
5 3 . 64 /% -! # 8; >-4 -

>G 64 /_ "V 21 64 0 +p8< G /-%
I>
8 ?8 (h ) 68 .(25-4 /8;) / X( JB ) 6 /%
1 >:# /% > /(7 -) 21 IH /L( 6 -! G 6

: ; V ? G % 0 1* -,8 +8 ) .H
> 67 .) >8B /% >
/% 6 % 3%
>G "8 V
( + 1 >
-! -8 >
. 47 -
,+ /<# ; 96+ + 2 $ # :26-4
(Current (Velocity) Meter)

()

%") # $
" !
#
,'- /! . %
+ ! ' % *&'
.(26-4
&"
" 8 $ 9:
2 7
6-
! 2' 3 45 0 1!
$ <! :
5 7
; .

! !
-$ /
' .*
% + ' , #
" $ %& ' ()
.-56% 7 %8
89 : 21 (4 2 3% '01( -
.$#% "#

!

:27-4
5
3 43 23, 01 /
*%
%%- %,
*+ '$#

! (&)
01 /

=,
;# '"#

! ( ) .;3< 9 85
37 ,67
01 # 3,

* 2,% % .8%,
> % 85 % 23,

? @
3 3
(General-Service Compound

Meter)
! "#$
% &'
($ ! ) *
12 3 45 & .(27-4 (.) +%# &'
($ , ,
; % 1 . 8"# 9" (:. ( "#' &'
6( 7

= # 9% "#' ! <%# "#$ (:.
+ (
@%? ) #
#
=
>

"#' B BC D A
1 = 8
H #% F & " "G = &
"E .9%
+ * *- 68 21 I% o; +8 % #

.0 0 8 /
N 8; >:
."-8 " 01 (Proportional Meters) - =7 ;
/( - 6 V!8 + * 6 0% 6 1 6 ) * ; G
0! 5 (by-pass measuring Chamber) % @% HG >%1 =7
\ -4 68 I% @% -4 A -) .-!
H >
>-4 )( 68 . 4 V!8 + * /-% 8 I -4 %7
A % 4 (Orifice) 1 4 3 6 0% W
.(Diverging Tube) 9 +; + 4 IH' (

( -!4 1 + * 6 >8 )%1 HG -
.H G T + I$
) + @ 6? (=>) + # :28-4
(Differential Pressure Gauge)

! (Nozzles) (Venturi Tubes)
+, ."! !# $% &' $( &' ) *
'!
72 5! 43! ! "5 *!
6 ! 28-4 -/0 12! 2 3
$ ) "! $ .
&'! 32 0! "5
7 &' .2-4 3! 8
9' /$
98:! ;< 72 ! "5
.$% 6 3! ' 72! "5 -< !

$% 2 -5$ 8 =2 ! 7 ! $ -5$! '
!? 2 ' ./ $% -5$ ' !8 / *!5! ! > $
' -35 6 # 6 $B "!
6 $ > # A 1!$ @
9 /0 A(

:C 2 $% $ 3! .9? 2 3
Q = CA2 [ 2g(H1 H2)]
1/2
(22-4)
:21
m3/sec I+ * 8 = Q
1.02 =7 0.98 6 /% 6A 68 >0 4 I"# / = C
(m2) ft2 IA %! A 1 = A2
2
(9.81 m/s2) ft/sec
32.2 I ? C = g
(m) ft -A % /( 6 :A -!4 = H2 H1

10-4
)( @( SS B !# =!4 "# $ ,1
1
G >0 4 / "# $ 6P JB 64 L
0 A .A -
(Parshall Flume) # /; >G 6P JB .:A 3! 6 ?8
> "[ ."# $ HG ( < 04; ?8 > 5
1
>N V + 6 (29-4 /8;) -%B #
+ * H 6 68 .(Converging and Dropping Open Channel Section)
68 >0 4 .>1 $B5 /G + HG 4 >1 $B5 1
4 + " + =!4 1 8
( 4 4 -3% 6
JB 9; + /-% /G =7 >0 4 f I@( HG > -,
6 /LGW 5 1
# > ' 67 .28-4 /8; M-A
.B " =!4 > -!
(: T) -1 + " 1 # /; >G % /1
8 1 ft 6 9A4 A 1
> "# + 1 M#
:8
0.026
Q = 4 BH 1.522B
(23-4)
:21
(cu ft/sec) I+ * 8 = Q
ft IA 4 = B
ft I
!4 = H
# # (Palmer-Bowlus Flumes) G V

H JB % + "# >0 4 +V8f I0% 3-10 >

"# $ "# 6 "# $ % ) 6 % 6 ) + *
"# # /; G +8 68< * .>
4#
.+ * HG "3 % +
+> , ' < ; 4 , ' :29-4
14-4
A B /; > =!4 >G H + * 4 D!

.+ * 8 + 1 .18.0 in. I4.00 ft 9A4

23-4 )(
Q = 44.001.501.522 4.00
0.026
=30.0cu ft/sec.
11-4

)# 6% 8 + 1 &#1 GL 1
.
# ,%
Q = CIA
(24-4)
:21
(cu ft/sec ) I6%! =#G / 8 = Q
4-4 /% IM &'#( 0 6% / = C
=#G , /3 > I, /3 ?8 = I

"# /8 )L 6! 0 B5 68 21 I-1 /5
in/sec I+ * )5 8
acres I"# 1 = A
:8 SI !% 24-4 M#

Q = 0.278 CIA
( !%) SI
(25-4)
:21
m3/sec I6%! =#G / 8 = Q
4-4 /% I6% / = C
mm/h I, /3 ?8 = I
km2 I"# 1 = A
25-4 24-4 ! % $ # " :4-4 !
) (
& # #'
&

0.95 0.70

0.70 0.50

0.50 0.30
!"# $ %
0.25 0.10
&
' # () ($"#
0.90 0.80
!"
*)
0.95 0.70
+ , ,
0.25 0.10
) '# .$ / 0 )"#1

(-)
%1 =7
L 3 .>-1 "# 6 1 6% )5 ,B
>- =!4 /3 ) 6 4-4 /% >
; \ B 1
1
1 IM =!4 ,% 6
=!4 3 0 31 4 "# 1 + 1f . )
.'(
/3 ?8 5 &#1 0 ?8 /-1 67
# /:; (US Weather Bureau) 8 H +8 ) .,
/ *3 *- ( ) 08 ) /% >3%
/3 ?8 1 0'#17 3 $B5 % 68 .6
B5 >G
8 4 ! .30-4 /8; 1A J!8 /3 >
/3! =#G 68 I G 30
#4 /% 6 :(
$G N G /3 I2.9 in./hr 5 5 U/8 > G ,
.3.9 in./hr 5 25 U/8 >-
+ &4 6+? C ,D C B #)A / :30-4
E4 $ 2)
I, /3 ! [ 1 6 6 )T

.>1 * 6 >N - N % *3! * -) G 9 *7
U/8
#4 I8 5 U/8
#4 )( I)#
) B 15 U/8
#4 I/4 4G 10
.8! > N A[ A
+ 21

30-4

!" # $ %&! '( )
/ $ 0
+
* !, % -.!" * $
4" 4! 5' # 67 .!" /$!!, 1!, #&! '( #) 2
7 %!$, 8) 5' !"
9!"!, / /2.
@ .< ,.= <!.> 1? !;!:

!
2 A6 !, %5' /2. B&!'
!;, A6 /2C 20 5 ,

.F 5'
+!, %E <! ). %D /)!
./ ! B') /! !;2, 15-4
15-4
/#
-1 6
#4 $ "# )L +# % G + 1
+ / V ,B I 31-4 /8; "# -'
/ D! : ./( I"# 1 I( <
30- /8; 6 5 U/8 8 1 I /8 0.30 , /3
.% 2.0 ft/sec 5G ) + 4 4

2 1 =7 1 1 6 + * 6
=
400 ft
= 3.3 min
2 ft 60 sec
sec
min
3 1 =7 2 1 6 + * 6

=
600 ft
= 5 min
2 60
=7 2L? !#
G > 6 8 67
= 3.3 + 5.0 , I1 ! 13.3 min = 5.0 + 3.3 + 5.0 , 3 1

/8; /( .3 ! (/( 6 ) 8.0 I2 ! 8.3 min

min $G -' /#
-1 (, /3 >) 8! =#G 6 30-4
. 5 8 >

4.4 in./hr I , /3 ?8 68 I13.3
CA )G C%
= 0.3 3.0 + 0.3 6.0 + 0.3 4.5 = 4.1
24-4

Q = 4.4 4.1 = 18 cu ft/sec (acre-in. /hr)

2.0 ft/sec = V (8080 gpm) 18 cu ft/sec = Q
.0.0004 ft/ft 42 in. 23-4
+ &4 9 6+ >4 2) / FB 15-4 B3
# 4> # :31-4
* !
12-4
3 /% =!4 ' HG 1 -81 *8 >-4 [;
I\L# * +8 I6 3 3 I>1 * /8 4
H 3% 6-A .%% M I =!4 1 1!#
/% 3% +1 + 3 !# 8 0' -%B
CB ) .'
N 6
N 8 4A 4 / +
=!4 3 + - /% I)! 3 3 @ n L I-88
- /% 4 ;< I*1 .- N o / 6
0T 68 I+ * 4 HG VG 6[ "3 + J-1
% -) . 3 ,% + * 1 -)

!( "# -4 G )( J-1 - 1
/ M > /L( + )G ( =!4 /-1f .!
-, 4* B(b 0 1 &1 >47 : .H + *
- G /1 -) .
)8 + 64 )% G 1
+ * =7 =!4 !-% >- J-1
$ L% " 64 1 34 3% -) 1 )(
.3 81 *8 8 =!4 C- "1
V 6 =7 0 .$ 2-! AG >8 -5 /% + *
I3
( -) 21 /% 3 \ 0T % "# $

.68 U/G "
( 8 68 4 * J! 5 -5 ?8
1 @# 8 -4 /% "# ) )-
/% 6% b 9 \ =#G @ 1 -) L
0 ? I?-!!
6 >-1 8 $B5 6 : .3.5 mg/l $G '
% 6 ' @% 31 68 ?-! 8 6%
=!4 "A
( 10 1 in. G 67 .-1 ?-! 8
0 /% 6% 68 67 .54 -) 5 ) 7 @
. "
% > 68 %1 ; 6P
HA + +G " .3 6-4 ) 2 ,A6* / 6 :32-4
. < ++ 9 7 K .3 / 10 J I - 1 +
) 7 > * 8 =1 %W )(

- "# L% U/8 % . 10 1 in. G JB
-) I U/8 M . G /% =!4 G H 1
$B3 )'G A ) . 1 3 B(_ 0 U/G ) 1
'#1W )( .5-4 /8; M-A 5 8 I 0 )
)G 6 8 1 ) + 1 32-4 /8; 6-4 /% 1-A

.
( + *
;4, # ! C E /
! +" / . !. +!,!.> <G1
..= 9!"!, = <!.>
n.... 4 %3 %2 %1 n C m C B'
G2
.1 + n / 2 m J / C I HC /!) H: <)G3
/!)> /C % C! !K -!2 <!.> C #)G4
.2= ) !, /,
./LC +!.!, , & L
: G5
9 !? .!,
, 32-4 .). 2
.= <!.> 4C M %/!)> LM 6 1(
<!.> %90 /!) + . . C! -!2 E
. ? %+ . 10 I ! 7
0
+!, 22.6 cu ft/sec .=
/, # " > 22.6 cu ft/sec HC /, != 96 <!. #
!=
+!,!.> %90 HC .C <!. +6 0
!
? ;. %!K /!) E
2 .!? ! /2 , /,
!;# H, > /M! K %5!(" +!.!:( /# /" 2
+!,!. 8 ) ? 32-4
!.> .;!.
? .40 cu ft/sec , !. +!,!.> +.! !. %+ . 5
5!("
<!.> # /22), LM 5' 9! 5(
!. +!,!.> /#$
+ 67 .178 cu ft/sec +.! +" ( 96$ , " 6$
.= <!.> !$! M <!.> # 5' 9! :$ C
%0
/)!. ., #. 0
N " H 8# 8) %< )
%18.1 cu ft/sec /!) 96$ O, 6 .= <!.>
!, 1L.7
.+! M , /( /!) ? P A6 7
/' . # -!' , ! " + :5-4 !
(*)
1982 - 1961 /) 0

cu ft/sec

19.6
1961
28.6
1962
18.1
1963
34.3
1964
29.3
1965
35.7
1966
35
1967
27
1968
35
1969
36.9
1970
90.3
1971
50.6
1972
35.3
1973
59.4
1974
26.3
1975
30.1
1976
29.4
1977
29.7
1978
30.4
1979
49.6
1980
36.6
1981
59.1
1982
.178 cu ft/sec

(*)
+2 ! 1
5-4 ! ! :6-4 !
32-4 6
345
M
N +1
1
23
2
23

= 0.0435
= 0.087

90.3
59.4
0.130
59.1
0.174
50.6
0.217
49.6
0.261
36.9
0.305
36.6
0.347
35.7
0.390
35.3
0.435
10
35.0
0.477
11
35.0
0.520
12
34.3
0.565
13
30.4
0.605
14
30.1
0.650
15
29.7
0.695
16
29.4
0.740
17
29.3
0.782
18
28.6
0.825
19
27.0
0.870
20
26.3
0.912
21
19.6
0.955
22 = n
18.1
478 !9 13-4

31 5 >1 &'#( 1 ( < *-1 67
+ =!4 0 )%1) 3 28 6 I3%1 I3 4
GL I1 X I I >84 6 I(V
>1 /8; 8 =!4 V?_ *-1 $B5 U/8 . I8
>5 5 ,1 - . -4 =!4 )? 6 ' 6-( >1
1! 68 .B: 3% 6 1 6A 3 -5 ?8
' * 9; 4 4 ( =!4 G
; ,1 - 68 ."( ? / I6
( =!4 G 1 68 ."# 04 68 I0 8
I68 4 -, =!4 4C 64 3 >1 %
( * I[ 4
."# /L( ,4 /
N 8; I; U/8 1 6 B
6 68 G /! =7 6 35 6 >1 68 L
0 ?
.6 =7 / 6; 6
; I33d4 /8; ( 0 >1 ) 1 68
0 C % +G /V8; !% /

1 ?8 =!4 &:
/ .4C5 ! @# ?8 . M 6 r % 0:

T >1 8 B7 I'A +8 !4 !% O!? 64 O
.0% >1 CG +G +B< 6% 8 I-A
C $ # 3 4C 91 M# [ O!? 6B
.?8 U/G
"+ ()
,+ /< 6 < ()
E4 6 6
A >1 $ I\ >4 $B5 6L1 !(

6 +L * B5 =4 I>1 $ >1 %
\
C N 1 =!4 1 $ 6( I"# +G .
"# )- .V"( 1 /V8;

!
.,1 - `- ?8 =!
! L(
?[ (Epilimnion) 6!7 =4 ' 1 L(
> 68 .+1 ?8 \
1 : 6 6 )T .>0 8 0 8 (Hypolimnion) 65 =4
4 $ % H% 6 ?8 6 *7 I6!7 % J B:
.'L ?8 0 ' >
8 ? @1 B: : -' 1
- 6 A +B< 6% 8 6 0( M# G I68
6 G 5 (Thermocline) ,1 1* .,1
># 9[ "( +G 67 . /
N 8; >1 % 9
(
4 .3 3## 6 C N 1 =!4 31
>1 /% >
> $ ?8 6 =!4 3?8 : >1 $
/ L(* B5 .
( 6% -G; + I(63)
! 67 . M -% C "?8 $ 6 =7 \
. 3% -4 =!4 ; 0?[ -' -% 1 ,1
+ +1 ,1 G ' M +G 1 $ 68 "#

$ 68 G .$ 1' ) /
N 8; 3 1;
? 0 T +B< 6% 8 6 0 ( >8 (63) >
6%3 88 '5* " % ,1 G I68 8
6L8 /
G V .%
l < 1 1' 38 A4
I'; 8 > /L( . > /L( 0 'L $ 4 ?8 >0 4
C 6 -4 6 =7 0 ?8 0 T M 6 $ M#
-G; -: /V? .!V!1 -A 3 % 0 ' 68
68 21
!( 4 =!4 1 $ +1 X V 5 ' )N %
% +- . 4 6 'L ?8 @ 6 3% +1

4 T T > -, C- +- ,B I$ !( "(
I1' ) A % "?8 +! G .' / /8
$ !V!1 +1 !( 4 "( 0!4 L(* B5 21
.'5L C

; !9 14-4
X!? 6B I, /3 M; /L( 6 % $ /V8;
/
1 0G; /:!: "V!( .-( 1 /% +
<1 "!: 3 6 0 G 0 $ IM 6 4
=7 /( /1 6 . M!# 37 ;<
M =4 . V ; (# Q! 21 C;W
G ' % 1 + 9 4 "# + C;W
?[ 05 0# M%[ 6 + 68 .C;W 6A -
-83 X- )81 .% $ =7 X1* W
.G; L(* 6 /!G /
=7 + 21 $! - 81
:8 1 21 T
)%1 V ; (# - 67
n=
Vv
V
(26<4)
21
- = n
T
)%1 = Vv
!8 )%1 = V
)%1 0 0.4 0.2 6 =#1 / - ! -%B ) \
I! %1 0.2 0.1 6 \ I& % 34- 1
/ 4 . ; )%1 O ! 0 !8 %1 /% 0.1 0.01

= 6P I9 @ % ' /1 6 % $
I
- 4 5 1 8 IT

A 4 \ .4 %1* 5 8
, 6;( / - 8 67 L
0 ? .%95 90 6 1! ! =#1
' /1 6 cu ft \ )%1 6P I%90 $G 4 0.40
. 6 0.36 cu ft = 0.90 x 0.40 :[ 8 + 1
.% $ / >B
-%% 3[ ' /1 "
I,' À ? ?[ 3 "# I' /18 "-#
=#1 / 6 6-8 6 )8 '; /1 6 . M; @VB:f
6 I!1 /3 =!4 <1
N A 6 I/%! >% !
64 % 0' A 6 I!( /3
-
!8 %1 6 I8 [; B 6 I!% 6B
68 34d4 /8; MA 5 8 .L J T ! %1 V ;
k' /1 -,! -1 67 .>#1 T >0 #1 ' /1 68 6
/
=!4 =7 81 -1 68 ,B 9 @ 5 I#1 T
) #1 T ' /1 ' =7 ;< .C;W 6 0:
T k' /1 #( 1 5 ! + . + '
1 0 8 A % $ 3 68 #1
.% $! H' ) % ! :#
* /1 0A = I>#1 -' /1 %

.0 8 % $ #<1 =V I:A /1
., @ =7 :A ?[ >#1 ' % $
K B
/ " . / =!4 >G 5 B

0 + + * 4 6 =!4 -& ,B (Darcy's Law) 6
.-83 X-
21
v = Ki
(27-4)
(mm/s) ft/sec + * 4 = v
(mm/s) ft/sec IB
/ = K
(m/m) ft/ft I85 X- = i
(0.003 mm/s) 10-5 ft/sec 6 6 - 0 0G K )G :

.;( =#1! (300 mm/s) 1 ft/sec 6 ?8 =7 1 4 A
% + L @ K+ C=

4 G 4
2 2 :34D4
1< :# + ?
1 4 %B $ ' 3% )
/1 ' 6A J; A -) . 87 + /(P 01
9!4
+1 + (A 4V ! -) .' /( % $! M '

% $ 81 67.' X( 9%(7 ' 87 6A $_*7
.' ; =!4 /1 &'#( =!4 À ,B ' +%
0( L
0 8; /
1 % $ + +B% VÀ 4
=!4 04 .> ' $% 4; /8; + .0A
(
$ +G -83 X- 6 0A : 9VP 6G
01 -; L
0 /
=7 3 1! 68 B I' 6 %
>- I+1 / '
( ( /8; )%1 .' +G
.' /1 &'#( B: # I @ 1 IÀ
30-4
)A 4 G M
M M '+6 .- /B :35-4
T 0' L
0 1 ( N ' =7 0? 04; 0 35-4 /8; 3
IH% +
N 1 4 * 1 4; + * -1 .-%B #1
$! H% 'G + /L( 6 I? /

b
( 61
/1 -83 X- H 0 + + 4 I%
/ ' "# I; $B5 V .H% '
:[ 0 /
b
( 1 /8; I' /1 4 IB

2
hw
Q=K
h02 - hw2
ORJH (r0 / rw )
ho
(28-4)
:21
(l/s) (cu ft/sec ) I' "# = Q
(mm/s) ft/sec I-B
/ = K
(m) ft I' /1 6 ; (? = h0
(m) ft I
( ( G "# = r0
(m) ft IÀ ? ' 4 = hw
(m) ft I' G "# = rw
B
=7 0 Q ' "# G 6P I $B5 ( B7
/ /
N 8; 0 G 68 I Q G /L( 6 K 4 IK !
+! .-%B ; + >#1 T -' /1!
G h ; Ir0 ?[ G "# 7 28-4
.r0 ?[ G "# "3 (
(
29-4
)A 4
O N M '+6 N .- /B :36-4
0' L
0 1 0 G( IN ' =7 0? 04; 0 36d4 /8; 3
:8 -%B ; ' "# M# I0#1
Q = 2Kb
h0 - hw
ORJH (r0 / rw )
(29-4)
h0 r0 ( )

b
+,-
/

0
% &'* $ .

! "#
34/ *!5 0
6 ,!

7 , 8 940 .12
,
&'* 9 ! .37-4 : ;&2 <
=
*4 !
C
4 & ! AB >! 0: + !- ?

@
%
r2
Q
K=
loge ( )
(30-4)
2
2
(h2 - h1 )
r1
K=
Q
r2
x loge ( )
r1
2b(h2 - h1)
(31-4)
' (
$%& # "
!

:37-4
30-4 '
+ )* %
16-4
.36-4
2.0 ft

ft '( )! * %() 50 ! "# $ %

&
1!2)

3 .
)&0 ( )*! ,- ! /)+ .115
.

8 !"9
: 7! /! 49.0 ft '4 5%4 6
5%4 ?
;
@) /*!
<=) >( 0.46 ft/sec ( ;
- (
30 ft ()
12.1 ft <!"9
21.0 ft :)!?
/0"9
@
.!"9
34 100 ft () #
7.9 ft <!"9
34
)
K ) 3 </)
& 5%4
!4

)&0
.

) 5C >0

:0"9
)* * B)!

.36-4

h0 = 115 49.0 = 66.0 ft
hw = 66.0 21.0 = 45.0 ft
h1 = 66.0 12.1 = 53.9 ft
h2 = 66.0 7.9 = 58.1 ft
: 31-4

hw 66.0 ft = h0 $G ! ' /1 G 4 '
(

(* ( 1 6 =!4 1 ft , ' G .0.0 ft =
(Record
(W 4 ' "# + 1 -) .700 ft 68 6
:8 29d4 )( Drawdown)

Q = 2(0.00042 ft/sec) (50 ft/sec)
66.0 ft - 0.0 ft
loge (700 ft/1.0 ft)
Q = 1.3 cu ft/sec

D! )8 (+) g45 Psi K Q8 )G -83 -! D! )8 () 1-4
.43 Psi (+) I104 ft () %) g100 ft $G ! Q8 8 :A
D! )8 I50 Psi H' $ + :A D! B7 2-4
+ 30 ft C
=!4 % <# @ :A
g( L# 20 Psi $G -!4 H'
)8 (+) g230 kPa K Q8 -83 -! D! )8 () 3-4
g40 m $G -! Q8 8 :A D!
+ * 8 68 4 8 in. $G + + * 4 + 1 4-4
.(2.56 ft/sec +%) 7-4 /8; )( J%7 6 1 I400 gpm
"% & ' 200 mm ! "#$ "% & "
5-4
.(1.27 l/s ") 8-4 #
+# ,#- ' /)(
*40 l/s
$ :A 100 ft $G C

-!4 ,B + !8 G + 1 6-4
.3-4 )( 2.0 ft/sec + 4 50 Psi
$ :A 9 m $G C
-!4 9 + V( !8 G + 1 7-4
.(51 m +%) .4-4 )( 1.2 m/s + 4 410 kPa
$G + /- 14 in. $G + 2000 ft -! + 1 8-4
.(2.9 ft +%) .0.025 , + > f J81* G I1000 gpm
+# 1 6 8 in. $G + 1000 ft -! + 1 9-4
I^ d )( I500 gpm $G + /- (cast iron)
.6-4 /8; 6 (
-G I100 / C 7-4 /8; 1 )( 10-4
I800 gpm / 6! 1 6 10 in. $G + + * 4 -!
g140 , C 8 B7 4 -! )G D! )8
-G I100 / C 8-4 /8; 1 )( 11-4
6 1 .22 l/s "# 150 mm $G + + * 4 -!
.(1.24 m/s 0.019 m/m %) 1-4 10-4 )( J%7
gpm 3% )( + G 68 6 : )8 12-4
g100 / C G 6 3 ft/sec 4 % * 21 1300

.(14 in. +%)
ft 34
! =!4 - I100 = C G 8 in. $G H' $ ( 13-4
G! ! 750 gpm "# 68 BP .8 ; =7 800 ft / 40
Psi 68 6 : '1 5 3 4 ,:# :A 6P I'1 6
+ 1 .; $B5 !

i H' ( /( 4 :A + 1 .20
.7-4 /8; 8-4 )( hL
C / % )G + V( =!4 + (
n % 14-4
I8 in. $G 9 ) 8 + V( .! 65
/
N + @ + 6 2000 in. 14.3 Psi 68 :A H
l G
. + B3 C G + 1 I500 gpm
B @ + 1 "# D! )8 I6-4 /? 15-4
g9 + )l JB8
6-( =7 + ) B7 9-4 /8;
16-4 -+ % , :38-4
6 "# /- + 1 I38-4 /8; M-A ' ) 16-4

/( + =!4 04 ) B3 -83 X- )
6-(
4 2500 gpm $G 3 X( + A 4 2000 gpm $G (A!
.+ /8 100 = C G .D 4 gpm 1500 IB
"% '- .39-4
4 56 2 3 17-4
" 550 kPa ! 8 9 : 9
100 l/s 7 A &+6 +
."#; 100 = C & .40 l/s 7 B &+ ' 3+
/% 6 .9-4 /8; M-A ' ) =7 % 18-4

A 4 +! (A "# :A + 1 I9

# (
1 I5000 gpm $G #G "# (Fire flow) '1 $ +
.(G 300 +%) .+ /8 100 = C G .B 4 20 Psi
17-4 -+ % , :39-4
+ 1 8 .9-4 /8; 1A 3

; 1 () 19-4
6-( 6 ) (A! !( G 8 + 1 I6-4 /?
!( G (+) I%70 (A >
8 6 . 3%
g14-4 [ ! 3
-83 ; 1 6#1 > !
$ + " ! !( G (X) .0.70 = Ep 6
.0.70 = Ep g 17-4 [ ! '1
9-4
20-4
&' *+ ' 2 1 #$ % (") . !
1 01 - , (4) 23/ 01 - , %
. *8" 3 ' % 3 7 , +8 .56 &' 2
17- 38 3' 3 > % 56 &' 9 3: &; <=)
<: ++ (+) .3/ % +8
01 - ' (?) .(4
1500 gpm A &' 4@ B +' 01- , &' 3@8
gpm 2(&1:F CDE G) 2160 gpm 2(01 CDE @ )
.(H 3 ? ; * &1:F CDE G) 3600
3

2

1

(ft)
gpm)
(ft)
(gpm)
(ft)
(gpm)
100
350
1500
300
900
150
1700
300
1900
200
1200
200
2200
200
2300
100
1500
300
2900
150
2600
=7 + 8; 4 À 1 6-( 6 À -) I/! 21-4

3% )L "# :A + 1 IG )( .
6(
.) 6 (h +1 % )4 0A
I6( =7 1000 gpm $G +
(A I)G 10 C
=!4 3% 6-( +
68 .G 140
6-( + IG 20 C
=!4
1 6 10 in. $G G 5000 9 + '8 + 8; 4
.(74 Psi +%) 100 = C .+#
(bep) <8 .JK 3 JA 2, 201 % I 22-4
.2500 (rpm) 9 3' 215 in. M #+ @: 22500 gpm L+
+O+ 12-4 N JA 01 - , J6 %
.(bep) L+ 3: @ + 4 . &1 3 9 = (bep) <:
>
8
(ft) !4 (gpm)"#
>
8
(ft) !4 (gpm)"#
85
83
2000
105
88
72
2500
41
100
500
84
58
3000
63
96
1000
65
42
3500
78
91
1500
22-4 [ # (A! "# d -!4 1 ) 23-4

60 @ 1 =!4 G -1 .1700 (rpm) 4 /
13- /8; M-A 5 8 (A /:; "!: ) )? I(bep) K %120
.(33 in. I1700 gpm :(bep) +%) .4

22-4 [ # (A! "# d -!4 1 ) 24-4
I2000 gpm :(bep) +%) 12 in. $G CV 2500 (rpm) 4 /
.(46 in.
1000 m 9 + ( 4
6
N -( =7 À -) 25-4
"# d -!4 1 ) .40-4 /8; M-A 5 8 I100 = C ,B

/( + /% 6A 6-(

( - /
.75 l/s 0 6 \ 6(
25-4 -+ ** :40-4
/8; M-A ' )! "# d -!4 1 ) 26-4

68 4 ) "# d -!4 1
( 68 6 G 9V 0!4 .9-4
/8; ) 5 0 99 in. /1 8 -83 X- G
B "# 68 4 ) "# d -!4 1 =!4 68 .9-4
.140 in. K 0 C 4 -83 -! 68 0

#
67 .41-4 /8; )! -83 % ) 27-4

0 A 4 (A V .9
C
* =!4 IC IB IA
m =!4 C
6( C
I400 kPa "#
.B /1 8 =7 '8 + ( 8-4 /8; 3 I35

.8-4 /8; ( )(
28-4% 27-4 !-+ ** :41-4
* ' B L+ # 01 4 +E ?+ (")

@9 5 +' < 6 ? 4 G CK 2< %
+ 01 4 +E ?+ (4) 2275 kPa 2B A
P 4F 3: +: . 6 L+ 01 5" + < 6 &;
@@ 4F KN @: + .C A 3 4 F @@
.(20 l/s 2170 mm (4) 286 l/s (") 3=F) .4 G 3 +8
d -! 1 ) I3V!1 27-4 [ 6 )( 28-4

.((+)%) =!4 "# d -! 1 I(()%)
( "#
/% 67 .! @( 4 ? (A 2L? 6[ -)
(bep) I36 l/s 36 m =7 18 l/s 44 m 6 \ 3 (A U/8 /4
m 6 /% 68 /:; G 6(A A /1 .30 l/s 40 m @
1 ) I60 l/s 40 m @ (bep) I72 l/s 36 m =7 36 l/s 44

=!4 /:; /1 >:# >' ) ./:; G 6(A (A À
."# d -! 1
g8 in. $G 01 0 Q8 4 in. + 4 29-4
.(6 +%)
g100 mm 6 6 150 mm + + Q8 /5 30-4
)8 .100 = C ,B 8 in. + 0 100 = C B 6 in. j+ -< 31-4
g120 = C ,B Q8 + G D!
+ U/1 U/1 I1200 ft /
Q8 + + 1 32-4
.42-4 /8; >5
/8; B A 6 6 I4100 ft / Q8 + G 33-4
.43-4
mm $G 1000 m 9 +
N 100 = C ,B Q8 + G 34-4
150 mm $G 1000 m 9 + / ! % I100 = C ,B 200
.(100 = C @ 183 mm +%) .140 = C ,B
32-4 -+ /0
%
+ . 32-4 -+ ** :42-4
33-4 -+ +

+ . 33-4 -+ ** :43-4
?L? + U/1 U/1 I1000 /

Q8 +
N + 1 35-4
+ :8 B A 6 + 8 B7 I42-4 /8; 1-A -
mm G 1000 m / : I150 mm G 1800 m / :=!4
.250 mm G 1400 m / :/

I200
/!1 /% ) % ,A $ ) -1 36-4
g9 V 1 O > 68 "8 I 1
=!4 -< 12 in. $G N % ) + * 4 8 5 37-4
gpm ()) % g0.011 = n (+) 0.013 = n () )( 0.0060 ft/ft 1
.(4.1 ft/sec I1430 gpm (+) I3.5 ft/sec I1210

=!4 -< 50 cm $G N % )V + * 4 8 D! )8 38-4
;( (X) g0.011 = n (+) 0.013 = n () )( 0.003 m/m N 1
.30 cm K N + + * 8 + 1 I0.013 = n 5G
1! 24 in. $G % )L ,:# 1* 39-4
6 %20 + * 8 8 B7 3.0 ft/sec , + 4 =!4
.(0.0028 +%) gG /8 +
6A 5.4 cu ft/sec / 9 # ,B % + )%1 5 40-4
=#G 1* I10 ft/sec 3 \ @# 4 :
g100 ft /3.0 ft 5 +b 9 \
6A 15 cu ft/sec / 9 # ,B % + )%1 5 41-4

4 2.0 ft/sec ) + * 3 \ 4 :
100 +b 9 \ =#G 1* I 15 ft/sec 3 \ @#
g(# CLG )! ,B + (

1 8 /! -<1 Ift/3.0 ft
200 mm $G k1# % 68 ,B )# 68 4 + 1 42-4
5 &(; /8 )# + 6 .)3( 6 I%0.40 1 =!4 -<

.(&(; 1200 %) .1500 l/d
100 ft/0.40
N 1 =!4 (n = 0.013) 33 in. $G % + -< 43-4
4 68 B7 (+) g2 ft/sec 9 4 , + 4 -, =!4 () .ft
g"# D! )8 I18 in. 5 + *
1.0 m/sec , + 4 O ,B +! 1* 5 44-4
g450 mm $G O-% /#!# 6 % 90 mm + * 68 4

=!4 55 cu ft/sec $G 0 60 in. $G "#4 % / 45-4
N 4
cu K >0 +b ( < T 5 .40 in. $G +
.(14 cu ft/sec +%) gft/sec
-4 "L( =!4 6' ( 0 +V8 - B \; 46-4
.JB 0 * ,B
-4 /:; \; I2-4 IG =7 C% 47-4
.(28-4 /8;) ,
$G :A -!4 4.0 in. $G A B , -4 /-% 48-4
- 4 + * 8 + 1 .A /( 6 120 in.
.(2.2 cu ft/sec +%) 0.98 $G "# / )(
# /; >G 0.82 in. "# $

-! D! 49-4
> 4 + * 8 + 1 .1.5 in. 9A4 A + * H
.#
"# + 1 I44-4 /8; 1A "# 4 50-4
5 > 1 )( . &#1 )( X( 6%
I1 ! :8 5 @( .30-4 /8; , /3 ?8
I0.40 = C I2 ! I7 min = /( 6 I1.3 acre = 1 I0.50 = C
= 1 I0.70 = C I3 ! I5 min = /( 6 I2.5 acre = 1
2 6 s/8 % ( / I5 min = /( 6 I3.9 acre
.3.0 ft/sec $G % + * 4

< I500 ft D! I3
.(20 cu ft/sec +%)
50-4 -+ 1&

** :44-4
"# )( MH1 1 X( 6% )L % )%1 G 51-4
min $G /( 6 B /8 45-4 /8; 12 acre 31
D! .0.15 1! 0.45 D! 68 6 ! 1 6% / .10

GL .0.0020 1 =!4 + U/8 -< I600 in. 1
6
5 i 21 19 + t =!4 131 = i K >-1 /3 > d ?8
.'G 4 = t 4 ;W 4
51-4 -+ 1&

** :45-4
>0 8 + * B5 6 0!4 I) 7

( + * + 1 52-4
1! 3<%) . + * 0 JB I 10 /8 >0 1
(6 T 1
(85 cu ft/sec +%)
cu ft/sec

cu ft/sec

170
1973
120
1965
82
1974
162
1966
74
1975
142
1967
110
1976
137
1968
184
1977
254
1969
121
1978
367
1970
208
1979
145
1971
145
1980
153
1972
198
1981
>0 8 + * B5 6 0!4 I) 7

( + * + 1 53-4
. + * 0 10 /8 >0 1
cu ft/sec

cu ft/sec

cu ft/sec

77.4
1973
89.6
1963
62.7
1953
88.4
1974
149.0
1964
15.1
1954
36.1
1975
121.0
1965
54.1
1955
23.0
1976
108.0
1966
27.4
1956
123.0
1977
81.4
1967
48.4
1957
136.0
1978
98.0
1968
52.9
1958
159.0
1979
191.0
1969
39.0
1959
186.0
1980
188.0
1970
42.4
1960
135.0
1981
271.0
1971
123.0
1961
117.0
1982
191.0
1972
145.0
1962
>%1 $ B 01 1 B \; 54-4

. 6 +L * '? 1
( ' )( #1 T ' /1 VÀ % % 55-4
G ' .60 ft 4 =!4 91 G 8 =1 /1 (
/G 8 + 68 .H' ' 6 360 ft 60 ft =!4
% + 1 15.0 ft 4 =!4 ?L? 6 /8 À %
/ (* ' 6 À 6 " =7 /# . M
ft A
( G 3 n%f -1 H
l Gn I6 > 550 gpm
+ 1 . =!4 360 ft 60 ft =!4 6G G ,' 2.4 9.1
.(0.0013 ft/sec = K +%) ! 1 -B
/
I50 ft 9(? ! %1 6 6-8 ' /1 ' n
<1 56-4
#1 >;1 J; G D! G .100 ft 8 1 1 #1
30 ft 4 =!4 , M 68 IÀ % =7 0 .2.0 ft
! %1 -B
I1000 ft
( ( G I M 1
+
( =7 ,_ ,B - VÀ /- + 1 2.5 10-4 ft/sec
.! %1 /1 G =7 '
36- /8; M-A #1 ' /1 0.6 m $G '
l
n 1
< 57-4
1 AT $! 15 m 5G % Z (? ! ' /1! .4

@ 68 .' /1 -B
À % % I35 m
' M % + 1 15.0 m 4 =!4 ,
+ ) A 13.0 l/s / À .G h (*
' 3.7 m I(* ' 6.4 m : A
(* =!4
' 6 30 m G ' 2.4 m I(* ' 6 10 m G
)( K / B5 )( )? ./1! B
/ + 1 .(*
' "# + 1 I
(* ( 1 6 200 m 5G A

.#1 ' /1 M =7 ' 6 +1 +
(
.(35 l/s = Q I0.12 mm/s = K +%)
5

!"
#

,-/01%
' -"
()

* (+' .$% &
'
' ' ,!
' ' ,-
2
-1 ' ,34
- ' ,0
(
/$
'
,
-0'1 6" -7 50 % ' .-
2
'1
!891
: ;%
<% =&1 .-"
()
10 -%'
#7 -'
-0'1 -&
#> 3*' .1 (1 %
!

!91 '
A -@

0
:'
: !

?'2 #+
. ?7+ ;9' #' ,;%

!0 <
" 4
B -"
-2%
-2% %+
2%
2
#1
'& * 1A 0' ,# -"
-2%
-2 ,1914
) -"
E 1'
/0 "
* /D2' /C: .'
#
# ?1
50 7
F C & "
* #+ # !:' .1962 !0
-0'1 6
'7' 6' "7'' ,
'
G 1 50 0
& )1> ,'
(Safe
,-J
-1I
<
-' 0H+ .(1
()
' ) K'

L'%
'2
7' Drinking Water Act, EPA)
.3* 2 '
#A "
=
F ' <
/'
-91+ -1%' ?O 0

'& ?% P7' 5A EPA #'1
M' N/'
.<
!" (Water Pollution Control Act)

Q/' -&
-' 1
0 R" 0 .-2

Q/' P -'2 ?'+ 1948
-0'1 " 7 #+ : ,#1
'
* 1A
6'2 62

6S 1965' 1956
(Clean - 91

-' 0+ .'
-'T - Q/'
'
V
2 ' N' 61)
6' EPA U ,1972 !" Water Act, CWA)
K 1 -'4
-1'
;
4
1 .'
?
Q/' -2
34
-2 -0'1 5A ?'%'
' -2R -2%

/'
# 581+ )2 50'

!
' ' -
2
' 2
'
!0 50 @
#'1

* D!W2+X Y1 ,3* 50 6 'R0 .61 )A ?'%'
K Y 50 ?'%2

'7 50' ,Q/' Q
2> 2 /$+ ''
/$+ #+ 50' ,7 -"7 Y

* ' #+ 50' ,/'
#+ < ,-2
-1
514
/2
(' /'
K -&

.K8

* 5
-@
$
-0'1 5A 1
(Safe Drinking Water Act)
1-5
!0 4
B #D $*
' SDWA -1I
<
-' 7/'
-0'1 #7 - -1' #1
'& 7' EPA -4
-'
1974
1
! .-"

-914 ;1%+ -R ' . -"
-91Z <
50 -&A -1 15 '+) -%4

!) &A -1 6% 25 3 @ !91
@
2' ,
,3* 50 -4
#' .(-'+ -&A -1 0 ,\?&4
:' 8&T : @ !91 !' .'

7
+ &' ,-1
?(1
,-1 ? ?&4
50 )+ - !9 1 ,25 ^
N 1 Y4
0 3
1%
1 ,-

3* -+' .-%4
!) &A #+ #'
Y 25 3 : 8&T @ !91 ! .) -% -@ -91+ )
'
Y4
# ; " 1A ,?&4
50 -1
6' # + '+

50 2

1 3* 50 -4
? ' .-9 1 : -'
' )
' ,2

' '&'
2' ,!
1' ,-"
.-"
2R' ) 9' 2 ) Y
(Water Pollution Control Act,

Q/' -&
-' ?" /!

' '+ 7D 7 #S #1
'& 3* #0 !1 &' ,!9 1 ?
G WPCA)
#'1& !( .6 6 # ! '+ ?& # -6 '" # ! -
5%&4
(
#' #+ (Total Coliforn Rule, TCR) -
1''
6 + ' ,6

% ' _
' -(

1''
' ,-
1''
Y% Q/'
-&
-' !7 .(2-5
) -%4
1''
0& #

50 Y ;
A (Lead Contamination Control Act, LCCA)
-914
Y%
<1+ )%' !2 92 5A -7A ('
-91+
-2

-" 0& # ? <8 .(19-7' 3-5 #
) -"
-2

-" 0&' (Surface Water Treatment Rule, SWTR)
N" 62 (Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule, ESWTR) -1/2D
@

' !''''
'
# Y
# 8S @ !"
2 -"&
'
-'
' -2
()
# - S
-'"
'
'
.(19-7
) -2

S
/' ` ?"
$ #+
'1 ` ? - EPA #A
(Drinking <
2 -@& -"
: /'
# \?&4
50
.Water Candidate List, DWCL)
(Maximum Contaminant

Level Goal, MCLG)
:' -2% " 50 MCLG Q/' 904

L'
; (
0 S /$+ Q'2 !0 #7 <1 #+ a) 7' &' ,* 1
!(
#7
6 EPA + ,MCLG `S ' .#1_
-2% 50
?'%' ' ,- 0 L 6/
6 ' ,-"

S 6
6

V@ 1 ;%'' ,) N7" L' ,#1_
5A /'
) !'b

!F0 1 5A
61
MCLG `H+ .-17
7

'
691' .1
'2
="
'+ -@
'+ ,-11_
-@'4
!0
0 8D , Q/' #

#> 6: -@'4
!" 1 '' !0 5A
Q2 & 1
'2
N
S #S =

1
'2 -

# /4
#
' . 6@& ?
( ? M'7' ''
' -92R

S
-
5'4
: 1
'2

5A
61

3*' ,-/
1
'2

- D
' 61 "
=/"

-
-1
' ,
) ="
-7 1
'

S
5A -1 .
50 -"&'

'
1
'2 ) ="
< ,N 1 50 $'& ? '
*A '+ ,6 61 N1' ;'" Q/'
/$+ '' !0 1" %
-&' , %
10 Q/'

*) MCLG -& 7
.1 /$+ # <
' <'' 1" .Q/'

*) #+ - 0
MCL (Maximum

Contaminant Level)
d" ,(Maximum Contaminant Level, MCL) Q/' 904
L'
<1 #+ a -& - 7

F D' (-1
: /') * 1
D!(
L'

.#1_
-2% 0 S /$+ Q'2 !0 #7 Q2

) !
-/

- # 514
/2
5A ? 514
"
67" ?8
'
')
Q/' ' #
' '
'
*O L+ % '+
Reference -"
-0 NA ) S !0 L' EPA .

" S /$+ #' 2
L '+ =" (Dose RfD
#
' ?
'2
1
' ? 4
' e7 -2 0' 2 3*
1
'2
'+ /'
#0 !'
!0 1 ! C .-01
0 Y4
'
(no-observed-adverse-effect 0 S -92R !" L' 50+ 2
(lowest-observed-0 S -92R L' 51+ '+ level = NOAEL)
(Rerence Dose, -"
-0
<2 ' .adverse-effect level = LOAEL)
.!' !
#(' # ^ ? ^ -
RfD)
RfD =
NOAEL or LOAEL

(1-5)
;R
0 *S ,1000' 10 # K'
$*
3
?0 7
F D'
.1
'2
'
# 3*' ,
- # - -
(Drinking Water Equivalent <

h
L'
<2 #'
: I RfD !
Level, DWEL)
DWEL (mg/l) =
RfD (kg)

l/day

(2-5)
'' =
-0 -2%
S #' 2
L 67" DWEL ?
?/" #+ =C
,-91 =
G
:4' .<
% 2' =/"
#> ,2 l/d ^ #O
Y4
# 70 kg N1(' ! < 3R)
& 6R)
,2-5 -"
!

! ;' ,7
5A
S
1
.10 kg N1(' !G 1 l/d
=" L+ % 0 -1

: /' MCLG *S
* ? 1
*A' ,=" % ? #0 1 8'
*A' .
*O
'
')
=/"
# #A' .7"
M' ! 1" %80' %20 # 7"
# #A' .%80 -

! ,+ '+ %80 -1 <
# iS
2' ,%20 -
! ,?&+ '+ %20 -1 <
# 6 S =/"
: S MCLG <2 ,<

# % -1
-
!
MCLG (mg/l) = DWEL (<
- ?
(
)
(3-5)

!

EPA MCL

(Surface #$ %

.

! "
&

' ($

Water Treatment Rule, SWTR)
-/# .

! "
, * + (
%) *!
( 5$
* 4
110
2
3 /'0

; 62 :
9
.9
8 67
8 ! !
1
' ) 8 <10 * + (MCL
$
, '

.>

$ =
-#
(Multiple-Barrier Concept) ((!
' "#
$%&
(Multiple-Barrier Concept)

&

' () $% .SDWA !
"#
.-
#/% 0 ! 1$2 3
4) / 3
5 6 ,
*+
) $% 7: *) ;7<% &9
// .! 7
8 2

) 0 7 7+ =) /
! >! &
=) / ?$ )@
!
=) / 6 @ A 7

, * 7 &
/ .02
7<% &
/ 7)8 4# .@ ( > $ <%

.C+ *% @
# 4$
B , # -
7
8
" =
4

.7 &
D
B
@ &
7
3
B@
: *%
E
9 /# 0/, 7'

A
)$
/# 7
&

3
)$ -
! 7%@ *
8 $2
.6
'
6 >
# &
<F5 3
/F+ ;7:

! 6
' '
75 3G! 7:
H .
' $ 7
$ &

3J+ 7$ 3G! , 74) / &
6 *
% )I 6 )%
%
.(<$ 6
1$ 3
%%K
+
# 7,
!

%
#

2-5
)9' .-7D
-)
1@
? # - <
#' #+ <
0 ) 1
P
' #

' @

'
' '
1-3 ?'
M'1

* 2

#A .( -'1
=
4
,4-3 )
R2 !

-'"% 3*' ,0 : d+ ) 7D
#
-'
-0'1 !82
/!
* .-/ V
G @ 1 YR
-1A ;"7' -/
.-1''

'' -&
/2 -" 1 0 <

?& # )7' ) %' ! -@ '+/' -@( 0 -"
1 '
?8
' (/'
'+) -)
1@
? "
#7 ;) EPA
N1> -2

!" ;/"D .(!"
,15-7) -2%
50
6 &
'
0 @
@

-
(A 5A -)
-"
1
' #' !'''
'
#+ 5A
691 ,D2 ' P
! ' .' 6: - -'" ' '+ /$+ ?" /! .
'"
-& O
*A -"
?0 P ' 8
A '7
!
'7 /! .
M' # %95 ?R \?&+ '+ NTU 0.3
$*
' C . t V 1 ?R # ('
!91 )' ?& ?0
@
!"
.`
#( 6'7 -8"

( ?8
" @
&' (!"
,15-7 ) -'
-"
-1 !j'
-2
-
0 )
' #( ?R # " !" N0'7
50 -'2 ;% Q/' -70 -'

1 #> .@
?2
'
?R 50 -'"
'
?" @
!"
( ,-(

.&'
;'9 ?R # /! $*
' C . t V 1
0 -/'2'
) 0'1 " ('
!91
-&
!

# `@
;)
' .(8-3
) -8
!
-1''

0
/ < <14
- 6' -"

Q/' ; '
10 0 ^ .(9-6
) !91 L+ k 0' #@(
- R%'
1000 # \?&+ ! O% !0 @ !G 91 1''
2

1" 514
"

( + -@ -91+ ' .) ? -10 ,Y
K'
# " R
6 .6 #
' 1000 ? -7A -10 ?" -'7
# K'
#
G "' ,40 6) 1" 514
"
^ 37000' 28001 #
.232 ^ 600000' 450000 # K'
#
G "' ,96 ^ 96000' 83001

5A
61
3*' ('
!91 ? 0 1"
&
' M('
"/ ?&4
50 6"&' 16 31 #' Q2 ,!91
&1' -1
.11000
" ('
-1
,-
1'' % MCLG -& -
1''
#'1& 2
MCLG -2

-" #'1& 2 .' A' -(

1''
'
.R1'
' -'"
'
' !''''
'
M
'14 % !
'+ l' '1D% # *'S

-1" '% '+ e" : Q
G /' P ,3* !:
?&+ /
-914
5A -1' .-1"
*E $+ # 1'' Q/' # V 1
.)/'
+ 2
' -G 10 # S PD N1> )
-10 40 #
(' PD N1> )
-10 40 # + /
-914
5A -1'
N1> ,-1 ' -G 10 Q/' #
*A' .%0.5 -1 )/'
+ 1"
-1
-/' #)1 2
' 1 #> .-0 24 ?R 10 4 '+ 3 *+
O1
67+ -/' #)1 2
' 1 #> .- / L+ -0' <'
.1''
% 2 !91
!/'' ,- / L+ -0' <
/! & 1'' MCL /2 #
*A 2 -/'
/
1"
#7 /!
/ '+ -1 ' -10 /$+ Q/'
+ #A ,3* 50 6 'R0 .N
N 1 ' $*
' 1
'
</' N1> ,-/
1''
5A -1
$' -(

1'' MCL 0 #+ 5A
691' .-(

1'' Q/'
.-/
1''
5A -1 MCL (' ?8 -10 /$+ '' #> ,6
%
# ?
G

<O
m ''
-1 ! C

$
9-3
&'C1) ' _
' -(

1''
' -/
1''
.(1''
-0'

) *

3-5
8O &' .EPA ?& # 1-5 ?'
-
-@

'
2
#A .-

6" 3*' ,-

MCL '+/' -@
*
'
1 </ ,)

!2 #0 !1 -@ ;*2 '+ <
1 ? 5A
-

#+ 5A ," G 2 5A )'
10 #A *A , -@
' -7A $ ' .#1_
-2% 50 ) '
;) )91 ?+ # )

A /! & -7A -'70 40' -'70
'
.-/" L
n '1 3*' -'1 !" 1 ! 0A /! .) #1
'&
%A

' R" ; -& <
" 5 #+ P/D'
/2 Q' #' )

P%1) -@
O
-@

0
Q2+ 50 MRR -'
#1
'& -' '+ EPA U ?%
.(MCL' -1'1
' !& "7' &' .#1_

-2% -2 " MCL #A
7
A ?7+ 50
6 0
- G " MCLG 5A # <&+ MCL
-&

2
#A . 0 -
*+ ,L+ @'' -" -1 '
5A /
# 0
' 1 '
# 0R N 5%' ?' # ,-O /2
6" # 0

# .MCL !& (' & V@ 1
1
*A 82
%' !"
@
!91
!) #*
#
"' -@

-0'1
" G

LC ' .6' !+ 62 #
*A ()
!& (' () -p& D -@ ( ?o .
* ?
.()

* = 6"
#1_
-2% 5A -1 MCL
#
EPA +-/ . %- ,!

) *
!
:1-5 +(
mg/l 2- MCL0#1

0.006

0.002

0.01

0.1

0.004

10
( N )
0.005

( N )
0.1
()
10
+
TTa

0.2

b
0.05

4.0
0.002

TT
10 m #% /#$ 7

!"

'# &* &

0.7
,-
0.005

0.1

0.005

0.1

0.1

0.005
,-
0.005
,

0.075
.
0.07
.40201
0.6
.
0.2
,- .10101
0.005
,- 201
0.005
,- .20101
0.007
,- 101
0.005
,-
0.07
,- 1010cis
0.002
1
0.1
,- 1010trans
10
()
0.005
201

0.00005
,-
TTa
2%
0.7
4
0.002
3%
0.0004
6
0.003
5 %
0.0002
- 6
0.002
5 %
0.001
6
0.004
5 %
0.05
6
0.003
%
0.0002

0.04
1
0.04
,
0.002

0.2
3%
0.2
3
0.0002
( (%)) PAHs
0.4
% (5 % 3) 7
0.001
1
0.0002
7
0.5

0.006
,1 8,- 7
0.0005

0.007
5
0.004

0.02

0.003
1
0.1
,-
0.002
-
TTa
6-
0.05
() 05 04 0 2-TP
0.00000003
0.07
()
2, 3, 7, 8 TCDD
(7).4 02

0.060
% :% 6 ;1
0.080
9 8 ,2, ,

4 mrem/yr
9 <- #
30 g/l

5 pCi/l
226
Ra 228Ra
15 pCi/l & 9= % 9 #

(Treatment Technology TT)
= a
. !" #$%
* 0 1 * *2! 3 5
4 60 78 18 &' ( ) *" * +," -/ & =b
.2.0 mg/l $ 9 ! 3' $
"
? #A .
!91 M'1 50 MCL
'7' #1
'& # (
- :' - &T : -91+ 50 3*' / -91+ -&
+ .1%
' `

? , -'
' !) 1 Y4
()
'
%&
' # 6%+ ()
' -
:' - &T
-914
,-"

50 2

;&
'' @
2
' !
#+ ? ,
V 1 2% S )
/'
3 " MCL
)1 d<'
.1''
'
1 4
%& =" #
R4 1 -@ G

' D2 & MCL : 1 31

8
#7 #R Q2
-" ?R # D #'_
'

'
* (
-"
1 /2 ' .'"
# ?R&q 3*'
`21
' Y%
% #A .) '
'
-@
<1+' ,Y%
!2
'' `21
<1+' !
R%' ' '1%
8 -
<14
?%' ! C
(('4
-&) R%'
' Y%
10 </'
'
%1"
* (
('
*A' .`@

(19-7 ) ?84

?"
= -"
-1 ' ,<1 G
A *
. R <

G '1S -
8 ?

'+
34
) *
(

# 1%
' #" -
1
4
#" %

?r # .-
?:' -@
-' -"
"
' ,<1
#" ;7 #+ 67+ #)
?(1
<1+' ('
<1+ -
.'1%
5A +
!'U
' !'U
' !'
' l1(
' #' 14 -/
#"
T
.$
! -

704
!'
' !'1
' ?1
' @(
' !'
'
U
U dU1 '' .@R
/+ #/' ! + #" #' 14
'
d 1 ') l1(
+ ."
?' 50' !
O7 50 N7 T' ,-"
,UI
?0 ( #' 1 2 ' ,-& (

' ?
,-'
-

#"
2+ '' !'
'' .
*O
+ '
' .-U"

# ' -2

!9" -& (
6"
5UA
691 + # 50+ (
-"

!'
'' ? 2
-
*D
!'
? 1 .61 #'*
- "7 N
'' + #+
.1
'2
!9"
# )72 92' Q2 ,!9"
5A -'
-0'4
91 :' 0 : K 0 -2

5A !'
? #+ #'
%
#+ : .#1_
-2% 8T " /01%
;%

#>U ! #' ,
')
Q/' ' @
# #'
*O
# S !' -@
!U
5UA ?
U
!'
# %10 # \?&+ #' Q2 "7D' & MCL
#+ !' -2%

S #' .
3R)
# iS N1A &' $

N
- 1 -1( '+ ,-0 (G
@
( =/" - 1 /2 A #'
U: ?U4
?%+ ' '%
< ?

!'
#A .-'

'
#+ #U' .-O ?@7 -"

' 2 #>
* ,R
!' -
*
;%
# V 1
T

!' ?0 =" - 1 2 ! Q2
U U1 %U10 U@(
' .3* T
R !' ' ' ,-01%
?' -@ =/"

#7

!9" M'1 N

' ,-"
-*"

3+ @( $'2
!87
#A .-@(

3*
-
@(
? .#1_
-2% 50 " + '
*O ! C
-U
' $'7U"
?U
U@( 5A $'70R
@(
?/'2 0 -@
*O
U
0 -/D
#>
* .)14
'
2
' '' '70
#U U+ $'7U"
?U
@( 5A 5'4
- -'
!U
=
0+ #7 .1"
@( '+ $'70R
@(
KRS )
.-U2
' -T
'
' 1
-&0A' 60 6
7
$'7"
?
@(
-' 0 #+ : ,-
-/ #' $'" $" V
G /) ?1
</
U 6U" ' + #" ') !'1
+ .
1
'2 !/ < &
-'

' -2
?'

$'2 .-'
'%
=" % <
5U0 !'1U

SU T !' .- !'1 (
-'1
!&4
!'1U
#U ?U& )
'& -2 #' #2 ' .P7
' ?
G #1_
-/2%
,-U': : -@(
S Q2 #+ N1 -0
G 0 # N1+ A ,
.94
' "
& )1
'
*O
' #
' O
' -
'
')
0 Y% Q/'
Q2
,-F
' %"
()
' ,
2
!
R 50 Y%
-/ T ' .<
<
- #A .#O
# -70 + -14
' 7
' ? 4
'
.-2
;'9 6" 3*' -'1 '+ -@ #' & Y% Q/'
( ('
61' ,-'
'+ -2
6" 6' ` Y%
'
# ?r $'1 V 1 ') .%
0.005 mg/l -O
MCL -& )
-%%
<14
' -21
<14
-%%
R%'
?%
3*' ,`@

-
<1+ ?%' - D
,-121
-
" ! #

&'
. %4
`21
# -0'1%

?"

L' 2

* %4
`21
# -0'1%

' Y%
<1+ ! C
,6 (%0.2) Y%
# - !2 3@ 2 .Y%
# "
.-21

<1+ %& (%50) $'2
-
3@
#
P
# N1> ,?' ` &' 5A k 2 Y%
#'* #+ 5A
691'
<14
# R
6 %
' -
N' " '1%
Y%
''
&' N1> 3*' .0 8' 6 # K'
,)1 3'
Y%
'
0.015 mg/l (' + 50 504
' 5'4
-
-10 ( #' #+
.-1

_
*
L' 2 #'
# \?&+ N1 + #' .$ 0
?
G <
`21
'
N -@
%
#' ,'%
-' % #' #+ g/L 20
' -21
-
<1+ ?r #0 -1 -(1

()
-*O
/+ %10 `21
' . %4
`21
# -0'1%

?"
< .<1' #E + 3' 1.5 mg/d # K'

N1 - ?'1 #A *A -

-& 60 ?R T ' #:' -'" $" !r `21
# -'
0
`21
( ' .-9 -1( -2%
S </ N1 ,N'1
5'4
-
-10 ( (' #+ O1
* ,-r
50 T
. 1.3 mg/l -21 <1+ - !
R%' # *'S
'1%
-'7 5'4
-
10 `21
' Y% -1 '
-&

#A
-%%
!2
R%'' -21
<14

* -
R%' -''
2 ' .-121
-%%
<14
'+ -%%
<14

* R%'
'+
-&

V@ 1 50' @
!91
!2 50 -&

' # 0
1 0
" ,+ & 1 #A -"
-0 50 3*' ,-
!
#0 " 5'4
-
10 # + '+ %10 N 1 #A .?r
50
'+ Y% 0.015 mg/l A #1"
#* #
' 2 (' Q2 ,/2
-"
-1 ;) .-1

_
*
/" ' `21 1.3 mg/l
#0

A 5A ,`21
' Y%
5A -1 !
"
# 82
*> .?4
-"
;9' ' ?r
? - -" !' 3*' ?r
61 < 4

#> ,Y% "
_
*
L' (' /!
N # ?R&q %' ' Y% -2%

?'2 -" 6"
<
!

?& -
R%' ; ?& # !
5A -%
'
-
R%' ?

< 4
#>
* #0 R
6 7 .!"

0A'
M
!:

_
*
L' ('

-914 -%%
.?r
50

' ;9' '

.7 3G#+ G 7 7 &
/
# &H8 4 .4# L: / # 0/,
B , I 7<% &

;$/ 7
" >5
%
M#+ *% *+ &

75$
*% 7 / # .
<2 ,
%2 $ 3
D

*)%

H #+ >$ *% ;N: C/<!
B5

+ /
%

% ) .
%P 7/$ - 2 0/, (
# 75 E<
' O%
?
4.0 mg/l 7F
MCL 7: .! Q 0 % ) # (
B# .C" ' IH /
% I
3 : *+ &

/
% *)% /
%2 " *+ &
//
B
4
/
B , -

R
" .&
$ 3
G:S TH 7
4 3
% 0 ! / 7, ( / ;<
7
4 # V ;A"<
-
TG% 4U 0 B' .
<2 1
%2
) - 8 ( 3
0!:2 I % <% 0 % 2-5 7
.3 % A$ &: 0 3G %
/, !
" !

:2-5
() ' & $

%
#
mg/l & , &>
(F) ' &9 9
1.2
1 53.7
1.1
58.3 - 53.8
1.0
63.8 - 58.4
0.9
70.6 - 63.9
0.8
79.2 - 70.7
0.7
90.5 - 79.3
.-

B) H IH I 5,G / 6@
+ #+ 8 3
7OU 3 ( # I 7 &
/ # ;7,
:2
.
8
% 7: 7@
&

7$% (%2 %
7 ! &
R< # ,
=) / 7<% &
/ # .A
"/
B@ B"
! <$ .7, 52 >! 7
7": -
2 .W 7W / 6)5 7
! *% -
3
3/ # .+ 6 3 8
, R H T@ 7!
$ ;65/
" E / %#K = 0 YX 3 0 6 X
# .
B:
B 65
B< E
:Z
*)% IH 2 %#2

:2 3
2 ' 0 B' 7
F/ (
6)5 7W / 3

-[ H 7/
B8

$% 7 3 *% 0/,
8
-
7
7W / Y$+ # ./: >
9 $ 0 ;>$ 0 (B
, \
G
B @
%
E " ,
B
65 A#

,% ;*< : 7 %
(# 3
# #/% -
!2 F
/ # .65 /4
7%@
! .7%#, 34U )I ' *+ &
3
.*
/ 3 5$ 8 F
-H 3/
# '+ $'@ ;

G </ #+ `' 4
O 9'
=" #

') =/"
< -2 #A .` 1
() =
+ /$S '+ -@
')
<"
#+ 5A '7 =

4
*) -%_ `' 4
;S Q/'
5A $T & -
J 1 D
`' 4
;+ " 'G G " -/'

<
N72 # #8
!0 - =

* !0 #' .=
4
*) -%_
.`"
/ ? #'
3!
) *
(

(
6:' -+ <
-'7"
-@

'
'
# ` .6"% #1_
-2% S s&' /$+ #' Q2
6 -7 1
-'7"
-@
p
!9" -/ #0 -&'' 1 50 ?'%2
?)
'+ -70 7" # 6 0 8'

'"
#' ,#1_
50
50 4
-'
! C 3*' .-'7 '+ -&
: -1)
50 -'7"
1

'
=/"
1
'2
-0 #' #+ = N1> -/

1
'2
-*O
' .#1_
"' .!
#(' `+ 50 #1q
3 6''( -@ -/

,1
'2
(NOAEL) L' ' ,K'
3)
'

-&
#1_
?& # K'
3)
'

? #+ ?0 !
^ .
5A 1
'2
#

#/7
-/&''
!0 0 *Z
1 8' !
*A 10 <
" 7' ! D
#4
?0
,1
'2
L
-'
-/D
1 60 ,
$
=/"
M
'1+ =" L
-'
-/D
#0 1 8' 10 100 ^'
'2 1 ' #A 1000 5A ?%' ,#1_
L 8' #' 1
'2
)1S -' -@ ?'1 ' .1

'2
L
-/D
#0
#A .
-0 P% 0 ) 3' -1 '+ 8T -1
?'2 0 3*' #
'2 -/'2 -
A ?R # /! V 1

3*' ,#1q 5" -0 6''( -@ -0 5A
#
'2 -0
/! 3* " .#1_

! '
#
'2
-2
2
50 1
?/" <2 ! ' ,S
' ?'

# 7 k*'1 !

L '
?' 5A
61
#

?'

.-1 70 & 2

(Volatile Organic Chemicals, VOC) /
-'7"
-@

'
V 1
.-(1
' -0
(
' -
' -01%
1
)

S ' #
p
*) -"
-2%

S
#7
/

'
(
# -
?8 .%"
()
' -
'
(VOC) #A Q2 ,60' + (VOC) U -'

Q/' ' .%

6: #'
' 1
' 8
0 Y&1 ' -
R
6 & R
6 $
-/'
-'

6T -
'
6 1

'
+ #7 .'2
#/'' #"
-01% ! C !'2 -* ' ,#A''
! D d<* '' ,#A''
' ,-(1
91
1 @

'
' ,L+ k 1A -' -@ ;
;91

-01% ! D
#'''
-01% ! D
#'

1' -01% ? -' '' #A'' $ 2,1' ,*
'
'' ,3 R
-01% ! < '' ?1
'' ,?1
'
.?1 '
' O%' 3 R
-01% ! D
?1 '
(Synthetic Organic Chemicals, -"1%

-'7"
-@

'
+ #A
.-2

<
Q/' "
6 0 SOCs)
1
6%'%' #)
' -01% L4
(SOCs) ! '

2

;%C &' .
t N # )1 ?&' - R
1
# A 62 61 5
-2

<04

'
#+ -'
# .
'
* ? ) ! C -1
1
'+ -0
(
2' '+

' ,

-01% #0 - 1
;%
Q/'
,#(
+' ,<+' ,'+ '' ; .$
'+
# .<
#''''' $' ,' $ #A' ,#
'''
,
' ,# @
0 $
!
5A Y #+ -2

!9"
-' p
*) /2
=/"
=
0+ ?8 .$'" $"
()
'
5A
1
'2
=/"
.-1 !E' #O
' -T
-7'
.#

=" < ' ,-F
50' -%0
S
$ ! 5
) /! # -1' -'70 (THMS) #')
R # #A
.' '+ ,!' ,'
* QR + ?%+ # #'
* QR ?

,(#'' )
!'''
#
;
-&
(

'

$ ,(#'' ) !''' ,#'''' ,#''''

60' #') + ' !'''
' .<
#''A''
' 2
=" ' .(
50S ' 6:' ,<

THMS V 1 .
!' "
'' - 1 !'D
#''
! D
'
# @
?0
- 1 -2

-" ?R

'
#7 .!

" ? ''
-'7"

'
' !"
?2 # - 1
3 '
=2' (
) 3')
=2 -"
-'7"
.#')
R # V 1
!"
?0
' . 1
#')
R # = -'70 + (' #'+ + !' #'+) +' (4-5)
.-1)D +
-'1
t 1
' -
#')
R # 1 5A -7A
.)1 (HAAS) #')
R 5 =2+ " ,-@
8"
!+ "
# ! '
-/
Y'2
)
L4
-'1

'
+
R' #')
R # =2+ ?8 . " (
''
,#(
# -' 0
(
( ? ,$' ? #')
!91 ) 9 2

'D

(
( #+ # 3* 50'
(HAAS) 5' 80 g/l L 8
THMS U MCLs !& /! .('
0 -/"
'2
* 2 /! .
1
'2 # < 60 g/l L
. 1
#0 ) 12 $ ' -& 50 2
# *+ )1 %25 ('
!91 # ') -R -@ 10 /0 "
!& 1' .1
M/('
? 50 -0(' )1 %75' -
;
+ 5%&+

1"
? (HAAS) 5' -
THMS (
-'
!
?
/D !& Q2+ ' -& 1 -904
Q/'
' #A .
/!
.) -
-R
M4
' -&' ,-1
# M+ -"+ Q2+
MCLs !& / EPA N 10+ $*
-1
!"
V
'1' "
#'1& #A

!"
' .
' 1.0 mg/l' ' 0.01 mg/l &
.'
+ 1 0.8 mg/l' #
'
' ' 4.0 mg/l 10 L'%
!

#U0 -U 1
:' , + 0"A
%A 0 -"
%1"
3
+ #'U ' 2) !'U)

'U1 + -D #A .= + -/& -2 5A L'1
#' A -D' .He4

6% ,Po218 5A Rn222 3 R
6 ,(#' '1
.- 6U Ac228 5A Ra228 3 R
6 .#' '1
3 - 1
'1
# %H+
#+ '+ ,U + UD U%H+ U
!')
L'1 #> "
* ? '
-"U+ #A .;U G %10 5A !4

*
/O , -D ;'*
#' _
,'7U
#U LU+ ?+' ,1O')
M"_
?+ # ?
v :
: 3 #7 .À -"+' - 1
''
2
2 0"A'
? ' & :' ' + 0"_' .6
6%10 ?8 #+ #' -&
5U0 U& U)1 ?' .
-
S ) #' 3* 50' ,-
#SU
50U -U" ,U)10 N "
'
'1
?'2
# #' A MR &
-U0 U1'Z #' ,#S

-
' M"_
#0 ;
/! ' .(Ionization)
U
#A *A -*T -/2%
S </
,$
!
?
1
.-' ,- '' ,-' ' ,-' M"_

# -1
-2%
-U&' -U ;8&' #+ # .0"_

'

& #
.À -"+ 3*' $
!
: -"+ !9" D" 1 , + D !9"
!
) & !9" #> %& &

- 1 ;p&' + D #+ 5A
691'
.M"q -

!2 2
' +
6 -6
50 (Curie Per Liter 10-12) $' 10-12 pCi/l `
2
' #A
(Radiation Equivalent (rem) UU
+ .!'

# 1 g 1 ' $'
#+
-%U
-0 6& -@
M"_
-0 2
' h ) man)
M"A # -1Z "
7
;%' -0'1 ?" -'7 rad U
M"U_
-U0 2
' rad U
#A .rem U
# 1/1000 ' mrem #A .#S
.
# 1 g -&
# 100 erg 2
' rad !
.Y
-"U
L'U1
%U #' #+ <
0"_
1 #
%U
' -1'
-"4
# V 1
-0"_
-
^ .-"1%
'+ -"
'U -U'
U
''
Ra226 %' .-1 100 mrem -74
U
- 1 -2

d 1 0"_
N1' ,-''
R
-G U #U0 d!U1 $

=/"
!9"' .-''1
-24
< # V 1
*U #U U OU% (' ,) # '*

%
# -0"A
U2 #U -1 O% 50 -'2
<
# V 1 =/"
-U0 ^ .-"

' #/01%
#F D
'
' ,-''1
-&
-6 7 1 -6 & (' !" 5%'D

' <
()
-2'
@91
-U
-U& #U %1 ?U8 ' -1 0.244 mrem L"
6
!'

' !'1'
N' < , 50+ !9"
-0 #+ !:' .-"
#U' .-U
-U
' # %10 # \?&+ ?8 ) -0
#+ A ,)A
-
MCLs U
!& EPA 0
-@

S
# /
!" - 1'
.1-5 ?'

!
U ) 5
n %' - " (SMCLs) 3-5 ?'
+
,)
U
6 <:D
'
-0'1 # P%
Y@% "
?U& # -7' :' *1 :' ,-2%
- : " '
.EPA U
#0 ?T
5A #F)
,) 2@
' ) ':' @
(
<
#' '0
-
-%

'
'
' ' #A .) L' 5A' )1+ -
? -1"

8T ,?)_ < Y
@%' 6" -
*
-U1/ d
'U !'U(1O
' !''%
#A .$
' ')
-0'1
!'A P)
(1
P ,(Glauber Salt) 'R: P '
6 @ ! -'"
U #''U1 #*

#'
'+ #'
92R .($(1_
P
'
#'&SU #0 !)1 ,#/

S
# ?
G 0 L
n ' 2
* <
G
.61 %& #( ?R

*
+ ,' (- , :3-5
mg/l 0.2 - 0.05
%
mg/l 250

' 15

mg/l 1.0

A@ 4
&? @
mg/l 2
1
mg/l 0.5
74
mg/l 0.3

mg/l 0.05
B
& C% 3
&
8.5 - 6.5
pH
mg/l 0.1
&*1
mg/l 250

mg/l 500
&? & D
mg/l 5
E
'
K # ,-"

'' 1
!'14
(
=" !'1+ ' ' .3_
3* </ #+ #' ,(

#U -U 1
)
7
' "
-2& kR" - D
-72
-" -'+
U 6U0'1 -U'& '+ - " pH !&
* -8+ : ! C ."
=2+
U2
+ .
+ #" '' ! 4
,<14
?r # ?R&q
' ?O
N12 $*
/1
8
< #' #
%10 ) (1O1
'
#U
t U D' .G2
N2 $*

'2
!" -7A ,#'
,-U"
U
=" -2%
S L' # ?
G \?&+ -7
#'U"
' U
< *A

w dS -7
# -"
0'

*U: U /U+ #/' ) '
+ .6&( 6 61'
O
'
."4
' " -6 ) #' )1 @
(

#' #1_
(Clean Water Act) &

4-5
EPA -U' (Clean Water Act, CWA) -U 91
U
-' 7/'
2
-92
3* # ;
4
' . -"

Q/' 7 V
2 ' N'
U
' U2
' -2
-/'2
' -@(
' -@
-0'1
50
7U
?U& #1_
-2% -2' -@

0
7' 0 3*' -'
5A ,1972 !0 -1'

# G (/2 Q/' Q'2 L/+ .-/% &
- &T G -0'1 5A ?'%'

' /'
K # ?R&_
-@
;
4
?"
%U
#U U 5UA ?'%'
' -
2
' 2
' 34
2
!
U 2
Ò1'U
-U U1 U .)A ?'%'
/ 581+ ) -2
'
.;
4
* 5A ?'%' )0 -92
' -' ? -/4
'T
:- I

-/'4
- 91

-' 1
.-/
G -/D
/'
K 1
- !'"
?& # -' -" 2 - 0 !
.(7
#
1" (1A /!
*') -2
)
' -'
#
.-"
' 1 O ' -G " 2 !%
'
;9'
-'2
- 1 50 =
G '0 ' Q'2 0
G 1 ' -0
.-2
-'
;
+ #+ #7 -2

-0'1 " `S ' -
' Q2
.T
/! &
#' #+' -@
2
!0 50 6 & -2

? #' #+ <

_ V" #+ O1 ,!"
@
() )A V 2

*A' ,6 -2
67+ -92
! .<
" -6 ' ' < -6 & P% -
V(
' -2 -6 1 ) 0'1 ?" )14
' -@
"/
# 50
6' 2
'
0 -2

;81% .<
'
&' @
-/'2
' -@
' -@(
" !82
' )1

R
.Q/' /7 # ,@

+ #> #7
! #' ,/2

' ,-%

'
' ,<
*D
#4
,
-0'1 /2
#@

'
"C L+ /'2 /$+'
2
-' ,pH' ,-/

'
' ,-1''
.-'7
Q/'
K8
-
(_ 1'
!91
' -'
50 L ?" !+ #A
2 /! .(National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System, NPDES)
# 3*' ,-2

-0'1 " (/(" -1
5A 1
<%
'2

6
' .K8
0 '+ <
G '1+ 0 /'
/<%
-"
2 ?+
#'/'
G 1 ?/' <&
#+ -"
-82 3 50 </' #1
'
61 !/ # ?' ,3) 1 /$+ #> 3* * 1_' .) 1
/$+ #0 ^8' ;%
- 2 -'" -6 70 #'' !eOD ,/'

K " 6* n 0
'+
.#

' ' ;%
-" 2 NPDES V1 O L
Y
' ,8
" *1 /2
N # .N&RA *1
/ /0
- -" V

' ,-/

'
7' ,
-0'1 5A 1
,-&

' /2 -/ 2

' ,
Z "' ,/01%
;%
L+ V
/0 V /! 3* 5A -7A .2
/'
K #@
&'
#7 2
#
7 ) ,NPDES U
Y V1

A !91 0 3*' $
S2 K' !

,$
?%
'2 -2 -

' , S2
-/

' -'
'
'
#1
'& 31 #A .-'
='2
A !0 NPDES U
- @
+ #7 NPDES U Y

!91 ? ' -2 -7A
-/D
-&
,8
/'2 -"' -&
,?O
1 #0 -'
.3;%
S2 -0'1' <% -/'2
(NPDES)
, 1
. 78
9
$
5-5

!
-&R0 ) - G -0'1 " 1-5 ?
)9

" /2 .? ;% ' !91
_ 3*' ) "'
" /2 .( 2
' -

# ? -':
-0'1
-2
(1
#%
-" ?R # )A ?'%'
<
-0'1
<%
-2'
/01%
;%
-
-"
" #7 ./01%
'
;%
-" -/
'
1
R
!0 -1

"7' .) -

5A -"
-82 0 ' !0 3*' -/1
2 M ;2 (

&
'
' .-"
-2%
-2 <
"
' ;%
' ,-2

-0'1 -&
1 ,@

.<
"# !
:1-5
(' !0 #7 <

-@(
' -@
' -/'2
-0'1
<&J

60' # 0
1 + #A .-0'7'
"
Q/'
#0 !1
$
50+ 3*' ,;%

<% #0 !1
L
? + R
-1
.
-" -82 <2 < ?R # 3*' L
7 8
;(NPDES) Q/'
;%
# Y 1'
!91
Y
%
/'
' .% 2 ' /'
# /2
;) 1 -" 2
,SS' BOD -01%
' -
' -2
;%

' 2
-
-'70
' -/

'
#7 .#'
' ,(
' ,pH ,-(

1''
'
2 k1 -7A
' /$+ ) - R
/'
+ .- #"' -"1%
.' '
' #' 1 -/

'
;1% 2 ' -

'
;1%
? -0 -" ' : S ;%
K Y
#7
-
' ,&' ? -/%
<%
'2' ,Y

K
'1+
;% .K8
7 -'7
' &' -/%
'
' ,xR_
' -&

' K .N@OA -1_' Y -1'1
2
'1
-"
;'9
#0 xR_ !( N Y

,?
? 5" ,!)
(
' !) Y
.Y
6 !/' /2 - P O
;'9
#
'" -% N ? ,N Y
xRA /!
6+'
" 5A ,-7'
<%
'2 1 .) 1 N2 50 -
'

> 67+ NPDES Y ' !82 .
-0'1 5A' -1
5A 1
,NPDES V1 * 1A' ?O #0 -'T EPA #+ !:' .;%
S2
* (1> /2 -''+ ' 1
'
=" !' #+ # N1+ A
.EPA U
;
> 3*' ;@9'
*) 6' #' ,-" -82 3F ,-&

/
* dV1 NPDES #A

4
#0 xR_
' -&
-
#0
6 'T #' #S 6JD V1
'
/2 .Y
' ) 1
/$+ ) S2
' ;%
-"
,# 0
)

</'

_
,-&

2
' <%
50
-1%
' ?O
< .R
3' ,-/
%'2
' ,
`&'
5A -"
: ;%
?/'2 ' ,-"
!91 ?0 #0 xR_
/O /$+ -7_

xR_
' .-"
-0 <
7
' ,1

_
' * 1A #A .!
(
?'' "_ !
(
!" '+ ,K8
-/ : %

# K'
-/
A
G
' 0 #' #(
: 2
-/@
( '+ -/1 -/@7&

A *
#' .- '0 5A /$
A + 5A
. ) 1
1
*A
<=>(
!
? (-/'2) -'1 -6 " ,-1
5A 1
"
<
O1 .-
/'
L' 2 /2
-
' !
(
-/1
;%
-/
1"
SS' BOD # ? (
2
'
(' +
+' ,30 mg/l -& ,6 6' 30 ?R -0 24 L 50 *'S
6 'R0 .- !+ 7 G /$4 45 mg/l -& 2

'
-& ('
" ' .%85 -1 #' #+ O1 SS' BOD U
-
(A #> 3* 50
10 mg/l -& (
2
'
(' + O1 ,!'2
' '(
#+ O1 .- !+ 7 /$4 20 mg/l '+ 6 6' 30 G /$4

/2 & ,-/4

*) -7A' .9.0 5A 6.0 '2 #7 pH -& 5
-/%
-/2
! !
( R 3*' ,-"

K -0'1
6 + "
.( G &' -/2
!
) )1" -" -82 &'

' ,;% K 5

-0'1 5A 1
"
1
1 <% " = #A .2 '+ -' 6 '+ -2 6 1+
& .8
-"
;%
Q' !0 #7 -1
5A
# ,) 0'1
# /2 61 -2

; #'
/'
(
( <
,; ?' ='2 2C ;
G %
5A 1
"
'2 #' 3* ,-'
5A ?% $*
P

5

-&
#A .-1
5A 1
'2
50 -''4

-0'1
#A .
-0'1 5A 1
" !
(
#7 /+ d+ ;%

xR_
' ,R
3' ,-&

' !
(
#0 ?'T -"
-82 3
.K8
Y /2 '
;)
-0'1 5A 1
Q/'
# /2 -
-

!
-/
' ,/2 /' 7 :#
#
-@
2
-2
'2 7' ?R # /2 /' 7 !
/! .-/'2 ?2 0 <%
1'4 - R
/'' -@
-'7"

'
' -/
#" -/0

6 2
4
%
#A .-/@
2
50 -0 '% 8T
' ,'
'
;%
<% ' , 0 ;% -/
-@

' <

' 2
6 '+ <%

*
O1
* ,
!91 /01%
-'1 /' L4
%
#' & .)1 2
' )7 -O /2 -@
'2 #+ 5A
691' .-"
-82 ) '2 :+ V)% 1F2

' ;%

0 ) &
!
-0'1 5A 1
"
;
,
-0'1 5A 1
"
*S ,)( " 3*' -2
<% /2 /' -/0 '2 7' /! N1> 6'0' . 0
.<1 : k(
1 ;
# #A ;%
<
-" 2 0
-@
/'
-
(A #A
.-2 # ! #A
6 -"% 82
* -0 0 -
'
,<
() % -'
' -2

-2 - ?8
-0'1 5A 1
"
#' &
* .)1 j2
' /2 -@
' -&

< ,L+
"' .) 1 <
" ;%
8
L'%
' ,-'
' -2
-&

-@
-0'1
!( #+
.<
/2
' Q/'
62 " $*

' ,' '
- R
' -/D
'2 /'
#'
.%
' 1
/(
'
2
(-1I

7
) - + ?" !82

<% 67+ ;%
8 # S
#' 1
!
: % # &
'
S #' 1
Q/'
#' .( 2
m (
<2
-2 #' -0
(
7
4
# !
;% )0
.$'
;RO
#' 1
7
(
< 1
'1
' - Z `"
S
#A
5A K
)2 -2& - ? ?8 ' ,
'0 (
' ,<2
-6 %1 @

#
/(
'+ 2
M& 5A -82
<2
< .h
- D
34
N 2 $*
' (#'1')
)
-"
-
DO
#
' h
'
' 1 & ,<2
5A -7_ .(
!"

.* -@ 1 <% '1 0 /7
<04 -27
?2 3*' ,6
"
+ <%
-(

1''
" #A

* 1 #A '+ ,<

6% <%

*) -/

1
/<% ;%
1
*A '+ ,
` !

#> ,1''
'2 = ' .-1 -1 #
= 1 ?'
-)
'7"

0+ =8 -"
-'
L'&4
!"
0
( -'1
-"
#' & 2
=" ' .8
-7D
8
0 -
-"
#' & \?&+ 2 ' .-1 '
`
1'' -':
-
(_
5A ?'%' -'7 '
' P
' @
-%

'
' BOD U
)
(A 0 <%
-
-"
1 .7D
'
.-"
(Total Maximum Daily Load) *

1

#
./
(TMDL)
(Total Maximum Daily Load,
7/# 1 !" 7) 7
/"% 7<% &

/ # =
9 ) / 1 !" 7#/ ]*
% 8 TMDL)
7<"
! # =) /
! 5 .-
7,
7B ) % 0"
; ;7, ?
9 >!# 7<"
! (>! &
7
3
<)
&

7% 3)F 7
/ .7) 7<% &

;
% ) IH TMDL 5 F V ;7)@
# Y@
!$ 7<%
5 @
! (Z TMDL `
B
.*%

9
N
8
)5 .7
3
< *! <5 7M" TMDL Y$ !
) 3
;&
7, 0 B
% *!
=
9 ) / ,
.>! &
*! mg/l
, 0/, ;B

<

-2
) 2 - '
#> ,- 91

-' 2 '
.

' '+ ,
-0'1 /2 " '
2
'
# 6 " -6 1 #+ ,7
#
1" D'
!9"' .

5A
61
'+ -0'1
" 5A
61
'
.<
% ' -2 ' % P% ' '
*
' ') 1
*O ''' ,@
(
<
3* -@
<4
'
.-7D
%1"
' (#' 1'
n ' 2 L4
<4
? '
O ' -/
#"
' DO # = 1 L
EPA 2 &
3* - 1' .-2

' SS' ,pH' ,"
#'
-0'1
" ' q
* KR% TMDL #'1&
.

'
2
'

-0'1 #2 TMDL #'1& ;9' <
1" ?R 2R
7
0 #A .- 91

V1 # 6 /2
-&
0+ -"
< # 1 , -1 % 5A ,7
#
# @2
* /2 .-1 L+' -1 % 3

'+ ,-1 %
% 6/
62 #A . -1
% NPDES Y !91 K1
#7 G 2 5A O ' - &T' 6 1 )1' 5A
691 ,62 ?8 -1R
2'
'
2
#> '4
* #7' .- 1
6 < '
" 4
<8 ' .EPA U
# 3* #S 627
' R
,7D
' *O
' '
-@
/'
2 -27
'
< .%4
#'
/O ?& # @
' ?7+
62 3*'

0 /'
2 7

-0'1 ?7+ k*1 4
.-2
#
' ,6
- ;
`
<1R -2
k*1
#A
< ' .)10 1 6'0 ' ?A "7' & "
V

'
'2
# -'2 ? !)A' -@
;'9
2 TMDL <2
?%
/2
A V1 < ,% ' .-1R
' -1
%
#
,
-0'1 -1 "' ,'

2 -6 &'' -6 /@
,-1 - A #7 -7 k*1' , -/"&

'

'
./2 Q/' #
Y%2 2 60 R
6 '
1
,1

-

!
;/7 '+ -/
' -01%
)2
;%
$' 2 #+ #
-// 6: /'
$ ' .-2
;%
-"@ : (

-"
'
-91+ #+ 5A
691 ,-"
-82' $
!91 50
,-/'2
-"
-0 ?
#+ /'
*) #' . 1
*) -/%D
S2
' .)/'' N -

5A \?1 ' N
(A <"% )9"'
(' $'2
#(
'
y0 ? 8T 67+ -/

'
*) -/'
# -
-':
:
S
* 1 # .-@

# )2
'+ /'
-
(A # .-1
/01%
;%
K
8T - D 1 !

0 3*' ,;%
K ?& )0 7
;"C ' .(Recycling) '

C 1% <+ '+ ,-"
7
.(Pretreatment) -
-" <4
*
#
;% -" 2 # -
-" EPA #1
'& <
? ' .NPDES Y
V1 k1R
6 J W"D 62 61 `/T #+
0 60 8T
' -"
-82 /'
K 1 ;
4
0 '+ ;%

S2 !

0A '+ K8
?
' ,-"
-"
!91 !2 ' 7 -2R%
* -" -82 ' .-"
"
-/@7& L'0 -&> + ' /01%

;%
<% !
(
!/' ' "
-
'+ -
?& # V1
50 ;
_
#'' .-(
: 01%

;% K 6%
-&
-/'
-
% .EPA U
'+ -'
Y

#7 .-1
$ 61'1& (/) ' -1
$ 01%
Y'2
' ,<1
`&' ,# 0
' -&

/' -/0
6'2
.
' xR_
' -
67+ K' V)% 12 -"

-82 5A ;%
<W2
#A
Z #+ -12 ? O1 .-
-"
" <'
;) <''
.-&

- 5A !8D ,Y <
<>(
#
?
-8
6'2
6
$C #+ #
;% -" 1 2 # <D
-/'2
-
* (1C .) -2'1
NPDES Y
6' <% R
6
-@ ;%
5A 1 -@ '70 =" 0 -/D

N1S EPA U
?& # /2) %& 4 1'
' .-&
-/
7' ((Whole Effluent Toxicity, WET) -
<%
-/
'70 )1 ? 5A ;7' ,#F #0' -/' : ' <%
3* # ;)
' .-&
-/ -G @ -/D

S
<&J
C ! ,
(Safe, 92R L' m0 L' mS L' '+ #4

L'
-@
2 " P ,no- observed-adverse-effect Level)
.N - D

# '+ '
k( # A -0'1% - D
-/
-0'4
'
1000 ml 5A 250 ml # )2 K'
,2
' ! $*
# '
DO ( #' #+ O1

?R .
'7"
!2 6 "
<%
' .y$' ?
G pH U
`& 25C &
2 - M_
<&

'
-
(_ ?
G 1 28D -0 24 L 50 *H+ -/ -G 10 #0 0
1 6 '2 -')
#' #+ O1 <%
72 ?R' .-"
-%
./
-'7"
p
#
`+

* '1
h

-"@
'7"
#A
<2
' (Ceriodaphnia Dubia)
Q':D' (Pimephales Promelas)
'
=" /' .(Selenastrum Capricornutum)
7
.-1'
M
'1Z
' 1

;/"D' .-0 24 =" " '
"
- 1 #0 /"'
5A
' ,-/'2
'
- 0 )1S %25 & 2
& 50 -1
.-
? 2 '
#7 <%
; # <%
-/D' -

' #A
# -
0>
62 + -/

A < 3*' .-

,%12.5 ,%25 ,%50 ,%100 ?& # ,8 Y&1 ; -/

-/0'4
<%
<1
,
* ;
? ? #+ ? 2D' .(-1 -) %6.25
?R !+ -" 1 in. <'1+ ?/D = 1 <% 5A -1
(G 5%&+ N1A 61 ?' '+ )1 61
6 0 ?8 $*
' ,
'1 0
?'
# ;
*T .-2

" N0 /Y1 /' K'
0 N2 ! ' .k(
1 <1
' # '+ K8
<'1+ ?& <% ?
#+ #
-1'
'7"
-
(_ (Planktons F
'0) #' 1R -
#' #+ # ?' .
'70 #' )1 D #+ '+ !)
-/ A

* (1C #+ # ."
-' -1" 6 ;

' .!+ 7 5 2 -G &
-/ '+ -0 24 2
3
#
`+

* '1 !/ #S ,7"
1
*O
! /!
#' #+

R #' .62 n ($) `& '+ P

'70 ?1 Q2 ,(Static-renewal Tests) - m -1'

V@ 1 5A
61
.N 1 ;%
( N ?'2 5A -0 24 ?

10 <% 0 S -92R !0 ( /! ,
= 1 <
G 1 8 C
' ;%
-1 #C #+ #' .-
.
'1 0 ?R !+ -" 1 in. <'14
6@ 6' < 4

#> ,-/ 5A -/'2

+
*A
-/

'
# ?R&_
#
# #
*A A 6 3* #' #+ #' .8
-/

'
2 - ?7+ #A .?'" !G & 5A '' ? 2

' -01%
# - S
-/
/' -% -@&
0A ' %'
`&' 61 0
,!@R - -" V1 < ' ,;%
?
*
# ,/'
2 "' . ! ' ,-/ 6%'2' ,<1
-01% - -" 0 3*' ,)

(A '+ <%
-/ ;

A
.#
;% -812 -"'
>

50 3*' -2

50 ,
-0'1 5A 1
"
1
((" 5A ,/@
?%
/2 -2 NPDES -

;) .-'

-'

-2 #A .-"
#
'
' ,-'

' ,-2

-2
2
'
# # 6 %50 #+ 5A
691 ,Y'%
N' 50 -t
-914
0 )%A /! )1 %30 , % -'

50 #' "
6% -'

#' 5A
691' .-2 G E 0 )1 %20' ,-
.2
!
R )0 <

( #+ &' D ,-/0'1
0 6% &

) #' 1 /<%
;%
-" - <
'+ - ;% -" 0 62R%
,Q/' -6 70' < -& -'
" @

?2
5A ?%
'
K
' #+ O1 .- -"
"
!"
;
'+/' 1
L # N1+ 5A
691 ,<
!

0A -"
# -"
-
* 2 < #A .-'

.N2 #0 ?
G #
#7' /0
(
/$ <%
@
?2
Q/' " .-'

-0'1
A K ' Q/'
#A
?
'2
!9" ;91 #+ 5A
691 ,-/" : 6 0 -R"

_
'O
,#1
#
6'0 "
!"
< ' .6% &
'+ 61 # : -@
(:'
<1
0 @
?2
# k '+ /'
?2 ! #A'
-@
%
-" #A .6 Q2 & "
)
#> -'
.Q/'
#/+ #
+ -1
-'') /'
!)
' - 2
#>3 "
#> "
(&19 F &) E
&? $ #* GC 89
B 0'- 0" 0GC $
( D-) &C

7
? &C @ 1 &19 F $
' H 1 &19 F $
5 E 89
5GC
(" & -) ;$
$3 G % ? % 0# &># B
96 % I< % GC E '-
.
B
' & $ :&,%) 0 0;" F : :&,%)
1 ;" F $ 0& *
0'# ?$ 0 %
(L 7
?
(< > @

%& $ :2-5
-1
%
= ' ,-&

' ,Q/'
4

#A
# S
Q/' ?0

( .2-5 ?
-27' Q/' -1R
'
1
/(
' , 1
!
'+' ,

!
' ,;%
3 -1
%
1_
' ,N'
!%
' ,&'

50 ,"
#2
E' ,'
?'2 -&
E > 5%'D 6

' .#(
&
?O
' ,!@R
,Q/'
' .? 2 Q
G /'

*1_
;) -'

&'
<
-
(A 0 3*' +
7+ ;_ 6' N

A *
O1
Q/'
% 7 # 6 0' .?"
'+ 1 0A 0 ?R #

A ?R # ,=4
P 50 -@
' 7' # - 1
-1R
50 KR4
1' 4
' -2

0
(
!

#A .-91
* #'' .- 2 Q/' % 50 -+ ,V

-
*_ -"

10
0 *8 1C #+ -&
# .)"'
- 7 0 Q/'

<1 ?/C
-&

E ? ,-1
E # *'S -'
6: Q/'
= #A . -%
' -"

()
' ,$
E' ,-'
!

50 6@( " & -&_
' -"
% &
#4 6"% #'
,6' ?O
@
O '+ )

# ?R&_
#' &' .-@

'
.-%
2
)

1 & '+
#-
6-5
` !
) 2 O1
' -@

#A
,$2
#'
' ,%
-7' $
%
' ,N1' # '+ 2

. -01%
() ' (2
,`'1
,2
P) 2
%2'
P/7' ' $2 <% A 2
;%
K <
G
S N )1 j'D( ,61 -"

5A / <1+ 8 # #' ,3-5 ?
-' .'4
;
$ 0
*1
# 0 ;%

'
( # 514
/2
5A ? ;
G '+ ;
G #S # ,* K8
&'
! ' .;%
K '' ,-/'2
-" ?( C !
'' !0 #7 3*'

1+' -2
Y@%
! ?R # K8
.2
` !
1 '+ 2
%2 1 7D
.-2
-@ -2 5%&+ #/T #+ &' O1 ,3* #0 R
6 7

, &8
<9 > @

0
-0'1 -@
' -@(
' -
" !
(
!
.(3-5 ?) <& -
' '4
;
1 ?8 2 # " 10
6 0
3*' ,1''& # 0 6'0 !
/!
`
" ?+ #'
,"
$' 30 8 5 2 '+ 2
!& 1000 "' h
8 #
- -1''& 1000 # \?&+ ?/" ' 1'' *'1
"
#A ."+ )+
1''
(' + - ,!' 30 ) /$+ ?R 100 ml ?
(' #+ 67+ O1' .100 10000 ml 1 -10 /$+ -(

Q2' ,100 ml ? - -1''& 200 & 1 ' -& ,?/"
/$+ ?R %10 -& ' ,100 ml U

& -1''& 400 50 -'2
-1
('
%
/!
1
? ' .(1' ") ,!' 60 )
? 70 8
1''
0 (' #+ O1 $
3R) R 2

# %10 100 ml ? 230 0 (' + 50 ,100 ml
(
# 6 K'
;%
<% #' #+ < ?%4' .*8 1
#+ )1
' ,#'
' '"
' ,-/

'
' ,-

'
' ,
-0'1
-2
"/
' ,-%4
-
-2
2
?

!0 #7 !
( R '4
;
1 -@(
Y@%
#A ."
'+ 8 '' !0 3*' '( '+ !'2 '+ - (Particulates) @& ''
" ?
G "
'7

;"7D #+ O1 .2
P #' ?
'(
) -%

'
< </ #+ O1 ,'4
;
1 k
.-/0
-/'2
"
'() * +) & +(, -. + . :3-5
pH U
= 1
#' ,%10 #' 5A DO # -@

/O
2

'
( ( #' ,<
*D

( ( #' ,# 2
' # +
<': : 'G 1 </ $*
4
*O
( #' ,'
-82

) -/'2
Y@%
/O </ + O1' .-/@
1
3Z "
#'
' -2@

' !"
/O '+ ,- 1
M
'14
' R
'

' $'2
!

( '+ ,$
3R)
! C
2
'
# .-
-2% /7 ) 'O - 2
' 34
-/
.-2
2
$/ </ #+ 0"_
1
,1
A9
-1
( /
50 ' ;%
K ?+ # <%
-0'1 /D2
50' ,-2
2
-2 -/

'
50' ,;%
-@
1/'
50 -0'1
1 .-
2
-2 -1R
' -1

'
? L+ 2'' /01%

;%
' -1
"
;%
-@
1/'
50 '
#7 .-&
' 2 # - S

,'(
' !'2
,1' -' ?& # 4-5 ?'
/2 ;%

50 '
#A ./2
-/D
' ,pH' ,'"
' ,-
-%

'
' ,SS'
-G @& "7
F D' ,-2

' -
#"
6: /2 -/
'
6'2 3
- ! .-/2
;%
?+ # BOD 17 ,-
.(Gasterosteus Aculeatus) -' '+ 3 -
' ,2
-/D
?+ #
<1
- ,
-/ -/'2

-/'2
M
'14
#7
<0+ ,
2 <2) @ 1' ,(-2 ,`&) $' #
'2' ,7
6" 3*' !+ -" 5A -0 48 # -/D

# .(-&R"
2
.M
'1Z
" <%
-0'1 50 ' -6 @& 1' -' "7'
'
#A .-
-2%
-2 ?+ # -1R
' -1D
-@

'
-D
(

#0 ; #+ # /2 -" -82 <% -2'
!
;
?0 8D .<'2 y'+ ;
G 5A 1
' -@

! C
' ;%
k Y@% #7 . "D 7 k*'1
& ,0 ' *1
0 ,;%

+ ?' ,k*'1
R
2 * 1
0 ?/" ,4
L'
)"1%
-'
(

' ,* 1
60 ;
?0 #
*A .;%
K ?"' ,2
P $'
;%
K /2 -@
' 50 '
( # ,- -
-2%
-2' .'4
k(
1+ /! $*

;
# R
3*' ,-@
-D
-@

'
# " <% '& "7D' ,-
#> ,<

*)' ./2
-1
'
* ; 1
'
10
?" -0 - ' 5A #+ # -1 G
' -2'
'

'
; !& ;"7+ - 5A ?% ' ,;
' !& ?+ 0
.-1
1
0
,' /+ . % :

% 0 $% % 3"% 2
"
"C%
M%
( 30 <) M8
75
40
25
<
0
%75 6C & - G 60
mg/l 0SS
3.0
1.5
1.0
05 &C
225
100
75
NTU 0'
1 9.0 6.0 *

2.5
a
TUa
2.0
pH
'? &
1.5
100
96h LC 50
2
-/D

2' =TUa Q2
%50 ? & ( =
Water Quality Control Plan, Ocean Waters of California. State Water
LC
:
Resources Control Board, Sacramento, California, 1990.
B

1. ater Quality & Treatment: A Handbook on Drinking Water. Chapter:
Drinking Water Quality Standards, Regulations, and Goals/ American
Water Works Association. 5th ed. New York : McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1999.
2. The Clean Water Act. 25th Anniversary ed. Alexandria, VA: Water
Environment Federation, 1997.
3. Environmental Protection Agency, National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System Permit Application Requirements for Publicly
Owned Treatment Works and Other Treatment Works Treating

Domestic Sewage; Proposed Rules. Federal Register: Vol. 60, No. 234.
Wednesday, December 6, 1995. pp. 62546-62659.
+)
@ !91 # ;R
' z3
@
!91
;" ' 1-5
#'1& " z3 :' 8&T @ !91 #' 3 :' 8&T :
O1
/'
1+ .(3-5 )
!91 M'1 50 /2 MCLs
z) !( #+ -
:' - &T

-914
# -/D
1 50 MCLG 7' 6 0 /! zMCLG51" 2-5

! # /4
#
z1
'2
="

z1
'2
=" 5A 1
<
h
L'
# ; zMCL 51" 3-5
z#
F D : Q
G /' (DWEL)
-" -1 50 !'''
'
# /2
"
* 4-5
zMCL # + /2
/'
' 7D
1 <
!91 -"4
(
'2
5-5
z
) 5A ?'%'
# L4
% # 7D

-
(_ <
-" -1 (> ;% 6-5
.-2
-1 ' -1''& -10 #+ '
*A z-
1''
#'1& 2
* 7-5
z<'

# 0
' ,-A
(' !91 # 2D
\?&+ #' Q2 !' M'7'

MCL % #' #+ &'
* 8-5
z
3R)
# ' ,Y
8

# %10 U
z<
`21
' Y%
-&
(1A /! ; 9-5
z*
_
' (' /!
*A -"
1 '
_
'
- ?/" $* G &' <
'
(
' 10-5
( 50 $' 2 < # -2%
@
z60F &
2
z'
#
z<

1 -2%

11-5
z-/'
-'

-

6
4
/

'
12-5
-
,

(SOCs) -"1%
-'7"
-@

'
'
z-'

'
#')
R # 5 -@
^%
<
13-5
zTHMS % ' .<

z -'1
"
(1O1
' 2
#7 /!
* 14-5
-"

Q/'
-&
V
2 ' N' EPA ='8 C 10 15-5
zCWA - 91

-' ;
+ ,N1 2
'
"
21 -@& 7 zNPDES %
-
!A 16-5
.N
#
* Y
V1

-0'1 7 -1'1
" -@& 7 1-5 ?
=
" 17-5
<
5A ! #' -1
$ KC 01% ;% #
.)1
L '' -G 0' ('
!91
zNPDES V1 -&
! ; 18-5
(-/'2
) -'1
-" -1
5A 1
"
19-5
z-/1
;%
-" 2 -
K -'7 -1
5A 1
"
#' 5 20-5
z;%
$*
Q/'
' .(-1I

7
) - 4
P% ;j0 21-5
z- 4
?/" 7 N1' ;%
<%
6'2 6 0 #'
z' -2 -0'1 #/2 #+ TMDL V1 &' ; 22-5
' $*
/@
$2
' z-2

' -@
<4

6 2
z@ ?% /2
_ TMDL V1 7' R
z/01%
;%
- -" V1 -@
;
4
23-5
z(WET) -
<%
-/
(1 ; 24-5
-/'2
- 6/
6
$*
"

_
' 25-5
z<% -
? 2 ' 5A ,<%

-0'1
_ -1
2'
-
' 1
"
* 26-5
z-'
-" 0 ,2

K /2
-"
'2 6" 27-5
z-8"
-%

' -'
-
(_
50 ?'%2 ) %'
514
/2
z-/D
'2 (' /!
*A *
O1

'

6

!

&' $% % ()* $% % !"#
3!* 14 3+ 12 ' 0/ - * .+ ,+
(" 5 4 6
7 1 + .
+ 4 1 ;; / .-' 8 9 :
1 9 "' : 3 , <% !" .("
% 3= .9$ 6 => !" 7 0%
.0C 0% 7;" 14 B A ? @ 3 " $1 ,
; % 5( $ (5 0-, B, 6 D- > %
5
, 14 : ( % . B 0 E*F >
B (" 8
7 85 (" $ 9!* > ' 9!*
7 ! !) 14 !* ! 5 .14 (
.E* 9?-4 0 " ( 02 9 C 9(? / (
85 ((! , 8, ()* 9 14 85 8, $ 9!* 5
.9 -! > B "'
5 I- %
"' ((! /
C .&' $% ,+ 1 K
J =: 7 85
9!* K: L(" <" B, 0 9 -! > 4C 9 -!
5$> (! 8+ .&' A I#"? 02 9 C ' 9( 0-4
% > &#= 9 + D- .M' (! &
$ 8% +
(5 -N> B, 0(" / : 8 % , 1 "? (5 B,
2
!"F .&' 9
$ $ ! A! -N> > :
? > * * + 81> : (5 84 9 +
( Q ! + * .(5$ )+ D( $ ? 7 9,(5 O;P
, % > &#= + B ! (! M' 7 (! * 9;
-, - * I %" B 8! (! &( $ 1
.0* 9, C! + > ()*

1-6
R %" , B, 8 ( 7 % 4
1 7 !" (C 4( &( -N 22 -N 3#; )
07C% 9 2 > 9% 8; ) B, $ $ ,+
9 : $ C 4( &( -N $ !" 0, $ (,
9 -4 9"5 35$ , 8O; 12 ' $ .-+?
" 1 = 5 " .S 1 - N2 7 %70 S"
9 : " 1 %15 9 4 O , 1 %10 D-
= ? 4 ., 8 , B 1 K:
.%20 10 1
(2270 l/d) 600 gpd

. !" #$ % &

'

gpd *+ !" ,- !" #$ )(
* 1% &(1060 l/d) 280 gpd )" /0 1% &(790 l/d) 210
"'% # $ 33 .
$ (1740 l/d) 460 gpd 2
40 in./yr 4" " % $ 1 !" 1% + 5 4
!#
8 + 5 % 9 :+ 6 1% 7 &(1000 mm/y)
.4
$ ( 8% 7 N, 12 A? T

-,+ N1 %" (! &( R B, 4
8% (760 380 l/person . d) 200 100 gpcd $ M &(
150 80 gpcd
C %" &( 91 U . * 91?
N, = A % 9 K4 $ .(570 300 l/person . d)
.04 9 ) -" > -,+ 91? ' 91 9#+
C! > , 07C% 9 2 > 9 1 % 5-8 05C $ V %
(150 l/person .d) 40 gpcd I#" B -N> 50 B %40 " 7 I#"
.," B ," 3 3+$ %" &( $ 7 !"
% .N" - 8-4 35 %80 N I#"? U
03 , M5 5 2
, 9 .%30 W ;%> C+ I#"?
% .+C R 9 ) 34 - J - 1 4 8% %> % 8
%180 (Maximum Daily Demand) B+: A? 4 >
<+ -," > 9 5 .300 %150 T 5 - 8-4
@ $( 9? 7;> $ "? 8-4 8; > 5 8; 2.5 9
.%300 B+: ," 84 (" U
% > ) . 8% C " 4 A?
9#1" B " 7 B, $ X * > 5" A?
" 91 B+> B> !"? 8-4 $ %
1! 9 8! " 91 B+> B> -," " B+>

.-,+ 1 %" &( 8% +C 91? B $*

!

-")
& +, .'( (& ") )
(*
& !" #
$" %

4-5 &(" - 6 /2-6 0"1 (2" 3 & /'( (&
/-:" / 03 +, .
9 9
1-"
7 2" / 8
9" &-
>"6 1
( - ? 1(@- = < /0 )")" /;2" /1 )("

! =
$ 8 0 +&
A
( /4 ! 07D "
(Source, ;2 F 1 F E
- (" & <" .+"9
2" "G /
0
" /) 6" /Treatment, Pumping)
")

>4 ! (
. - )
9 8
)
/

-B )<G" /'( %

#
, 42 " ") H ? , 2, /+
9 )
(* C
(*"
2, ;2
"
= ( 2
()*
-% J : &' % : 22 : 7 3$% 31
()* % > 1 %" &( ! 9#+ $ .& ( 5 B 4
100 , ' ()* .(280 kPa) 40 Psi M' 7 > $ B:
kPa) 150 Psi
S T " B+: ()* .= M (690 kPa) Psi
( : 9 1 L > I 2 , Y$ .(1030
"' : B, ' ()* &( ! 9#+ $ ()* Z5
> !"[ 9#+ : - + .K: $ 01
$ 4 ()* > = .150 psi ,> 8 , ()* 8 ,?
." 1 %> 5$ : 9,+ $ " "' >
(*)

2-6
" = &(Insurance Service Office, ISO) ; /

< '
/ /0
> /8 / > &80 ; /+
!#8
?@%
9 .!#8 / *
1% . !#8 /3( 1' & A"B C#
& $ D'
/ #- *E F
0 3 12 &
1% C3@A /8
& "8 < & $
: $ #
&# >$ "" &

I # "" &H C
*
8% 7 /$ @E 3 .!#8 /=% >* &/
!8 ) C" J7 % ISO 1 ,3 )( %( .
1% !#8
.17 !#8 /A" J < &,3 <@" 7 1% 1
(Guide for Determination N* &' " 5 8
" 5 9 7 1 ISO W S4* N2 of Needed Fire Flow, GDNFF)
8% 1, & D? 8 $ I2 4 7 1 &'
.#
3 +> : 2
8; O$ 4 > ! , B $ &' >

! "

./^K/
85 3 &' 7C(\ $% 9 % / 9 5 2

. % '"! NC B: - B '"!

8-4
(Needed Fire Flow, NFF) N* &' "
: 8% % $ M' & + &' $% # 7 "
" .B: - B '"! KC! ] 1 9, 1 , 1 $ >
B, > & 9C( $ $ ? : B NFF W ISO W 4
" 2
7 " 8-4 5 2!/ .-% : &' 9C( 8O(4
: 1 $ !6 7 8% 8+ 7 1 8)\ +
.1-6 4 " " 7 7\ D B, Ci 7\ 8 , %
Ci = 18 F (Ai)0.5
( 9 )
(1-6)
gpm 7\ 8 , = Ci @
7 + ( 8 4 = F
! ( 1 'C 1.5 = F
N, 2 'C 1.0 = F
& # 8 = 3 'C 0.8 = F
& # 8 = N1 4 'C 0.8 = F
8-4 & 5 5 'C 0.6 = F
& 5 6 'C 0.6 = F
$ &( %> "
,C " .ft2 W ,C " = Ai
9'$ : (1) :<!: & ( 6 ' " 3$* 7
5 7\ 9'$ J : (2) & ( 8% 9" %50 4 B 1 7\
;%> > ," 1.5 9 2 7 $ - 9C 8% 9% 2 6 >

.

%25
! .($ % 1
)
B ! "#
. ,
-
+
# %50 *! &'
( /0
)
Ci = 3.7 F (Ai)0.5
(2-6)
l/s +123 4% = Ci -
.6# # %5#

# = A i
gpm : < 7# Ci :;! +
# 7# % 8# 9
5 +4 +3 123 /5# (380 l/s) 6000 gpm +2 1 123 /5# (500 l/s) 8000
A .123 /! ! ?@ 0

1# (380 l/s) 6000 gpm +6
,
# Ci 7, ISO C0 (32 l/s) 500 gpm B Ci *# 0# #
.(16 l/s) 250 gpm D#A
"
"
Oi
:1-6

Oi
0.75
C-1
0.85

C-2
1.0
C-3
1.15
C-4
1.25
C-5
1
Guide for Determination of Needed Fire Flow . Copyright, Insurance
:
Services Office, Inc., 2004.
! " .1-6

Oi

:5 & 1
( !) '
.NFF # $% &
!'
+E# G
$ +2 0, 4F$ # 0# 6E# :1
. 0I# 6E# +
# +7'# +H #
I I2 8; & # 0 9 2 > '* :2 !
-,+ 9?)` .% 9# $ 9# M'%

& # '$ S$ -!
F % &( " %20 S" $ %
.C-3 , 9?)\ a85 ? > )

:3
.# &'( # $ %
! "
/"K +"9 6 0D /
(- '( " "G 82- :4
.L" /
( & )") H )(" +( !" /
- 1
, +!
- !*
/)* +
:5
02 1 /%$ /%$ /#

- , - 0
.%0 %0 03# !
5 % [$ + 9'$ 4 9?)\ 1 , : $ >

) % &( " &$ B B, &( 5 8)\ '$
:/

%95 4 0 51 6 78 9 : 8 :1
.-7 C-5 % 5 5 C-1 +:* "* 1 5 1
C+ : B, (5$ &( " & # 5 0 '$ :2 !
@ (1-6 4 $ 1 F 9# 4 ) 6 > 5 '$ 9b > B,

C-1 W 8) c% &( " ;%> > %80
( S$ O$ ? 7J -N> B, &( " & # '$ :3 !
.5"
? @ C-4 = N 7 -N> B, &( & ? 0 '$ :4 !
" (5$ %25 ? C-5 C-4 = % % 5( 8O;
.%15 ;%> 1 C-5 = " % ? > ( 7
%15 ;%> N 7 -N> B, &( " & ? 4" '$ :5 !
.C-5 = 8) S

$ $% 8+? > ;/ 5 Pi 8+? Xi 1 8 , 8O;
:6% 7 $( ( 8% ( X + P)i W 9-( 5 .NFF W
( X + P)i = 1.0 + ( X i + P I)
(3-6)
@ 1.60
<+ 5
2-6 81 1 8 , = X i
3-6 81 8+? 8 , = P i
7 1 , = n
: 1 8() DC? d 8( 7 '$ B, X i 8 4 4
5 1 $" % 7 (& ( * DC? 3*
.1 8 , 2-6 81 .% 7 5

!G # M6 - 1 -!*- "1 - ( X i) 1" 0!
< 6@
63 +& 6, /"1 - + 1" 0!
)" $ .) 0 =
!
<
/6
6- '
( K), E- 91" 6 "G 5 K + 0"$ -& 4 K "1 -
.C-2 "G C-1 @- '( #
"(
-< N7 4 "G 3 K + ? -& "G
N2 7 8+? (5$ ,? 1 7J 8+? 8 , 2!/

7J % 3C+ 1 7 % 2 8+ 8 , -N> ( ) .B,>
3 'C 7J % > 4 > 3 'C 22 & 7C( 1 8)
B, P i 8 4 4 .C-2 > C-1 / & # S O+ 4 >
.& # 7 8+? 8( 01 2$ 9$ P
$ 8+? D > ;%> > D e1[ 8+? 8 , 3d6 81
1 Y$ .1 I2 81> B,: P i (5$ !"F 1 1 -N>
:6% NFF "" . 3C+ N"" P i Y$ 8+
NFF = C i Oi ( X + P)i
(4-6)
(l/s) gpm * &' " = NFF @

(l/s) gpm 7\ 8 , = C i
1-6 81 8)\ 8 , = O i
8+? 1 # , = ( X + P)i
" , NFF B (32 l/s) $* 500 gpm " *
W ) ? . $% > > 7 B, ! T : 5"
.(32 l/s) gpm 500 , a85 > ? (760 l/s) 12000 gpm 1 > NFF
gpm 2500 8> % 250 gpm > B -[ " NFF
.2500 gpm %> % 500 > B
Xi %#

"
$ :2-6 "#
Xi

6 5 4 2
% "#
&') #
(*+,
"-/- 0
1
"#
# $
0.16
0.21
0.17
0
0

21
3 1
(*)

.ft)
(!

(ft)
0.22
100-1
10-0
0.22
0.23
200-101
0.18
0.23
0.24
300-201
0.19
0.24
0.25
400-301

!

!"
0.20
0.25
0.25
400 #
0.11
0.15
0.17
100-1
0.12
0.16
0.18
200-101
0.14
0.18
0.19
300-201
0.15
0.19
0.20
400-301
0.15
0.19
0.20
400 #
0.07
0.10
0.12
100-1
0.08
0.11
0.13
200-101
0.10
0.13
0.14
300-201
0.11
0.14
0.15
400-301
0.12
0.15
0.15
400 #
0.04
0.06
0.08
100-1
0.05
0.07
0.08
200-101
0.06
0.08
0.09
300-201
0.07
0.09
0.10
400-301
0.08
0.10
0.10
400 #
7 6 0 6 -
< 1 ( ;) 78+0 9 ": 1

! 8+0
7;, ! 1 6 = > .
6 -
.! 1 :?
0 = Xi 6A 7 0 0 % @
30-11
60-31
100-61
4 1 5# 3
.
!

(*)
1
Guide for Determination of Needed Fire Flow . Copyright, Insurance Services :
Office, Inc., 2004.
Pi "&'
"
$ :3-6 "#

21
50 ()
(*)
'
11
()
' 20
10
'&
& &
() 21
50
(*)
'
() 11
' 20
'& 10
& &
() 21
' 50
11-20
'
10-20
'

%&

0.30
0.20
0.30
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.20
0.30
0.30
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.15
0.20
0.10
0.20
0.15
0.25
0.35
0.10
0.20
0.25
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.10
0.15
0.05
0.10
(*)
!"
#$

#' A *"
'+
,

#'

#$
#' B *"
'+
,

#'

#$
#' A *"
'+
,

-
A *" & #$
, $'.
- '+

#'

#$
#' B *"
'+
,

-
B*" & #$
, $'.
- '+

#'

#$
.Pi = 0 &50 ft "# $

%

(*)
.2004 Inc 23 4'5 ,6
./0 '
:
(# '

= NEF :4-6 "#
$ * $ %, +, %* )!
(gpm)b ) &%! '

% (
%$
(ft)a %$ ! #%

$
500
100 # *
750
100 + 31
1000
30 + 11
1500
10 # ,
0.305 m = 1.0 ft :a
0.063 l/s = 1.0 gpm :b
./0 ' :%

NFF
3500 & NFF # $
% % .4-6
!"
& * .4-6

( $)
' l/s 0.063 = (gpm)b
,* 1

2 NFF 0 /

+' + ,* -

.(32 l/s) 500 gpm 8 &* ' 6 9 20 Psi &
3
45 67 ++
-
..
/* 0,

9* .+A+7 :*; &* <*% &*> ?6
@
& F
-3 DE@* -

B C
' )@ -AB *% &*
6 %25 () -++ )7 *
A 9* .4>
K* 6 %20 (L) /C-1 I6 9@ J K*
%15
100000 ft2 (M) /C-3
C-2 I6 9@ J
5000 ft2 ()

/C-4 I6 9@ J K* 6
N
) .C-5 I6 9@ J K* 6 %10
.(I6P D " Oi 9@O
1-6

<@ D) & ; 3

++ ,* L L
/<% Q L
*> )
*
9 D)
& P
3 I6 ) L L .-)> !@ 48 # P) D*R
.: * J -)> !@ 48 # P) *R I 6 ) )

' 1

)O " Q S ' ,* K - D L6

T

> ++ ,* U *> T & * .I6
; K J
,* & * D
-6 6
!
*V I 6 8 L* &*> ?6 .I 6

.140 kPa ?1 20 psi 8 I 9 D6 (32 l/s) 500 gpm
2 ++ ,*
*
/U 8
) IA W* L* +2 T
0 /+2 &*> ?6 & -

."
P I 6 )O P K
L*P 3U
3 U /ISO # DU & 3* L
6 NFF
,U
N? 1+ &%> L* .I 6 )O L

# .(220 l/s) /3500
2 I 6 6 ?
T
:*; & - D
D6 2 (Guide for Determination of Needed Fire Flow1) # 3
NFF
D+A+
X6
.?

D+A+ -?
( *
6 % 1 Q 0 /-AB D(
A
0 .%100 8% ' 6 & /D+A+ ,*; -?
*> !

P K L* K*T I6 8 L* & 6 /%100 %
.(32 l/s) 500 gpm Y
) IA C%) : 3 D+A+
gpm & 150 gpm 3
D+A+ ,*> L* D J
/++ ,* F
*
/I6 " 3U (100 l/s & 10 l/s) 1600
; D?U J
Z9 U
<*%
.$) D
'
Q K' * ?1 +); ISO DK 0 / I 6 &
Q $

.(220 l/s) 3500 gpm T I6 8 L* L
!T & NFF D+
U D

L [
1
\ + I6 ?
.! ' ?%)

:
/* D
/?

D+A+ L \ +
L
I 6 8 L* Z")
.:"* J
D) J
K )
2
3
2500 gpm Y &% ' 6 K L*
-
D*?
? .3500 gpm
3000 gpm 8 I6 8 L* D
& - *? I 6 8 L* ?
T
/: U7 S ,* ?>
!
-3 / %
/ U 6
/ !
)
/:)
I 6 8 L* & 3 -?U 8 &%> ?
?U ;
2
3 /5
/?* - +2 P) D
?1 \ +
-?6 -
M) ,* K J

3U \ +
/ ,* D*?
3U

.]P%O
*% > P
)

D)) N <

' ' 6 &
' J
,* 9
L
L6 L .I 6 D2
< L* &
%6 K"O -
D

L
8 9

I 6 D2
I 6 8 L*
9 ISO # ?6 .L6
)
I 6 2
\6
,* -K" 6 I 6 8 L* P) (140 kPa) 20 Psi # &*>
.
(%#
2
]A * D) " D 9* / ,* $
/
) J /^ D
L . 9@
9 $
8 L* : 3 &%>
) ?U & ,6 3

L .) M) ) 2

J L
&%> I 6
K*T (140 kPa) 20 Psi Y L
9 * 3T I 6 8 L*
.
-?
\ +
J
,* ^ D?U J U
) )7 3T
0 /
) K 6 N; & 3,*
.I 6 6 K ;

.I 6 6 6 U /! ,6 ?
* K
P) K J_5 ?U L6 1
:*0 /
) I 6 L*
:*0 /-
) 6 K D*
&6
.-?6 -
9
/ L*> *
6
I 6 2
& L*P
.(140 kPa) 20 Psi 4 K ) * *
/D) )
8 : J 1+ T ,* (
?%7 ^ ,* /:

T
I 6
,* !
?L6
X6 3 & ?
` 9* ! ,6
@
,*>
.A^ -A+97 \
T -+9 ,*> ?
T

6 F* ?1 L? X6 ,* L L /K! U
I 6 8 L* * /$) - ?1
?
6 ]P%

)
) U DE@*
^ D6 & K! ; L
.

.") 2
%"*
.I 6 M6 K"a ? /? ,*> D ?

T

DU
/ U D6
/^ D6 D?7%
,*

% D+* LA` .X
6
X
'
?1
/D*"
/I 6
U 5 +* % ?

> <
!

$) bP
*
DU
L?
/P DK +)
.8
D
' ) ; K"O - - L D6 c

P
.P
3 T Q 8 ) * /K> )
<A
?1 X
6 6
3(
0/
+9
)
/! @
/ !
) )

K6*>
D* J
d /?
*T J

T; & 8* L .2

)P ,> ?6 *U
?1
DP%

L
*> : L? 1+
U /-
) > T X
6 6
.K ! ,* /$)
% / L*>
X6 3
- K*T -?6 - I 6 8 ! ?B /!*)
K !
.&%> ?
?U ) M6 ; & / TPT
J

+9
)
! @
K L* L
'
,*
*T
3 9

(910 m) 3000 ft &
6 P F

) ?@ * .) ?
T

;
@*;
" B
9* * K6> ) B
-9% J

1

*
.(150 mm) 6 in. 2 4 L*
L* ) L :*0 /(180 m) 600 in.
-
)
in. 2 L* T6 DK@*O )` .(200 mm) 8 in. 2 U

\?@ 6
*
L*V D!* > \ +
/T
8
F
@ F?
L

K*T D
-U -' " ?

-
!* & L I 6
D2
" 9* .3(

K6> &*>
.4
in 6. 8 ' D+ L*V
12 in. 8 !
@ & ) J 8 in. ? )

)
!
@
) )`
(300 mm)
I6 !U D
/$)
)
%
(

.!*
TB X6 /
D% J T L
*>
L*> (240 m) 800 ft

/ K6> L*>
.K6>

.K"O -O * D
J
I 6 D2
L
' 6
/(180 m) 600 ft * I* !* -3 )
(91 m) 300 ft -3
K6>
/(240 m) 800 ft & % &%
2 I 6 D2
" U @ J

.(150 m) ft 500 & % &% ' 6
F
@ D!* L
/
* <%* *
/F
@ J
ft I6 2
ISO # +); /?6 J
'
NEF
.-

!

) ? X6
2
" 3 (300 m) 1000
J
3 7 300 ft U
I6 2
C?%)7 .K"O
600 ft
301 ft U
D2
"
/(63 l/s) 1000 gpm 8% 3
3 1000 ft
601 ft U
D2
"
/(42 l/s) 670 gpm 8% 3
.(16 l/s) gpm 250 250 8%
!*T
/e) M) !
/> & ) D2
"
L
8?6 C
' %) ISO # N .f* 2.50 9%
) M)
/4> & eA) 1+ 6

M) ! I6 2
gpm 1000 &>
500 gpm
/e)

) !* T
) 750 gpm
.
) !* 6
M)
1-6 "4
150 ft :

100 ft : 1 % 1+ D@ U &*
+9
J
16 K*
.12 ft :" 6
I
(100 ft) * .I
TPT 100 ft x 100 ft 8U /D
.(]
" %) I6P '
3
1
6 P .35 ft
.)g K* !
\ + K* NEF L6
"
) .1U K* 1.0 8 F U > D@ U &*
U
/6
I ?

100 ft x 150 ft 8U K' * 1-6 U
:g F
Ci = 18 1.0(100 ft 150 ft)
0.5
= 2200 gpm
.1 8 Oi 9@ U 3 J*% <*% > D@ U

D6 J 4 " K* /:
16 K* U
F" i
.35 ft Y :
+2 &
/6 (
6 /I
TPT 100 ft :
16 K* U
.0.13 1
Xi !
U & %6* /2-6

.300 ft2 !*
I6P ]
" K* Pi % U & %6* /3-6

:& %6* 3-6 U )

.0.10 1
35 ft &
( X + P)i = 1.0 + (0.13 + 0.10) = 1.23
:
2 L
I 6 8 * 4-6 U )
NEF = 2200 gpm 1.00 1.23 = 2700 gpm

NEF = 2500 gpm (500 gpm L & 3 )
.2 hr 2 I 6 8 L* P -

2 F U
+ D
+9
J
16 K*
K*
1-6 U )
.I6P ( 4 16 K* 0.8
:U
4 K* 100 ft x 100 ft I
TPT
0.5
Ci = 18 0.8 (10000 ft2+ 2 5000 ft2)
= 2040 gpm
Oi 9@ U 3 U*% <*% D

K+9 J
.1.00 8
J 2 " K* /:
% 1 K* U
i
.35 ft Y :
+2 &
/6 ( D6
ft2 :6 6
I 100 ft :
K* U F"

.0.10 1
Xi !
U & %6* /2-6

.300
& I6P ]
" K* Pi % U & %6* /3-6

:& %6* 3-6 U )
.0.10 1
35 ft
( X + P)i = 1.0 + (0.10 + 0.10) = 1.20
:& %6* 4-6 U )
NEF = 2040 1 1.20 = 2450 gpm

NEF = 2500 gpm (250 gpm L & 3 )
.2 hr 2 I 6 8 L* P -
2-6 "4
2250 ) 75 30 ft U; U
> I
O @) &*
/ ) ZU J 46 *T I 6 &

.(ft2
.-
*> & D!
J * K* .(900 ft2) 30 ft 30 ft U;
J" 6
+ A K* U
L*

. 240 ft = 2 120 :F"
Q Y .6 :@ D6"
.U !* 12 ft
28 ft ZU B K* ! *T !

56 ft = 2 28 :F"
Q 2 K* @
. ) ZU J 6 i U &* NEF L6 .
"
I Ai " 6 1

.1.5 @) &* F 1

2700 ft2 = 450 + 2250 :*T I %50 & >
Ci = 18 1.5(2700)250 = 1400 gpm
6 %25 T ) ZU J 46 6

.&* ?>

* = [900/(2250 + 900)] 100 = 28.6
.1.15 = Oi & %6* /1-6

-?U 240 ft 8 F"
> 11 & A &* 2-6

!
* 3 2i6

.0.14 2 !
& %6* I

& %6* I
-?U 240 ft 8 F"
> 12 ft U & B &*
.U & L6%
2 B &*

.0.17 2 !
0.17 = Xi
/3-6 U )

Pi = 0
%

& 3,*
(X + P)i = 1.0 + (0.17 = 0) = 1.17
:
4-6 U )
NEF = 1400 1.15 1.17 = 1889 gpm

NEF = 2000 gpm (500 gpm L & 3 )
256 3-6

' .1-6 ( )*+ , ! " # $% $ & % '
-/ 0 1
2 3$ 45 36' , !
/6 ! %*
8 9% % 367 8
)6 ! +
<6% .;( <
%
# 367 + /
2 /:5"% /8+ -
.=
9 > ?8 367 ' 8 ! /
:"
."-, 2
3 / 1 $/0 - ' , +%, # ' :1-6
(Layne, Inc, formerly known as Layne-Western Company, Inc.)
"6
/?
! ?*
"6 -3 > "6 *7

" K 6 -?
U ) LT U ?*

/"6 k "6 M D6 -?
%*

6 "6 L
*
"6 D U ? .!

F" & "6 L* J ) 1+
? M
' <
' T
' 6
?
"6 ?

6
P) "6 L
* 6
L* .K J D*
* M 8
2
QU 8
U <
&
) 2

L -"6 & L* /Z> N & :
U
.L
*> M) M
)
K0 3 "6

.$) - 6

- "6 D !
& ! : 1+ ?
! 9 \ +
3 6
" L*

/ ( L U . & A<
LA% ' * :
O <@
?
2 <,* 8 6 )% @ * ]P%

% ( +

/6 L*; K ? .6

! L* ) "* KO LA7 .*

& P
3 ) L
* I* A@ < '
/%> !
:"*
:* KO J
"6 K!* U
.3 )k L
* <%*
KO L67
.
KO * -@ @6 D?T

6 *O -@ @6` * \ +
6 D I) 1+ DAB
.: ) ? 1+ K
\*2 . 6 *)T %80
%70 -3 9
]

I
@
9 2 * k ) 9 U @ *
?
2 -K" I6 !* 6 7 /IP9 ?
\?6 9
D6 A6 . ) &

K
N +
*

?6 M? 6 / 6
D6 6 & 3 9
?*
@ C6 &%6 J
L .
%6 -
@6
9
KO
6 I" " &%6 L? <
.?
2

1 L?
A@
ZU ! %"*
D6 6 <
"%
. 6 ^
'
?
! C %)
/X"*
@
^ T <* ?
2 U"

KO 3
2
3
U% \6 M 9@ S*
' @5
5 X6
T ) /*
\6 Q
' 6 !@ ' 6
L
* \ +
S
2
' @ X6 .4 ! ( /@5 X6O
.
9 K
2 ^ T
9 K L6 $

& K
2
K 3 9 K
-
X"*
N6% & 8 6 U )% @
<!
.!6
- &
/"6
*T * @ !T
6 6 *
?1

,"6 &
/\@ 6 U )% DP@ ?+
"*
?
% T;
. 3 )
9 X6 8 6 DP@
.
8
* &
%6
K
2
2
+!
U @ ) 2 6 -?U ?
@ T"* )
8+! U> ?> D*?

.1i6 @ 6
2
/)

&
9
Z> $
& LA [J \?6 2 )
/!* -

DA
) D"

/] L
*

/A)
/F K L6 -+* DA - ^ D6
.L6 L
*
K L
* D6
9 6
6 6
@
& T
. K

"7 4-6
.!* * A
S )
-' 6
' !* K L6 L
< ,

.m@ ) & -

&
l *7
M 2 +
* 2*
L*> @ 6

/%
* ; 8 ! 2 2* ?>
A@
M
> U * *
< D)
.
9
< 6

D*"
< 1

;
9 8 7 , , Vee 6- 5 3
4 0 :2-6
# "$
9 9/ C
B
A$
9=
@3 9?
/, "> .6=
1
C
# ;

&
D 1
9
+-# ,

# .C
,
(Johnson Screens, Inc. A :"
) / E +> %
4 " A1
+> 1

" FE
Weatherford Company)
6 ? 0 .2* &*7 @

% 2 \> 6
F ,
*
*
U 2* 9* /-?! \ F
*

;
I T .K

>
D6 *
-O

\>
( 6 6 )
2 !* \> UO 36*

3

' 6"% *?
( L !* ? .-
6
)
AU
8+2 <,* .* 8
9 ' & AT ?
@

9 K
2 F* ,*
J? 6 6 "% 9
LA7 /@ *
Vee \ ( 2-6 @ N?
.* ,*
.6 J? Pa \ +
L* '

8
6
X6
& 3,*
.8 * % L
*; :U
9 DT ?
/!* 6 ?1 0 /K
2 F* ,* <,* 9
.% 8 & <

A /B 3 < 6% A / ! %*$8 @
3% *2 C#
# )6 .@ ' C2 9 & >
/ 6 / ?
D : ./%6 ; *1 /6% : 3
-<
$ % $*$2 /D ! E ?8 3 +8
<
% . & /! 42 <*6 <AF 6 /D 8 / 2 3
+ (
3 B ; 3( ?8 8G
4
/D 8 &% *$ > " ' .3 #%
3%: 6 /
/ 6 H .
-/ I 2 -/* ! %*$8 + 9 6
6 8 I" 9; ' .3 8 / #
" @ *+"
< D D6 M LA .3 46 K!8
# 3J % 4 < "
-3 -1 C* C# / ' E& 4 *1 C6
.08 # -/ / ( -6 2+
D +)> J / ' !* 2* J

?6 L

/6P D
* J

/-;@* P ?!
0 \ + & .6 D*"
/
6 A@

.3 ! U 6
^ 6 K U7
K
* D
;# H FE-
/ J
I H 2
"1 " 9% (4) .' G 0
5 :3-6
,

$?
3 FE J H 9
A$ 6/,
/ ' 5 (9) .(K) 2
9,
/ F> 2
(A) ."1 " 9% / F> 2
(A) ."1 " 9% # @3
(US Filter, Envirex Products :"

) .6/,
C
" 9%
. @ 2* -3 U 9 D

F
* 3-6 @ !,
3 in.
1 ]
D6"
@ +

+ @) ( )7
3 9 +2 ?
7 .- > U /
@ :@ U

%(>
D* I
` . 6 O D"* S@ L
' %*
2?6 D
' 6 1+ U* (
D? $)>

\
' P !@ DU*n 7% *
% ?6 9 < ; .J
<
,
J D**
*
.2 K L* N * %
,"6
L .8 fA@
6 X6 1
U <P9 & *
%

' @ 6 * ? . A@ 1" -6 ) K@ >
.
8
:"
6
L
*
& % ) 8 * J D) D6 J
8 M

6
.!* & U 6* L / U
.!* L
Z
6
-6 m@ & 6 J /
9 !*

1+ :"* &* m@ ) K !* D) J
3 (
/!* ( <) J L6 +

* ^ 6
.9
/ D6
/^ -
/]A
L6 L
* !* *
/3
6 A6 0 .6 ,*
/L* @
/D%
IP(
N
/^ DU K"
9@ ?*
2* 9*
^ D6 & <@O .$) A6 -!
/D%
! A6
/6 -

? A6 6
P) ?

D6 " D

D)
? . U 6 U

]P%O
*% P) 8 ? ' !

.8 c
D6
1+ F"
/6 & J D) ) U
/U
9@
/
D)
/: 8 J L?

2 /K 2* J ^ U @ -+* )
.<
.(4-6 @) ?
@ T"* )
D6 -' K" U X6 ?7% 1+
)
6 3
L*
T
' 6
F
n A -+* ) ?
@ T"* )
.Z")* ?
]
& ) /&
> 6 <% K 9 6
.6 & -

.6P 6
6* +2 & J
/*T 6 L6
9@ &
' 6
.L* 9
?U 6 6
DA
X6 D7 !* & 3,* /T"* D) FPO )
.K -
9
(Allis-Chalmers Corp :"

) / 1 :4-6
-
5 5-6
D*?) J
) 3 @ * K J
,* ?

)
/I6 D2

/(> L ) -?U ^ D6
/K )
? / ' 6 ; L
' *
) 2 /(D+9 ) @
.)
I* ) 9* .J

-?U7 8 !
*
) !
L* ? 9* /+9 6 ' * 8 M6

%" 6
) ?"
.3* \ +
?*@
%
? .6 "* ) ? & /D* U !U
) U* J* % L J 1
)
6 & J

) %
? .: Q X
6 6 Q
6
I 6 K" ) \?@ 6 ,* A@ /?*@
.
> L
2 /(5-6 @ ) N?
\?@ 6 ,*
%
' 6
*T
?*@ L*> ` .K J

X6 K
]
-
D!*

L* J /3U !U
*
.$) L* 32 L6 L*> 6 @ ]
'
M)
* % /L*> @ *% > L

9* .3 D% F?
*> -6
& )
1200 ft D & B

> IP(O D%
*
.?*@
) 3 D" 3 (370 m)
?"
/%
6
F" T *2
9* @ J
X T -3 +9
) J
.D% D+ !

? .U 8 F@ T & J
/:"* 8 F@ *T

/?*%

6 D6P K L* ; 6> K*
* F
@ J
L* @ 9* .I 6 8 L* &
.(150 mm) 6 in. !6
94 " H / 94 " " 6/

,
" H$ E (4) 94 :5-6
7 20 95 5 H$ E (9) ' H$
3(%7 (<5-6 () )*+ 6 &% 4H% <% 4

*4 ./6%

P LA -/! /H% P *4 D
-/6 ! $ & 8 + /6 ! I( ! 9+
./ %
? ' / "% D#( 48 / # Q
9 * J? 3K 0 L

*
o X6 \ + & Kl *
-
D!* K 6
U 9 -?6 <
, D6
.8 P
?
' @ -
D!* <@ 9* \ +

B6
.8
*
.- D
!
I*

)
/" *
) T \?@ 6 ,*

/3PT .D6 I6 /?6 J
L* @
/?*@
/3 3 / 2 < & U
DU? F"

1+ ,* 9
?"7 .T
,*

L
?U <
, D6 (690-340 kPa) 100 psi & 50 psi D"
8 F" I" m (340 kPa) 50 psi # 9 X6
.L*
* & L
( F"
9* :*0 /(35 m) 115 ft
L*>
) 3T
. 8+2 3
%6 * Z")
/3@
3 % % ( !* 2
/F" * I* )
.!
) ? 9 A6 D% 1
6 !*

\?@ 6 ,* *?
* L*> @
9* /3+
*
L
' * 3 I6 ( \ +
.-U +9
) J
:U J*% D" ?! " Q ?*@ )
2 \ +
.?%

%
L*> @ 6 X6 /!* ? D" J /

.Q +9 L
*; ZU !U
8
9&
L
* I
' T* L
'
* )

+
* D < ;
J (Turnoff Valve) I
' P( % & (Distribution Main) Q J

L
*> L
*> +2 %
? .(6-6 @ ) U J L
*> L
) : ) ?
/(Corporation Stop) B J
3
Q
.9 D6
) F

Q L
*>
X6 ?%) L
' T k
? .: K*T \ +
/Q L
*V (Outlets) M) ; ? 3*6
% ? (Service Box) ) I

*% /N J &
%

[ (Corporation Stop) ) DP%
J*% )7 .Z> N &
(
.L% 6
Q6*
/\P /3
@ 2T /

%) \P L* /\ + +
* 2 U Q6* L*
8+2 L 6 6* & 2 D
?"` /!"*
D+
D) L% 6 ) .DE L@ 8 X

-)>
IP(O %
/K ?
.T
2 in. & !6 % -
/-
6 (pressure regulator) 9 ,*
/(shutoff valve) I
L ? D ZU
.(L6-6 @ ) > I -3
? ?U Z?U AT \ + ` ?

/&* M) I
*% K ?
-

U D (25-4 @ ) T6 D?U D?!7 .WT 9
*>
) & K 6%
",
M6 X6 M)
.K \P!
- L -)> D
* *g * \P! ?U
D
' ? \P! ?U Y
.DT \P! U K U D
& % 3
)

)
^
(
6 : ?+
*
0 /++ * 6 L@ ?1 AT 6 K*T J
.15 gpm
D ! ?1 9@ -3 3*
15 Psi 8 39
I *
J
(23 ft) 10 Psi # N +0 . *
25 Psi
2 3

) &*> U 0 /U I
& >
\! U (stop) L* & (0.95 l/s $ 170 kPa) 15 gpm $

.U
8
40 :
6* L
'
*
+
* * )
) \6

5
8
in. 8 %

3 in.
4
25 Psi ; +0 \ +

.19-5 Psi (12i6 gpm) D
(280 kPa) 40 psi Q L
*> 9
9* :*0 \!
.3
- G 1 (9)

!% 1 1 9 (4)
!
1 3 -% :6-6
!
-
)
* 6-6
/ 6 9 D6 K J
)7 L*> ?
)7 > -9% L*> -3
.+
"
/

/\P
)7 L*V 9* .\P

Q6* / * DP%

* @
K*T* -
: C %) ! A
J

* ,*
& I*) DV D * ) D
6 6
<
, DT
:*
+
A@ * D6 !6
T;
& -
/) K
9 6 IA@
? -

/
( Q ) N L
U
* K*T % D
6
T; ( ) N
/&*> 2?6 K L*
U E
DP%
O L*> J -3 ?`

/
8
*
U
.%

L !
P%

U J (Ductile Iron) 6 ,6

9
& : & /%
Z(> :T
!
U*
A67 ' +6

' ) 6 Wp *7 .) D
6 \ +
)
D Z")* $
6 & 1
6 6 !%
*9 !
$
L*> * +2 T .?
) : U

"
"
D 6 L* A

.1 L% 6 *
T

$ -?U 9 D "

(1200 & 50 mm) 48
2 in. 2 ]
+
\ + /% ) 9 & 9 ) U .6
* )
6
/(Water Hammer) ]
* C* Z
U
/
* O D
6
/I*) D
% \ +
/J*% K*T 3* ]
D
"
E
) K L* & * 9 % DK D?7 .>
( .!U*%
L*> D6

D)
(Pitting) "6 A@ L K *
/E
6
-3 ? .L
*V ) N (Tuberculation) ?
) K
(Bitumastic Tar) *
D L
*> <9 ) 6

)` A> L
.(Spray Nozzles) +A+

J < ? . L*> U
L*> )
6 <` T
*
.I*) & : * T
J L
*>
& U T % J 9 % * I
J ? /DP%

1
8
in. :*)T $U I <P9 L

*V ) N <9 .!*
W ' L

*>
K*T * 8+2 J
? .*
' P
L? L
*> LT
C X6 6 N I% :?%
P
.L
*> * %"
%B 2 &+2 -18 ft D # & < %
/
& &; -7-6 ( R)*+ D# ( ,: -? *2
<%T / 6 / &% 8' *4 Q -(Bell and Spigot) 6 SB
.K (Stop) /! /6 4M 6 4: 8G <% /26 / &%
(Compression Joint) 9* DP%

* &
+2 $
2
/(Push-on or Slip Joint) *
U DP%
3*6 ! @7
D
K J
L* D@ 3) DP%
T
U
L
*> (Spigot) (- )
6 1+ L
*> 9 .2
?6 -
@6 LU 3%%) ?%7 -
D+ (Bell) U
6" 1+
.) 9 %6 36 P
3 %
B (rubber ring Gasket)
T; I *
/ZU !U %"* X6 !* L*> J

/6 !6
2%6 \ +
/)

D
@6
6 D
' "%
D+ ?%) DP%

( -@6* ?*

.(Special Restraining Gasket) %) 6
(A) . (9) .( $

) C
(4) ."-
,
94 2L% '
4 :7-6
(Clow Water System Co. :"
) 0MN
-%

/L
! 9* DP%
*6 D AT
L* L K*T* %
N .*

/K %6 6
]
L*V 5 6
DK*T* Y .U@ *6* @ &
/16
4 in. 2 ]
L*V 4 Y
/12
3 in. 2
DP%
)` .36
18 in. 2 ]
L*V 3 Y
' 60 %6 ; (Stuffing Box) 9 I

*% ?*
DP%
3 * 3U @ Q !) /J
L* @ * D
' P%
N" (Flanged Joints) - 6 D+ DP%

-3 )` .9*
3*
! ) T (threading) (,
P)
6 &

.(Bolting) ( !T
3U !T T
/)k L
*> - !*
J@ ) L*> D@ -3 - 6 DP%
)`
* A
/U @ TPT *> 8+2 & O .(Water Plants)
@ )` P
3 T .(Special Installations Pipelines) %) D -?6
/3 * DP%
LA
/$) D ?1
K D6 L*>
.( T (
T -
Q; DP%
L* )` ( T ( 6 L

* %
8-6 @ !,
%
8+2 )
.J
L* D@ ,* )7 6
6
(Bolted Mechanical Joint) T ?* DP%

6 & (Retainer Casing) N <P( J
? .(L7-6 @ )
!* 6 36 L*> J *
.!'U
"O 6 J*% 6
3)
.%
6 DT ?
)k L
'
*> ; !* L
*V

.Q; & * <) "
Q; !* & DT 6
in. " P
G " , 9= , -% " 5
2
I O 5 $ :8-6
.(Clow Water System Co
) .in. 30 6
*T 1; ? .D2P 3

*
> \@
DT " ) ?
L*> T; . %
J U %
1
(Deelction)
(Corrosion) E 6 P L*> AI @

/P

/(Electrolysis) ! A6 L (Deterioration) 1

' @ * !* P
3 /(Biological Activity) 1
6 @*
/?
\P L* J*% .&*> 2?6 L* D
U *T
DP%

D @ ? * (Extrusion) IT* 6 L

36 (Shaped) b%
K D
* ?` .(Injection molds) 6 L

) PVC #
. U &
%
6 D

:

:* L K J
L* D@ " \P
2 (*
/6 ]
'

4 *
U PVC # (
.) 9
U @ U*% L*> 6 Y .9 D
4
.200 psi /150 /100 2

) 9 D (100-300 mm) 12in. & 4
U
73.4F 2 U -6 $ PVC L
* <*%
.K J
,* ,U

) . 7, " 7
1R C
7

KQ
" PVC -% :9-6
(Certain-teed Products Corporation :"
& % &6 9

C* U" -6 D $
K L* %

.150F 2 -6 L 6
I* V (Rubber Seal) - )` /PVC #
*%
@) L
*V (Belied End) ; !*

(Recess) <
6

/! ! (Beveled) !6
!A"6 ? -? !* (9-6
-
@6 9
Q; !6@ U !* 8+2 J %
*
.(Pressure-Tight) 9 6 I* ;
ABS

.PVC % "#$ PE "( " "
! )
1
in. "ABS % 2$ '
! *+,- / 01 &
2$
2
1
3 PE % 2$ "12
2
1
56 + ABS % PVC ! 2$ 4 .16
in. PVC
2
: .20-39 ft
18
!6 29 '+$ * 57 "(Semirigid)
% 2$ ! , "6 in. 2$
PE % *< .(500 100 ft) '1 3 ;

!6 29 PE %
!6 = ABS *< " =4 9
?; 0 , ! 0 > ",1 > 0
. ABA !6 @! "(Vent Fittings)
* 26U 4

D2 *# C / 6? < % 4
(Screw- H?; W <
6B & ABS V < % * .&%
& -(solvent weld) / A &
-Threaded Couplings)
&;% &8M PE V < % * % .(Slip Couplings) 5 ;U$%
-(Flaring) <% / 9 6 -(Insert Fittings)
(Insert- C%U 87 / ' .(Compression Jointing) >+%7
<?
& % &% 4#
8 <% 9+ $% Fitting)
B PE <% / 9 6 .(Outside Clamping) 8
8 <
6 A, )6 .<%
26 9 /*8
9; (Conventional Curb) /
) ( / 6? /8
4 486 08 / L%, U' .(Corporation Stops) /66X
/ %2 *6 (Internal O-Rings) /
8 / %2 /*
48 (Sleeves)
' .4M 3 / >+% /
( 5Y (Metal Stiffener)
4
4H% , D86 D# ( ,: PVC V < % C 6
(Belied- / 6B <% / &% / -(Solvent-Weld System) / A
.L 6? < A A 486 D ! PVC V .End Coupling.)
/ 5( D+2 &+2
# >+ %# <AF L 6? =6
8
4
/ 6B <% / &% / 486Y ; ./ A 8 /
/ &% C
/ " .(Rubber Gasket) / ( / A
( %: <% E
# SB + <%T / 6
/%6 :3 >+ % /
6 /* % < % % /:?: 486Y .6
(Prestressed / AU /%6 A &7 C6 -(Steel Cylinder) / AU
(Noncylinder &7 C6 )
6 %6U -With Steel Cylinder)
(Concrete Pipe) % <% $ .Reinforced, Not Prestressed)
< % K8 P
# 486F .P"
K8 P' ( P
486 P% < 3(%7 9; 95% 4
/%6 A &7 C6 <% ' ., /
/2
4
1AU <% , (Nonprestressed Steel-Cylinder) /* AU"
(Cage of Steel
1AU )
6 K" (Welded Steel Pipe)
[ AU" / 4 .

J > 3
Reinforcement)
(Compressive >+%U / $ 4,6 -D6
D
8 D6
486Y ./ 8 U /% >+ / Strength)
>+ .260 40 psi = /
8 D>+ < % A,
/* AU" /%6 A <% &F >% P%M -350 50 psi =
#
/"
> /* AU /%6 *' /%* % ( L
6 E
LA D6
3$ E
> 4: ./* AU /%6B (Imbedded) S> % <
%
)
6 % <% 486 .%6' ? &7 /6 %
8
/%6 (Wire Fabric)
6 & (Steel Bars) /* AU +
.45 psi 02 U "8% >+ 3 %
&% /* AU
& .144 16 in. = ;B )
6 < % 9%
/
.16 -12 -8 ft , D# ( /2% A, : ,; D
C?' %# / %2
9 6 SB , % <% /

( 9+ .(Rubber Seal) / 6 & (Sealing Element)
9 4: 1AU" )6
/& 6 /
8 8
#
&!

D D;?' / ( X .
: <% 1AU" SB /

SB 6 C + \" 6F 4: ./ / >+% ( 8T
./( /* AU" /
,Y -/U /% / 6? ( <%

C %) *
) )7 ?+
" L*> 1`

/(Yield Withut Breaking) F*
*
/(High Strength)

E 8 %6
&
/(Resistance to Shock) D%
6 *
/(Paint Primer) Q 2 J @ ) <9 ? .36

U .(Wrapping) < & (Coal Tar Enamel) *
I
:U

L
*V (Corrosive Environment) A> & )7
?6 *
L
*V ) * .Z> D6
Z>

6 L
*> 2 U*% +
" L* ?* .*
' P
*
D!* JA*%` .(Will Type) L
% L
*>
(Electrically Welded) 3 !

D!* :!2 6 %
;
* I
' L
*>
(Flanges ( DT - D!* /(Plain or Beveled Ends) 3 6 !6
/(Bumped or Lap Ends for Riveting) @ D!* /for Bolting)
.(Spigot Ends With Rubber Gasket) -
@6 J - i Q; :D!*

(8 3(
; 7-6
U 6 Z
6 U 8
U J D) \6
^ ; D) ' ") 3 > L .J
,* &
ZU ` /6 8+2
.") ) I* &
(
'
9
D6
)` * /")* I* ) -@ D)
D) * T .,* - D" &
%
; U
(Vertical
?
@ *
D) 2 U" I* ) 3
@
(Horizontal Split-Case U D+ ?> -+* D)

Turbine Pumps)
?
& K % & !
- !K" & 3,* /Centrifugal Pumps)
% ) 10-6 @ !, .(High Discharge Heads) <
' % 1+
(Double *
6 6" * P K L6 X6 /M
L
' 6
39% 9 U 3

6
3U@ 3*
1+ > Volute Case)
*
6 6" K ] FA
.(D*
) 6 D &
?
L? ?
J
/J
6
L* 9@ ) 8+2 T U .9
.-K"
<% 9 K
- -)
<
& %
.5-4
4-4 D" ,* C %)
-+* D) \
2 fn
`*
(Horizontal split-case double- 4 "-% " 73 A$ 9, 1 :10-6
Fairbanks :"
) .U
'
2T

1
S suction centrifugal pump)
(Morse Pump Corporation

?
@ L*>
U" D*) J
) ;
@; U" ?+
D*?) J*%` .-A97 D
' *)
Z> D6 Z
6;
/(11-6 @) 3.0
50000 mil gal ]
D
' U
-?U ?

?2
3U" K ,"6 qD;
' 9 ; 2 J" ) -
!6
2 E -3 ?+
" D*?) & ,67 .6 >
(Cathodic Protection Equipment) ! 6 D
L
)
!*; +

( T 8 D* 0 .) !6
6
@` (Vertical Standpipe) ?
@
* D
' *?) ? ) ? /?U ^
.Z
6> )
/(Ground-Level Water) Z> N $
&
mil " P
2 M (elevated spheroid-shaped) H @ ;
H "
$1 :11-6
(Chicago Bridge and Iron Co. :"
) "
$1
7# " /, 3.0 +> gal 0.50
.5 mil gal &6 % ' 6; -3 +

" ?
@
* D*?) A

!" D
+ ?
@
* D*?) N% ) 3

.(Reservoir) D*) & !" 2 D

+ /2
T - % D .Z> D6
Z> I
) ;@*
< D")
K ,"6 6 /!O 6 *
D*)
.*%
@
/ Q % <=
U +-# G "$1 @3 4 "
$1 :12-6
(Chicago Bridge and Iron Co. :"
)
D6 U 6 (Clear-Well Storage) % ) -3 J

(Roof
< * T A

N@
%6 D

M* D?U <P) U 6 *) U N .Structure)

! .J

,* & U J D6 ] D?U
K
.(Distribution Storage) J
) ) % 6
Z> N & )
J" ) K J
) U
&
/K ! ?
T
&
1@ J? 6
/(
&
P & Z> N & ) DE@* ?"` .?% L*

& * J
A
* /* 3
9 ?B < F" D+
* D*?)
U" D*?)

L > 0 \ +
.P
-
?% 6
* 9* .-?U D) J Z> $

& * J" ) * /Z> $
* )
K ,* : &%

7
?% T J" ) U7 3

."*
,*> " 4 ?U ^ D!
D*?)
3 (
.-9%
6

T
D! ! A
.L* <@ ; X6 -
.

> U D6
U 9@

]
+ U*2 6 /2 =6 , 9 $ $8 S ! '
9; /*
2 /
D6 *$8 -9 $ 4H%
/6%
-3
# <
16 3 $8 /6 ! $ .:
6 -/ + 26 4 K%' -D 9 $ - % -/2
3 /* $ & -/8 /% # 4H% < 6% >+
/ .*!& #% C! / /! U

/
/86F 4 ?
D #U A8 >% -<
$8
$8 *4 .^ /5
2F / -! @ U >
/ #6 * >
D2 LA -& $ &
@ U 2
1+
.; 3 486 4 3 L?&6U
T
/
) J
F"

) U
J
) J

-3
.,* ") K
P) :9
8 & M6 %
3 P T K ") J
-

-9% ) D6
!

L* 6 8+2 > L
.?1 J
U

3* T 8
9

/?1P ) ) 9% J

) 8 ZU ) L /U 9@ )
.,*
6 %%) K \P! 9* :* /K

.-
+ L6 K*T I 6
U" D*?) J

,* I 6 8 L* )

) U L6` .K> ) D) J Z> $
&
D*?)
.:
I 6 8 L
L* & Kl * I 6 6
9 D6 I 6 6 C%) 6 / P 6 D+ U" 8
@ & 15 & 10 ft J" ) K 6 D! ?` .,*

/1U M6
& ) K L
*
2 J
.L*>
? X6 K> ) D6 9@

9 U@
.I 6 8
) 3 K %75i70 8 6 ,"6
) 8
9* /I 6 8 P L
' * & ,6
M6
U" ^ U :g C %) D) -
>
6 ' %
/I 6 8 M6
6 D)P -
+
6 D+ J
L* @
/> A
D) 8+!
ZU .I 6 8 L*
6 -
+ D J U L
6
-3
. J' ? L

) L6 -U D* 6-3 T
15 /DT ^ ?U $ O
M6
I6 U

.
\P! %20
3-6 "4
6 & M6 U L

J

) L6
\P! 1+
D6 :g D
U & 3 I 6 8
.5-6
8 (Day of Maximum Water Consumption) &%
D*
9 U
/gpm # 3 (Hourly Consumption) \P!
(Cumulative Consumption) \P!
/
!
I 6 8 L* D6 Y . <%* -@ *T 3K
gpm
/ ' 6 D 6 - 6000 gpm (Fire Flow Requirements)
.
) 2000
"
- D* J \P! ?U )

2 13-6 @
1860 gpm Y ^ ?U \P! ?U
*
.5-6

)
1860 gpm T
*
. U 6 )

(Emptying or Filling Y"
U *6* D6 U
*
.Y" 6
^ ?U
M6 U L

) 6 2 curve)
.1680 gpm Y
24
) -3 )7 /13-6 @ 6 L6
U% & 3,*
14-6 @ AT * .: @ U IA6

) \ +

5-6
4
U 3
/8 ? L*P 3)
*6* -)> *
;@* * %
) .
?U
2 :
/\P! M6 1
? ^
2 /+2
U
. (Constant 24-hour Pumping Rate) 24 $ & DT ^
? ? ^ ?U
) K@*0 L

) U
?
@
.Z")>
&> \P! * *6*
500,000 6 8+2 2
/
) U 2
) +2
.
(

# 9 $ 4H% 3 ]+ " S 2

# /2 / >(
# ; - %6 9 * ?
D : -&%

/; U*2 %# A #6 # 2 "
# -&% #6
8 ?8 6 /; U*2 "8 / A, ./+"8%
/ % 37 .D 8 /#6 ?
D 12 /#6 #6
486 14-6 ( /
: A, #6 8 V 486 $8

]+ 8 46 4 -4 ?8 ; * L?&6U
# ./2 8
12 /#6 , $ D" 16 < 6%U Q B(% /% D# *
$8 6 -D /%: /#6 ]+ / &% ' -D?
@ U 8 D /%: /#6 %# /* ;( /6
6 <

/8+ >( ]+ 3 $ A8_ A') .; ]+ *
-8 ; ' 5-6 % C$ <* -D? 12 /#6 $
Q 14-6 ( 46 #' < - * L?&6U <6 #' <
.( ]+ 3 $ %# B(% /%
?U
' I 6 8 6 ; L

)
:- 3
L*
2000
gal
min
60
min
hr
6 hr = 720000 gal
# ^ ?U M6

) U 0
:
I 6
& - 24
0.5 + 0.72 = 1.22 mil gal
& D 8 ^ -"

) U

I 6 6
2.11 + 0.72 = 2.83 mil gal
"$1
&3-6 O- 5-6
2 #
;
6L0
2 1 :13-6
O S 2 / U '
A,L V
9-
9-
"$1
&3-6 O
5-6
2 " &;
6L0 1 :14-6
O S 2 / U '
A,L V

3-6 "4 /$* "1

0 2.
<9%
:5-6 "#
\P!
\P!

gal
gal
gpm
<%* 12
52000
52000
866
!, 1
104000
52000
866
140000
36000
600
178000
38000
634
238000
60000
1000
318000
80000
1330
428000
110000
1830
582000
154000
2570
732000
150000
2500
860000
128000
2140
10
985000
125000
2080
11
1115000
130000
2170
12
1243000
128000
2130
!, U 1
1373000
130000
2170
1513000
140000
2330
1651000
138000
2300
1815000
164000
2740
1999000
184000
3070
2199000
200000
3330
2359000
160000
2670
2479000
120000
2000
2559000
80000
1330
10
2629000
70000
1170
11
2685000
56000
933
12
1860 =

4-6 "4
?U :g M6 C %) D+ * K ! ,* Q
6.0 mgpd &%> \P!
/(2780 gpm) 4.0 mgpd
M6
8 L
L*
/(6250 gpm) 9.0 mgpd -
+ /(4170 gpm)
8 D 5 &> , ?U :* W* /(5000 gpm) 7.2 mgpd I 6
L* & &%>
M6 ?
(9170 gpm) 13.2 mgpd
.I 6 8
6 : ,6 L 1+ 19%> 9 Z
L*> @ ,*
/I 6 8 L* - K*T (115 ft) 50 Psi
2

,* J
Q .100 = C J Q L
*> 24 in. # m
.6 <) J
) 3 ,* J
Q
/
)

"
:(8 # 0$ 4>

3 /M6 ?U $ ^ 6 ] ?

9*
' ? & ,6
,* D

?
115 ft 8 &* 6 1+ ?
2 M

M6 ?U $ L
^ ?
0 \ +
.6 $
* 24 in. 8 L

'
*> 29000 ft 9 & 115 ft

:(?
U " 7-4 @ )) 4.0 gpm
115 + (0.9 29) = 140 ft
:(6.0 mgd) &%> ?

?U $
115 + (1.9 29) = 170 ft
:(9.0 mgd) M6 -

+ $
115 + (4 29) = 146 ft
:(13.2 mgd) I 6 8 L* & &%> ?

?U $
115 + (8.2 x 29) = 350 ft

15-6 @ W * 8+2 D57
:"
( (#
? (8
$8 1 mil gal B *4 -16-6 ( /+
I"
# ]+ $ # 39000 ft - $ # 10000 ft 2
D >% ]+ *
# M -$8 *1 A8XY U %# .120 ft
/ " $ LA $8 ' -*
2
S2 ]+F
P%M -$8 @ U 3$ $ & *4 %# . $ ]+
$ 0 !6 *
2 `% =
D ]+ *
2 >%
. $ ]+ / < % 8 " $
\ +
4.0 mgd L
^ ?U N% /
M6 ?U $
?
! M?
\ + &
/
) 8 ?1 +)

?

.120 ft
6
/) * 8,* 3 6
?
U & 6 ?
! M 3
L
^
.29000 ft :
Y L*> ) &
120 + (0.9 29) = 146 ft
4-6 O
" "$1 " " / 2 :15-6
\ +
6.0 mgpd L
^ ?U
&% \P!
$
3
L
^ ?

\ + &
/
) 8 ?1 +)

Y L*> ) & ?
U & 6 ?
! M
.29000 ft :

120 + (1.9 29) = 176 ft
; M6 -

+ $ 3.0 mgd # 3! ,6
6 ?
! M?
/^ ; .0 mgpd6

)
10,000 ?
U :* 36
) * ?
! M? \+
2
3.0 8 ] ?U $ 6
) J
L
*>
120 - (0.5 10) = 115 ft
^ ?

115 + (1.9 29) = 171 ft
:

@ 6 6 @&-

A'
K ! Q* U K

)
(
^ ? +
(6.0 mil gal) 3330 gpm L*
/D 5 -
I 6 - P)
8 6 * ?

2 ?
U
120 + (1.2 10) = 108 ft
?

8.4 mgd = 4.8 13.2
2 L
^ ?U

L
^
108 + (3.5 29) = 210 ft
L* %35 8 3!

(

) ? /6 +!
/U
6 +2
. ^ 6
* /I 6 8
! *

U C%) 3
) <%* X6
0 /I 6 8 M6 %%) 500000 gal +)>
.M6
.275 ft & ^ ?

116 ft
6 $ ?
U
? 0 .
) J

!, 16-6
15-6 @ *
.-
+ D6 T ^ ?
L > 0 /
) ?1
I 6 8 L* & &%>
M6 $ ^ ?U Y
:-
+ ^ * 3 I* +2
.
"U T
.171 ft ?
$ 6.0 mgd # 3 * 230 ft ?
$ 9.0 mgd /)

?

&%> \P! M6 ?U K*T
/
M6 ?U K*T
.3 :"* 6 P 9
4-6 O- ,

$ F-1 H "$1 H
/ 2 :16-6
&
8-6
/ U D6 K ,* (Valves) D% L`
!* <!
.
) D*?) \ +
L*> D@
/^ D6
3K D% 1
6 / ,*
. L* 8
A6
U> *> .) IP(O
N" L*> ) ) ? 3?6
/(Rotary Valve) *

/(Slide Valve) * 2 D%
2 3
@ 4 F
* \*2
/(Swing Valve) !
/(Globe Valve)

(Sleeve r`
/(Diaphragm Valve) 6
/(Sphere Valve) 1

3 <A*%
.(Vertical-Lift Disk Valve)
@ J
+ %
Valve)
(Shutoff <A
D% T) !9@ Z9 & K* -3 D%
%) !",

2
&
/(Altitude Valve) F" D%
Valve)
(Flow Valve) L* A6 D%
/(By-Pass) Valve *
8+2 ?> Z9 X6
.)7 -> ,* Z9 (Control
ZU 0 /K ,* D% ) <%

2 @*
#* !, ?6 D) J !",

#2
& 3
#
Z9

$) F
*
* )`
.3) T> D%
.:"*
/(Screw) L
2 % \?6 %*U 9@

J @ L

.(Water Pressure) K 9
(Gears) Q

Valve)
D%
(Gate Valve)
D% )
3
!P(
!6
/(Needle Valve) O D%
(Globe
* L

J" D% ZU
.3 k
/ 6 6

+
U J )k ZU
/(Shutoff Element) <
%* IP(

.3
@ T F
* +2
/% ) L
/J"
/:*

<,
/L
) K 9 J* X6 - D%
' 4 I K' \6 <
%*U ] (Gear Train) D**
? ! ? k 9@
3
D** ,* 7 .
U &
D** A9@ 2! D% .?1(
?
2

D%
/(Butterfly) @" D% /(Geared Operator)
I9
N" K 9 .
D%
?
D%

.\?6 %*U & @
' 9 D% F
* ZU
1+
(Hinged Swing Gate) %" ?!
D% 2 D%
.K 9 J

T T; I9
K 9 - T; D6 N"
(Automatic Globe Valve)

>
%
2 )k T \*2
P) <
%* 6 A6 :* % % JA 1+
.,* 8 9

B
&
D% 2 L*> ) K L* <A
D%
<A
D% L*> @
.K ,* -
T>
]P%0
Q U DT; * ?1 X6 /(Shutoff Valves)
D ]
.I 6

) J &*> 6 L*V
6
/ * ?6 3U \ +
(370-150 m) 1200 in.
500 in.
U & TPT % J
&*> 6 AT 3+
*
. L*>
<A
% ?*@ Q L
*V

/K *
%
L*
% Q J
)
I6 2
%
L
*> ?

.1200 in.
/^ D6
U D6
.I 6 2
N% * ;
/* D
)

) M)
) * D% J

*% DK0 D)
D% ?\ s 1+ >
L*>
-U < D% 2 6 D%
.]P%O

%
.*
@ D% !*
3 3*6 )` 6 -

\6
U K 8 -U '
\6 L% * 6
-6 ) &
L6 ? L* ) & % L *
.L

.J"

X,
+-# E,- -C

W W/R &" I 2
I O
% :17-6

!L5> # I ,Y !L5?
P C
J* 6 @ F & I* &

* ?
/
<A9` /17-6 @ 6
T6 D%
.

A@ :
K
* I* /
O % <
<9 *
]
9* X6 ! & ,6 % * &

D%
.K L J*
IP( * ' 60 IP(O

-
M
C
' D+ D% 2 g & )` D

.! ) -' @ A@
E *U 2
/L% ' 6
*%
N"`
/Z> N & %
!
6 I*% Z> D6 D% -3
I &
%
:*
'
L
I9`
D% 8+2
.%
!, & -

%
T
% :

9@ D6"
I"*>
D% L
D
<") -9% * D D% 2

/*%
Pa +@ DK

* Q

3 (
/IP(O
N" $ 9
.9@
-

!L5?
8

% "
E :18-6
F+
6
\?6 C (18-6 @ ) @" %
/ 6

8 1 C
.<

6
D .<
6 &
/N" & IP(O
A $ 3 3

C
* @" %
D % +2 JA $) ' 6*
.L
*> <,* D
)
.(Throttling Capabilities) I*) D*
/?
U '
/6 <O
) P
3 T 3
@ @" D% D T $6 -)> 8+2
6 T D6@ <% ?U ,* L* U A6
?T
3 ( 6> - @" D% ) 3)B @* . U
% C 9 D* & 3,*
.J
,* &

& LA9 ? k 9@ J
L /% IP( & @"
.<*U IP(a 3* IP(O K*T -
8+2

/% N K*T
*
?
-3 A9@
/ U D6 D
U
?1 % C & ,6 )` Q L
?
2
- D% DP9@
.% N
IP(O \ +
*
.\6
GA "
) F
!L5?
H %
/1 7, /$ &"$
$
$ H % :19-6
(Industries Inc
3,
&
L* 8 N ?

<%* - (Check Valve) J %
<
* 3

I97
9 T; D6 % N"7 . 6
8
J* \ +
-+* ) ] L* -3 L?7
.L*
F" D% J K * \ +
/U )
*
.J
L* @

) D*?) DP%

J 2 K ,* D J D% ?>

& 2 J 1
6 .(Swing Check) 2 J
(Lift Check) J
I97

@ ' N"7 X6 /% 3
@ \6 N C
. <A
* Z* T;
T U"
X6 19-6 @ 2, * \+
2 3
@ 2 J
T
? C J
/K L* 8 J 3 3
I9 C J*%
QU T F+ -
T IP(O
.L* &%; O
60 I* X6 2 J J*% ? 6 IP(O
.C %
2

% ?) -6 ",
.*U
- &
.<*U IP(O J*
2&
%#
&

B!8 &
(Small Pressure- !
D%
9 <") D% ",

4 M) 9 & ) 9 <") 2 Reducing and Pilot Valves)
D J*%
-9% 9 <") D% D .3 6

9 * D @ 6 AT /2 in.
0.5 in. ]

- ?

> D% U !?
D% A6 * /-
L* ,* ' 9 Z
' * A6
.9 T; U
.M)
)
' 9 I :* W* 1+ > /S
3 /%
3 2 ? /
U
U 6 0 20-6 @ IU
.% 6" 6 ?6 / & DT
J
P)
1
2L%
1L 2 in. +> 0.5 in. " 2 M &C
F1 % :20-6

) (23-6 22-6 ) /=
2%
# M,- W % 63 1 6-6
(GA Industries Inc. Golden-Anderson Valve Div :"
& % -6 6" *

/M) 9
6* % C :6 % IP( & /6 D6 J
b"
N"
6 ">
6* 3U
I

Z* -
Q .&>
?9 0 /L
?6 M) < * 9 C* 0 .%
6* \6 & % C Z* <

& * <

& 8' 9
L* 36 36"* T J'
& ">

U J <

0 /M) * 9 /QU
.%

.M) 9 3") % @ 39 /&>
6*
.M) 9
& -
9
% 6
C-
0D
&
K 9 (Automatic Control Valves)

> % )

/- D% " .% IP(
N" \?6 %*U 9@ ,*
Spring-Loaded Diaphragm ) Z* & 6 L6
/:
) %
\?6 %*U L* L* & K 9 :

/(Assembly

% 9@ D@ U U@ D

.%
.?

?(
/? !
/?
2
U @ D6
/?

> D% -T D
/(Pressure-Reducing Valves) 9 <") D% ,*>

Surge Relief ) @ <")
/(Altitude Valves) F" D%
D%
(Controlled Check Valves) L J D%
/(Valves
.(Shutoff Valves) <

?

>
D% * 6> 9@ 21-6 @ !,
-6 \?6 %*U (% D .(Automatic Globe Valves)
." :6 6 1
U :6 6 (Piston) Q
U
1
<P9 !
6 D(R Q I
U
-6
*
@) % & ) K 9 T; 36
" Q &
.(21-6
C
, %
+-# E,
/ (4) .4 @ % C 0E 1 :21-6
%
+-# E,
/ (9) @
FLC
+-# , K
! 7,
" # 1
# G
GA Industries Inc. Golden- :"
) K
+-# 7 7 -1
C
-C
(Anderson Valve Div.
K
! b" I9 &> TPT % J
9
-
& Q 9 :"* .Q I
-6
1
U K 6 & 3,* /">
6* : -3
A
Q
* K N * :*0 \ + &
." 8K 6 Q
.(L21-6 @) 3

I9 % 0
U -6 &
) )
> / ?8 P ' 8 S @8 L* 3&
' .(Water Hammer) / ! /; Q 9% S / E5"8
* , 4 ; D # P 45 4
# 6 :?: 4
.P * E 4
# H (9) .=

%- # H (4) .4 C
F1 % :22-6

)
M, 94 W % H C
F1 % 1 E (A) .W
%-
(GA Industries Inc. Golden-Anderson Valve Div. :"

B!8 &
?

D% (Pressure-Reducing Valves) 9 <") D%
3 : ? % M) * 9 & ,6 D!

U
,* D% 8+! J @ I
.% ) * & 9
%"* L* D@ % L*> !
2 /K J

&> * % K L* *
.") " & J
L*> @ 9 Z 1" 9 <") ? Z")> * &
.3" 4> *
<") % ) 9 *7 .9 <") % 22-6 @ T
9 *7 * /% IP( &

6* 1+
% Q & 9
Q ) * 9 : .:?
% Q & % M)
Q IP(
3
6 &>
6* /:
% 6 D6

>
N
3
6
& "> 8 9 [Z* /-
8+2 QU
.:

<") 9 J
Z* -
`
% 6

.%
% M) * 9 0 .
( $ M) *
:?
% 6 D6 9 <") ? /3* 3")*

>
% Q I
9 <") 8

1+
:?
% N"7

' 9
QU @
.

> % L* N
% L* <") /

> % & ) ) *
L* <") T
/% Q & 9 1+
/:

&6 3T M) * 9 & ,6 ? \ +
.

> %
.) 9 ?9

.(Pilot Valves) :
?% 9 <") D% !
\ +
9 <") % U S

% D 8+2
9
@ 3 ?6 ) 9 & ,6
.* %
& ) 9 Z")* + % I9
/3 -?6 & )
< & K D) & ,6 \ +
3 ?6 * 9

% 9@ $) 6
D ) .% )
9 <") %
/c! :
%
9 <") %

-

> % N" <A")
:
%
.J %
-?6
& ) 9 Z")* + % M)
) 9
\ +
/J D%
9 <") D% J* .3
U .M) 9
& ) 9 Z")* + % IP(
D L
9@ F
* & ) ) 9
*
.-?6 D
)!'
&
L*P

> (Altitude valves) F" D% )
L* ?6 F" & ,6 ?
@ L*>
J" ) &

% L
*>
D% -"6 D% 8+2 -3 J

.K

*T % % F" % L ? .J" ) &
3

% I97 .,* ) % 1+ L
*> (23-6 @)
J
L* & 9 N% * .:*" 3U* ) m *
)
) 8 36 % N" /) L* %
.:9
% L .
*T % L*> @ L (23-6) @ !,
%
. U* 6 % M) i ) L
'
* & F"
J" ) & % L
*> 9%
*
:?
%
23-) @ N?
.*T ! J
,* Q L
*>
/!
K*T % A6 ? .

*T F" % 3) 3,* (L6
.:
-
% L
*> -O % \ +
:P(
/Z* & ?6 6 & /&>

:?
% U

.Q % Q & K 9 * X6 TPT
6 & -
/
U & *
6 &
%
@ N?
.3

: ,67 ) K L
* I
'
.) K L* N :?
% (M23-6)
J % :?
% 6 I
-

-6 M) K <%
.% L* Z")* 9 ,* & 9% 1+ L
*

]
"
J* 1+ Q -
T; &>
6* 6 J
U > +2 N
L* \ +
.) % & ) U K 9 * &>
6*
8 QU* /) K P)
.,* & % ) M) K
K*T :?
%

.) & ,* + /K L*
J % & 3,* /

> % IP(0 QU L*
&> 9 * I9 :?
%
6* : L
*>

.:?
% 6 * Z* -
3U* /,* L
' *
&
3
) L* -6 K
/8+2 :?
% DU
" +2
& (Floating) "[ " ) 6 8+2

/:* 3
)
)
K L
* F" 6 /) &
) K +
.,*
">
6* 6 J Z* -
& K 9

&> &
g K .% Q
6 D6 9 % IP(
,* L* & Q & % * L*
L
* .

> % I9
/(23-6) @ N?

2
@ N?

2 /% I6 L
*> \ +
2 *
/3 39
:U & 36
" ?1
F
' " L
*

.(L23-6)
.(Throttling Valve) I*) % U
9 (4) .H

"
$1
+> " 4 ;
9 M,-
'O
% :23-6
() ."
$1
A1 +> ;
9
# W
% C (A) . %- 1 E (9) .9=

GA Industries Inc. :"
) !-C =
%
"Z "
$1
" # W
%
(Golden-Anderson Valve Div.
(Single-Acting Altitude Valve) U" 16 F" % L

.(Storage Tank)
) ) & K L* ) L
*
,* 8 J* J %
)k L
* M) L*

.
16 ? % L +
* L 24-6 @ N?
.
)
F" % I9 P
3 T .$)
* % F" D% J*%
39 &
3K
)
* (Differential Altitude Valve) "
K -O N"7 3 ?6 8 L
* & ) L
*
2 &6
3
.KP U
) 8 ? U 8+2
.)
3 2 J % 3" B 3 3%
F" %
.J % ) K L*
/-
A6

"
$1 ;
9 =
M,-
@,4
% 9 3 2 :24-6
(GA Industries Inc. Golden-Anderson Valve Div. :"
) H "$1
/3 ?6 F"

& ) K L
* Z")* *
N"` * ) m .,* & %

L
* @" -?
N"
m *
.?) 9 ,* 9

A6 @ -?

D% * +2 ? +2
/A6 @ -?
I9` )
.
*T 9@
%# C B &
% 9@ 6 TPT % U
9
-

(Solenoid Pilot Valve) :?

< %
/3

X6 L

6 !" ? \P> " -
<"
.!*
-
-

.L
? !
* *9 6 A@
25i6 @ !, .:
% IP(
N" +2 *9 6
< %
*
.?1
% &
< % 9@
<P9 & 3 6
" % Q I
-6
/36
" :?
&

L
' * L
*>

%
' @

* /1

36
" & ?1
% Q N .39 ?1
% )
6" /:

&
< % I9 *
.) 8 9

3 Q -
U 6 & ) 8 9 9
.1
% 39 /">
6* 6 & 8
@
$ + F % (9) .8 @
/
$ +
/ F % (4) .W/ +
/ F % :25-6
GA :"
)
/ F % C 0
1
" '0
M,
"
4 7/# (A) .!L5>
(Industries Inc. Golden-Anderson Valve Div.

< % 9@ -?U ? ! A6 F
* )
? - U
-U J
% 9@ ! N
/:

A6 @
.U DK &
%6
J
,* >

A6 &
%

.K"O
9@ ]"
2 !
B .:
&
< % & -@ *
U@ D
)
. IP(O
N"
/K"O
9@ A6 %"* L
* DU@
-
) ) L
* A6
" 8+2 ?
(On-Off
9 & U K"O

9@ N"
I
/(Float)
.Pressure Switches)
8
* K L
* !@ L
* DU@ Q
9 Q L
6 /!@ DU@ & T>
.3 ?6
3
/(Long Probes)

/(Pressure-Measuring Diaphragms)

.K N & QU* (Sonic Signals)
% D@O
Q @B L6 :

@ ) 9 Q D
U /+
:
& Q $) c )
/6 ) & 9
D%
/F" D% J !) D+ C
%)
DU@ ) .(Pressure-Reducing Valves) 9 <")
.DA) 9@ A6 (Analog Level Sensors) T L
*

%
&
& Kl
2 D6 ) P) L* @ & ) K
!
D9 6 P)
K
! L DP%
P) K L6 L
*
* K L*

! L
.K L

+
L6 K
/K J
@ U" * !
L .DA) -
<%
)
/DP%

/D%
K
! <% J
8+2 (Airs Release Valves) K
! 6 D%
3 ? - 26-6 @ N?
J @ K
! 6 % 1
6 .Q6
-6 K
! *
.-9% M
' ) 6 ? X6 Q &
.M
) K
! 3 6" M) 6 -U - /%
.$) -3 6" ?` K N & - -
U
(4) ;
H$ E4 W '
H

7C% , # ;
, % :26-6
GA Industries Inc. Golden- :"
) 2%
9 (9) 9=

!
(Anderson Valve Div
'

3 9-6
X?
36 J
,* K
L
N% @
.$) ,* M)
)
) L*
%
L@ 8 !
SU % & ? %

Z" % 6
I
.*
*% X?

(Backflow
L* J*

& <@
>

1!U
* 8 U B /) DP%
Preventers)

.U
<
, D6 X?
@* B K
C) F
6 <% 8

L*
2 /I -3
> T
L* 9 & KO -?7 p*"p 5 )
.D7 & 2B
6
/> -9% D@
.L* QU* J* K L*
-
/> -9% L*> @ * ")*
9 W*
.-
+ * \P!
^
9 W* L* 2 (Back Siphonage) -?7 p*"p 5
/L
*> 3 W*
/L*> @ J
Z")*
Z")* *
/K ) * 3" 4 Q 8 L
* ]P%
9 /QU &
.8 6 -?U ) < 9
\! ) DP%
9
+ L* QU* L?
T .K !
1+ Q J
L
* 9 /
-
U & 3 U 8 -
/ 9 W* L
' *
.+9 ) L@ 8 ! L
* & 3?",
P
3 ) *U ,*
] !*
2 b
'

2 J*
O
.
9 ( K A K
K ! L
*> 6 L*
L
*> 
! )
' % * K 9 /-9% D
L
3 (
.,* 9* - L /- I & K

* J* L 3 " T 3 /DA)
) )
K ! L*
/ T
.K ! 9 *
/
2 -
" T % K ! U ,* 3
U
? .:6 &
* "

) ) )
Z" L
*
/) L
* LA %
K L*
<
6 & !*
K " ) % L? U c

9 %

-
L +2 AT .(L27-6 @) )
9 ! D
> ZU 9@ L* 9 ; @
.6 L@ ?1 +A+
?

>
n% 2 ?* L* DU* U> F
*>
9 KP) n%

/(Atmospheric Vacuum Breaker) K
! KP)
Double Check ) M
J %
/(Pressure Vacuum Breaker)
(Reduced-Pressure-
Z")*
9
?>
!
/(Valve
D * & !* ?1 ) U

.Principle Backflow Preventer)
K DP%
D* 0 . ?1 X6
* -) &
*
2 ?> L* J* 0 / 9 U)
-@

.(Air-Gap Separation)
! -
" %" P
3 U L*
P) * /?*% D : &%
*
2
! -
" %
KP Z6 6 &
6 )
> /K

L :*0 / 9 U) ( D .P
3 T U
.Z6 <@ % K

! KP) n% )
.9 KP) n%
++ ,* K
! KP) n%
9 KP) n% ?1 %

.6 L@ ?1

'
0
7
(4) ; $0
94 9

H '
0
7
% :27-6
< 94 '
0
7
% H "$1
"
$1 (9) .; $0
94 F [- 0 +%
,Y !L5? ; $0

%
3> W "
$1
;L
H

%

986 "E&

(Vacuum and Pressure Vacuum
K
! KP) n%
%" 6" M

) K J* \?6 %* Breakers)
<A
K*T 6
" 6" 3 ">
6* \6
/K L* P)
:* + /]
" U J %*U 0 /(28-6 @ ) !,
.L*
<
*
.% &>
6* * 8 9 * F

] 8 *p "p J* +2
. T -
% - & %*U !
/(L28-6 @ ) !,
.U" L
*> *T
" J
) K
!

2 K
! KP) n%" )k I \*2
.L@U ?1 D+A+ 3+
* 3
& K X6 K ! 6 1
U L
*> & :
/-? L@> D
/-> M U` ?6 ?
D*?)

) $)> !* ( 6 & 3,*
.$) ? 6 ?1

,* ?%7 /6
6 *p "p 0 /K L
* !*
%

D
' " K K
! KP) n%" 9* .
6 J* X6
]A L* & LA <A
% J I :
9 D6
.%"
.7,
#
9
;O4 ;
0
, '
H
%
!-C (4) &;
;L1> \% :28-6
+-# 3 9 (9) ."
;
0- 8 ,
C %
<1 &
F #
(Backflow Prevention FEBCO :"
) 33 E
& 6 J % *?

'
& 9 KP) n% 1
6
J* .(29-6 @ ) N?

2 /Z* & u6 K
2 %
Z*
*
) K
! N K
! % N"
/L* J %
J % I9 0 .1

9 %" ) 9 L
1+ 6" % L67 K
! 0 /( - ) L 6
' @
) ?1
*% %" r
7 .L* J* 3

U
& <A
% \ +
/ L* 8 % IP( 6 IA6
K
) DP%

T6 /9 KP) n% L .%" *
K DP%
%
!* ( /?
' 9 U) ( ")*
% & U %

@ ? L* U) -@
.? 3
1
6 8 J
)$, *(+$ %&'() #$ !"

:29-6
(Backflow Prevention FEBCO :0 % )$) %() .& )$() - %& #$ !"
A(
3,
0& $#
D !6 B ; /1E /1C * A / !
0 1
! 29 B !, 0&E ! ! .
C
!6 . >+ FG$ *!,$ F&C, B-
* 7 "1H I$ J; FB .CH /1C ! 30-6
E * (Double Check Valve Assembly) K /1C
E @! " A B G
. 1H B G G
I "L " +-# "-/, H

/ % " "/ 9

H A$ H % :30-6
(Backflow Prevention FEBCO :"
)
F!8
C*

3
Backflow Preventerreduced-Pressure-) 8+2 L* - < ;
Spring-) * & 6 %"* J % (Principle
" 9 3

U <")p % J /(Loadedcheck Valves
%
.J % J
/(Pressure-Differential Relief Valve)
& TPT ) D% 9@ IA6 ",
U 6
U> 9@ L
.!6P% <! -6
L6
?\
.31-6 @ D) 6
*2
%

6
6
" J % .(Normal Flow) $
.1
/
> J % ?
U <") . J*
L*P
9 Psi 11
5 % J
I* 9
/3 O 9
* 39 <") % & KO
.!
." 9 P) \ + A6
Z
* -
9 J %
.(Static Pressure) .2
I" 39 <") % &
.-6
L*

J /D%
.(Z")* 9)
> I*
K ! I*
11 psi
5 9
* 9 J %
.(Back Siphonage) 2CH I!I J .3
I* (9 " ) 9 1
*
.K ! ? 9
36 <") % N" /(Z")* 9)
> I*
K !
8 ?1 D + \ + &
.
> I* -6 8 <%
]
.<") % L* !*0 /<%
]A < J %
(Back Siphonage & &
9 KC 3 C 2CH I!I J .4
4 ) N?

2 .Back Pressure With Both Checks Fouled)
; <
,
g Z
.<") % N" ? ! 9 L?
.$)
?1
L
*>
@ J

J 3 ]
" % P
T?
8' N
/
> I* ?
' 9

6 8+2 N
0 /- M
<") % & 3,*
.I* &
) 6
N * /:%
:6 *T J % & ) L*
8 ! 9
K
! L6 <") % *T <%*
.
> J % I

> I* ) &
2%
0E P H (9) 1 E (4) <1
C-
/ 4 9

H :31-6
(Watts Regulator Co. :"
) =
C
9= 2, (A) .OLO
-1

/?6 Q "8% >+

*66 < 6% 9% /%
4H% ' 3 >+ % $ 9 -LA ' /+' ./ !& " "
>+ /6 / ! $ & >( A, .L
&6
/2!( (% .C! / ;
3 A A 4H% LA S !
/H% - #; -( -/* ! 9 ( -/#% U 9%
>( 5B
D /* % < 6%U 9%
# E( < .1

+" >+ S E( 3' *+ ./
8
)
LA -/$2 E; 4 C?' 8U % '
4: .
8 4 =5 E
# < 6% >+ C
?8 C?7 4'
# E( *4 -4
3 8 E 3 >+
.<*6 < 6%U >+ H"U
# 4 ;

& 7 10-6
Z(>
8 J
3 % (Fire Hydrants) I 6 D2
A

!, . K
) <,*
<@
/F
@ 9
/I 6 K"
Cast-) L% 6 ! .I6 2
" K> 32-6 @
%

U "> %
&> ' 6" (Iron Barrel
L I 6 D2
+
* -6

. I
!*

L
*> <%*
f* 4 1 8 eA) M)
/f* 2 1 8
) &
2
I)
?1 L? X6 %

?%R .L6
I 6 D2
L` .K ' ?1 1"
/:* % J
(<) I L* & 16 6 <) D &
& "
D? * 1" /2 in.
6 -3

L
*
I 6 2
%
L
*> -3

.I L*
U N
% & 1
6
(150 mm) 6 in. 4 Q J

&%6 Q

1

.*% Z(> 2
"
K <% ] \ +
Z>
2 J* \ +
?)% D
-

8 Q
.:) U
2
<% &
8 L
*
*
.8 3 ?
Q n ) +0 /L K*T <% -3 ?7 /I 6
.) U K :* ^7
Mueller :"

0 ) !- 3 9 H !, # H :32-6
(Co. A Grinnel Co.
3(
/* 0& 8 11-6
/J
* (
/K ! 7% /K ,* L A6
@ -6
* K ! ? +0 .K \P! <P)
J Z> $
& )
J" )

L > 0 /L*>

9* .
9 & Ka -U I* ?U ^
.?
U
K * < ' 6 & -3 *@
)
/ k ") * J
@ & K ) + /)k L*
/9%
L*> 6>

) U Z") :*0
.:P! - D J K ! & L?
:*> \ +
+)> .,* % > U

(

J" K ! !
&
> /6 6
K ! ! ) $)>
/L*> @ & T L*
.
) D*?) L*> @ &V ^ 9*
F"
") D" & L* D@ !
J
,*>
-?
L*; 3 %

3 ? 3
!* 9 A6
,* ) )
LU \@ )
/9 <") D%
.1
U J
,* ^ L6 )

/" J

.*

?*% D6P -@ J K \P! *
D9
I*
Z> ) ) -3 <A,
M
?1 & 3,* /?6 T; e*
.J
@ K \P!
. :@ I* * I* K 3 36 L @U
- & 3,*

.6 <
, T;
J
,*
/ZU !U 3U /
) 6
/@ L* 6
/^
(
. U Z?
U !* 6
- 0
!* /% D & / ,* U
U
D)
-@O < 0 /\ + & -3
P . I L U ' 6 & J)
L*> D6% - " *
/3PT . J u9 9@
D?U -

) D*)
/^
9 <") 36 >
*! <2> 0 /D6 J

.
( D) /^
L* 9 & ,6 ?
2 M? * ; 2 >
I 6 D / )
^ D &
/) *
J
,* !, .? ! D*
> c

@ (33-6 @ ) !, + .% ?> c

.J"
) )
) ^ 6 J 9% ,* ?*@ L*
6 K ^ 6 $ Z> $
& ) &
^ 6 L*

.-@ g
U
! *) K * ,"6 /J" )
M
5 ? .) 6 ,* * K -
+ D6
K L
* U /K> D) W*
/,* ?
!
L*> @ -@* g ^ .J"
) )
/J
-? ,* -@ K (L33-6 @ ) 6

2
) ) < ,

.9% D+ L* L N
M6 3
g 9@ ? .^ D?U -

9 DT
M6 J
< D) L ?
/K ;
P
3 T /* - P) g ZU )` .c
D6
@* F$ $2 4 .PA L?&6U a
%# E E % D

.$8 $8 3 <6% /6 - >( ; b /6 * &
A/
"
$$ H
"$1
"
$1 1
# S
(4) .H$
E= / 1 :33-6

/ 0
A/
9=
# #$
]
$$ (9) .H$
E #
/ 0
3(
/* 0, 12-6

& -
) I & K ! %
9*
D
* @U J
\P!
?
D6 8'
U DP IT

9* :*0 /K ) D
.g
P) \P! -
+ D DU
/
\P! -
+
/

8+2 3 D6
.-)> @U D
*
.J
* $)

(Minimum Amount of Water
6 * K

L
9*
.U ( ' ) 3
/K ! % Available)

m <" D
* LU 6 +)B
!
.
8 L* Z")* 6
/ <" D
*
& -3 - %"
6
9* /K 6
*) - 0 / -
. D
* @U &%>
M6

9* (Storage Capacity of an Impounding Reservoir) 6 )
D
* P) &%>
M6 4> &
30 M6

:*0 /(Well Supplies) g ! IU
/3+
*
. Q)
8 L
*
2 +2 &*U
/8 T ?1 \*2
9*
@ (
2 gpm) v -?6 -
*

D9 K*T D
* Q) - T 8+2
u"
.L
.6
F
P) !"* U ""

2
X6 -3 (Intake Capacity) 6 8 L6 -
9*
/3PT) U D6
* ) " 8 D !*
.-
+ M6
?1 P) (Filter Back-Washing N@ ? (
A

) \*2 0 /I 6 8 L* D +)>
K" M6 @

L L6 - 0 /\ +
6 U D D6
,> L*
/I 6
J

) D* T6
/)k L*
. U

) * ? L6 - 0 /I 6 8 L* D
9*
.
6 D6P
8 ,> ,*
D6 K"a -* !
K L6 I 6

.> & D
* Q) P) U
,>
3U

9* /3
T
K L6 ,*
9*
6
) F* ?1 X6 X6 3"
36
/)* <
, ?1>
A@
D*"
U L> I 6
D
.? ! F*
/DU ]P%
> IU L
' >
F* ?1 L? X6
T
K L6 I
9* /$)
.J K ! ) J
C* 1; I K ?1
;
2
K * J D)
/+
* 6 8 ! ,*
J D)
U U
. U 6 & !*
%

6
.J
,* & %
) K

+
. U & ) K * D)
/
8
. *
) -3 @ !2 ] g 0 /
U
/3(
* D" D+ I*
- @ DU?
,* J

J
@ 9 - -?U D) > L
. ^ 6 3 U D &

9* /-
K
) U % D+ D

L* DU

9 D6 K ; -3 ^ ,*
I 6 8 L* &

-
+ 6 ;
* /D6 & 3 - ^ I
9* .L

? 0 /3PT .*% D *
,* @ X
6
D) D)

-? ,> ^ - &
%

3U" K
/,*
) U /D6 T
.)
^ ,* D*?
3*?
/-?U D)

J Z> $
&
.-
+ D6
" \ +
/ &
T
^ I
9*
?1 X6 X6 %

/ DU

/D6

0 / ! F* 6
.L> L
' ?1> ) D"

/< 6 & U & -
9* %
D D6 K*T J

) A
K <* L* \ +
D6 ?1

*
.I6 L
K L* \ + /-
+
? 6 bP ,* & 9* :*0 /! -?U ?

.1 J
! <6* ?1;
!9@ <
,
;
5
40 - K ) !
*T
*@ +9
) % 9*
<
, D6 L*V " U" ) .! +* *

)
9*
.* 100
50 ]
9@
12 in.
/! K6> 8 in.
/* K6> > & 6 in. "
1" J /\?@ 6 L J

) .
) J *
) L
. P ?6 D" \ +
-
D!*

/
X
6 6 K L* <
N D% L*
D2
F?
U
.*> -6
T ) M) X6
.; D) L U & I 6
3#

1. Guide for determination of Needed Fire Flow. 545 Washington

Boulevard, Jersey City, NJ: Insurance Service Office. Inc., 2004.
(<http://www.iso.com>).
2. Distribution System Requirements for Fire Protection. 3rd ed. Denver,
CO: American Water Works Association, 1998. AWWA manual; M31
(<http://wwww.awwa.org>).
"
?1 w> -6 D
K U ?U 1-6
,> T;
2 /* 3, K U
>
wO +2 8 UP

/&%>
M6 L6 /100 gpcd & 3 2-6
.&%> U
wJ
,* : &%
1+ K 9
2 3-6
w* I* D) DP%
&*>
&%> 9
9+ -4-6 /2 ' D%6 .1+ C! < 6% E# 4-6
.1+ C! < 6% #U ,A8 < 2 /D !;
() :g D9 3

1-6 T *V NFFs # L6 5-6
+9
J K* (L) .65 in. ZU !U U K*
U *
/6
I @) *
+ /D
gpcd (L) /2 h /2000 gpcd /2 h /2500 gpcd ()

>) .10 ft !U
.(3 h /4000 gpcd /3 h /3500

I
) ?
\@ * U
-
Ci L6 6-6
D6"
/I6
% @ K* .450 x 210 ft 8U
.B " IP(O + I6 - L

6 ?
@ )
6 ( D6 1
6 450 ft 2U : I T K* K* +2
I 6 8 L* L6 .%
* /90 ft !U
12 ft I6 2
D* + .*T K* <A@ 3 * 1

2 w1
I 6 8 L* +2 <") 2 /K*
w? *> ?

++ ,*
() 16 :% /105 x 115 ft 8U / U 7-6
:% /55 x 75 ft 8U 6
I L K* U
.(I6P
1
6 115 ft :" Y U .(I6P () ?16

> 1 (]
" %) I6P % ) &
-?
!* 2
J .48 ft U & L K* 55 ft :" Y
' A)
350 ftU &
U 500
200 ft U & /
) %
e
/*
' 1
I 6 8 L* L6 .L K* 450
.I 6 2

? T /
- L6
x 130 m 8U 1 % 1+ 6

I ?
D
8-6
8U 1 % 1+ L K* 8

.3.5 m I F"
30
30 m Y D
.M ?
@ 6 :
/20 x 30 m
' ) L &*

20 m Y L &* .
.(6 ( D6) I6P % D+ L

+
* 1
6 D
8 L* L6 .3U !U 0.6 m -
U
.)g &* <A@ 3* &* 1
I 6
D
* * 1
I 6 8 L* 9-6
* w" <
' J S1 %
I *?

* 8+2 I 6 D2
L

2 .20 ft Y *
w*
,U
N?7 1+ &%> I 6 8 L*
2 10-6
; < wI 6 6 I
T

6* & : & -3 D
& I 6 8 3
3* M6 *> ,U I 6 )
w8+2 U
6
K ,* D*?
2 /K ! - & 11-6
wI 6 8 M6 D ! ?
T
? $)>
( S ?
S 6 ?*
"6 "6 12-6

< w"6 K*T 36
" ,"6 < .\
D?6 J* 1+ /) J
U w) :U

w!) 1 K J 9 D6
) 6
* \> 2-6 @ *
!* < 13-6
w ?6 8 LA7
J ^ D6 -3 L4A` -+* D) F

* 2 14-6

6 @ 2* D) 6 < wZ")*
w!* 8
J
L \?@ 6 -?U L* @ U` + 15-6
I* w* I* )` * 6> 2 wK
("J
,*" J &
2-6 -"
5-6 -" & J) w
.
' * 8 ) %
D*?
? 16-6
w7-6 @ N?
6 L* %
D) 17-6
#
*% J
L* D@ %
< w8-6 @ \ +

) DP%
)7 P L*> F
* 2 wPVC
.6A *
L*V TPT *> DU <% wD
D
^ <
, F
* D6 L*
9 D D7 18-6
<% ?
D*6* D* J \ +
/ J 6
:W * C) ;
.A)
(gpd
) ^ U
<% ?

D)
3.0
210
4.6
175
6.0
125
5.0
200
6.8
150
6.0
220
7.2
200
9.0
150
)*+ , -/:?: 8+ E *

# %% % A, * ()
( /% ]+ / , %% A, (<) .4-4 "
c;Y% 16-6 ( /% EH
4H% E *
# %% 46 .16-6
# 4 -(6.0 mgpd) ; ; d <
6% 0 (@) .5-4 "
9B 2 / () fE >+ a
4 //
2 8+
E < 6%U Q A .6.0 mgpd 175 ft ; E *
2 8+
/8+ "; ' Q A f/68 /8+ "; ' >+ EH
f9 8+

8 <% - ?
@ ?*
) LA` 19-6
9@ <% ?
D* Y .9% * J' ? L
' * @ & -@
$ 210 mgpd /A) UA*% @ -?6 D"%
& 3*
) ?
$ 300 mgpd
/Z> N /170 ft 8 ) ?

.130 ft 8 ?
$ /470 mgpd
/?
150 ft $ 410 mgpd
/165 ft 8
/48 Psi
/71 Psi Z> N $ L*> @ K 9
J
6
/<% ?
*6* .64 Psi 8 9

9
) <% Y .

9
.64 Psi
D6 * J ) <% L*
9 D D?7 20-6
D*?) 8 ") L*
,* ") D6
/
* ^ <
,
:; <% ?
D*6* D?76 /D & 3*
.U" )
") 8 L* $ ,*

F"
Z")*
<%
(l/s) ,*
\P!
40
35
30
9
47
42
37
140
1
@

50
45
40
180
1
*

55
50
45
225
"%

60
55
50
270
70
65
60
350

\P! &%

\P! &%
I 6 U
D Y T D) [ ^ 6

m
100 l/s Y (bep) J 3
2
1 > D
+ D) .D)
120 l/s J (bep) %120 I
/60 m
60 l/s J (bep) %60 I
/45
m
150 l/s D9 (bep) J 6
5
4 > D
+ D) .30 m
/180 l/s J (bep) %120 I

/80 m
/90 l/s J (bep) %60 I
/60
U D) DP@ ) <% ?
D*6* .35 m
/3
2
1 D) /2
1 A) /2" 1 ) :1
&
?
D*6* .6
5
4 D) /5
4 A) /2" 4 )
P) -3 U <
D) .:"* ) & ,* <%
/<% %
/(M) /1
*
(L) /K@ %
()
?U U L* ) ) 6 Z w,>

()
^ 2 .I 6 M6 6 ) J /,>
^
w* 6
24 ^ ?U U L
) 6 0 /3-6 T W * 21-6

* 2 .50000 gal Y /8 ,> U

8+2 ` < w)
: @
O \P!P
w^ *
7-6 -" -U
*
:g ,> \P!
8 U Y 22-6

6600
6400
2200
6300
2100
6400
1800
6400
1400
6700
1300
7400
1200
9200
2000
8400
3500
5000
10
5000
3200
11
6000
10
2800
12
6400
11
7000
12
(*)
,.L 12

= . (*)

= . (**)
(**)
,.I 1
L6 .13-6 @ \+ i \P! *6*
.14-6 @ N?

2 T 3* 3)
/? \P!

) L6 w 24 - DT ^ ?U Y ()
DT ^ ?U Y (L) . O ? \P! ?
' *
^ - P) L U
)
12 -
?
*
) L6 wlK 6
36% 6
. O ? \P!
K ) D wJ
) < ,
23-6
wI 6 6 6 U ) /J
,*
W* k U * 900 !* Y - ,*
24-6
Y U 1+ J" ) )
/00 gpm8 /600 gpm /400 gpm /400 gpm
U
120000 gpm /K \P! 1
*
Y .00,0001 gal
I6 L
L* Y .0,000 gpm28 Y 8 ,>

- 8+! Q :* Z () . - 1500 gpm *
,>

P!
2 /?*% 8 )
g K * * J
@ L*> Z (L) w
U
D

-
+ L <
, D6 * & J" )
& - J

) J I g D) 2 /9 -
w; C* L
?6 I6 M6 K"O
7%
/K <% J* I6 2
% D 2 25-6
U I 6 2
& f" 1 + w8 L E
w Q U
wJ % &

T F+ -?
* -6
+ 26-6
U" ]@ .20-6 @ 9 <") % & F
27-6
.K 9 <") L? 1+
% ?
!
Z .22-6 @ 9 <") % & F
28-6
Psi 9 <") : ? L*> ) L

> %
9 Z")
U
9* 8 ?1 .70 Psi & 90
.% 9@ W* ?9 ]@ w60 Psi & M)
M
F" % & 23-6 @ 2, :?
% 29-6
]@ /23-6
21-6 @ & F
.DU
TPT %
2 /U"
K L
* & ,6 3

1
% :?
% N" <
.3 D?T &%> F" Z") & X6 J" ) )
K L
* U i ) D) 9@ A6 30-6

& ) K L
* Z")*
.J" ) )
QU
/ i ) D) 9@ /3 -?6 D"
/3 -?6 D" I
& ) K L
* F" :*0
wA6 +2 T
%
< .-* i ) D) <
++ ,* -3 LA` L* DU* *
2 31-6
w$ ?1 ,*
w* I* M

2 .&
XT F
'
& D
6 ? 32-6
* K ) DP%
U 2 9* ?%) 6
w*2
31-6 @ L* J* & @7 + ]@ 33-6
/P
3 T &"@ K* .Z")* 9 Q L* J* 8
-
" %" Z")* 9 Q L* J* L ?"7 +
wK
2
(29-6 @) 9 KP) % L

5 * \ L 34-6
+ .: Z7
.6 L@ ++ ,* -?7 p*"p 5 L* *
&
: L
L* J* *
2 wL Z7
w++ ,* F" 4 F"
L J"
) J

(33-6 @ ) <%
n 35-6
M? (L33-6 @ ) U < .^ 6 3U 6
wJ" \P! K*T ?
!
7

"
!

/0* ) +%' (, - . &' (' #)% #$% "
45 % # 3 2 # 1 %
: + 8 9# : % .- ) 6 78 )$
.) +3 ('
< # <% :; +3 ('
@A #'<* .:; - ! *5 = 8 1* &> ?:
.1 ( B C'= :
% - >A @
D 1 D @ E
$ E ;
.+
3 8 +) = )8(
@* (( # 'I< (Eutrophication * =) E 53 F
) J :
+( ?: E : .)8(

(% = 8 @:; @ ; ; K! @$ -;B
8 -8 + * E< @* .3 8 ( -;B #'<
+ A @5 ); ( -1) 5 @8 -(AL
A
: ; +< :
% B E< @* E ( ( !
E ? ; = 9) + ! . C8
?: ) ? +
3 +) @* E : . ) ?:
) M) 9 K E : ! #: .( -;B
76 .B% ; F 9 E % .E
;
*
) ?: 9! %( + M
N5 *( 5 #< -! )8( ; < E ; - (
)8( +
7 ) ( %( 6 , %
? ) > @* $ +O -A ) -I< .9
.@) 73 (' - 1 - ! P

1-7

(Treatment)

(Coagulation)

(Chemical
Clarification)
% & .1-7 "!

#$ ! (Sedimentation)
( )"*+ , - , /- %#'
% 2 34 .01
# 9
: ( .5 6 ( 7, %8 (-
.0 ;- < 3 3<
6: ,* 2 2,'
/- 2 '>
,? 2,#, , = ,
%) #! B! % + (A .,<*@ %@ /-
, F0 6- 6,@ ! 2, (E
, (61
6- , '> ! ( 6, . %
6,G ,* . , ( (, -4 - ?
. 6 , "! HF # @+ /- 6 6 2-
-A ?: Q* % 9: =

8
.73 : ?: 8 @ 3" ? 7 +A K - &>
1 5 @8 B3 Q ( ( 9# : @ 983

<% 0* 1-7 -% @* 45 % .$% - ! &> (
$% ( <3 @ ) +> = +8)
+) -A % . ?: #<
<3 ) @* E 9(:
7 F) -;B -% -(( ?:
+) B 3 $% 9: ?:
73 ( % .J3 ) @*
.M
L ) ?: - (' 9
B 3 -A R

:1-7

2-7
F) F) $% # E E< @* K( S
T
% @%% S
#: <%= S
.< 30 ? 10 -'3 -'),
+; >
3 5 UI* 5! 73 ( &> 7 2-7 -% @*
S
%) K .UI* 51 -) %) B3 %(
)% K( S
J3 Q8 & .UI* 9! 9B (, -I1
(Stator Baffles) @%( S

9 (Vertical Shaft Impeller) 1I *
: 7 > @% S
@83 S
Q1) = @* -3 @
.9> 35 -3 @* $% 1)
+ # )* (# '# &"

%# #$ !" :2-7
- 8 9) ?: (

) (, R @*
(, ?: :B
% W! .8' 3 V
.(3-7 -%) M) : %) E 5 * 9( 5 ?1 F)
1-7
# . $# -& ,# :3-7
(Detention RB ),

!' ?8 < ) R +)
(First-Order Kinetics) -= %) Q 8
% Time)
@<
) ( ? -; % @ Q 8 @* .1-7
P S
' (Short-Circuiting) (, ;! ? #R ;
*<% + ?: (Frictional Resistance) 3 1
1 .(Turbulent Flow) 85 (' (Density Currents)
$% (Flocculation Basins) M) +;
( ( +)% (Chemical Water Processing)
(Plug-Flow
.(, U81 -1 (Baffles) +; 3 ( Units)

t=
V
Q
= L = I (log e
v
C0
)
Ct
(1-7)
RB ),
= t
M) 7) = V
(, % = Q
-8 ( M) -8 = L
(' 1*= :( = v
-= %) - + < = k
-3 (, @* 3 :B
% = Co
S3 (, @* 3 :B
% = Ct
K( S
% (( 83 8) 4-7 -% -<
: 9; ?: M) )( 73 N5 7 .(
; % 1 . +
3 ? 7< $% +*5Y (

3 .9; 81 E< @* - ! 81* (= 8)
+; ;B +) (( @* @1* : ?: < 3
-%) -% R (4-7 -%) * + : (, / 71
S
-'3 .(Paddle Flocculator) #* # (S4-7
.( ! 9 % 9 % -I% @% #B8 #$8 #

'#
&" , $ / -& :4-7
&) 8( + ) -% :( 7I%) %
.@< E@8 S
(Variable- Speed Drive) +:( A
? E8 ( F) (

3 ? ; Q1 : E
@* 9 8) > F) .(4-7 -%) CI8 + : MB +!
( 9) R 7 S3 @* +
3 % Z* [ +> 18
: (Bridge) (
(Blade) @* C 8(

3 ?
.
3 @< 8 ? (Rails) %( ?: &)
3
"Recommended Standards for Water - 7R ! ?;
S
+ E -% : $% + K( S
7 Works"1
( +; > +5L 1 .30 sec ?:
, RB )
%%
:@ D% M)=
9% 3 (, U81 S3 -3 -) -1
.(Floc)
1.5 ?:
, 0.5 ft/min : (' :( -1 I, @A -2
.30 min ?= ) 9% -I% RB )

(mm/sec 7.5 ? 2.5)
F) +:( A &) 8( (Agitators) +553 @A -3
? 0.15 mm/sec) 3.0 ft/min 0.5 8) :( C
(Flocculation and
( 2 % M) % .(0.91
-1 , @A % .% #5 5 ! Sedimentation Basins)

, 0.5 ft/sec : ( M) ? +1 : 9% :(
? (, 7(1 7 #5 @A .(0.45 ? m/sec) 1.5 ft/sec ?:

.(, A : +) : 85, -1 W;)
1-7
@$% I<3 -:B - + < 3 +( ? # (

8 RB ),
() .7 75 ^ k ] 1 -= %)
Co = 200 mg/l #: .%80 ( /;1_ &> ( ( > -:B @*
.Ct = l40 mg/l

(1-7) @* M ( -
t=
1440
= 200 = 19.2 (2.3 log 5)
75
40
= 19.2 2.3 x 0.7 = 31 min
3-7
` ) Q (

(Sedimentation Clarification) ( _
.1I< ( : +1I + ( $% +% $

(Detention RB ),
@ ( M) ) @* $
@* .(Weir Loading) ( ) (Overflow Rate) MB - Time)
.1*= :( 5 8 ( +
3 Q
M) 7) 7(1 : +:( /: > RB ),
() 7
2-7 @ (, - ?:
t=
V 24
Q
(2-7)
F)
+:( RB ),
= t
(m3) mil gal M) 7) =V
(m3/d) gpd @ (, - = Q
7 +:( : = 24

@ (, - (! P ? (48( )) MB - (
gpd/sq ft ] /: # L % ( M) 48( )( ?: #(1
7-3
Vo =
Q
A
(3-7)
:F)
(m3/m2.d) gpd/sq ft (48( )) MB - = Vo
(m3/d) gpd @ (, - = Q
(m2) ft2 % ( M) 48( )( = A
: 9 : F) @ E @* ( M) 7R

: ;a #! E KB F) 9:; + +> ( M)
5-7 -% @* 45 @> M) % /0* 7< .CI8 +!
#: KB 7< M) : #1* E ( .)5 M6= 73 (L
+% +( ( .
3 48( : CI8 9! ? ( ?: MB
U! -
a ?:= ) E ( , V% -B(= )
@ +( -
a . ( @%% % 9)

: M)
:( @ +% -)a Q/A MB - ?: v ( :(
.(Basin Effluent) M) C8 K Q/A MB - b-! v (
(3-7)
)
2$ $# .&0$ , .# :5-7
@I% -8 ?: (, % - 7(1 : ( ) ()
.(m3/m2.d) gpd/ft ] /: CI8 (
%) 8 ( 7 9 ( +% E( ( M) 7;
% (
3 @B* .?= ) @* (, U81 - K $8 (
K* :
3 ? -3 QI* -3 6-7 -% @* 45
> +I .$ -3 $ 3 C8 +) * K
% @* @!
(, K -B(= ) (, / &> 1*= :( ;
?: 7< ( 8( @3 1) MB C8 9! @* @:
K* 7 .91 *) ?: I% (V-Notch Weir) @ ' V ) -%
E: ? (Scraper Blades) 8% 8( ( ;
8 8( 8% % .C8 (Central Hopper)
% @!
@* .(Pier) : ; 7$: ( : (Central Turntable) 9
(( V -) a %* , P< , F) 9) +3
.(Peripheral Wall)
3 @3 8) Q
@ % 8 ( ( M) 7R #: % E @*
/ ? ) M) : -3 QI* K
7 (6-7) -% @* )5
U
QI* :( -I1 (Baffle Structure) 9(
) 8( &>
(Effluent Overflow
MB C8 +! ?: V % (,
V ) -% ?: < ( 8( @3 1) Channels)
+! MB C8 +! 9# : % .) ?: % @ '
-8
@% M) : 8 (Finger Channels) ;
+! ? E UB ? #R ! :( -I1 7< (
: -('( 1) +8% 8( 9)
7 .MB
% ) [ @B* .
3 3 ?: % ( +':
(Overhead Bridge) :

( E @* 9, 1I % +8%
?: % >,* &%( ?: ( +': &) .

3 M: :
.(4-7 -%) 3
Standards

# $ %&' (
' )* +
! " for Water Works
.34# 5$ '
,- " &. - /0 1* 2
* ' ,ft/min 8

' 3 ," 1'7 1*7 1'
250 ) 9: ; 20000 gpd/ sq ft 1'7 9: 1 %(2.5 mm/s)0.5
20) 800 gpd/sq ft 500 < 2' $ : .(m3/md
.(33 m3/m2.d ,-
7" -6%# .# ( ) .'#

&*
3# , # # *$
2 :6-7
.# &"$ (,) ..## $ = * ;< 9 , $ 6%# %) 8 . '#
.=!# #$* ) ?@# ;< @ $ -.## ) 9 " , -$ # > ;< '# #
1< ; -;* ( - ! M) % %

73 (a #: .( @$% % - ! ( ) =
1< 9) 8% :> -% !

1 9
$ ( M)
.3 min : -1 , RB ),
/ ?; .(Heavy Sludge)

F%
U
@* c@11)
3 % ;;3 )
? #R .
3 : ( -$( +( (Residence-Time Distribution)
6 :B QI* : U
0*

3 : Q8 %
? ! - : % (Nonideal Reactor) @>
.3-7 @* () % / ?: ! ? R RB ),
(Flocculation, (9% ( % ) * +:

3 71
(, ? (Tracer) EIB! -3 : 7 Sedimentation, or Chlorination)

9 * : S3 QI* @*
% V! 91 ( ) ( E< @* -3
F%
+:
-%= 7-7 -% 45 .
8
: +3 0* .(Dispersed Plug-Flow Reactor) + ( ( -:B
@) 0* + < % /1 8 - ?: R*) + 7< ZB % EIB1
@* Co EB1 -3
% 1 # KB ( S3 QI* @* EB1 S3
(Pulse @5 -3 Q 8 ( .tR F%
- % c@
;*
45 S3 QI* @* EB1
% @) -I% A ; -) Input)
+I t50
( ? @) 8(
% K1 . 7-7 -%
@* -) U81 (Backmixing) S

K (Flow Dispersion) (,
.(Stagnant Pockets) 9% -I% (
3
@5 -3_ + () F%
8( (
% U ?: (1

:
% 7! U EB1
t50 =
t C
C
i
(4-7)
(8(
% ?
) F%
8( = t50 F)
S3 QI* : K A ; 1) -;B
= ti
ti : 7 @ S3 QI* : @* A ;
% = Ci
< ( ) E
) # &0$ D .# ) ,
B C >
B "! .# ) A/$ # :7-7
'@ &2) < (,)$ '@ /
2-7
+) 4-7 -% @* 45 83 8) @B; ; -%
(Flocculation %
3 855 cu ft K( S
9) 7) : D 7)=
(
3 14.5 ft /* -) Q: 140 ft /8 58 ft /5: Tank)
+1 ?: QI* ( -8 .17.0 ft /1: 280 ft /8 140 ft /5:
> V1 3 (L ($ +,) () .1260 ft
3 K =
@B;
; -% 40 mgpd ! 7; ( ?: # : +)
Standards for Water Works 7! K () 71 ! .8)

(, = 40.0 mgd = 2780 gpm
= 5348000 cu ft/day
= 3710 cu ft/min
:K( S
@* % @* RB ),
t =
sec
855 cu ft
60
min
3710 cu ft/min
= 14 sec (<30 sec OK)
:% @* 1*= :( RB ),
140 ft 58 ft 14.5 ft
3710 cu ft/min
= 32 sec (> 30 sec OK)
Q 3710 cu ft/min
V=
=
A 140 ft 14.5 ft
= 1.8 ft/min (> 1.5 ft/min )
t =
:1*= :( (
140 ft 280 ft 17 ft
3710 cu ft/min
= 3 hr (< 4 hr) gal day
Q 3710 cu ft min
V=
=
A 140 ft 17.0 ft
= 1.6 ft/min (> 0.5 ft/min)
t =
:( )
=
40.000.000 gal / day

1260 ft
= 32000 gpd/ft (< 20000 gpd/ft)
:MB -
40.000.000 gal / day
140 ft 280 ft
= 1020 gpd/sq ft
V0 =
3-7 + F$# . & :8-7
3-7
&> (4-7 -%) +; %

3 : + ( ( -) 7
A ; 5 1) : &> (8-7 -%) F%
U
@) 1
;* @* S3 QI* @* EB1
% V! 7< -3 QI* @* EIB!
EB1 K
@) 7( . 45 % 1) 5 min !
: D + ?: # : 8(

% ) t - 1 C 7( : &>

.7-4 73 ( t50 () D +EB1 +
(min . mg/l) ti Ci
(mg/l) Ci
(min) ti
0.00
0.00
1.0
0.10
10
5.2
0.35
15
13.0
0.65
20
10.0
0.40
25
6.6
0.22
30
3.8
0.11
35
2.0
0.05
40
0.0
0.00
45
41.6
1.88
22 min = 41.61/1.88 = t50 8(
%
.32 min 2-7-< () RB ),

4-7
.4 - ! # ( (Direct Filtration) 4 : 5 ,
K( S
76 .4 @*
3a E
$ Ka
S

? -
3a % ) ?A 0* 5 $%
5 E @* #$% 9I<3 +( @( % F) .30 min b-!
@* 8 ? 4 @* 4 71 J
L . L) 8(=
? 9
4 9! K 7: ? 3 8(= : +)
R @* 9:( #$ #%% 8(= 9< 73 ( -(6 R
.-5* +<3 * 8(=
9) 25 b-! 1 5B3 9% +> )8(

> E 76 . 4
8( ( <%= @ %
% ! 5B3 9% @ > E 9% MB3
` L #)
9) 40 !
: -A -% R K! .#5
. ( % ( B 9%: 9)) 15 NTU ! 9%

: + 9R ?: 1 ( ( % 4 >B !
@)8( F) @ B +% ) 71 @A .E
:'8 (, + 3, % .)8
? # *5 ; (
1 1 4 9EB% 1 @* : ! +> # 6
4 +, % .$% +()L E1 +) 8( 7;
? - 6 (10.2 l/m2 . s ? 3.4) (15 gpm/sq ft ? 5) ) 9# :
B% @ 4 ((= 9
.5 gpm/sq ft !,
4 #5 $% B% MB3 ! .( I% 5B3
.1 # 1 ) ?:
!"
5-7
- 0* ) > @* #
@8 1< 9 / -1< L
+% +: 9-7 -% R .( % () 73 (
73 E K :( % # 6 @$% eI<3 S
L .ACTIFLO
I<3 ?: :(% *5 7 .<3
3 @* # 1 1! 9
9% -I% M) &> 1) M) ? I1<% (220 m-60) -
S
T S5_ M) @* .2 min 1 @% RB )

+
<3 8 +A ( + -I% > #*R -
.# 1 6 min @> @% RB ),
-; . %
(,) .,H 6$I ( ) .ACTIFLO 6G# )

+# >$ #
:9-7
(Krueger :.
"#$) 6G# # $ J .$$K
U! 8' )( (Hydrocyclon) %( @$ U( 71

( 71 1)
3 ? R - 9: (
3
* (
( 4$B; : ?:= ? / @)$B;
S3 .# 1 10 min !
) (
. - +%
8( 4 K53 K M) : ( 7R 1$
.%( @* (
3 U! @ 8' R 7 . L)
M K5 .< 9 - 73 ( % +B ? 9) -(a
9: @* - ), ? #R - 73 ( ?: #! ); $
.- ?: 7 ( %
)8( ( (Ballasted Flocculation) -I1< %

9 * : B 5B3 9% - ! ) : +>
9 ; I% 5
)8 9* 9;!
% ?: ) @ E ; B ( .5= ; % 8
*5_ *<% # ( B > 5: % @% 5:
@) E ; ?: .ACTIFLO : 3 % .-1< %
+ b-% 981 ) .981 : ?: % 9 ) @*

3, 9 QA ( . 3 Q* 7%) +) $% >A R
.K ( 3-2 9 @>
4-7
RB )
+> .ACTIFLO ) 1
),
!
1 7R Standards for Water Works ?; % K( S

.)8( 9%
_ (Flocculation-Clarifiers) +!f 2 %

:@ ACTIFLO : @*
)' 1
=
2 min = I<3
3 @* K( S

2 min = 1)
3 @* 9% @ -I%
6 min = S5_
3 @* %
10 min = (
3 @* ?:= ? / @)$B; (
20 min = U
% Standards for Water Works @* 9) 1 @*
),

20 ? 10 sec =
3 9) @* K( S

30 min = % M)
/
3 7 > :( +:( 4 = ( M)
/
3 7 > 150 min 270 min = U

3 7) V( ?: >B +! 2 % @* RB ),
%(
Standards for Water Works @* ) @I%
240 min ? 120 min 4 h ? 2 h =RB ),

! () .

:10-7
4 3
% 2#'
1* (0) (*-/* * , "! + " "'#*) &
% " $ "#
(Walker Process Equipment, Division of Mc Nish Corporation : "' ) &-%
!
$
#
6-7
#5 L @ (Flocculator-Clanfiers) +! 2 +% P
'
# a% ?:= ) (, +
3 ; 7(= V +) 48;
9(:
_ .9) )
3 5 ( % S
+:
@* <3 10-7 -% @* )5 9) > -< -3 $%
@1 -% >
%
3 @B( E
+) E S
-3
1 +) (, / 7 .+% -:
% ?: E1 _ 7 F)
91 +
B)
3 ! : 8( 1! 9) 1 8 :
Q8 ?: ?:= ) M$B KB .-1<= +( ( F) %
3 9 ( M)= 81 ( M) ? @8) (
9(:
@* ;3 9:
+> +) > .48( ?: 1I
-I% ?: :( ( ; ? #R * @* V%
.<% +B 9) T @% ( % + ?: 9% 9
; $% @* #3T +! 2 % +1 8 +( 1
?: K @ ($
.)8(
@* @:;
% 8 6 . % B% % 8 @ -I< 3 (
.-A @* )5 #$ I8 9) 81%
+)) Q 2 % ?: Standards for Water Works : W
9(
K & , ( @* ,
# ! <% ( ; 7(= V
@ @; .# ( ( (, +, W$;3 +>
@I% 7) ?: # : 30 min : b-1 , % S

:V1 +)
@* 9%
_ 4 h ? 2 h ! ? RB )
% S
+!8
* 9(:
@* ( @* 2 h ? 1 h )8(
7) ?: # : () RB ),
K ; 2 73 (
m . ) ] 10 gpm/ft ( +,)
@A , .+! 2 % @I%
+) - (4.1 l/m . s) ] 20 gpm/ft 9%

+) (2.1 l/s
] 1 gpm/sq ft ?:g :;
, @A % 9(
, .@ ?: (1.19 l/m2 . s) 1.75 gpm/sq ft (0.68 l/m2 . s)

%5 ?: +) >
L 9) 7)

.9(
%3 9%
))3 $ 60 &)0 L &2 :11-7
7-7
@* #: <%= 8 L) 8(= > 1I< 4
.( @$% I<3 1 ( 1 6 +%
_
2 ft Q: ?: (11-7 -%) @ Q; @* @> :! * K5L
-'3 .@B( C , Q8 7) S ?;) 1 8 7:L
& < 4 9:! : -B(= ) ( (Filtration) 4
-(6 : +) R 7 .-B(= W ?:= E 8A5
1I -(A M) 71 .4 9:! : ?:= ) ( V%:)
.4 Q; S3 ? /) -(A K 4 48( Q*
@$% I<3 K % 1 (, 883 -
% ;B (( +
3 ,
# .(1-7 -%) 4 Q ( (
.* J #;;3 ( S

+!2 % 73 (
1.4 ) 10 sq ft/gpm 2 gpm/sq ft C - @* 4 +, %
.(l/m2 . s 3.4) 5 sq ft/gpm 9# : % R: 7; ! K (6.8 ?l/m2 . s
%& '
CI8 - 7I%) : &> 4 - 1I< R 8 5 #1
b-% ? (Flow Control) -3 Q* 8 5 7 .-B(= ) /B; 4
?: R*) 7 F) S3 QI* ( # #% 4 Q;
.4 9:! Q* E ( + <
-% @* +; 7! 8 4 -A @ ;
5 3 2 +; % ) B 4 1 ; % E @* .(12-7)
F) 4 ? ( M) : ( Q 8 .4 1A

E E: ? / -B( ! @B( C , R 4 9:! :
.7! 4 3 4 48( Q* E Q: ^ ./ -B( 4
4 E E: @* eA @B( C , 7R
R @* E ( K @ ) @ -; ,
UB , Q* 4 * @R:= ( .@B( C ,
> 4 E E: @* E ( 4 Q* E 48( UB
(' @A #BR 4 % : .12 ? 9 ft ) #: %
71 .8B 4 +, F) -) F) -L 4 9:! :
Q3 * V1 /$ 7I%) 7; % (, - 7IR
4 K K ./ @ 4 % ; C8 @* (,
<% (, - 7IR 7; 4 * (, 1
$
.#1 ( ) - ?: R*)
&2 -L# / / ,C# / ( &+# L# G & $I :12-7
))3 $ 60 &)0 L

! !

-(& # (* +' 3) 4
1 ' %& . !$ 8 #
"
1!$ %
2 3 ' 45 +' 0
.2 ' /
?@2 -;<
= >" !* 49
.6* 1$ !7 8/ #9 ' /:
"
0<
" ; ;/ A B
&C 3
= *!9
= C 3F ;2 EC =C =2 =/ >4

: +D"
!$ =C
2 -;
! & + !"
+!J *I @2 .;<
= 6H G
/ K 0 -5 ' /
.3 ! & 3! $ >4
&
1!$ E
!5 #:
"
+" ;/ A B
3 L7 .< 50 1! ;
% E

0<
HO 7 #9
AP #9 9 -F I L 7 M
"N *

.? !* 1!9 & 7 " #9 * ! %P2! #9
! 1!9 $
3! ! #
: * %<$! R* "P K #
: AHQ I
;2 =2'
1!$ ;2 & K != >4
-; &
E"
/ 1 '
! 3 ' 2 >4
-;/ A B
%R9
4 ' 2
.(& 5
4
2 +' ) 3! >4
. E!!7 3 '

(
% > ) ? I1 L) 8(= @* F) > -B
- , .(Sedimentation) ( (Flocculation) % (Straining)
+ ! 3 (L % 7 )); 9; I1< +)
-1 . 9 % +% ( ( 7 95 +: ( #$%
, (Particulate) Q$! @* @(( 5 +I<3
.( M) ?: 9$
% +1I* > .4 9:! : (*
( < 4 48( ?: 1< 9;) -I% (*
4); 6 % 9<3 @* 9 $ % / 6 4 9:!
= 8; 7 - ! (6 % 4 9:! @* # #1: -AA
.%: S3 QI* -I% ( >
@* ( ! 6 9I<3 9% 8; 7 : @< 4 F)
8( K "Q @* 4 " ?( ( 4 9:! +(
% *% ? 3 / ) % : W$;3 @> 4
+! % +% 9 % +% RB ) @% 9 % 7( +) * -I%
Q: > % 1I ; K *% ? : /(B
@* / L) % # ( 8 4 Q8 @ 4( 7$'
9:1 B:5 8( T . -(A -'3 R 4( 7)
: 1 8 #: '
# 3 +( = 7)* % 4
.48( ( B3 ?: - 9
( +>
( 4 MB3 - ( Q< 4 %

-(6 % : -A R +) .4 9:! : 8B 9%:
gpm/sq ft 15 - 24 hr -% 9 -% L) 8(= +> +)
min 9 B ) - C8 % .Q$! : ? V3 9 (10l/s m2)
15 min ? 10 min 9 B -A S3 4 9:! % .5 min ? 3
@* 2 -(A @* 3 (L % C .R : E_

9:! -(A -'3 .)I E % $ @* 4 $
/ 9) $ -1 # 1 $ @* 50 ( #% 4 8(
.-(A M) ? -(A ?:= ) ( :
?: R ; ! > 9:1 $< +) @* -% 8 %
( Z( R &>% V 6 % .-(A -(
48( ?: 1 ( 3 +( = 7)* 8( : 8 8 +% -I%
R @ 9:1 $< +) R @* $ Q8 .-
@$ R @B* . -(A - ! &> @$ @$ R @$
48( 1 -(A M) ? E ( MIB3 -1 (
73 (a &> .8(= R S
&> 81* E N5 7 8(=
@$ R @* .$ +< (6 9:1 -( -(A
( E .4 Q* 9 E C
#5 9 * @$
7< E N5L -( - K 1 - -(A
( UB K 4 9:! + L) R E E
(
M) U! E 48( 1 : .4 Q; @* -(A
6 -( :( ? -(A -
E N5 !L -(A
.9 9:1 S3 ? @5 $ -) %
9:1 M53 % (, @* -% -% L) 8( 83 7

( ?:g / (, ! : . -(A -'3 9
8( -% 7= + L) % F) 95 1 8 -I% 1I + L)
*<% +> 8(= (
7 8( 9:! @* .?:= @* 8(=
.- 1 8 Q* +( = 7)* 1 8 < 1 ?: b-!=
7) ^ .V - -:B 7) 8( 8(= ) 7
4 + ) %10 !
( @ + ) 8! : -B
%10 ? 81 %60 ( V - .81 > A;
0.45 8( ) +) -:B 7) K$ - C .81
b-! / 1* V - .2.65 : 1< ^ 0.55 mmmm
( - W1 @* 9# B % ) > : 5B3 #! #: 1.7
.30 in. 24 in. - 1 8 Q: C . -(A
.- 7)* % 8(= S
4 @* #81 13-7 -% R
C -:* 7) > # ( 3 +( = 8( 4 > 73 (
/ 7: - 1 8 Q* &> 1.6 1.4 : > 1.1 mm 0.9 mm
7)* 8(= V - ! .Q ( @* *; W$;3
1 8 .1.5 ! # 9* #: / ! ? K 1.7 b-! +( =
20 ( - @* 9 & %= 7 ( +> 3= +( g
.(, K 7: ? 3 8(g S * 7 /: $ @*

-B(= @* -1<= - % F) 4 9:! Q 8 -(A
.?:= @* 3= 3= 7)B
7 7)B 1 8 48( ?: %= +% +(
)

7
4 71 4 9:! 0* @ - 4 @* 7= 8;
.48( #% #( &> # % Q
: ?:
(
)
1.6 - 1.4
1.1 - 0.9

1.7 >

2.65
0.55 - 0.45

1.7 >

!
"#$ %
$#% "# !
:13-7
/)'0 +.- &- '* !&#) #, !+ '* &#'()

(Filter Underdrains)

( . % &' #$ !
!"

2 ' 3

) "$ *(+ ,$#$ - /0
1

7 ' - +8 7"+ *3 *
4 (+ /0 *'$ 5#$ $ 6+0
<=:
>1 % $/8 !' $ .(13-7 :
)
1 ' ,#$3 1-7 $" @ .?' " :
0 $ !
0C DE % - 00+
A &'0 '% B0 .
'%
+ 8 #E &'0 1F B0 '0 0 #$
. #E H #E &
G '0 1F B0
! "
! 14-7

1 #$ 0 #$%& '() % $%* '()+ ,) -% %% .%/
3
1
$ in. ! "# .

8
4
-)*( % !0 - + ,%() -(/ - + ,-(( .&'( )*(
%
10 2 30

( *( 4&5( -)*( $ 6
10 2 *( &'(
%
( - + -(( !# %:0 9( ( / 2 .)*( 7 0 18(
>! (( &2 1'( 2 ;* &2=( $ ;( < ,%
( 95& ,&2=( $ A?*( 9@( 8( ( ! 168 .)*(
.>8( " ( ()( " )* &B5( 2(
"# ! ()

:14-7
+ (5) .3 2 1+ &0 . - &', *+ ' &$/$%
< =% ; 8 - 9 9
-"78 6 6 - "# !
=% ;
(F. C. Leopold Company, Inc. :- ') $6 < 3 -
< = .
< =% ;
1 47
' %()( ? ( E ? (( CD(
? (( CD( 9?
,'( 5 .9(8( % 1(=( ( 1 *+ % !=(
.%50 1! % E!H -

: ;
!5 ! &
A
1! 6* 0<
" & K #:
" 0B 45

!
. %
2 + :
S" -
: GH ' 1!@
.=P 0
=/' 1!@
T A
! & 9
. -, +, *

)%( :1-7

!
"

#" $
!

%& $
!
'()
$ *
!
%& $$
"
$ *
15
#
" ! & ! V -24 hr U 1E ! +"
1! !* 6* # .10 #9 5 min 1! l/m2 (10 . s) gpm/ft2
.=
+D" >2 =2 O 15 #9 10 min
0<
X 5 #9 3 min 1! "P 3 #
: AH
K %4
%2 ;2 !*D K A
. ;2
;R HH -15-7 ;2 C
;/ A
."P
U
.;

X4B
2 ;/ A ;2 1!
7
+ 2 C 0P
/" E!
!* P 4B
2 ;
+D7 ;/9 = L$ HH

:
. 3F ;2 3 0 K7 E $ 2: P%!
-
:
.+ : 18 in.
12 in. 45 HH = #'
;
&" &2 ( )

))
3 $ L ') / D $ '#$G) 8 &@ = # ( :15-7
(General Filter Co., Ame. IA. :.
"#$) M'#$K )) I@ .L#
-% E E N5 7 4 Q; @* E ( -

F) ) 3 +) *

B3 g .4 !

( #8A5 5 )B; +) 3-2 in. 3< $ 1 8 RB )
E -(A ( .4 9:! -B( ?: E #( #

@* N( -(A K 7 .8(= R 10 ? 7 min 9 E
( E
K8! .C8 ? 7< 1
) -(6 M)
8(= @B( C , 7R R 3 ? 1 min ) E -(A
.Q 8 9: - !
) E (

/!
1B #(1 (Filter Control) 4 9) -% 7I%) 9) )
1* -; > 9# : 4 E ! .(, - 7I%) L ( V1
: 9 6 ft C #1 ( 9) ! ? 4 :

7( @* 1I K * .,
# 1 1 S3 QI* 9%:
4 @B( E
%( 4 9:! : 1*
4
4 E E: = % : -; E : cW < +)
- @ >L +
A ) E @$
CI8 > 4( .(12-7 -%)
.4 - K E 8 7< # ( 4 7( @* K ?
S3 ? / :! @* 7%
A - 4 -: + * ;! ? *5
9:! 85 &> ( ! -(A 9 E -'3 : -%
.;) B
7R % 4 +, @* ( +A F) 4 7R K
9%: V1 $5% 9
73 (a .BR 4 9:! : (, :(
9% % .4 S3 QI* : ! @* ( (,
- ! &> : + 4 -A -: 1 % )I @*
. c@R: 1* ? -;
0' 1
A B

:
(Pressure Filters) &C +" ;2
> E = !*D
:

-X4B
2 H* C 1
" ;/
.4
2 gpm/sq ft +B!

-PF +" ;2 !*D
! 1!"
&I
-&C +" 1!
7
1!$ 3 YC
+" E
!*I B .0<
; 59 E/ 0B K7
;2 < = .7" !
!" 0 1 7 +Z ;2 &C
5
"
= HO 2
7 K 7 ! ;2 1&' 7 +"
.' M T 3 7
5 +" K4= %
L
9 .!!"
5-7
.30 x 14 ft 14-7 -% @* )5 4 9) ^

9 15 gpm/sq ft - 4 -(6 24 hr 9 * @* 2.5 mil gal 4
3 (L ( : 4 - 8( () .12 min
. -(A @*

2500000 gal / day
= 3.9 gpm/sq ft = 4 -
15 ft 30 ft 1440 min/ day
15 gal
12 min 15 ft = 81000 gal
-(A %
min x day

81000 gal
=
100
2500000 gal

+.
2 8-7
I 6 1I ; ?: #: )8( )
.g + % +5 + -) (
.8( ( 73 ( ) ? @8 -% 3
%
+% S _ (Chemical Coagulation) #$% <3 * 7=

-'3_ i! 1 . ! 4 ( :
% %
(, +883 1-7 -% 45 % 8-2 91B @* A +1I
.)8( +8) >
!
F -+B
" !! K7 & " !
F*

.==
K pH $ -+ F* 7
-1

@2 E

.E 5 5F pH
! -= P" ; +B
" U
." + +*
5!!" 12
+ !
+ PF*
.* 3
+ & L 3R !
K45 +7 C L
.+ ! !7 & ; 6H C EC
$% +: 1 K( Q8 ?: S , + 3 73 (

-% % % 2 I<3 : 9%) 3, > -) . >
I$% # 3 P$ (B 5 .jk :
R +) >B %
-5* P$ +8) @8 9# : .9B; )I #;
% K 8 .(B $% +: 73 ( S , 3
B 3 -) @* E 3 > $%
E 9%: -) @ $ ! +1 J) .@$ QI* *
.+) (6 ;B
9 -( 4I
12

(1) ;5 3 7 ;2 !*B < (Coagulants) ! + F*
-

-
!
' +

-
: + -
: =
$ + F*
+ ->!!" + !!" =
$ (* + F* (2)
-
:
; '
! .>!!" !

-H
!!" !
+ -H
!!"
S" .3 F* ' = ;
!
K45 +R/
[<'* M
! .3 ;2 S!" $! B =N =/ L C 2 +B! F*

F E! F
:
!!" AR 1N" + ! +=
. +$R
/ +7 ;2 1!/ = -+B! K45 ?9
+I<3 <% Al2(SO4)3 . 14.3 H2O 7= + % a D ? )

+ % 4l 7( #3 (
%17 ! ) E5 9 9 : 9 : 4 .7=
&>% Q)( @ c@ % % * E > - ! Al2O3

@1< 8 * 8( 9# : a .
I% -) -%
3 81 ? / -1 F) -)
3 ? (Gravimetric-Type Feeder)
.C L Al2O3 %8 ?: 7= + % ) .N5 8(
@1 E @B* . ) 7 7 I1 -) @* 7= 9)
U + .Al+++ -% ?: 7= 7R % 5B3 pH 7! J
%a 5 *, I<3 +, @* .1 -) @* Al(OH)-4 91
-) @* 9 9$( A; @ .Al(OH)3 ]% 7= +% A;
'3 91 + 6 @* - ! pH ! @ BB3
>0* . 8 1 7= -:B : 5-7 .(%
R +':B 0* I<3 ?: ) E ? ; 5
.7-7 6-7 +, @* 45 % % (
Al2(SO4)3 14.3 H2O + 3Ca(HCO3)2
= 2Al (OH)3 + 3CaSO4 + 14.3 H2O + 6CO2
(5-7)
Al2(SO4)3 14.3 H2O + 3Ca(OH2)

= 2Al (OH)3 + 3CaSO4 + 14.3 H2O
(6-7)
Al2(SO4)3 14.3 H2O + 3Na2CO3 + 3 H2O

= 2Al (OH)3 + 3Na2SO4 + 3CO2 +14.3 H2O
(7-7)
1 @$

> 1.0 mg/l 0* +':B > ?: # :
K CaCO3 ] : 8 1 0.5 mg/l K -:B ( 600
0.33 mg/l K Ca(OH)2 9; %95 ( )L 0.39 mg/l

; 0.53 mg/l K CaO 9; %85 ( K(
7= + % K ; -:B : Na2CO3 9;
+ % + @* ?1 .A ' 8 1 ?1
@ 50 ?
.8 5.5 1 pH ) 5 '
# :*
% .;3 +,) @* <3% NaAlO2 7; + 73 ( %
; ) T % %88 # 1 ^ E1 U
:(% #: 7; + 73 (a B B% ? #R .-)%
I<3 @* * > .@(( c@ <3% 3 ( ,
# I<3 -:B
E 9(:
: @* <3% &>% 9 )8( <
.( ( ! () &> ; 8(
; 9 (V % 7( #5 a ) FeSO4.7H2O &) + %
$% +: @ P % : -;) 7 953 E5 9
-$( @* * 76 .>,B K +: ($ 9; .J3
5) , + > @* 73 (L @5) -$( : @1
(
m %T -% E ? 5L
) ( .@ L) -% / K$
% *5 #: 8 L /0* > &) (% 9;
@* 45 %
) + % I<3 .-:* I<3
: pH 7! J J J3 +':B 9% 1 -:* 8-7
. 8( 9(
-:B %
1
2
2FeSO4 7 H2O + 2Ca(OH)2 + O2 = 2Fe (OH)3 + 2CaSO4 +13 H2O (8-7)
+ % (%T % *5 : V % % 5) 7

@* I<3 % @* % *50 # 1 18 >
.&)
mg/l -%* 9-7 #1* #R .11 ? 4.8 K( pH 7! -
#*5 #% 76 % 0.13 mg/l ? S )
) + %
.-:B 7 I% #: 5n !
3Fe2SO4 7H2O + 1.5Cl2 = Fe2 (SO4)3 + FeCl3 +21 H2O
(9-7)
L) 9 -% ?: I<3% Fe2(SO4)3 &) + % *

#1* 8 1 K -:B E @* > ( 9)
11-7 ; % *5 1 K 10-7
(10-7)
Fe2(SO4)3 + 3Ca(HCO3)2 = 2Fe(OH)3 + 3CaSO4 + 6CO2
Fe2(SO4)3+ 3Ca(OH)2 = 2Fe(OH)3 + 3CaSO4
(11-7)
% pH 71 K( - @* * &) +<3 0* #:

pH 7! J =
_ 3 ( : ;3 # ) &) + %
I<3% &>%
A )
_ 73 (a 1* : pH 7! J 5B3
.9(
( @*
' K F* ;2 1
' FeCl3. H2O >!!" !
!*D
1E ! G
.K 7 ;2 !
!" !* ?
-;' ' K
P 1E ! ?
#9 E
.<
0' - E7 !7

-1!* !!" 1

!
+R/ 9 .Z

+ H* ;2 < /" ;& -&
.>!!" + +R/ = 2C

L >!!"
2
13
( E@8 ( ( <3 @* + ; # 6 F)

M)= @* % J1 < ( &%B @ +%
() &> % @* (Coagulant Aids) I<3 +:( B .+)I

+ &> @* #3 ( <% .+% (
.+(%T

, -:

7
C < !
1 ' +

P'I .7 3: L

2
- ;<H7 H
+ 4
+
#!
.
# 1!
7
" E2
+

7
" > ; +

-
+
" > ;
.

+
" " B ; +

-
+

7 =N ! + PF* ;2 E

: +
!*
7 1E !

.(62-7 )
+ !

+
&
-3 8
M F* ;2
.1.0 #9 0.1 g/l F* !

. E!7 P//* +7 !* EC EPF* HP/" +

7 +/ 1N" /* ;5 +
R"O H 9
.
= =5 8H S" 1N" & ;2 >4
- PF*
+<3% U M @* C % + +3 ( 1

-; % + 9) B% 76 ( @* ((
- ! 8 : @* B3 6 B% -< 15 ? 10
7= (% 9) '3 ?: &> ? *5 .B% 9
# 1
- ( # ( # B<% + 9) 0* 7) 9 % 71 '
73 ( #) % . @* )8 Q)' - E U

% F) ( 9% -I% # ( % +
( +83 76 .+<3 9:( < % = +I<3
3 ( -
% @* + +1 8 @* + @
7R* .V$ c@ ]<3% ]3 ( <% I<3 :( V$
7= C' ? S ) - B + 73 ( % ,

1 8) @* -A S , + 3 73 ( .)
. <3 @* 9* 9 9) + +*
I<3 ? -; pH ] ! 8 5 +! M) *5 %
.& % M) pH ! MB3 @* 73 (L K$ M) .c@>
.7; (% ; *50 pH ] ! 9
7
b-% W$;3 +! 1 .
I% -) 9; / *5 / 7 3= >
.17-7 91B @* ;
.

5 4
% V1 %% 9 (Chemical Feeder) @$% _ *
$( * .#1 ( ) - E @* $%
-% $% * * .+1I -) 9; $%
@ &) %% $% M * @A .Q)( + )
3" M * % -) 9; 7; +%( +B(*
%* ( $% 9 -) 7 0* . -%
) + %%
. ( -) &) 8 QI -% -% 1
+B! ! 1 7"N 2

-! ! " #9 $! F 27 !2

+P*C

.;\ P"
7
= =/ - !2
+ !"
4& ;2 = !* L< - 7
+*C
H7"
7 4& 6" .7 + !"
#9 < +P
" 7
( ) (Slaker Slake) 7 ]/ ?9 D + !"

E'* E
EB8_ @$% -:B -I< .(E : + B 3(
. [Ca(OH)2] $ -) -I% E K Q)( P
# &" $# -# N@ &K .# ;< $# .

&"
)0 "#$ $I :16-7
/))
0O &K
E: U! JI>Aa . 8) @* $% * 16-7 -% R
. > Q 8 ? 1( : c@$%
3
3 c@!
$% ( ?: 1 := 1) %% + R*)
@* * $%
.* ? # 3 ( 3
+! ? 1I< -) ( ( %) > +)
.($ 8A5 883 ? +35 -1a ) B
6-7
() .9%: )8( <3 @* 50 mg/l ! : +3 (
@* +<) @ +A @ () o+%` ( @ 8 1 1
oP ! 7= (% mg/l 7% (S) o = 8

8 ! 0.5 mg/l K -:B 1 mg/l b-% W
()
0* &>

50 mg/l ( ) =
0.5 mg / l
1 mg / l
= CaCO3 9; 1 25 mg/l

?: # : &> 0.50 meq/l Z*% 50 mg/l ()
E ? 5L + % 0.50 meq/l 0* 5-7
@< ? + % 0.50 meq/l -) ( 7(% J ) <
. % (%
- 2 P -:B ( (600 g) ,
# 5-7 (S)
/: (156 g = 78 x 2) 7= (%
156
600
: 50 mg/l

Al(OH)3 1 mg/l

13 Al(OH)3 = mg/l
7-7
$*% %
) + % 30 mg/l *50 )8( +I<a3
+ mil gal -% 73 ( > #1 73 (L I<3
^ 7% .
o&> I8 CaO %80 E1 > 7% o

) + % &' ( ^
30 mg/l 8.34 mg/l
lb/mil gal
= 250 lb/mil gal
mg/l
CaO ) Z*% K (139)

) + % Z*%
-:B (
%80 E1 >
/: (35 =
: = 250
28
0.08
35
lb
= 63 lb/mil gal
139
mil gal
8-7
6 % . 2 <3 50 mg/l : +A

# : K 8 1 81* CaCO3 9; 10 mg/l -:B 7
] ? *5 8 : 1 6-7 5-7 R +, ?:
o : K -:B 8 1 10 mg/l

1 10 mg/l K -:B ( @ 0* $*%
= 73 (
: 8
10 (100/50) = 20 mg/l
30 mg/l = 20 - 50 @ K -:B 1 %
@ 30 mg/l K -:B 8 %

30 (28/100) = 8.4 mg/l
CaO 9;
. / ' 9-7

5L % Q> A$( ? -; )

@* ) ( 6 )$ 78 % .#
78 < % .&' (' > '( J : -T( V K*
$% % U += 5:' C'=
P :; +B P 8 @* @ 5
.)$ 78 -% @* #: <%= ( )8 a .)

% B: : %( 4$ + % M 5= +8
.% # B: # )$ P B % +( %=* .)$
? 7R 3 > #: p( ( Q> 1 -% B
-5*= 1 1 B -% ( @ 7R
? #R #* # ( 9# : % * @B* .
E
% >L +
6 % # 6 )$ % + q%
)8( @* # * % # 6 .: )
.98 6 9# : % )$ ( %
4@2 -

: " K H=7 ;2 <$
+ 3 7O 39 ;&
?@2 -' +/ A G ?9 !7D
"< 0 * ! L

@2 -(2) =< C* ; 1"
^;< M
" " ;2 .!' H9
!" ;2 B
E 2
1! 1H7" K ;2 0 : + ! E E !*
.+" !
"< 0
;2 PF_ ; 0" 5!H
78 J ( MB3 @* :* <%= 18 9# : 7)B

,
@ 7)* 8I % 5) % . @* )$
J3
! +A (1 3= (L
) b-% % .

W$;3 8 / 7I%) L Q ) : &> )*
K8 ( = $
7( ," K -( W! '3 '3 7)*
+ L) -% ?: 8I 7)B * .% )$ +>

@* K( -% @ L) %

C 73 (a .Q)(
$>A +:; @* 73 ( / #: ; ! + :,
7)B % E @* . 1 + :;
* +," : /3 ( % > 6 ( Q)( ? #)8
- ! ) @* /3 % $ -% ?:
1! 15 VI
% F) 7)B + ( S
* F) 4
( #: > 81 1 7 .4 ( - ! <%
':B % 7)B % .1 ( ? # ( 83
.( c@
-;* !
-% ( *5 7:
% (% @< 9% )$ 78 ( + q% 9(% %
6 6 9 9% % .
= 7( +A
@* 1-5 -) . +'3 M) @<'< < r% ? #R
7; +% +> -) P P % (% @< .(3-5 91B
@<'< < -% % (B 9(%T 91 / %
-:* 6 /% = 5 + q% M (%T / 76
9 @* 7( +A .)$ +> J3= + q% <%
78 + I% U ( : 9(% @* :B ! $%
)
A (% @3 7 > % 1 %% ) E5:=
F R:= + ( .@ ;
3" M Q .8
C > # 5B3 98 5 5 $%
.(5-3 91B @* 5-5 -) 0.0002 0.1 mg/l
@5= 71 @)8( )8( F %
* .$% ( @:; ; C8 :

9)
4 ( <3 8( 1 Q8
I% +(% - !
#s >L (SOCs) ? #R
- ( .+ - ! &>% 9<3L $% 8(
8I % Q)( 73 ( pH 8 5 + +I<3
. () - )L -$ (Powdered Active Carbon, PAC)
K! @* E ? 5L # 7: Q)( (PAC) ]
@* ( -%
7 @A .4 - ! +: K!
% ) ? -8 V
:
5 &> / *5 81
( @ 5 + % -:*
(PAC) ] 76 .

,
15 ? 10 ? -; V
5 mg/l ? -; : )$ 78

, > J
L .(SOCs)

@* ) 6 *5_ > , 1!
P -3 ? ;1 VI
? (PAC) ] 7( ? Z(
.J3 5: + %

% 1 8 : 4 (SOCs) ] :* <%
Q1) %
K 1 VI ( &> (Granular Active Carbon, GAC) 8I @ L)
-5* 7)B KI; (GAC) ] K .-8

9 B
J ) -%O + )
L 1 + L) 7) *<%% $
* W$;3
] 8 9: 4 -(A @* (( W$;3 @
8) +( 4 7; - ! Ja .B /3( : (GAC)
8 -; ,
1 % U U -5* 3,
.8I % :B ! : A +<
:
+ 4 -(6 < % * %
:; 98 5 $% 7( 6 C8 (
0* * @* < 91 ( (VOCs) ] % ) @* .(VOCs)
* -
a .)8( @* #

8( 7 B 9) 18 .(GAC) ] 8(

,
: E8 -B(= ) E ( F) ) V% S @* E
% # % .9) +) * : ?:= ) E N5L 9)
?: 9# ! % , 1* # C( R:= F + (
0* &> : '
# 5* . J ( ? +<
% MB3
+) +< $5
_ ( V18 @* Q1) ! 6
Q 8 % .S 9) ?: -I% - ) 9) +
E
_ ,
# # B% <%= (GAC) ] 4 8(

, +:
. 8( # $
#
@ < )% + > Q 8 % F)
7, 11-7
; $R
" 1F + ! +7` -1*: FRF !
R*
K >R= !$ ! .: * S
!" +B"
K !
7

/ H
["2 # 3a >4
-1H FRF +$R #9 ;
/ #
"

/ : S
!" 9
/
(
" 0 :/:
P" +B" +7 " ;2 -?$/
(Mottling of Teeth : c$)
A

/ H 74
" @2 d E
-=$
=
:
R 9 -: * ; L7 = G H ;5
-1.2
0.6 mg/l
-!<
/ M S!" !$ ;74
H 45 (!
.E7 E c$

/ +
[$ #9 E 2C9 -=/ 1

B : P" L7
;2 (Fluoridation) $ 1
/ != .: * +B" 1!H
#9 ;C/I 74
+
#9
/ ; (
" L2 #9 K 7
-3
= 7! # 2-5
!7 ;2 +
!
.=/ 1!/ G<
+7 + !
. == ; 3 ;2 PF_ =
#9 E
. 0'
5 49 EC !/
/ E*_
4 -: * L 0 K ;2
/ !
7

5 ?2 > B
0 ' $ >=
.
"' + 3 79 !" $ 1
/

=
-
/ ;74
(
" 0$ (
" + 4 E5 ;:
.
/
2
! E
E C +7 ;2
!
2 ;5 3 7 ;2 E !* F: FRF
/ + 9
M"
-(;

!
' !
2)
!
' !
2

-
!
'
->

25
->

2
!5 EC X4
->

/
!
2 9 .+ K45 [<'* M 2-7
!7 .>
2
M"

-A
/ #9 + K45 # !" ?
-
!
'
E -
! 7 : C 9
? C/D
.E !* 5F ? B9
K!" ;2
!
' !
2 7 45 ;2 %
" 0 0 #9
-1*
4 G<5 -/
! <
=2 >

2 M" .#!:
4= < !'
.1 G= FN
4
-1!" 4B "<
4
-P

!
' !
2
9 .;/
/ ! L' ;7 G
5 M"
K 7 E !* F: 0
5 >

/ M"
5 X4
+7! "< ! M

%
" E7 2

.#
: 7! M/*
./* 2 ! !9 !2

;74
% /*
;
2 9. - , 1
8. 62 :2-7

H2SiF6

Na2SiF6
79

NaF

61
45

144
188
42

30 "# 22
99 "# 98
98 "# 90
!
( '
'
)
(
%
$ %&
(lb/mil gal) )
(%30) 35.2
(%98.5) 14.0
(%98)18.8
1.0 mg/l * +

&. - , !
+8) b-% @* Q 8 - ! 9* 7R ) ) 8 K! @* ,

* ?: @$ Q* 8 7) ?: Et 7R E1 7 .E
7 9A; +O @B* .* -A % 8 B% $%
.# 5) 7 > /(B -) >A 8 E1 # 1 7 ?:
&> ; >
?: K5 -)
3 8( 7R %
% 9
-) ($! 35 _ 5) -'3
-(
M) 73 ( > .-) *5_ V$ 83 ?
3
/ ! -% 5L _
3 @* E IB3L %* &((*
5)L %* 7; * 73a ( ./ ) -
B . >_
3 @* K -)% 8 91 _ -)
F) 1 ( (* 18000 mg/l) %4.0 ! J;! > 7;
K L -) 5) # + m L * .E 9) :
@A .7; * #5$* ) 1 8 : 4 C( &>

% .75 mg/l ! (: +
3 (L 9(:

% ( 'I% 7
A 7(% * 0* A # > NaF
.883 * ( #! -I%
35 % > .E ( K B -) * @A
-A K @$ % E B8 -A -;B 8 L %* + < * -
@* % % .E C8 - K B -3 8 5 % $B8 35
0* F) .* 9 -;* 73 ( 9A; +8)
: #( * * 7< E : %) K Q C B : 9 : -;B
-;B 5 73 ( % .) @) C8 ; ? -;
.(' ( K ( -% * -A
7; *%(
* * J % $ +O 73 (
R 73 ( .(20-7 -%) 9 &((B M)
-) *
@* .>A - 8 5 ( +'( +: % = 7%)
)
+> %
) +I35 73 (a * 9A; $ +O
.E ( - ? ( &((B M) 9 &>
81 7 0* . *% : 81 @* B N5 @A
-% B * ;B +
= 8 * MA @B 9) %
C8 @* B *5 % $ 35 7R @* . Q*
% .
3
3 ? T & 83 @* 35 b-% ;
71 V$ 83 : 9! : E 8) @* 5L B
B *5 .@1 E M) @* 9 5L +)
K / ':B : 7 ! U5 = #B &> #% &> % ?I 9 B
+: K I<3 W;3 / ?: Q1 : .J3= $%

81 % @A > .; 2 9(:
K 1* 1<
-1 &> 7(% ) $% 9 : % 9# B 1)
.( B 9(3 %
b-% @* B J ) 3 E 9* ?: _ 5
% @* B
% % . 73
$%
+'( RB) . @* ?;
+ ! B )); % QI1) 7) *5L
#$% () % K *5L B % J( . *5
. % B
% 9
9-7
# )
? -$( * 5
B %4.0 ( # ,
? 0.4 mg/l ^ @ 8 J ( B
% 9
# ( 7;
B %45 !
( ?: NaF Q)( )1.0 mg/l
: 1 () ogal 8 NaF 9 7% () ()
ogal @* NaF %4.0
% > -)

1.0 mg F/l - 0.4 mg F/l NaF
=
0.45 mg F/ mg NaF
mil gal
lb / mil gal
8.34 = 11.11 lb
mg/l
NaF/l 40.000 mg ?: NaF %4.0 -) )
. 0.45 40.000 = 18000 mg F/l

()

()

1000000 mil gal (1.0 mg/l - 0.4 mg/l)
= 33.3 gal
18000 mg/l
10-7
7000 m3 @* 7; *%( 10 kg 1* e* -(
@1 % %61 Na2Sif6 %98 2-7 - - ( .E

. ? 5L B
% () .F

:B
%
=
10 kg 1000 g/kg 0.98 0.61

= 0.85 mg/l
7000 m3
7 12-7
@* % - .E 71 @* 73 (, $ $% 9 %
.)$ 78 8 5 9# : 73 ( / 76 % (% @< &>
7 # /0* / B% ( %
= % 3D -
P MB3
g J3= $B .71 B /3 (
.<3 () )$ 78 8 5 71
<

#) #) @8 .E -1< 53 B; 7(
6 %
6 /) -< 450 1 8A5 +) ) @* #;) -$( %

% .+ % ; 7R K -:B ! (%T -: .%
/ V @ * +1 E
= % @A > A -I% 8
VB
% 93 . 6 % # ;3 8]$3
.% -:
% M -) @* 983 + ;0 ( - )
7(% +% .(HOCl)
% M) C' +%
+% * .9) +, @* 73 (L $( -%
> ( W! Q)( + L) 9; # 1 Q> > 7(%
7; +% * .C L % %70 1L ) E @*
.C L % %15 %5 C
% -) -% # (NaOCl)
#( W3 /% ? #R -$( % E +8) 7R 73 (
$ +O ) ( & ?: /3 ( ; 1 > +%
.u8 +,) 9A;
K8 ( >
% M) -% E K % )
6 HOCl 7R ?1 pH = 7 +) .+% ? TL
12-7 OCl -% /R % pH = 8 Q* T
pH>8
Cl2 + H2O
HCl + HOCl
pH<7
H+ + OCl-
(12-7)
9 +% E ? +% *5 @8

Ca(OCl)2 + H2O = Ca++ + HCl + 2 OCl- + H2O
(13-7)

% M) -% E @* % L
.C L ) % / +%
:@ D% % -% E @* = K ( % -:B
HOCl + N H3 = H2O + NH2Cl (% ))
(14-7)
HOCl + NH2Cl = H2O + NHCl2 (% )
(15-7)
HOCl + NHCl2 = H2O + NCl3 (% F<)
(16-7)

9) ?: pH ?: I% -:B P
% ] % )= -I% .= ? % = (
) 8.5 ?: pH - Q* .8.5 4.5 C pH - @*
.% F< P 4.4 b-! pH - @* B #: %
+ % K = K @$% ) @* % L
W)B +83 +)5 1) .C L )I % 5
.((11-2) 91B @* C % 3
% (Free Available Residual Chlorine) C ) @1 %
% .+% V% M)% E @* @1
= K @$% ) @* @1 * C L )I @1
QB * % S ) .5 + % (%)
: 1 ) L ) ) % % *5 %
.9) V 9 *
8C#
$ &0$ & :17-7

2 -

7 ' #
" K #9
CD !
e!
/ .17-7 ;2 > 4 E= E"
+

5 - $ + X P B

1!
7
7 ' L :
;5 B (!
7 9 .B #9 A ! ;" 3H7 ;2 C

;2 < + H/ C) 7 ' + H/ + 3/f

.(7
!= !
-H
!!"

+ -' K
3
-I% ( B 81 ? -; ) : 9$

+% % *5
( 9# : % @< % ) ()L .%
8( ?= b-% % ()a .% 7I%) ! 8 5
C % 1 R ) > ?: -I% % 0* &> ?: .pH
% 1 % 1 K = b-% -:B : .71 @* -:*
C ) %
K .(@) ?: C 81) -I% C )
+ % -I% = > ( .#1 ( -I% % (%
71 > % F< + (%% 9(%T
.D C @) @* R % % 1 -
3
E 3 #9 CD ;2CO
P -
!N "
D #9 1E !

.D (! ;" !' 3H7 ? U!D B
E !
M
.E" E" E
5! C
U ' S" -&
.<C # ?5
- ! #

/"
+
C " != 3
5 E
1
+ F 9
;< /
/ G . ;2 M T =7
!
.="
C + 49
*
HOCl
-pH g
-P H
-A
;
H # !

2 F H

= M"
.(*

-1 " 7!
FN
.pH g !!H L "
; 1
$ [$ >4
-+

=
."
; ? L X4 > 4 EF U$ !_ AD !"P

+(B -8 5 VI

= % +1 ?= )
5 & : R) ) ?: % ?: +$ , +(% 3
_ #) #<3 )8( 5 &> . %
*<% W1_ &>% @$
B ? M +$ , +(%
+ < 1 .1 % +(B -8 9% #: +(B
K
7R ? 3 @* % @1 0 < (
+ ) A 81 9% I8 @ .! * F) 5L
.(17-7 -%) > )8(
@* @1 ) %1 <% @1 ) % * #)
% 8 5 Q
Q
?: E1 Y K
7R ? 3
.K
% @* % 7I%)

N !" ; 1
H PF -" ; 1
E
7"
!
H 1/ ? /"B
; N
R
E / U$
P* ;2 ?P*C $ 7 K #9 !" %
2C9 -R
E F2 .1
1!9 #9
K ;2 2
>5 @2 .! LH
#9
0
.
!*D > = !2 + ! <B
C
7=
? ( -) * @* % %
.% 73 ( + %
H2S + 4Cl2 + 4H2O = H2SO4 + 8HCl
(17-7)
78 ?: E51 )8( @* A 81 9% 73 (a !
?: ) - % W3 ) ( 6 )$
9% % % .?= ) @* K

R @* Q)' +)
<) @<'< < -I% ( < )8( A 81
. +'3 M) ( @<'<
9
)%( 7
S" -&C ?" S" ? ! !!7 < 0
: * 07
% 1!"
? F
-& !

d
: U HO
0
: #9 3 EH=7 3 !2 C .!* ;2 ?C
$
-
" (P4&D
D 9
.50 mg/l U B
(
a
" !!7
# ;&
.< 0
: T X4 3 ;2
" +

= 4 &
+' U =R*
#! !"
24 hr 1! 0
: ;2 1
D K
24 hr g =
.= !PN !$ < * ! ! # +5
/
C ;2
.;
50 mg/l U B # ;& @2
300 K!$
H 3 < 0
: 4& -

K !
2
S" 0B ! CD
.U$: #mg/l
C

3 hr B 1! < 0
T * ! A

1
D
+/ C +' ! -(*: +R'
;2 3
$: + 4 < 0: ;2 1
' K45 !*
.= "
2 -0
" . 1 4&
S" 1
49 -EB
$ % U$ =P B9 -$: 1&' < 0: ;2 = !* 8

L U ;2
+

5 [ $ LC
.;
: &
!
" =9
3 >4 ! .0 3F ;2 +/ U ;2
-5
2 U ;2
-0
:
(*: = #9 =/
! [ $: 4O 3 !!7 < 0
:
?2 ;
H U B ;& X4 ;<=
" #
.0
T
% 1!"
8 !
.U$: # 24 hr 1! 50 mg/l
LC
$
.0 K
=/'
1
D K AH ;& 1
4
.
"
+'
"/ ;& !* ;2 < 0
:
983 5 .+; ! Q'6 : (% = -

: 7
E ; N5 K F
_ (% K81 -(6 C';Y ?=
-) $ g 9 K81 R ?= 71 5 .Q3
- ! *8 '% V$ = 8 % - ! +% %5
7 > K81 -
: @A R +)( ?I .3 ? 7R 9:
.9 g *; +E_ /1 /)';
3 5 - ! $ M)= +
3 71 %
@ E ? % 9 *5 @ &> Q8 J) .R i B
.-) I>A -) %
+% 73 (
3 g (
?: 6 hr 9 % 50 mg/l @1 RB ), &> @* @(1 E_
#% &> % J3= C8( IN @* 18 .b-!=
.C % 500 mg/l ?: ) -)

100-50 mg/l !* -="R'9
\ 0 !
E* 5_ ' #" 1!!7 < & 07
.24 #9 12 hr 1! A "
7" ;/C U$: # !

" C .1
E
*C
>4 ! &I .
*
0
: < ;2 3
.3O C *C
7 H9 L X
$ ^X

" = 0
:
.=/'
1
D K YC -12 hr B ! 12 !
4 1

;5 < 7":
.
&C 4B
2 +
;2 <
"
. 1 = +
" ( +Z ;2 !*I !$
.!
150
100
FN "

= 1!7
-1! +
" H* %
07
1!
7
' '

H& 0" .1

P: 1*:
0
" * #9
: ;2 <

" .
: $ !
;2 *: 7 ' &
'
07 .
H& ^
1H "< 2

.='2
="
+
" '
3F ;2 #!: 5!"
EC 1E * R
E
: L
/ #9 E
.0 XN E 49

K
c$ $ LC

= 0 D ?@2 -/F

+" E +F
+

5
.= >
0$
$
/" C/
.
C !
L +R/ S
!" " -
.(*: !

+
;$ '/ L$
;2
)1L B 3 +B @ %

6 * @* (( <%= 9)
: .8(= S3 (, - 8 5 71 @ * 83 @*
#
T /B3 + < 8A5 K E ; -: ) ? /
8A5 A 7 > ; 4 B *; E % 7I%) % .# (
45 ; .5 +) # < (, - ?1 (*

7 .7%)0 /!8 1) 5 Q
@6 18-7 -% @* -;B
? #R % .V -% @ ) B 1 A : (, - 8 5
7; : ; 0* 9) A % 8( 8A5 A
0* &> ? *5 .% -% 7; 5 8 5 # < ?1 , Q3
81 : 8A5 +A 3 ! S3 8 ?: 9$( R
7)! 7 7; 8 5 @* > 9A 8 < 7: 5 .-3
E E'3 - 7; K ; 8(= 8A5 7R 7;
: #1A 8A5 B3 7; ?: E1 _ 7 .; C8 ?:
7; : 8A5 +) % E E'3 1a* 0* .E E'3
.? S3 ? %
6 m ;L( 4 BL( B3 7; 0* -3
V #0 O # K$@# I@ -$)

0O &0$ $ # :18-7
(Wallace & Tiernan Inc. :.
"#$)
-(
! ! !) (Visible Flow Meter) ' 0B + ! ! L
4& ! C A/
-(Pressure Gauges) &C
-(Rotameter)

17" : =7
# -(Feeder-Rate Adjusting Knob)
.(Chlorinator)
R
E F2 -1!!" h!
$ -1$ ;2
0
;2
H& 1 4& 9

0 ! 07
9 1 S!"
?*!9

H # 0&
.7 "
K 0 .
"
4& $" -
H=7 L ?7H
X4&
H 0" ;
-3
= i 2@ $"
#9 N 0:
E EF HP
" 45

.3
= ;2
& 0 ;2
-"
/ 1$ ;2 ?/' 7 " ;2 /*
. *C 0"
4& ! # 9 E! E

E
!
+4& C
4& ! +F X
! C _ .= #
;
! #
F ?

6"B 9 2 M
+ 45
.
P" 1 !
.X
C !
[* >5 @2 -

+B! E 1 F 7 ! 4& k!D ! [

]
1 9 S
!*
< 0B ! >4
.0B
+ R
E "
-
;

C 1!"
!*l .
X4& #9
2" .
C != #9
E >4
0B K7
39 # (19-7 ) ;
C
!" ;

: 0B U
" X4&
.0B
6"B + & R
E 3 ;2 ;

V .;
P"
0 !J !
J K! ; + f
L
4& ;
: P 0B 1 ! ?2 #'$
.? 14
*N 7 M/*
; $
$) 60O $# &) )2$ & $ $ ,# :19-7
+% -) V1 )

+>
) +I35 73 (
.(9B : @* &(B M) V1 #5 +I35 > 73 ( )
#883 $ %
) 35 @B3 @= 20-7 -% R
gpd/ ft C +( U > +I35 * .($ %
> -IAa 300 20 Psi R:

1) 8A5 25 0
86 9
+* 12 * > ( +* 200 110 *
+% +> +; T .$% 1 B 3 :;
#%) #( C8 S3 )( -3 b-% @* 1) + < :!
$R @: 7; . ( )
K !'6 7 :
.= * ?= $%
3 ? U I83 K
+( >0* .I35 ! ? (, K @3 K8! 7; 71
$%
) ? K( 35 # ( 0* ;
S3 : &> I35 -A % 7; ?:
8A5
9 1 E- @ 8A5 B3 : 35 ! E
:( -'3 $% 9 >A - 8 5 7 .>A $%
35 &) 8( 5 -8 I35 ?: W1
.
) ?: 865
- 7I%) % /0* 20-7 -% @* 9R 9) Q @*
( % - V1 J3= S> M +L; .# >A
R*) (, +A K $% 9 1)
m L F) (, K
9 1)
F) 9) ( 7I%) 8( < : ?:
.I35 ? 3 $ % 9_ K (, $%
!

:20-7
23 1& ,* +& * (0) ./& +, -
,* +' * (') .% & $ " #
(LMI, Milton Roy :7 5) .2 (6) . +5 0 1& +5 4
( +%
7 )$ 78 8 5 71 (ClO2) % (% @< 73 (
@* % K 7; +% -) S
: E +8) @* /
.18-7 @* 45 % / 7I%) L (
NaClO2 + Cl2
2ClO2 + 2NaCl
(18-7)
/$( - .) 9) +, @* % (% @< 73 (
$% + % @ +% +1 +% -I% % @ %
@< .1 mg/l @ @* > ?; ) .(
?6 % (% @< - +% 7; B% @ /$(
pH - @* 1 7I1 /* @ % (% @<
. > ) 9%
7R ? 3 @* /: R*k )

m L % @1 -I% K(
-% = K , :B 7: )8( K

. @<'< < -% 5 M)= K , %
11-7
1 ^ .17 lb/day 5.0 mil gpd 73 (L % 1 ^
] 91 : () 0.20 mg/l VI 10 min @1 %
.% E S ) mg/l

: =
17 lb/day
x
5.0 mil gal/day
mg/l
= 0.41 mg/l
8.34 lb/ mil gal
% S ), =0.41 0.20 =0.21 mg/l

12-7
50.0 mg/l

#

! $ "% &
& () .

! " %2
1 2 " 100 +, ! -
/0 " %70 ' *
'- 2 '- 4
5 6 &
() 3(mg/l20000) %2
2 2 " 34000 - 350 mg/l 78 %
"
9
:
3< 6

! " /50 mg/l
;
:

:%2 -) :_ +% Q)( kg :
()
100 l 1.0 kg 0.02

= 2.86 kg/l
0.70
:50 mg/l !

% -) >A -
=
()
50 mg/l
20000 mg/l
%2
=

400
(S)
73 (L -) = 85 l
50 mg/l
= 34000 l
20000 mg/l
/" % >% 13-7

@ 8 ; 5: ?: ) E 9% P
M= 48( ?: ) + ) )8( # 9# : %
L ) + % @ ($ : .( 9m %
7 (CHCl3) 7*% K (THMS) @<'< < + %
+'3 M) #: $% -%= <%% (CHBrCl2) % @$< <
E ) + q% 8 S 7 &> ? *5 .(HAAS)
/ . 9% 6 9% + % &> @* 98 6
(HAAS) +'3 (THMS) @<'< < + % % @*
0.060 0.080 mg/l J;1 F + ( ^ 8(
.@ ?:
/" % >% '
71 )8( @* (( 983% A 81 9% 7(
+'3 (THMS) @<'< < -I% @* )$ 78 8 5
P
%
% @1 ?: E1 _ % (HAAS)
9 Q8 ?: D +' ?; .
K
<3 % Q 8 : @* +< +( MB3 Q8%
# 6 73 % F) ( +: () ( @$%
! 2.0 mg/l ] <%
% % -< (HAAS) (THMS) '(
P W; , 8I % Q)( -3 @_ 5 %
.'(=
-( )8( @* 93 -) @* % *5
( <3 % *5 % .9%> -I% MB3 18
.+ % := Q ( 8 5 95 & % 7 4

- !
8 : B3 @ 93 9%

Q)( *5 % /0* #5 %> 8 5 % 0* .% *5
%

, 9% ) E< @* 8I %
.4 - ! 5 9 -5*
* () <3 E
@< % P -I% B3 @ +1
#B5 #1 > % 73 ( .
= % (%
@* +5` L 983
+(B -8 @* #B5 %
_ < 7I1% /3 ( % /0* &> 76 .
+1 8 % (% @< .K
7R ? 3 @* ) % @I1
@*
.)$ 78 8 5 /3 ( ? *5 7 1% 9)
< @* / $( -I< .% -I% 71 % @1 S
@* 5 K % (% @< -:B P - )
< % * 6 + -I% ,
# * #1
= .);
7: / B%
= u( .(_ ); #5 %
7I1% % *5 : %* @ 71%
= 7` 3 ( 0* / +1
.Q % @1 c<
B3 % P
; /
F # E 1 @ 8 : -% 6 7 )

* ./<) % B3 18 Q8

7 THMS + * . P 8I % Q)(
.#: THMS + % <% > 7*% % (
.%
, % K @ P 8 5 5B 1
/" % >% //" 73 ?

+ FN /*
2 N C + +!$ !
7 G
/ 1! 1 " #9 -"' # 7 G

F !" K : ;& ?@2 -EPA 1!$ %2
.(D/DBP)

-(HAAS) 7
= +R* M" *
(THMS) 7
= ;FRF
S
(
' +
1! !!" .LH
;2 %
/"
H !!" -(1-5
!7 ;2 1!!") (HAAS)
(THMS) g
-4.0l mg/l
-4.0l mg/l
:; + = A
(
'
;2 1! K45 L
I
I L$

.0.8 mg/l
! ;F
. 7 G
/ 1! 2 " ; '
Q* #) #$% #I<3 a @ +8) ?:

?
t ; +BB3 #5 * 71 P /71 9:1 1 )
F ?: 1 > .; : ?: # : &> (TOC) ]
]
% B3 #() '
# I8 1
-I% E< @* '(= B3 /! - ) >
m kL @* (TOC)
/ , E< ( V 9:1 > 76 .71 P
: D @ U53 7

.2.0 mg/l b-! 7R ; (TOC) %
.2.0 mg/l b-! 7R (TOC) %
! % 4.0 mg/l b-! 7R ; (TOC) %
P ) + ( (CaCO3 9; ) 60 mg/l <% ;
@I% @<'< < - 7R
(DBP) (71
b-! (HAAS) (3 +'3 M) - (TTHM)

.@ ?:40 g/L 30 g/L
P % (HAAS) (TTHM) 73 (L 71% 81* % 7R 73 (
.@ ?: 40 g/L 30 g/L b-! + ( &> (DBP) 71 c@
(Specific Ultraviolet Absorbance, (B Q* =

L/mg-m b-! - ! &> 7R ; ) SUVA)
.2.0
mg- b-! 7R $ P SUVA(B Q* =

.2.0 L/m
% (Total Organic Carbon, TOC) @% 5 %
9 $% + q% : 9 % : 5 8 Z*%
- ( #5 / 7( I) + ?: ) @)8( @*
P ? *5 9% 71 P @:; @) ;
(TOC) 73 ( @* R 7 .; )
? ) g V1 K5 : ) @* (% -) ) %

(TOC)
.+< U ) #% % 7
.) 7: 76 5 - ) + q%
% IB3
= 14-7
78 (%T -:* 7I1 K! @* c! (%T
A%
=
9(% @* +5 -8 @* K(
= -:B .)$
+ % 5 9(% @* 8 + + %
A )
.J3 5: + % 98 5 $% )
#(% P E @*
= &%B I1 U S _ E K % -:B
9;! V
@* ( 9(%= +':B F) .9) -(% >
I1 +1 P ,
= ? #R .% 9(%= ? (
/ 7I%) % # #! Q _ ? % *5
@A
3
=
A K( -) ( .K
% @*
. 8) K! @*
4& (2) -7: 4&
3
= C" (1) H
:

H& ! (5)
-
H
: (4) -
H
!
(3) -<= $
69 0 / L " 3
= P/7D .
H
: X4 HQ D
+
J //7 ->4 %" L< !J *Q
.Z /*

H
:
&
H
: 69 ! P"
.!
&C L %2
!P

.
H
: !
#9 !
;<= ! !O !!

/
1
72 ='/ E
! A l * K 7 ;2 !Q *D
0 !
.5
%2 !
7
# 2" = <F !
A
3
= !*
.
H
: 69 - 7 7:
3
=
4O 0 H
5
-EH
%3.5 #9 %1
H
: H
-7
!*
.3 7 ;2 X
C H H #9
'

H

-21-7 ;2 C

5
.
H
: H E C -; 7
*!O +P L # 7"
H
T ;74
@2
K7 /: #9 17" U ;2 3 0 .3 1! 1!$ H
_ 3
=
-#& H* !*
.#T 1!' 1&' H
_ 3
= +/
.?"
H
: L7
! !H 3 #
H
T ;<H7 &C @2
$ -K
! K!9
-2H + H& ;2 !
7

H
: " ;&
H
7 2H + H& ;2
H
: H #9 E -3
= ;2 ?"
E # * E

5 2H + H& ;2
H
: "
.3
=

.3
= C" 2H + H&
! 1!9 [* 1E ! ? #9
" !

:21-7
+)",- *" )
( %&' " $
#"

?/ #9 E K!/
H
: !*D E!
0P 1E ! ? !*
.(* " P % 0&
"
L / ;
!
C !
1!:
-"<
C
-
+
& **
-7
= +R* M"
7
= ;FRF F P

;7 G
.PF* //* +7 !* "D F* #9
'

F +

5 0 K 7 ;2 H
: ;2 K!!" X4 !"

= ; 7 G
0
H
: !* ! H 5B L
.!5!:
.
C F: !
" # ?!
-"' $R

/" 15-7
(Interim
" K "D 7 +P$_

# !
EPA !' Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule, IESWTR)

-
!

B !7 +F
/' +
PF (
'$ E2 !5
B ? #9 E
. K + H=7 ;2 R
7

+
/
!2 -?! =7 +

C K45 !
7
!
[
"/ !*
R
E C2 .K 7 + R* =
= H9 C 7 + +`
+
/

!

M

R +
#9 E
>4
0 C -= = H9 !' 3 72 -E
EF +CD F PF
B !$ 3 (*: + H=7 M
.(*: +CD 2
B
= +F9 @2 -+CD K45 1 ! ! # X
"
:;5 3 H=7 FRF +</ 9 .1!!" 7 + % R
E ! !*D
2
7 K (2) -;" 7 C*
X
7 R& 2
" K (1)
-0" X
" K K45
) " K FN +" R& 2

;2 E
1 +"H ; =
=7 +
C X
-+ "
.2
7 K (3)
-(K [<'*
L) 8( 8( #) #<3 )8( 71 8

+(B % < 8 +5L +: 75 .9%
% - ! @* * 9% 76 .(5-3 91*) +$ ,
A ; @* ) % ! +5L > +(B -8
71 1 +$ , +(% .9%
_ 4Ia 7 1I
F) 1 .4 / 1 ,
# * #<3 W3 8 %
6 -% +I<a3 )8( 9
+ @* 7 ( %
.71 % *5 76 -;= 4a 7 4 - ! 4);
' :5 -) ; ( Q8 @*
;% 73 (a ! @ *; - @* +(% @* #(
9%
@* 7 ( % F) 1 .
M F )8( % .( 6 4 %
; &>% 76= 1 =
7 ( %
<3 ?: E 1 +$ , M % 1 .@)
% .)8( 4 E< @* 9% *
_ 4); @$%
" )8( < +) ! +( @ * 71
@
v 8 71 F) .#5 &> % 9% 7( -% 9L
0 &> )8( +) $ -) )8( : 4
)8( +) $ @* +5L @ 8 -8 +5 &(
) ( +(% 7 ( % M m a 4Ia .
+) ) ( Q! < +(B 0* M1 ?: %
@* +(B # % # I%T + -1 .
F) : .< )8( < : K! @* w+ 6 *
P 6 0* * 9
+ @* E 1 )$
$ F K
% -3 ? ; c (
$ V ) # .
F ; K Z( :
.* F ) ; ) # 7 " 4 18 )
C . t >% /;,
$%
% K +5 9) U -8
J3 +,) & .&> @* (B = ) VI
71
+5 9) ! pH 9) 7I1 8 @
.(mg/l . min) +) C . t % : .9%
W$;3 (
= % % (% @< %) 7I1 -%
x % < .(B R +) /(B @5 B 3 C . t 7! @8
9
( 10C 1 9) 9
* E 9) +I1
+1 3 .-< <'< ? < +5 -8
M) .OCl ? HOCl &%B ( pH ] < ) % 0* %
pH 7! +) <% %85 ( +1 J!= -%

%
%85 ( +1 5= -% +% .7 b-!
% (% @< % -8 - .8.5 % pH 7! +)

) .9 6 C > pH ] : # ( -1 (
=
+(% +(B % :@ % 71 1

9 7) @* % U +> : -% . M +$ ,
? ) - @$% 71 1 &> @* J3 ) W$;3 9)
@ & 3 @* +:L
@ U= 1 ) U 5
-8 - @* 5 9 8( ! I<T .$ @* # 8
4 <3 9%
0* &> .C . t ]
-%
.@> 71 < ? -; @((
' +(% (3.0 log) %99.9 -8 C . t 7! 3-7 -
? + > ( .B 3 pH 7! 9) + J ) % 8(
, .S +,
?: R*) + 1 .4) J: +(
.(Mongolian Gerbils) @A U : &> ; W3
J 9 ) % +1 +) > BR +(% 7< +5:
J .9) C . t 7! - &> B 3 pH 9) + R
? +(% > -3 7 ./(6 +(% QI
% 7 ) V
.V
; K : ) 7 ( +;)
` a* 7< .K 9:
9) +, C . t 7! 1 #$;) J + +IL) + 3 9:
@* 9 C . t 7! '
# <* .B 3 pH 9) + R -8
) .) %0.1 @ % +(% (3.0 log) %99.9 -I8 37-7 -
.(B3 %90 Z*% log 9) B3 b-%
%) M * B 3 -8 +, C . t 7! () %
# <* .-=
7! ; U <'< % ( %90 %99 ] C . t 7! '
(< 9
) -8 - 7! :5 M * % 9) 4); .%99
K ; 25C 15C ] C . t 7! '
# <* .%90 1 9) 9

8( 9) + J .@ ?: 50C 9) J C . t !
53 91 ( 71 .-8 - @* A () 26-2 73 (
.81* 1 #! : @A 83
.S +(% 1.0 log 0.5 log -8 - C . t 7! 4-7 - S
Q ( % ) % pH 9) + B 3 7! J ,
+( ? ) % + ( .
= % (% @< -%
+( ? J3= <'< $% + ( .) J
+(% 3 W)*) +5 S3 +(% ( E< @* 71
> V .S ] ( 9) ! 3 U 71 QI @*
. , .S / > &> / -8 ?: #
(log 3.0) %99.9
C . t :3-7
pH

10C
5C
20C
[(mg/l).min] [(mg/l).min] [(mg/l).min]
44
88
117
0.5C
[(mg/l).min]
pH
163
6.5

(mg/l)

0.4
52
104
139
195
7.0
62
125
166
237
7.5
74
149
198
277
8.0
47
94
125
176
6.5
56
112
149
210
7.0
67
134
179
253
7.5
81
162
216
304
8.0
52
104
138
197
6.5
62
124
165
236
7.0
75
150
200
286
7.5
91
182
243
346
8.0
57
113
151
217
6.5
68
137
182
261
7.0
83
166
221
316
7.5
101
201
268
382
8.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
Guidance Manual for Compliance with the Filtration and Disinfection Requirements : :
for Public Water Systems Using Surface Water Sources, notes By David J. Hiltebrand and Linda
Averell Wancho (Denver, CO: American Water Works Association, 1991).
- + 5 !

g % (% @< C . t 7!
S3 +(% ( W)* - @ ?: 2 1.5 !
% + 7!
7 .@) E:_ ( - <% +5
@* (E @* K ) % ) ) % ? #R -
>
= .-% Q ( % Q 8 :* <% (
.) % 7< % (% @< / +1 J! * 5B3 C . t 7!
?: -5BL / , ) ? 5 $% 9 ) % 76
# 5 71 % .% (% @<
= 1 6
. , .S +(% -:* 6 /
J +(B (2.0 log) (3.0 log) -8 C . t 7! 5-7 -
7! ( . mg/l 1.0 @1 ) % + .B 3 pH 9) +
W)B @* A @ _ % V* -8 ? ) % C . t
73 ( % (% @< -8 + .3 ! -: Q 8 3
-8 3 1 .2
- + L5 1* A @ _ % V*
. -: @ , VB 73 ( -I% Q ( % 8(
+ () C . t 7! 73 ( -B8= - V* ?:
= + 3 +
1
-8 @* = $% > :* .3 ! -: 73 (
) %
= :@ % @ 5= ? J!= +(B
.% % (% @<
<

+4 + , C . t A "
@* C . t 1 +E EPA / > Guidance Manual4 ] ;
+
3 () C . t 7! U 7R C . t .E
- ? ; - ! = 1 9% $ M)=
b-% : V1L (7I1 @1 ) ) % @1 * C .& (
#1 / E
() VI
t mg/l #1 9% E

= ? E -3 K N5 8) @* % 5n '
# <* .1!
% ! 5 -;) %( @I% C . t 0* V
3 @* E L;
@1 / #*5 E< @* VI
= ; : @1
= @* VI
() .t10
# 5
3 ; : %
? E -3 - % 0* .(, :( ?: = -8 7(1 :
E %10 ] +! -8 #( t10 %( VI
0* + <
3
.
3 # : ; ?
3 -3
7 .+EB1 ( M)= +

3 @* t10 VI
1 @A
F%
U
8( M
)

3 % W$;3 )
S
9 ;! ( .; @* 9BL +(
- ?: #(1 ) 7 ) R F%

.%>

7 ! ? -3 (,
(log 1.0) (log 0.5)
C . t :4-7

20 C
15 C
10C
5C
0.5C

[(mg/l
[(mg/l
[(mg/l
[(mg/l
[(mg/l
Log
13
18
25
0.5
13
9
18
14
27
190
370
2.5
18
13
25
18
36
250
500
3.2
26
19
37
27
54
310
620
4.0
35
25
50
36
72
370
740
43
49
35
70
51
101
640
1300
10
1.0
0.5
1.0
0.5
1.0
0.5
1.0
0.5
6
7
7
8
8
9-6
9-6
9-6
5.0
6.3
7.7
8.7
21
1.0
9-6
#
0.12
0.16
0.23
0.32
0.48
0.5
9-6
0.24
0.32
0.48
0.63
0.97
1.0
9-6
pH
(*)

"!
.

(*)
.
:

9-6 pH

C . t :5-7

0.5C

[(mg/l
Log
.min]
20C
[(mg/l.
min]
15C
[(mg/l.
min]
10C
[(mg/l.
min]
5C
[(mg/l
.min]
2.0
3.0
12
4.0
320
430
640
860
1200
2.0
530
710
1100
1400
2100
3.0
2.1
2.8
4.2
5.6
8.4
2.0

6.4
8.6
12.8
17.1
25.6
3.0

0.2
0.3
0.5
0.6
0.9
2.0
0.4
0.5
0.8
0.9
1.4
3.0

.

:
-3 : F%

U
@) 3-7 91B @* 7-7 -% 45
@* % EB1 3, 5B 18 > 983 983 EB1
? #R B % + @ $ @B1 + .22-7 -%
+ <
% -) -3 . @* 3 ( ?: Q;L ( 6

-3_

.@$ M) ? -3 QI* ? EB1

+ B EB1 1
% V! 7 .C0 ] EB1 + <
% B;
% 883 ?: ( C0

% ?: (1 : 7 R
@) K K81 0.1 1 C/C0 @1* I83 7( . 22-7 -% @* R
: t10 K! ) @! I83 7( K81 81 S3 QI* @* EB1
.@$ M) : ! EB1 %10 %
>
. : *

)
* %" '( & C . t % t10 "#$
!
:22-7
!
$ t10 "#$ (2) 3( ! 2
(%) . 1 #
! 0 ($) .),
+
. )
* %"' ! '( &
-!= ?: B 3 ( +, = +EB! ( + 1
+ * -'3 8) : ! J;1 +, +, C
+, - 1 t10
= # #( .S2227 -% R .9> (
@* 73 (L t VI
.C . t + () - t 1 &> (,
.7 -'3 @:( 9> ( t10 + ()

3
; (IESWTR) )8( ()L +I!T 1 8

%99
_ , +(% (3.0 log) %99.9 71 /
_ EPA :
(4.0 ) %99.9 -8 /
_ 7 ( % U M (2.0 log)
= *% )8( +*L: 1 . +(B b-!= ?: log
' F 53 * # #)8( # ?1 @ *%
) .9 )8( = < &> 7 ( %
-'3 )8( g < +) ! *
, .S -< 8!= 9 % +5L )8 +5
1a @ pH ! 9) 9% @* R) +A -'3
.9 )8( R 8
R @* . @* 71 / 1 c@ L) 8( #<3 1 8
@* ( 9% ! @A 4 R 1 4
>3 - Z( E= ) &> 9) ?: 4 -% @* )I
S3 ) QI* @* 9% % @A .( 4); E
-!= ?: %95 ] 0.3 NTU ( b-! 1! 15 -% 9>3 4
7 >0* .1 NTU ) QI*
, @A . -% 9>IBL +(1
(2.0 log) + 8 M *, 7 /0* )I E 9%: EB_
. -; 7 ! 7 ( %

_
@* ) % ) % @1 U % % ,
% @A % +:( 4 -!= 0.2 mg/l b-! K
7R ? 3
3a @ + %95 @* % - ! K
% @* % @1
5: % V! 0* % - ! 6 % @1 % ?I .#
% @1 #$*% L ! - -% 500 ^ Q 8 ?: : : >A
.% - 1
+) 81* EPA 1 V$ )8( *% 4
% .)I 6 )8( # K @$ 7R 7y1L : 6 8
:(B 71 + 8 @1 .A 9 8 +) >% 73 ( 4(L

-8
(3.0
log)
%99

-8
(3.0
log)
%99.9
% , .+(B -8 (4.0 log) %99.9 7 ( %

100 ml -% @* 20 ml *
+1
%
;
-!= ?: %90 @* 100 ml -% @* 100 ml * % +1
%

) E< ( 5 NTU 9%
&>% 4( , .9 3 +
.5 # 12 ] -'3 $< ( <) &>
@$< ( F)
F MB3 &> @$ -;B ) - 8 5 P = 8
E : ! P K5 @A % ?= ) ? 5 ;
M % , @ % @* #( # B &>% = 8
# 1
4 ( <3 1 23-7 -% R .E '
.@$
3 M) @* % 71
(2.0 log) , .S +(% (2.5 log) 4 !
_ ^
(0.5 log) 71 8( 8 +'8 ^ , +(B
8( 4 . +(B (2.0 log) , .S +(%
23- -% @* 45 @$
3 M) @* % 71 4 <3
(1.0 ) , .S +(% (2.0 log) 4 !
_ ^ .7
0* &> 1 Q8

_ -! @ , +(B log
(3.0 log) , .S ] (1.0 log) ^ 71 8( 8 -8
-) @* % 5 % B ( @* . +(B

1 ( 9% ( , 8 71 - C . t 9
9%
. +'3 M) @<'< < 8B
% >
7
6
!
+ '#5
4 :23-7
7
+ (%) . + ($) . 6
!
+ "8
13-7
)I
3 )8( 8) @* @$ M) E 7
18 EB! ( +
% .% @1 8( 71 K
- !
@* E 7) ^ .t10 1 2.5 mgd ^ 7; ( Q* 9832:
RB ),
Z*% > 0.25 mil gal 3,
: E@
3
*5 -'3 B 73 (L EIB1 % .144 min ^ R
V! 7 .2.0 mg/l +A : V! 35 8( &((B M)
B;
# : 6 min b-% @$ M) ; @* B
%
-;B 7< ?= :( @* (-3 QI* @* EB1 -3 E

)
() .6-7 - @* EB1 3 + + .<% 1! 12 !
.t10 ! 7< t - 1 C/C0
t10
;< 13-7 1 t C/C0 9 :24,7

] @ 7( % 6-7 - @* 98 () C/C0 7!
+! 0.1 ( C/C0 ] ! - 1 .24-7 -% @* 45 t - 1 C/C0
.1! 56 ] # t10
! t10 13-7 C . t :6-7
24-7 & $% "#
( ) C/C0a
(mg/l) C
( ) T
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
12
18
24
30
0
0
0.045
0.11
0.24
0.37
0.42
0.62
0.66
0.86
0.86
0.88
0.93
0.95
0
0
0.09
0.22
0.47
0.74
0.84
1.24
1.32
1.73
1.72
1.77
1.86
1.90
36
42
48
54
60
72
84
96
120
144
168
192
216
240
C0 = 2.0 (mg/l)
(a)
14-7
( % K I<3 *50 )8( 1 8) +

9) 7 ^ pH 0.3 NTU -! 9%: +> # )I # 4
@* 9% + 4 .2.5 mgd ^ 7; ( 10C ^
() .24-7 -% @* )5 & % % ;;3 > c; M)
a 8) +% > () o) % 73 ( )I 8 71
o)I 8 71 ( 4

% (2.5 log)
% 1 @* ()
(2.0 log) -8 (0.5 log) # % 4 (2.0 log) +(B
.(23-7 -%) +(B -8
4-7 - -8 (0.5 log) ] 5 C . t

J C . t ) .1.0 mg/l ! ) % @1 ? # ( 19 (mg/l) . min
] 5 C . t .(B8 -% #5 -! %( -! ) % @1
& : -% b-! @ 3 (mg/l) . min +(B -8 (2.0 log)
. @
56 ( t10 0* 2.5 mgd! 7; ( J 24-7 -%
M) ; C8 @* 8 ) % @1 0* &> 1!

:( ; @$
C=
19 (mg/l). min
= 0.34 mg/l
56 min
0.2 mg/l

"! ."$# % & '(
" # . !
."$# % ,- " / 0 0 0.5 mg/l " + ) *

% (2.0 log)
% 4 @* ()
-8 (3.0 log) -8 (1.0 log) # % (1.0 log) +(B
.(23-7 -%) +(B
37 (mg/l) . min ^ -8 (1.0 log) ] 5 C . t
(3.0 log) ] 5 C . t .1.0 mg/l ! ) % @1 ? # (
.1! 56 ( t10 0* 2427 -% .4 ^ +(B -8

C=
37 (mg/l). min
= 0.66 mg/l
56 min
% 8 0.2 mg/l ! ? ) # $' @1 % %
% 1 18 @* % ( - ! 6 6 % 4
. = % ? -3
1! t
C/C0
%
16-7
( : +> < 6 9 # 9# : D +
71
* 8 5 % ! . +3 (,
6 $ +
B . : () ( +<
_
! .7
A )
A 7(% -I< @ 9( @ (
9(= 4 + :
7!= @* * F
@* :; $% ! .48( ?: ) + 73 (
$% .@:; ; 7( 6 C8 *
+'% ; % 1* J3 5:, J 3

. 8
.* B 3 + -% @* 18 +83 883 R
+( -I% E (' $ @* >L
) (%
: 7
_ 0* (25-7 -%) @* @ % .E $; 9A;
.4 (
7 7( +A % (%

(25-7)

/ 0& '*$+ , - - .!
"
#
$%$

8
- 5!6
-
7 $4 2 .3 $

4 - 2

1

<
= >
'
.'$

9 :
; '& 9
2

.-#= ?6$
@%
A$
:
; #
8
#

6 #6; (S25-7) -% @* )5 @= - : 73 (a

N
+ % T +<
E @* K5 -')' !
> - K53( > ^; : >A -A 1)
- -B(= ) ) ( -(6 7< / 1(
M$B 4 E

_ E -(6 7< -B(g < += )

.; ?
71 9% @ (25-7) -% @* )5 8(
% .(= ); * 9B @<

% 7 * 9B
.K
7R @* - ) F 1 ! %L D
%* )8( < 53 6 )5 D ) @*
.E( E( 1 ! * * 7I1 9%
!"# (
) () .
:25-7
!"- +,% () $* &% (') $
"%&
' ( )* 17-7

9 7
A 7(% + ( E 9(: P
<% #: 9( V : - ! +B . +'% K V ?:
@R:= J ( .150 mg/l ?: 9(: +> ?: M 7
.500 300 mg/l C E 7
9 9(
M .60-120 mg/l C J ) +> #: 9( 8(
! -I% ( - ) % ; &' ( 9
( -(A K 9(
73 ( : ) ? u( >
7 1 .E +3( @*
@* .9A; E +3( @* E 8 :; +BR
.1 -I% # 1 ( ? #: - K53 * :;
Na2CO3 ; CaO ( 8( 9(
73 (
$* 0* &> ? *5 .-) 7

A 7(%
_
Q @* 9:( )
7< -B -I< 5:
% 9:_ % (% @< 73 ( % .9% )8(
(% M$* -) : &> pH ] MB3
.+ % ? + %
K( * .S K( % # U
7
A (% * % %90 ! E1 ( CaO + L) -%
) >A - K( 5) 8 < 73 (L .@((= $
) Q)( 5) #5 % .7(% + % # 1 %5
A; % .FB 8'3 )
3 E- : &> CaO %68 )
Q)( * ; .Ca(OH)2 @ % $% +, @* (%
.7; + % -!= ?: %98 ?: ) M
% 9: @* 73 (L )$ 7: ;

6 % (% @<
Q)
A > P . 9(: -
@
9: E
(CO2) @* E ? / ( 8 5a .
A 8B 7)B% !
Q ), *6 : 7 8A5 +)

A m L .-% Q )
: 71 . M) @* 9A
A + : ?:
@< ? (Recarbonation) % 9: R S 0 ;
./ >A % (%
: D @ ( 9(
@* $% +':B
CO2 + Ca(OH)2 = CaCO3 + H2O
(19-7)
Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 = 2CaCO3 + 2H2O
(20-7)
Mg(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 = CaCO3 + MgCO3 + 2H2O

MgCO3 + Ca(OH)2 = CaCO3 + Mg(OH)2 + Mg(HCO3)2 + 2Ca(OH)2
= 2CaCO3 + Mg(OH)2 + 2H2O
(21-7)
MgSO4 + Ca(OH)2 = Mg(OH)2 + CaSO4
(22-7)
CaSO4 + Na2CO3 = CaCO3 + Na2SO4
(23-7)
'
# % ) % (% @< K = u @* 5 -:B
+ % K -:B &> .19-7 7(% + % (
#$*% 0* '% @* .20-7 9 7(%
( 7
A ? #R .Ca(HCO3)2 CO2 Z*% K -:B (
5 $*% 0* (> MgCO3 %) Mg(OH)2 -% ?:
6 9( .21-7 7
A + % ) Z*%
_
; *5 8 * (7
A 7(% % + %) %
#) #$*% -
; #) #$*% 23-7 Ra .(
w-% ? S ) 7
A + % 6 .7(% + %
.23-7 ; 22-7
9) +*5 -'3 :B 7(% W1 %
( % 10.3 1 ? E pH ! K* @ +,
-; 1 M$* 8 % ?: pH 7! 8 7
A
) .@$% 8 , + 8 Q* (1.25 meq/l) CaO 35 mg/l ?
CaCO3 40 ? 30 mg/l @ CaCO3 9; ( 9(
_
<% b-! + q% > 5 *, > #: Mg(OH)2 10 mg/l
.) > Va3 ^ >
,7 2 B
#
-7

C> -6 -
.DC ?
;2
?"

-+

.?6
- &

/
8
<C "
@$7 -+ E23-7

E"
$F
-7 G E@ 7 ,? -
EC
@$$= $# #

,%" ,1# ,F - "
*?>
$
G

@HF!
,7 - .
1
?

-
.B"
I6 # $2
?"

C
"
#

+ @

Q1) % 9: 73 ( %
M$B ) % (% @< 71 .1 S ?: ! B3
? % 9:
T .7(% + % 9; / ( 7<
.+ % ? + % -)
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 = CaCO3 + H2O
(24-7)
CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O = Ca(HCO3)2
(25-7)
+, ( )*
) ? 7
A 7(% 9(:
_ M$B 73 (a
+':B 73 ( ; +: 1a .40 mg/l A
26-7 -% R .7
A ( 7
' M$B +*5 K $%
. ) #% M$B 9(

_ 7 + ( #883
.Mg(OH)2 CaCO3 @ (
_ ( E I<3 M$* *5
(% @< 5L ?= ) @B* . ) ?: % 9: :
CaCO3 ? >L M$B -) 10.3 ! ? pH MB3 %
= 8 .( <3 /

7< (24-7 ) ;
. % 6 7(% 9(: ( ) > @* ; 5
7R -) 9.5-8.5 - ? <% pH MB3 < ) @*
K
Q1) (25-7 ) + % ? @1 + %
.K
% @* 4 -'3 1 -I%
5%-" 4-# 123 "& /"0%

:26-7
! -" 5 + &" !"# /"0%

:27-7
, )*

+> @* 9(
_ 7(% + % $1 ,
_ 73 (a !
% ?; , .CaCO3 40 mg/l -! ^ 5B3 7
A 9(:
7
A +%( ! -I% - ) ( 40 mg/l % 7
A 9(:
+ 883 % .(180F) : 9) + Q* @* (!
% 4 1 9) ) % % 9: K (
: 8 ) ? 9( B3 % 5L .27-7 -% @* 45
= 8 ! .7
A
0 ( M$* *5 (
( 7 > . % 6 9( 1 # &> ; *5
9# : 7 .<3 @* 9:( *5 % ML -% CaCO3
S _ &>% 4 8( ?: 1 -I% B3 % 9:0 71
.
9(
L
- ( )*
@* (:
_ (! ? 73 7(1 ;B %
%= 7(1 K53 .28-7 -% 45 +: 883 @* ) @$< 7R
Q2% 73 ( &> ?= ) @* 5B (
< ) ? ; 5L .-(( ( S
M)
73 (L M$* -:B .kL K -;B (, S

L F)
@ 7(% 9(: K D ?= ) @* 7
A ( M* @*
,
# 9(
: @* M$B - (L >% . +I83
9: 8 6 % 9: . % (% @< ) () ?:
? #R .
9:_ E U M @* 6 % ! / 6
% > # 1 #: a 100 80 mg/l C 9(: + (
-! % 9: % * .# % #$% #* ;B @8
@* 7
A 9(: B3
?1 @% M$B
5 : @* 7
A % () % .# % 40 mg/l
(, 5 P *5 73 @* 7
A
% @ (,
% 1 7 .@% 73 ( ?: #(1 10 mg/l ] P
7
A J ( -'3 # 6 ?= ) -) -;B (,
. (:
L @* 6
7 7 @
( )8( 9(:
4( , !
73 ( % -% (1 ) 7 ) > @* .9%
_
8 % I<3 +:( 73 ( % &> ? *5 . % <3
.< ) S
@* '%
-03 & !" 6 /"0%

:
15-7
73 ( @ -) 9) E 9(:

] ^ K 9(:
_ ) M * .M$B
.K
9; ^ DK,
++
Ca = 40.0 mg/l
Mg++ = 14.7 mg/l
Alk (HCO3-) = 135 mg/l as CaCO3
CL- = 17.8 mg/l
CO2 = 8.8 mg/l

Na+ = 13.7 mg/l
SO4 = 29.0 mg/l

5 *, +) , $! K5 c@ 9 : 883 7(
()
.-) @* $% + %

: # 5 $% 9(
() ()
.Na2CO3 ] ; : CaO ]
9: - ! a (:
L c@ 9 : 883 7( (S)
.+ % 9; (:
L E ! ; M * . %

meq/l

mg/l

0.40
22.0
8.8
CO2
2.00
20.0
40.0
Ca++
1.21
12.2
14.7
Mg++
0.60
23.0
13.7
Na+
2.70
50.0
135
Alk
0.60
48.0
29.0
SO4--
0.51
35.0
17.8
Cl-
(29-7) -% @* 7( meq/l ] @ 9:= 883
()
MgSO4 Mg(HCO3)2 Ca (HCO3)2 @ 5 *, +) , 0*
CaCO3 100 mg/l = 50 x 2.00

.NaCl Na2SO4
60.5 mg/l = 50 x 1.21 =

meq/l
0
0
0
0.51
0.51
meq/l

meq/l

0.40
2.00
1.40
0.51
4.31
19-7
20-7
21-7
23-7 22-7
0.40
2.00
0.70
0.51
CO2
Ca(HCO3)2
Mg(HCO3)2
MgSO4

!
"
" #
()
.
*+
"
' 35 mg/l $ % &
CaO -
' 156 mg/l = 35 + 28 x 4.31 = "
Na2CO3 -
' 27 mg/l = 53 x 0.51 =

"
& 8 5
4
%
5
4 6 !!7 (29-7) 0 1
23 (/)
&!
!!7
#: ;
0<> .&

9 +

%
#:
(1.25 meq/l = CaO 35 mg/l) *+
"

$
0.6 ' .Mg(OH)2 -
5 % " pH -
?%
10 ) (Mg
++
' 0.2meq/l) (CaCO3 30 mg/l) (Ca++'meq/l)
1.11 meq/l) ' .&

@7 &
A
5B (CaCO3 mg/l
E (0.60 meq/l) C

5%
6 "

D" 5B (Na++ '
' 4
@F .(0.51 meq/l)

% 5

' (0.60 meq/l) ' 5G

Mg(OH)2 E %
OH- ' (0.20 meq/l)
.&

C>6 5% SO4-- Cl- G 5 .
'6
&

$ *+
"

04A
%9
04A .>
A
5%

0
H 5
24-7
.25-7 HCO3- CO3--

! " # $
(29-7) 25-7
.40 mg/l %& &

.
() .15-7 meq/l
:29-7
0#, #
" / - # +,#$
! (*) .%&' # #$ !" ()
16-7
*1/ $' * +

,! " -/
" 0

1 &4
# 3
# 8 .(30-7) 7 6 6 ' 3 44/ 5&2

3 5<
3 "; $& :6 3 44/ *
* CaO
9
.

/
&9 + () .16-7 8 - meq/l 7& + - * & ! # :30-7
.;"% &" !# $+ &"- 2,% & (
) .

0.2 meq/l 7(% 5 > ) @5 *, ) ,
2.0 8 %( ; ? ) &> Ca(HCO3)2
.CaO 56 mg/l - @ (20-7 ) meq/l

7(% 9(: 0.6 meq/l (:
L @ 9: 883
0.6 meq/l % @ 0.8 meq/l % 1 (30 mg/l @ ))
.@ 9:= 883 @* 7
A K # 1* 0.2 meq/l @ )
.+ % + % += ( +% % 9: )
.73 @* @ % (:
L E @* J3= += ?1
17-7
*; 73 ;B 8( ( 9(

V
%60 ] +B ! 73 %40 M * .15-7 -< @*
$% % () .?= ) @* M$* +53n !

. $ 9( 8

%- $ , % &'( )* + .15-7 !" #$
. 8 8/ 3 ) 67 %60 3%- 145 )* ( 12 0%60 ( &'/
9; 94 mg/l CaO = 0.60156
: :
9; 0.60 27 = 16 mg/l Na2CO3 : ;

29-) -% # 9 @ 9: 883 (29-7) -%
@*
> S
7 .?= ) S3 QI* -) (7
% ( . 6 E K M$B -:B F) < )
:
(, @* M$B (%
0.60 (1.25 + 0.20) = 0.87 meq/l
:@ @*
7 , +> J3= +%
CO2 = 0.40 0.40 = 0.16 meq/l
Ca(HCO3)2 = 0.40 2 = 0.80 meq/l
:M$B 8( % (% @< W3 7 ,

#
0.87 meq/l - 0.16 meq/l = 0.71 meq/l
? 7(% + % K % (% @< 1 -:B
0.80 meq/l - 0.71 meq/l = 0.09 meq/l

_ ) % ? *5 @1 > $ 7(% 9(: (
+ % 9; 7(% + %
(0.09 meq/l + 0.60 meq/l) 50 = 35 meg/l CaCO3
$ @* 7

A 9(: J(
(0.40 x 1.21 meq/l + 0.60 x 0.20 meq/l) 50 = 35 mg/l CaO3 9;

65 mg/l = 35 + 30 % ( (:
L E @* % 9(

18-7
$ 6 > -% (Mn++)
A (Fe++)
)
-) E 5 : .$' E M) D @* !
(%T @$ >L 6 ) &) ? E8 ^; >
1 pH ?: 9(%= - .(Mn+++)
A &A ? (Fe+++)
(% 0* ,
7 .9(%T - 5 J )
M K -3 ! , R -I% @ +>
A )
.* <T $ +3 (,
0* .-1 C $! +E_ M )= M @* 73 (a !
! , + 9(% K , @ 7; +B(* (% *5
% +% -I% 7R 5 &) @ 1I 1
> C K! # ; .Z( % # # (
@1 % J ( ?: 7
A )
% ?: ? #R
Et 1L
.K
7R :
?: 71 )
7) K! ?: % @* = 7) ?: K
7R U( J ?:
.
3 M)
66/ <= < ,
3
; %% 9:
?=" 5 A% !6: ), %- .(1-3 ?7) $ 5
" 1 %% , 5( 9), 0*%" & & , 5(
1 9
,: 82
% 1""/ + , * A )( .

,
) 5 67 ?%%: ?
, &, %7 .)C, 1 $ 1 6 17
B6
7 .& # 1

0!6: C7* $ 3 *
.3 C5( D 5= %% ,: 67 8$%

.#* ) ' C D E 3 %% ?%,* ,:* 6* )(

3 5 87 -: * " 6 ) < A9C
I< % 3 H67G 0" ) %% F6

I, 8 * ? K
J &76 9, ,: A "
.?%, &L 87 %, )
= &76 H,: 55
Fe
++
(
) ) + (%

FeOx
(&)) (%
(26-7)

#: % /(B ) 9(% ( (%TL

A % ,
K # 1 8.5 ? pH ] 9
% #) .* 6 M) 5
BIAL &% 7)* +1 8 ?:
A 9(% ()L ;
.5 6
A %
_ %
A (%
9% @* -% (
A * 6
_ %
# /
7 7 >
A > .K
7R @* % @1 _
% -) >A > `%L 1) " @* (% ! 4 2
(%T < ( ! F) K
% @* 9) > ( # (
.$` ; -I% @1 %

$: 76 D 0(*25-7) ,: 3<D ' &

)(
C 87 .? 5M = E 3 ) 5= %% 5M
1$ , 5= %% %

; ,O .), '( < &5= N5 $%
&% 08 &= 6 * 027-7 % 0
, 7 6
P 0
, 8%/ % .< ), 5 ?J %,* &% 029-7 28-7
% . &
, Q 9
, 7
2 8
0R5 6: 0pH 0 % & 5,

6 ?%9%
),% T U * &
,: 08 &= % .S/*
&= ) 1 mg/l %
B ,O 012 .%99-97 ( " 47 % 1
0
U6 .5= ) 0.52 mg/l * %% ) 1.06 mg/l 8
&= ?%,* ), %- .A2
6 ) V-*
6 , ), 1+
.1 pH W ) 7
9% )* ( 12 03 N* # 5 &<
++
Fe
++
+ Mn
+(%

Fe(HCO3)2 +
MnO2 + FeOx

KMn

Mn(HCO3)2 + KMnO4

(27-7)

Fe4(OH)3 + MnO2
(28-7)

MnO2
(29-7)

% ? #R $% 9(%= 1 -:* 4 71 @((=
8( ( = *% 1< +( 9% (%= 9#
(% 4 8( 4 ? ,)
A ) IA .1I<
9 +) @ Q 8 R 1 .4
_ () @
4 -'3 # 8 8 > ` (% + L) IA ?
A
.
A ?: )

!"

/%
A (% qA @ 8 - 53=
A -
+= 53=
A - U .-) >L
A )
7R 31-7 -% R .7( +A 73 ( %
> 8A5 4 - ! E ? +A -) -3 F) ( (
7 .53=
A - +( = 8(
1 8 ?: )
4 1 8 : +A >A (%T
A )

.53=
A - % B( 1 8 : + &( 7
: ( I0* E ? ;1 6 -% +A M$* 5n 0*
(%= 1 8 K a : .53=
A - 7)B 8(
&>% 1 8 +( 9
_ -% a(6 7
.7( +A 53=
A -
< ;" =&%& "< " - & 5 :31-7
& ? "< " > '
# $ 19-7

% + -) @* 9) ) > ( I%= %
= @3 48( B) ( &) (% -% ?: (
= 1< @* ( > >,B E +

3 )
- : ! K
% @* 1_ +; % .
3
-%O % ; !, 9(3 ? *5 .1 -I% -%O (
.% ( ); ?: #83 # ( : 11 @3
) > 0* # ) ( 6 @ A >L ) (
.-B8= ?: #;;3 @); 83
E 3 +';
@* @ 8 F V W; 0* ) M1 ?:
@* > / ? #R -%O # # W; .)8( *
.() = @* 7) +'; W; I%= E

%
-I% ( /0* E K V @(* K5 :
.E @* 9 $% C8( -:B : P @$ %
) -) = * ( ($ +':B 31-7 30-7 -I<
0* % J > ) >
) % -) @*
.-% ( (%
= : Fe
++
Fe
+ % 2
% : % 2 + H2O + O2
(30-7)
-
OH
(31-7)
(Fe+++) &) ? ,

# ) <% (Fe++)
) (%
-% ?: > 6 &) (% -% ?: ( (%=
.32-7 ;
2Fe
++
+ 5H2O + O2
Fe(OH)3 + OH
(32-7)
>L (%= -

% -'3 -%O - 7I%) 7
( #: ) = ? (%= .) 48( ?
1 B) -%O ;) .48( ?: ; -I% -I< @$
*
)
E A (Tuberculation) ) L > 48(
. g - )
/)8( 8 @3 -%O ) ) 18 -5*
: '
# 5* . = K; E< @* K5 @ ( 8' 1! 1 8 @3
7(% + % Q! E6 ?: R*) % @ (_ 8' 8
. g @3 48( ) #$% E
:
@3 48( ?: 7(% + % ! 1 8 -I% 8
:@ D @$% -:B 7I%) g
CO2 + CaCO3 + H2O
Ca(HCO3)2
(33-7)
-! #1 -I% CaCO3 M$B ) % (% @< -)
% @A E
.CaCO3 ] #! % (% @<

9) J % (% @< 2 + %
K QB pH ]
4 C () U Q* ?;L ( @* .(1
@<
_ E E< @* &> 7(% + % 10 mg/l mg/l
@* 1 7(% 7! % @A .-I%= @ % (%
@* += @!
% # CaCO 9; 70 mg/l ? 40 mg/l -
>L (%= *% % ?: ) @A #3 .-)
? @) 6
) (% (%TL @% 5 4 mg/l 9# : %
.7(% + % ! K 3= > ( &) (%

7% ) -') -'3 &> -%O ( % )
/ (3 7 @IB6 &> @* 73 ( ! .30-7 @* 45
%)% (( @* ?: @* K1 #% /% #
+ ) 73 ( ! ( c@3 ; 8I @ %
'
# * BA 7
A E + * .
) %
-% ?1 # (3 %O - ! 8 -B #$*% )
+3( @* K$ R= 8 > . > #) -; )
.9A; E
% # ! >,B % J % $ +O ? I*L
K; ! . ( Q 8 : 7 % + 73 (
' % +*A 8$'3 -,B ) 7=
; ) % -L 9# : % c (
# ) ? + %_ < > .( 8
.-%O @
>,B +
3 3 C8( -%O K % ! 73 (
M @* .
3 E @* 1I % + 8( E
3
# &> -L K ) , ,
# IB6 + 73 (a +,)
98 +
3 ) 7 . $% W$;3
3 R
+,) E< ( .
3 8) M= @* += K5 @3 -%O
? #R E K
! % R= 73 ( , :, 6
. B%
&' (
)* %
% W; 7) @ ; @* W; ($ ;
+'; V) 8 @* 73 (L B; E W;
) :; 3 883 8 73 (a @ (
= Q:) )
?1 @ E @* W;
% ?: .($ E BA

!"
+ / 0 ,- *+ .#$ % & ' ( )
78 4 23 4 & 5 ( 6 % 1
! .$ ( , 9 :5
5 5 % ; + 1 6 + <
% 1 = ' 1986 + . 163
6 .$ ( >
% : ? % %8! @2

( 78 %$ - *+ .6 )5 A % 1 '
% ! = 6 0; %
C == )B % ; .
.8F 2! (Corrosivity of Water) C #D E
8I F D 0; 1: 6G ! %H G ;
! ' & 9= 8F)D F 5
1F)2 =6 J & *+
.>" ' @ A GDK %!D L/
1
$' %G$ J: . %H F % C pH
0 ! (PbCO3
1L) 8 & 9=
% . % #D % %
86 pH
=6 ? 1 8!

% #D 8!
1 D$
O %$ $6 ? ' E$& 0; 1:
' ?1 F ( -
*+ ' . >=
0 O
)K ?1
8( M 5 +8 L () (

= !) ) ;;
. +1* - @* W; # 5B3
% W; 7)
-') @* #5B3 +B(*<= *50 E +R 1
W; +B(*< +5 % ! 6 -I% W;
+B(B
% ?: 5 - * .(Pb(PO4)3OH #'<)
*5 + < 1* % E8 76 .9) pH 1
, . 3 W)B @* * pH ] 7I%) K +B(*<=
+B(*<= $% +*' 3, - m < +B(* @ * -

.)5 6 +B(* @

+ , -
! 20-7
:@ ?: (SDWA) = 1< W
8 ((= 1 EPA ( ..."
R * R -% 1 % 71 Q 8 51
.5"#5 &> % * R )8(
)8( 9) F'< +$B = $B
K53 '% )8( < +) ! *
53 6 * F EPA - ! 6C 1 * ! 8 ,
1 -'3 83 1 P: 1 .#1 * R Q 8a
:($ +% (3 ?: 9
) %
+% < 71 I8 * R= ); +)( .1
. ;1 -3 )
.
F 5 D ) (() +1 .2
9< D ( @ R= ; ! .3
.83 J3 +
T R K F
-;$ ( :)
F ;1 -3 4); -* .4
- ; ;1 -3 4); F ;
.(+(B (4 log) 99.99 ! -8 ? -;
> % @* Q< -% 71 -: 5 7
, ! .5
./* -
883 @B* .$ *
R 32-7 -% R
A )

9(
: $% * K53
1)' 9% % % .+(B -I8 = % 4 1
% 7 0* .K
R @* % @1 m
` 71 ()
6 *
7 % /0* 5 4 $%
.
F #) $ -1) % 8 K
R ? 71
7R @* % @1 _ 9 % + @* % 5 # 6 %
* # #5 ?1 K E R= % .(23-7 -%) K

+> + @* .(S23-7 -%) = % 5 :
9B "
V$
5 B; ) % , /0* 9< D
% K
7R '
# % '
# 8 I8 > E 9: -< > .
*5 % % .!B $ +( K
81* @B% / % 7)
.Q % _ B -% D @* %
$ 6 A2 # -, "2& 5 () & @%- 2 :32-7
> >% + 4 !"& H<F% 4 '%% G -, "2& 5 (
) .@% &9 D"E -F B"C +8
"- < 5 5 > >% + 4 !"& AJ H<% -,% "&I (') .!"- 5 5
)8( -'3 4 : * @ 8 71 F)

) Q8 : 4 -
.@$ -) : E@8 c@83 (
+(%% 9 % +5L (* 48( Q* 6

: -8 -'3 +(B -
a .7 ( % M
?a . % : -
a * % . + ) ?:

,
5 . +) ) A; #(( # +(B
+E : ) 5B3
% 5 +(B + 3
I%T I ) 9 5 ) 7 7 &> : '
# 5* . ; 9I1
9 J M: 71 $! 5 . +(B !< @B
-1
+(1 3 *( @ 8 71
= .+(B -1
* @* +(
; ! $ ;B 1*= *( @ 3 *( .#1 8 -(=

B) ; -1) @); ; % @(B F - )
5 * + ?: 9) *( .+B C8 B) );
+(1 5 .: +') ?: : <% 9 3 ?:
6 Q8 3< M= 48( +) $ - 6 Q:
+ % # 6 .9;) % )8( +) +1 8 K
-1
) % .+(1 > ) $ A $_
(, () S> * 76 <% ; +< *
.) K! () P$ QI1) ; / , *
%95 9
$ 3 ( S5 3 7 4 : =
% )
7 # * : ? & = . 9, &9 3 2*
8C <D ) . 3 5C ) ) 5 # 2 &B G- 04
%% 1O S
X & ,: # % ) 5 #
.($ K ( 9A* 0Y/: ) ?, %%* "( 9 ) ' % )
5C 2* &
/% 3 )* ( : &; 9$ % ) ( +
)( . 9% 5 # : ) O 087 )% 3 8
Y/: ) 7 8 ?% & 17 & &7 ,
1
U6 ,* )( ./\ - " ZA[ S% &%[ 0Y/: (
) ( & /%( * 0" Y
J /: K
B 6 G<< D & 3<D 7
.86 C7 7 0]9
"[ C,
+ 3 R @* F) ! K

@* #< 6
F 5 ! -5* .@$
* 4); 6 -A %(
kBk m( (, K 5 +'; ! P Q 8
M +B ( -<) 983 : 3 +'; 9 L
@* 9%( -:= (Code) ! : M* (? F< +:!
c@) 6
; S3 ) @* .:; %( =
( 8A5 ?: E1 _ 9 L k Bk m( K 7 /0* $( +';
83 .(, V% K -'3
($ 883 @*
9% .7( -% IA ;L R @* ( (, V%
.c ( !
-% /: R*)
m L 7R '
# +( $
@1 _ % 4 Q 8 , @ * R 5 !
> -I8 - ) .0.4 ? 0.2 mg/l ( K
R @* %
(, @* +5 #A; #: % J (
# #) @1 /* % = % ? -3 <
% C . t 71 1 % -8 7 .1 +5
^ 1 +> +(B 7R 6 1! .(mg/l) 0.1 : b-1 )
: C . t 7! I8 > ) ? 1 +$ , +(%* 9<% #*5
% @1 * : ); ! 1 # ; .A
R @* % @1 .* K
7R @* /: R*)
@ >A % 9: U 4 % # 7 )8(
E
@* E +% . = % @*
$5
% ?: ) ; 81* %0.1 ] < 7R
I*( 0.4 0.2 mg/l ! % @1 * (B % +5L
> % ; ( +% ! @1 > 5 , .! M
% ? ; S ) K8 ( .#: 5 ;
% %
.9 +5L ;B #) % @1 :( )
5 82 (

/% 9
+ 3 7
,
$ $ )(
)P .82 ( /% A5 ]9

:O , &7 / /% D
. 9% ]9
< &7 % )P 0?
, + 3 &,
H6 )* &7
), 0
, 7 1 5C ), )( 0I< ) K,
!:, %- .&$% &, ?% & 82 % ( : )* )%
% ]9
) 1'/ S )*
3
" 2
.&- % !:, Y + V2 T%
18-7
( +(B -8 $ -1) 9 ( * 71 = 8

# 8 #1 I* , $ >A .(3.0 log) %99.9
V$ -1 I83 ., 8( - ! K! 71 ? # ( &> # (
: (, :( ^ 2.0 mi ) & ( - ? $ -1) 71
! pH ! 5C ! 9) +) 3.0 ft/sec J;! N5 (
-; - ! # ( 71 %( - $ -1) ? % 5 0* .7.5
o& ( - ?

3.0 log - C . t ! R)' 15-7 91B @* 5-7 -

.6 ( 5C ! 9) +) ) % +(B -8
:( -1 @*
2.0 mi x 5280 ft/mi
= 57 min
3.0 ft/sec x 60 sec/min
6 (mg/l). min
C=
= 0.11 mg/l
57 min
?: K
7R ? 3 E ) , 8( + 8 %
C . t ( ( .
% : 0* 0.2 mg/l ! % @1
<% % ( @ .11 (mg/l). min ( 0.2 mg/l x 57 min B
.%99.99 ( +(* -8 (4.0 log) ] $' %
.
) 21-7
+=
0 > 6 ^; 71( @= - : @*
+A F) -) @* $*% +) )( -) (
? -;B C'= 7 @A - : 7 @% .^; @*
+% -% + - p; . ( + + %
.1.4 1.3 C ( 1< +> 1.2 0.3 mm 8! C 9A;
+ % 9) +
_ @= - p; 73 ( %
% .7
A 7(%% J3 + % +< N
B
: = +83 > < 1 8 -A 1)
* K53 ^; 1 8 : -B(= ? >A * -A 1)
- -:B ?
^; I% K ?:g ( (6
+= 4
@ -B(= ) ) (
^;
.; ? 9q 5$B
_ @= - ^; -(6
.
)) /
I< , U6 ? &L5
3<D 8%/
8 A< 34-7 % . 3 5C ? !/
) V 85= 8, 5 .^ "

)9, R H ] 0C
0 5 76 %% % % .
8%" ) 1 $, , ^ "
%
,
87 035-7 ,: F9' D , .K, % ]%
8%" ^B " %% % O, $ ? &* V _A- 8%"
CaR
MgR
Na2R
NaCl
Na +
Na2R

NaCl
(34-7)
+ Ca++
Mg++
(35-7)
- a (: +

n +$*% : 9:= 883 @* %(
Ca
++
+ *% + ( F) 73 +$*% #( @ %
++
Na
Mg++
- 8( 9(: -

9
-
@% ?: @A
( a (:
L @* 7;
% ? @=
@* I%L
+ % M @* .+
n @ 9( + K #8
-
P .9( -
JB -1 ( ; N 8
; *% -; F) #% &> % 81* 3( +
9(
. +
9 +3 (
# ) W3= @* 7; ?;!=
%
.100 mg/l 7 7; 2000 mg ) 9# : % > 81* 7;
) 7 7; 500 mg @R:=
% %(* ) +% >
P .7; 20 mg/l %= 1 8 / @; > ?;!=
9(: -
@* 218 mg/l (: ^ @ % - 9(

43 (! 9(:
.7; 100 mg/l ) # @

.7; 20 mg/l ) # P ( mg/l
1 2 .
) 2207
@ 1 ((= p;= @ +
_ # :* +, <%
+g # $1 x ! ? #R "$1 ," + p; # 6 L
+ +% ? )* ;;3 > ( .7+ %% +T*% 9
-) @* + +%
( + %

0* 9
+ %
@* -:* 7; % . p;= -) % p;= +*
` (
. $1 , p;= : '%
.+
+':B 36-7 R
RSO4
SO
=
4
NO

NaCl
RSO4
+
RNO
3
+ Cl-
(36-7)

B +5 9EB% 1* (' 5: > ^; 1 8
3 kL 0* > . % 9A; Q$!
1 8 + ; 0* .1 f( 6 %
A ) @8
(%= - ? #R 6 -(A (6 0* +< +1 8
.p;, # 1 '( 9 1 +> J3= +< 7R
#R (
- ( W! 1 ((= p;= 71 (
P
? ! (( -) p;= +1 8 ?: - K! ?
- ( 5 p;= : % @A .! B5 (( K!
$% W$;3 ^; 8 U @ / 7I%) @
5L 4) J ( 9) -A 9)
.1 8 Q: E >A - 1 8 7) 9)
+ = @$1 ^; ; Q 3 +) 33-7 -% R
@* + + % + % +
% R 4 -'3
-
L .1 8 += *% Q 3 F) 883 ? *) ?: >A
.3" - ! + %
# " !

.

:33-7
$

^; 1 8 : ( @* E8

Et + % -
L
( -% + ( .>A : ' 3
% , ? )
+
( .@= 4 : # MB3
% ^; 1 8
@ -A - .+ + % b-% (
1 8
.> ( R) ? ) 4 E R) @R:=
)( * # P +
8) K$

3 4 NaCl E
3 @ - +) F'< " 9:
R . 4 -(A E
( 4 E RB)
: N5 4( @= - > 8A5 ) #81 34-7 -%
>A E -3 .
3 ( K K
% ? +,
+1 8 : -B(= ? -3 ) * U

': -A +) ?
+1 8 Q: -; .+) -B( +) 9: : @B( C A ^;
8) Q: ) .@B( C +1 8 # : 5-2 ft ? ^;
E< @* 9 1 8 Q: -'3 +1 8 : C( 1* -'3
! F'< +) - .%75 ? %50 -; > -(A
KI = > I* .3 @* # ) % F) c
; @* 93T 9) % F) ( $% W$;3
@< ; @* 1 9) -A : -=
J) )( -) @* 5 +) F'< 0* &> ? *5 .-A -
? MB3 ! 2 +
% F) .); 3 +8)
S
7 /0* / C( @R:= F J ( <% -! 2-1 mg/l
.K
7R @* )8 - ! 6 K

) ( &' !%
:34-7
B8 .) ^; 1 8 E- :-) F'< 9 %
B3 7 3 ) S3 .# '
# (6 (6 E8
.^; 1 8 Q* K! @$% U
: - E: ? I35 )
-B(= ) ) ( .1 8 7) ; 9 : 7) ^
S3 1 8 Q* ) @* E K #) #
S

.; ? 9 +) : @B( C ,
&> ': ) @ @ E@8 8 -3
.4 E< @* 6
/ -3 > /(B U
:
.; ? @B( C , : S3
&% !" L/ )
` 3 % = *%
7 F ?"- % 0% !6
-
Q:

Q: &% /E !" C &6/ U6 8 .^ "
N5 D L/ ) = 3 R/ .&%
!" ?
.)5/
* /%
) ^ " & , 0^ " 76 #9 3<D 9% = 7 )(
&

=" & C ), ?%9' &76 9' )*
% = % &9 ?9% ]% U96 <D F )P . ,
76 %% % & =" 7 ! ?, & )P
. %/ ( 76 ?%( % 3 & %5
3 ) %4 ( %3 C ^
?1 % !" 3
= 3 ) %35 0!6: 3 ) %50 A 0^ " &76
%%
8%" %
, , ^
. / 3 ) %15 0%
.^ " 3 ) lb/1000 gal 4-3 1
C %/ 0 " C" D !" 3 Q6 &/ )(
a . 7 )7 \ ( C/' * 0/ I ( C" 0#
Q6 0 =: !, D & 5M % $
. !" 3
3
23-7
(Maximum Contaminant Level) "- ]9
S #HG/ %7
,: b5 % .10 c/l ( 50 c/l ) EPA - ) 7 b5
b5 ?" 0&, %% < + &%H7 ?" # ?:-
C" )* 0 %- U /" 4 9<
9 D* , # )P K 82 ( ), . " ) & /
6 3 # b5 % ) 8+ .4<= D b5

3 D $ : 3 %" )* ( 08 !" 3 ), 1+
(AsO3) &/5, * ?" < =" b5 % . 9
%20 )P 0), 5 3 .(AsO4) &/5
.&/5 N* ) ), H
, b5 ) %50 (
A< 6 3 %" ( b5 %% 85 &/ ) '
* \ ?% ) ?% 3 R5 0#/ b5 S
&7 ,* )( . 6 b5 5( 0?%% \ 7 )
)( . ? 5( 0%% 5( 0F: / D U6
?=" &9 % d "* 0?%% &7 ( D

2* 4 ), .3 C 2* 5C 87 ?% \ ?% &<
&
&, )P . ,: ) ' 5 b5 9
D\ &9
* &= 87 D % )P 0 , + ?1 % 3
),
I: - ( ?% E 3 &5C "M ,:
.1 ?%% &7 6 %%5 . 3 5 8 ) C )
</ D % &/
Y # D 9 , 7
, 9% S )* ( 12 0
&6 &%
.CG 8%7 )* * 6G )* 1 ?% 7 9A ), .% T$ %"
F: 0 6: 55 D b5 5M , &
ID
.F: L/, F' 0%% %,[ !
=
(( @ - p; 8( -

a )L N
-%= %
? N
-% (% 5 )); 1 ( 71 5 .!
.% 9(%= : &> 7 +3
A;
8( 9) 983 ((= @= - p; %
?: + % -5B ? - = p;= % .K$ 4 )I
. ! 6 9A; Rg # ( > % , ! > N

N

9EB% Q B + ( % + % -3
N
? -
L + % ? #R &> / A; +%
@* Q1 ? : 3" & / % . )
/0* @
@* )8 ; 1 @ ) ; C8 +3 @= -
.&> 9 B) E- M= +3 (
@* #;;3 9A; * R <% )
+ I* , 9: .10 {/l ?: N

% ?: 9) +,
" @ ( % %( 7R % # 6 @ 9A; %(
W; /

R % ; N
F
] MB3 ? ) +* 1 ; -A % R 91
- +E< ( E) ? EPA >
R @* N
MCL
K . 7
, ?: 91 * # &> 9A; R= 7

?: 91 6 Rg N
+E< ( ?: !; ?: +, EPA
+E< ( 9 +, M +) 1 .9 P
EB_
-1 @ Rg *5 +( 9 9 C( + * @8 @ N
1
@* R EPA % .7
, W3 3300 :
&> W3 10000 73 R - 9A; R= 5 + B
?: 9! 6 % T % R % C(
.10 {/l ^ MCL
) /* ^ 7: / N
+ B -) 9! :
= - 5 ?1 30 {/l MCL -< <'< N
?;!=
E< @* :, +>3 @ = i !<' -: V% >
K( 7 - ) /0* &> ?: 9# ': .10 {/l ^ MCL K5
+> J3 +< 9A; R= @* + B
D 1<
! 8 %( . EB_ ; 5B3 MCL 7!
- .-! ( 10000 73 R= "C %" +B +1 ) 9
@ 9) +B +1 ) 7() ! >3 EPA # 8 %(
%_ EPA -3 @* Q1 < " ); !" % (
K W3 ? T ( &> + B C(
.MCLs / ) : ? # 1*= + Q 8 /1* ?1 1 8
!4 24-7

5 mg/l B J ) *
#
?1 @ + @A
Et ) -! c@$ ; ? -) 9B
Q* I%
1 , + ! +8) # !` 76 .B
#5:, #
@ 8 L) 8( 4 @ 5B
@= - 8I = 9B
.7 ;
# '
# (6 # :-) K 5 .#1 <% 6
c! -) 8 = 7 B
_ .#) #
13 12.5 C pH - @* % 1 8 4 ; F) NaOH
1 8 P . 71 > > % ; -)
?:g ( 1 8 ( 73 K v -(6 *
(
.@$ -B(g ( NaOH %1 ?: )
! : > B
% pH 9 B
<
: % ; -) 1 8 ) 7 .5 ! pH
) -'3 B -
L , .& % M) /5) 7 pH ] - >A
0* pH ] W! K .; @* 5) C8 7 ( @=
.1 8
k (a ? : R*) 5.5 ! : 8 5 7 ( >A
9% ) MB3 * J ) +> %
1)' ) -'3 B KB J ) +> K S
a

R *% ) .B - 1 J
t ( +> % # P @%
.-!= ?: 1 8 = 9B

5)
25-7
@ +
# 6= +: <%
@* 73 (L .@(% 45 % Q* 4 % 4
+<
_ @ 8 % Q* 4 % 4

0 51 ! + 8 K 7T' Q$! A
73 ( .7 ( % M +(%% % +5L
C'= -;B 9>B ; # 6 4 @(% 45 +:
. += 5 +$
>L
.+<
7( 7) ?: B 3 $6 R Q 8
5 @ (% 10 ? 0.1) 10 0.1 {m : + L) - K1
M (16-5 {m x 18-8 {m) +(% 9% ( +(
@ $A + ? L .9 % % (6-4 {m) 7 ( %
4 # 1 7 ? 0.7 {m - @* ) C 7( @* F)
C @ +$
- 5 .(Microfiltration, MF) %
.@$

9 % + % +6 +5: 0.1-0.001 {m
0.8-0.008 {m - @* ) C 7( @* F) @ $A +
- 5 .(Ultra Filtration, UF) % Q* 4 @ # 1

>L 5 + q% #$ >L C'=
0.01-0.0001 {m A;=
4 - > @* F) @ $A + 5 . +=
45 ? *5 0.008-0.005 {m # 1 (Nanofiltratio, NF)
.0.007-0.001 {m (Reverse Osmosis RO) @(%

E -'3 4 +: 35-7 -% W3
51 1 % (10-6m) +% ?8 V1 @* .+<
/ % @ 4 +% /) K ) F 1*=
.-) /
_
((1 %0,( /( /

$( -
( +
,( %(
"
*
:35-7
((Water Quality Improvement Center, Yuma, Arizona) :-

)
71 9% B3 % 8 # EA : 3 7
)
)
9(
5 + q%

+< 7) W! K EA B%
.(+ N
-<)
1 ( @ -A % ($ - .
@
.EA Q 3 ?: E _ -A 8A5 EA _ 1)'
60 ! >A 8A5 % Q* 4 % 4 -A %
800- Psi C 8A5 - @* @(% 45 - -! Psi
. (, # &> 150

K ;
EA - ! 1 ( 8
- 8 5 &> -% # T 9# : $A R= % .EA 7( (
= / 8 b-% 0* ; @* . -(A >A
<% RO 6 .R > +) B 9A; - 6 UF Mf 6 )
I) 5:' 5 F 1 -I% (' 5:
: $ >A % : . % $% + (
#% #$% #BR 1 ( + # (( RO 6 I8 1*
-% W
m 1 EA % 7< -(A ? *5 6g
@* # # : -I< )8 EA ; WI3 .R)
5* @ 9
%L ?: ; % .EA J 71
; 9
% .EA R -(A EA
! %30 ? 8 ! > AA ?: 1 (
# '
# (6 9# : UF Mf 6 -(Aa .7R # &> %98 ? -;
: # &> % +<
_ c@
V
( ?: -AA K 1*
) * )
_ RO 8) P .EA 7R 8 73
* 73 +< b-% # 1 )
; 9k
% )
7R @* C8 :@ ; C8 5 .A -: 4 J )
@* 1) 3 & M= @* 73 ( 8) @* C8
-;$ (, 7R" W3 ?: -;) BR 1< 8 .1 D
(National Polluted Discharge Elemination System, "F ; @8
.NPDES)
6
7 +
6

26-7
)8( % Q* 4 % 4 73 (
6= @* @ 6= > . ! S _ 8( 9% +>
^; J) +16n 8
A5 ) -I% + I L +
L *
>A ( 36-7 -% @* )5 9) @* 7 .( ) @(%
9 8( 8A5 ) -3 4 K 7 = -3 ?
.; @* )8 * = + 9
% K 7 .
%
<=( 0 ;

( 89
1
7 6
5 /
4) " :36-7
Hydranautics, a :-=

) (
$
%
"$ ((0

0 #(0(
(Nitto Debko Corp.
1.2 mm @3 81 0.8 mm (1 6B = 6 *
75 15 gal/ft2 . d * - C .9% : >A
8A5 % 73 Psi ! >A ?;! 8A5 J .(3.1-0.6 m3/m2 . h)
6.9- m3/h gpm) 30-11 gpm 4 ( % 30 Psi EA : ?;!=
9 V% 4 ( -(A 5 @* .(2.7
.; ? +< #* QI* = : 8A5 ) 5
%
60 ? 30 sec 9 B &> 60 ? 15 min -% -(A 9 F)
9 * ()L @$% -(A ?= ) .35 Psi 8A5 +)
.10 1 min C 9 7
6 % Q* 4 % 4 R % %
) c@(%: ( -3 ? S3 E 4 71 *
?: +< 7% @(% @* .6= -3 ? : 8A5
-3 #3 R 4 ( * = 6= @3 48(
) (, -! 8A5 QB -< @(% (,
.
)( % g @3 48( )( = &> = -!
( +< ) 9
EA : 8A5
.@3 48(
+5 ( .E2E ( #1 ( 9) 81 J -(6 #%
?: > +< &%B @* * = -3 8A5 E
.EA @3 48(
4 >A 8A5 ) &> +< -) 7
E1 ?: -(A (( @* E 73 ( R*) . -(6 %

@(% (, 7R .BR Q 5 -; =
% B3 >A %95 ! J;! @ J3
.# E E -(6 73 ( -(6 S
-% . ( A 4 Memcor 18 37-7 -% M
4 )( +35 5 :( @8)
+> > 1 ( 3
@* % .7%) 7R 6= R @$% 7R E +3*
+) % : ?: )
3 : 9 : 3 0* (37-7) -%
S3 E 4 71 ;B * = = +$ +$L
.-3 ?
EA -3 ? 3 V% (, )( 7
7 .9 B
3 -3 ? ; 35 E E'3 8(
6 (S37-7 -%) 5 M 5 K EA +)
.(BR ) 4 8 3 @* E J ( +)
=? = 6 > ())

0

6
/ (CMF-S)
' Memcor :37-7
"' <$( =+9$( !
$
> = (A) .> 5@ (? ;
( %
+
((US Filter/Memcor) :-

) @$
6
/ !
A$
!
(B) . ($
$

8 -(A % E 2 % -(A IB3
-< 4 (, $ (
/ P +) -(A
-(A E : .-3 ? S3 4 ($ #

MB3 ? 4 ( #1A 3 ? -3 QI* 7; %
7 &> .+) 7! -1 ?: ( ? 3 5 E (
C8( ?: + B [(= ) +) 9:! : E -3
8( 9:1 5 E -3 7 +) -3 R -( .EA
7 = S3 @$ R ( K .B( K E ;
+ B -(6 @* = -3 ? BR )I (% >A
7 2 E -(6 7 K .EA = @3 48( ?:
.>A $ 9: + B N( E
_ C , 3 B
.Q$! F'< b-! QA ( -(A +: -((
.% 4 K @* -= ( EA F

$% 73 ( 9# : 7 7 @* 5 @$% R
B3 & ( M) C8( @* 9I<T
%
.7; +%
/5: ( -% 3 @$A : 8A5 V1 7I%) 7R 71
) E '( 3 7I%) 7R 71 % .R / ) ? #

. ) 5 +'; 9 ( 1) 9:! BB % EA
( ) 71 ; % %* '( 3 3
7 0*
( 9) ! % 4 7R ? E -3 : &>
( -< 7R -A #5 7I%) 7R ! .E +:1* ) -'3
.@% S 4
198-7
# A , +%

% 1997 7: A
E< ( 6 I% 7 . ( & 9) )( 7 9# %
?: W > )8( ! + 8 EB ( 9%
M) + < E
71 71 % 7 8 4
@B 73 : #% 98( +) 9) >A %
E 9%: +% ? ) 8 4 0* 1 > +) .;
- (6-5 NTU +A 3 R: ! K) 0.3 0.2 NTU
+% .3000 ft 9) Z8 : 60 ft Q: ?: 3; U! ?:
Z8 $1 N5 8) J E )( Q5 @ %
48( ? *5 ) ;3 %( 8) K! % .9)
.(V(=) 7= 3; % M=

% 4 @
m ; 1 .Q 8 '
# ! #3 1 4 8) % 7

. 71
% ) C . t + 8 EB_ 9% K / :8 ( ? #R
S %_ $% 81* ?= ) +% S ), (VI
.1 4 # 1 :
M &> 6 ! 3 9 B % 4 + I; 7!
A 7R % 1 .) 9 E< @* % 4 :*
7R .(@5: () -3 ? S3 ( ( 73 ( #)
.E # '
# (6 S3 ? -3 ( ( 73 ( #) %* B
- @* +$
: : 4 : :'8 (, ( + ! 1
: 8A5 9% : 7 ( % M +(% S)

P$ .R -(A S 0% -A +,) EA
3.8 A 7R 3.3 +A 10 log ] V( ! J 10-2 {m - @* +(
0.5 0.03 NTU C - @* 7 ?: < 9% +% % B 7R
% .9
4 : @ ) b-% +! 1 .R '%
* = R @* 9EB% <% A 7R @* % E 2 -(6
-(A S % 1 .EA : 8A5 8 5 @* 9EB% <% % %
! @ ?: B A R @* %40 %8 )I E $ (%
+ :, > .7 22 7 2.4 ! @
R - : :
L
.A 7R 3 7
- :@ V(= ?: -% -% % 4 8) 7; 7 1
:'8 ( +, ?: # : &> 125 l/m2.h EA @R:=
@* +8 8 ] (2.8 mgd) 11000 m3/d ! @ ( -
E1 K (116000 ft2) 10800 m2 ! EA 3 )( 9) 90 8 b-%
K (7 mgd) 26000 m3/d 8) 1 (, ^ 3 S3 ) 8
^ 100 l/m2.h (, > - ^ 3 S3 ) 8 E1
.(0.80 mgd) 3000 m3/d @R:= -(A 7;
.% 4 1 ( % @ > R - 6 @*; I%a
@8 -;$ (, 7R" W3 E 2 E -(A P C8 7
(National pollutant Discharge Elimination System,
"F ;
-(A ) 7 .+% E @* NPDES)
(C8( ?: 9<T 7; (%) @$% -(A 6g
E< @* ) 9m % 7 .); @* /)8 - ! M)
35 E< @* a % -
M= J ( ?:
3 +
3 ? (
P 73 ( ) ? T -A -) *% .K
7R @*
.() 7I%)
./ 27-7
: >: # > B ; E6 : 45 ( -;B
#BB3 EA : > ? ( % ) J3
(1 * @(% 45 .EA 3D 8 ?: )
&> @ 8 @)5 8A5 #5 #(% >B ; E6 :
+) .) E @* C'=
% 9
# ( >L ; -;B
# % EA : ( ) ) 0* RO : @* -: 8A5
45 8A5 ^ .4 + ) B3 >L ;
% J ) +> ) ? #R # 1 350 Psi ?) )
l% , <% -! 45 8A5 +> % ( 0* -! C'
.@(% 45
- @* M
L E - > @(% 45 -A 8A5 K1
Q 8 8A5 ! ?: ($ 9; -1 - .800-350 Psi
. ) >A
% ' 3, ?: EA W$;3
0$ /9

4C
" :38-7
9 % $6 +1 8 38-7 -% @* @

A B 9) ?
7 .( ) AA K @ ( : 9 @*8 @8A
-I% ;1 *) ) ( ? # *5 7 %)0 8 *) (
) B *) -; .AA 9 5 R
: IL .# ) 9 AA - 1 ( I1<
%
(, ) 4( @% : E1 K R >
.@
A B 9) -I%
6= R +6B : 9) ) -3
&) ?: a -: 8A5 +) .@% : * @
( + 8( -1 6= : 7< :
` L +6* @* )
: C8 9)
% @* .I1< = ? AA m 8)
.9) S3 : :
` L +6* )
8A5 ) : 9 : 39-7 -% @* )5 * = 9)

@* ; 7 % B 6= # % #: )
@3 81 ^ .9) 9( : a ) * +B` !n U ) -%
@3 8! 100 ? 85 {m 3< 83 R @ * g
> % ( %( A; 8! ( .100 {m ^ *
?: E _ 8 @(% 45 @ 8A5 -) =
) -3 .g ? 8) ) &)

) : #: ( I1<
% >A -'3 9) ?
? -3 -: 8
A5 +) .8(g @3 -% ? =
K 7 .9) C8 : ) B S3 * =

(
) 8( 8(g @3 -% ? 9> )
.9) S3 ? -1a
Permasp Products, E. I. du Pont de :-

) 0$ /9
4) " : 39-7
(Nemours & Co.
1 ( +) @(% 45 @((= 7R %

:* +1) P +
3 -: -A 8A5 +35
% @A .9> ) WI3 7R 8 R
# 3 1I ; # 1 RO +) >A @ )
-I% 6= F K
A ) 5$B 9( 5
1 ( #: 5 40-7 -% @* 45 % .* !
(M) ) M) *5 (25 {m ) * ) #B$B #) # L) #8(
8( 4 Q ( % 9 % +8) @* .! -I% K *5
0* .( 9( 9(:
9% @
v $% I<3 L)
8( #) % ( 1 ( 0* 5: ?: + )
pH ] ! MB3 .) !:_ 9% 1 8I @ L) %
#E
-) & % M) >A 8( &> 6 ?
B3 I% @ '
# : % (% @<
6 ? + %
*5 7 .
A ) 9(% 7(% + % ! -I% )
.1 c@$% -I% J3 +1 7; +B(* (%
(% @< ? #R AA 1 (, 5 1)' +
. K 6= : % M) -I% > %
; 5L % % (% @<
_ + 73 (a
R*) 6= C8( # #BR = 8 .pH ] @$ 8 5

_ +BR @5) -(A +) 8a . -1 : 9EB% ?:
.) 5: C' + ( += 7%
0$ E9
00) #D A0 %%>
:40-7
) >A %30 %10 9> ) %
mg/l ) >A - > 8) % .-A 18 # &>
%75 1 -) #; ! -; % >L ; 2000

9> ) K 75 gal P >A 100 gal @
. >L ; 7000 ? 6000 mg/l ?: ) 25 gal (
@% -) B3 : &> % e ?: ( p
9> @* >L C'g KB J ) 6 8A5 9
.6= ?: ! -% % - ) ?: 5

# % 9> E % 7) W3 : % -I%
Q8 @* K1 % @* @(% 45 Q* # ) # $ ; !
.' 3
20-7
; % c); K *

) +

P @% c@(%: 45 8) +n . ?; % >L
&' ( % - . : ? ) ) 8( #
N 8 ? -1 @% ;B % +L ) ? @*
+% . #
+ 8 @ Q* ? K @8!
: -
-3 +3 (, *% # ); 6 ) *
Q$) ;3 S Q$) Ja .78 5) 3 (
.) 8( +!8 ?: 8 Q8

400 ft 1: $ )
_ * : -5* N5 7
% ;

% ^ .I% 6 E(% @*;

F) .7.2-6.8 pH ] ! +% 2700-2600 mg/l * @* >L
MB3 J
t ) +>
A ) @8 3 $
8( +> +) @ c
) E0% 8 1 ( 0* %(
.@$ -(6 81* @ L)
$%$ #
# !"

() .

:41-7
.

0 *+ 2
$
1 /#0 -
,
%
*+ (') .&
!"
++

4 13 + *+
* RO 4 (4) .14 5
RO 4 3
(,)
$
'0 &
!" 7## 8 *" 4 4#
+ '0 0 # !" (61) .(
)
#
50 () .<
14 #0 '0
44
;#
5 $9
7/# -
74? 4
# 4# %
*+
() .
&
> %1 CO2 = 3

 @* RO @* = +) 41-7 -% R

9 B * m ( ? 9 : +35 (41-7) -%

_ B$B 4 <'< & ? .@* @$ -) 8) ?
;: : 8( ^ .(0.005 mm) 5 {m )
@ +(
(+8'3) +
(41-7) -% R .U ( 12 - 1 4
* M) & % M) 150 mg/l *5_ c; 4$B; +>
10 mg/l *5 CaCO3 ! -I% K &> 5.8 pH ! ?
+) V3 9; (S41-7) -% .CaSO4 ! -I% K +B(* (%
9) 3 RO +) ( ? (41-7) -% @* .4
@* RO
? -; >A 8A5 7: 8A5 : 35 % 7I%)
783 pB .48 in. 8 8 in. +) 9) b-% 8! ^ .370 psi
9) 9: F'< RO 9) . AA 9) -% @*
%
>A P .< ) @* K ?= ) @* eK(
%50 )I AA %50 ?= ) ? -3 @
< ) ? ?= ) > ) -3 .)
% (* @ .) # %50 # ) # AA # J3 9 P
) %25 >A %75 %
8 - RO 9) g # (]41-7) -% R .9>
+< 1
_ 91 L $% -) +) c
RO 9) 3 -B(g IB = -1 .EA C8( J3=
.
@* 9 % ? ) >
7! 9( M) -I% CO2 ( # I%
(% 1 8 K ? S3 +
6 m 8 (41-7) -% R .5B3 pH
@* .# 1 7 ? 5.8 pH K* > = CO2
A c@$ U

+
A +:
@ ? D $% 5a (
41-7) -%
8.5 ? 8.2 pH K* 1 (, ; 10 mg/l :
@>
% ? 0.2 mg/l B
% 9
&(* M)
.0.9 mg/l ! % @1 _ &> 7(% +% 0.8 mg/l !
^ >L ; @
v %
% ) *
540 mg/l 7(% 9(: 210 mg/l ) ! mg/l 2700-2600
7 $ .NaCl 1500 mg/l # 1 ^ : )
! 210 mg/l ^ >L ; @%
% +> RO
&> @ 7 mg/l ! 7(%
% 100-80 mg/l
.); I% 6 91 (
-% @* +B; % @ > RO 8) @* * = +)
* = R 9) @* #) B #81 (C41-7) -% .39-7
? 9; Ra .5 K 83 % 9 @
.-B(g >A Q
@A; 8
) )B; >A (
* g ) B + 7: >
) ? 9; Ra
.4 : AA K @
) -
! 2807
35000 mg/l D%- ( 9<
,
" % )
&< 9< 3
500 : 3 1 7 ^
.30000 mg/l NaCl C
0
, ) .
, ) 200 mg/l 9<
,
" % ) mg/l
( 12 0
J T
S
X &< ?% <= 3
5M 1 67
?%
" % 5, ) L7 01'
3<D )*
.C 100 mg/l ) 7 3
47 " )P IA 3( 81 5
.C'= -3 E ?: -;) <% 7< E 3 ?:
(( R @ > = -) K( 81 @ &> @* ($
3 @!8 J ) 73 ( 9: ?: -;) <% 2 3 +)
.) 25-15 ? -) : -; ! .)
-3 .42-7 -% @* #883 e45 -) K( 81
* 7 c) ( 9) @* ,
# 3( 7 8) ? )
) C8 &>% a ) +
n @ 3( E
(( @* 9 ) K I3( ) S
a .9>
<% : @* .?: + ? 3( 3 6 @* <%
?: ) 9)
a ( )
L ) 81 3
K*a 9) > @* .) 3( 3 : Tin % > -)
? @3 ) ; 8( ) 9)
) C8 &> 7 .Pmax 8A5 +) Tmax # U _ 9)
) 8A5 MB3 8A5 +) | % -) (( : /B;
8A5 K ? #R .& >% P2< P1 P1< Pmax % F) .1 (
-; ) -% @* 3 ? K( -% -) ( I3( >A #E
0*
&> P .9) ?: ) -% @* 9$( 3 8 K
?
(T2 ? 8 T1 T1 ? 8 Tmax '
# <) ) -% @* 9) @* 8
9# : % 9) @* @% 8 .$ ) @* Tn ? -;
9: #E
.00F1 A Tn ? 250F A Tmax
&> .%0.15 ? %0.10 ?: ; 1 9 -% @* :( -1 @ )
9:_ ? ,
# = 8 981 6 - S Y*
S - 5 6.6 &> ^ 10 ! )
mg/l ?: 9: >A 83 @* 9> ) ) ! .)
.35000 mg/l ) ) #!'8 70000

$
!0 % 4? :42-7
!8 &' ( )

L -% S _ R +,)
9) QB ) -% @* / C( 9) 8 @
: ; C8 9) ?= ) ? 3 )
-1 +' () ? ) K( -1 ' 7 -)
@* 9) Z( -1 : B , 9) +1* P .-) 9)
( $( J3= +1B 5 .) +, <%
.1 -I% ( = a <% C8( 3 A

8 .?= R @> ) 7 ?: 81 @* !8 &' (
.'
# < -) % 7; - 9) 9 9EB%
-
,/ .+ 184 ' 29-7
; # % -% 8) +'5* +% W$;3 3
4 <3 R +8) 7R 5 . +: U
?I .9( B3 ( 9(
+5L 9%
_
P .#$% ()L 4 ( +B3
73 +

n 6 9 ?: ) +B )8( +

K
* @* * ( .$% +%
; 8 ?: # : % -% 9) % 5:
. E< @* *5L $%
9 18+

7 17 1 ?, 3 5C
%
7 76 )9 '
'( 0&= 5M 1: 0 1/ 0

7
" %
&' ), .87
?
, 0 $ 86 * ) 6H: ),
0
/ % ) 5 C # ?[ * 0& 6 9 6 ) U
) 0 % &%,%D ' $ , & 0 '
" %
?1 %7 1 9 &+ ) &%, F:
9% = 3 A
# & 3 1+ 89%7G . I
C; G 8 ?H/ &%,%D
)9 ' %- .6H: ), ( '( 0H/ &% 9: ) & 9$
.6 ) ? & , !" 4*
( .73 : +A # A )8( +B

A 8 -8 + * K -'3 @)8( 9%
-5* ( &> LS .; 7= (% $ ( W!
@* E 9) +A I<T . #:
-( # ( #1 (
@* $% +':B - @* +
@* )8
) +B K - 7R 7; E< @* .9) 4 9! @*
+( : ;$;3 @* ); +A 9) : @* +A
.;B +'( = 8
+% -'3 )8( 9) S 1 %
1 0* + ? # ( .73 W$;3 $% +*5_
> 7= ( 0.44 mg P <3% *5L :; mg

!' .(5-7 ) 0.26 mg ^ R 1 @B5 # 1 ^
B 9% +) : L /73 9%: R)'
8
( 1 2 0.5 mg/(NTU)
L $
C (NTU)
* 9) @* ; S 1 ? D ( .0.74 ^
: + ?: <3 :
lb/mil gal 9) @* % ;
= 8.34 (0.44 : + 0.74 9%)
(37-7)
( M) @* 1< 8( 9) @* ; 6 (

U ?: ( - 1 6 E
1 .Q), 4 @!
7
^ .<3 @* +3 ( @ $% U ?: @* $
-! -(A * @* ; J ) 2 ? 1 9) $ (
<3 -(A ( 9) @1< 3< 9
% .0.05
.%6 ? %2 ( 3< 2 Q @*
'
,) / 14!
+ % ) * 9(
9)
(% * ! .7
A (% <% -! 1 7(%
. E< @* *5 + > J3 +<3 +:( 7=

: ?: 73 @* 7
A 9(: % ?: Mg(OH)2 %
%85 ( CaCO3 # : % * ; 3 (L 9(
E ) 7 &> # ( 1 3 B<% 91 ( +'5B % .%95 ?
:( 7(% + % P .5:, 5: ?: *
; , 71 @ ' 7= (% 7
A (% ?1
+! 2 +% )8 @ .( E U

,
t ) +>* (?:g (, +))
.%5 %2 C ; J
-% / 38-7 $% ; +) + : >3=
7(% + % 3.6 ( 5L ( ) -8
2.6 9(
; P 1 ! ( @*
@* $ - % 6 @$% -:B % ( &> /

.7
A +% (
CaO + Ca(HCO3)2 = 2CaCO3 + H2O
(38-7)
() @ % 9(

* +BI3 % 1 %
.23-7 19-7 +, 73 ( () 21-7 -< @*

14!
9(%= : *
L
A ) (%
% .B5 ( ?: 9! +> 9I<3 +( : 9 : $%
( 9(:
# ( ! >
9)
( +
3 : &A &) (% 6 .

.BIB3 -(A @* R +) @* %( 7

5 -

% J
t ) > # ( % 4 -(A 7)
-(A @* 3 (L 1! % .400 ? 100 mg/l ^ ;
! 73 ; : 8 1 4 7R 8
8) @* %3 ? %2 / ( 73 ( #: .
9EB% ?: 4
L ; % +BI3 ( .+) -(A
% .73 W$;3 7R 8 ( -) <3
. ; %30 ? -; ! # % #E
% !
21-7
+) 9 ! 9%: +> #3 # )8( 8) I<3
@* ; @I% S a! .30 mg/l ! : 73 ( &>
1 9) 7) () .L lb/mil gal ] #1 9)
1.0 !
% 73 ( 4 -(A ( M)
%30 # 5 B -(A @* ; 500 mg/l 9) @* ;
.4 @* +
! % ;

37-3 73 (
% ;
= 8.34 (0.44 33 + 0.74 9) = 166 lb/mil gal
9) @* ;

= 0.70 166 = 166 lb/mil gal
-(A @* ;

= 0.30 166 = 50 lb/mil gal
7) =
9) @* ; (lb)

; E
8.34
(lb/gal)
116
= 1390 gal/mil gal
1.0
8.34
100
50
= 12000 gal/mil gal
-(A 7) =
500
8.34
1000 000
9) 7) =
2207
9) M$* 9(
+B3 % ()
-(A ( M) 1 9) :@ -

Mg(OH)2
meq/l
CaCO3
meq/l

meq/l

0.40
19-7
0.40
CO2
4.00
20-7
2.0
Ca(HCO3)2
0.70
1.40
21-7
0.70
0.51
0.51
23-7
22-7
0.51
Mg(HCO3)2
MgSO4
1.25
1.25

1.21
7.56
0.20-
0.60-
1.01
6.69
($
%)
! "#
Mg(OH) 2 + CaCO3= &
= 6.90 50+ 29.2 1.01 = mg/l 378
# ,/ 14! 1

!"
30-7
@I * )8( F !` , ! 7R
)I 0* #: .EPA MB &> E +B C8
-;* +: : 5$B +) -(A -<
@* ;a C8a % ( +5
` 3n @ ;
E
-;* * 9) .- : J , k 8
+8) C8 ! .M= @* 3 ( : # 6 L)8 7 !* @*8
8) ? 9 * ); @* *k ;
1 ( + 8 # * ( ; % 8 ;

.@:; ;
. % W1 +B3 W$;3 A +: - %
+: I<3 +:(% 3 (L + MB3
E U
@ -( -! 9# ) &> P . 8 9:
` ( $%
+ () % .(% ( MB3 J ) (
I<3 ? )L ; 7I%) 7< %: E Q ( (
#;;3 I; +5A +*5 73 ( % .Q)' @$%
S : &> # ( *; )8( +
I<3 @* 9:(
# 1 K I<3 +:( : @A .U( -% ( <% +%
% .)8( +8) @* 9) K - +: - # ;3
7) MB3 A ( #5 - * 9(:
+8)
/= 7
A (% ( -T) ?:
% @A .+B 9)
-! ; P E 9(: W1 ) % .E U
9! Q
.V 7: 1 6( (
(, K
@* E 9) C8 RB) $ +
$1 Q* ) R % 9B $ 9 -% .7-7 -
. ; +B C8 @* 1 8 +1 7%) ? -

-;B 9) %% +8% 9
<) +! C8
;B +
3 9 %
3 Q @* . 9# : % R
@* +) -(6 RB) 9# : 7 . E U
- ! 9) RB)
( M)% I!T RB) +
3% 73 @ +% 2 +!
@* 8 8 81* ( 9) .-(A
. @* +)
m ` a8 @* &> ; 8)
4 <3 3< @> 7R #; #883 43-7 -% R
> Q 9) +B ($ ; .-(6
> . -(A -(A @$% <3 @
# > ; -;B ! RB) +
3 ? C8a 93=
: -1 > 9) 7) ? -; ( ; P .(,
-3 ? L E8 @*8 E
)( .-(A 7) L:
- 1 ( ?: #! RB)
3 4 ; % E
C 7 .8)
+
3 -% ( 9) K53 . -(A 1*
2 Q @* S, < ) +! -(A
7 * M$B ; &( () 9# : 5 .I3<
.)8 7< <% U

, 9) )( 7

( ",
&
F ->*
' +D
$
%
%%>
:43-7
)% 9% #$ I<, ?% = 3

6 %
),
#
L &, ) ' C &' G )* 0
8/ 3 ( 87
' !L 0(8%,
EPA - ) N' &:
9% = 3 % )7 )( .
/%
% %
7 &6 : F: &6 87 )* C* .)$ )6:
. &
, ?9% 3 ] 6 % - (
0% 87 %
7 &6 : F: &6 87 )* C
% * ) J 7 8%7 01,
7 , :P
,
,< )7 A .<H % ) &
J L 2 0 6
) [ 6 45 0&:
% = 3 C 0?% &
.?[ ) 4 N5 ) !" 3 0?[ )/
% .; 9) &( P : W3 8( 1< 3<

-(A ( +B3 W P
#1< 3<
3 -% / .(43-7 -%) 1< -;B : :B 4
U1 % 81 2 Q ( -I< E< ( $ Q -%
+8) +B K - @* +I3< E .'
# y @1
9) ( .3 (L $% ! 8 #
%2 * ; *<% C )8( I<3
%: w+ 9(

2 <3 P
I3< .%6
2 ) ( %10 ? %4 2 9) :@ D% 1< 8(
2 ) -(6 %4 ?) 2 4 -(6 %20 ? %10
( 1< 3< : -; 7 @ *<% 8 .%8 ? ) -;

L $ 8 % ; @* 7
A 2 7(%
9(:
7(% + % 1 P .J3 - 73 E
@* .%25 %15 * ; ( C &( *
1 9) $ K ?: ;3 +(
+,) 7R
7R @* .-(A +B 9) @* ( ?: ; !
.( () % +:( 73 ( 7 -)=
# ,/ > <= ,/ ;

1
!" :7-7 ,

# " !
& $
%
'
(
& $
') !

* +, -. /0.
1 '! ! $
(

230 4 *
')5 6
0 78
6 9
2
& : $
;2

'
< '/ =* ;2
< ! '/ /
& > +, ) +, ;2
> '0? #/ *
2 ;2 @ -> :0
)B; 8A5 4 > $% 9) @%% U

%

.-! ( 4 8A5 4 )= M @* 8_
I<T .A @ ; +> IB;L 9> ((=
@ 8 J ) - C( :( -< D > +,)
+, .3< * %% )8 7 @ ; @*
+,) #5 $% +()L ; 9) J ) >A
() >A K I<3 +:( + 9# : 5 .$ ?:
; %% ( 9) W P . ; &(
; )8 7 (B ( 9) ( E U
7 ,
:53 % (= *<% -< *<% ?
8( ;
.CI8 K! ? +) 1 1),
0* #: @$% () -A R # M: - : >
. : 8 %% *<% ;
E U
W;3 / ?: B 8_ )B; 8A5 4
%% @* ; -:
% ?: -;) # 6 % 9)
() &> # 6 () 7= (% +B % .4
3;) +8 #1 ( 4 8( A 7 .4 ?: !
8 (= (+8 K!! % ( * (
Q ( A -) .9) @* ; W'3 ( ?: - - ! &>
%% '
# ( #)8 5 % : 4 P( )
# ; # % A 9) 8A5 ( @$% () % .Q;
( 9) E U
-! ( 4 865 % .# %(
.+ () : <% %50 ( 9) %20 ? %15

3 3< E U
1 18 +6' @*
)( 8 .$' M )( +* &> +B 9) +!T
7; +( [ 9) 8 ?:
) 9
8 %
?B; M$B 9: % .-A 18 +! @B( C , -<
? 9# # 4 -(6 +% ;3 8) ?
.@ 3< +6'
$ ) -; &( 9(:
I a9) P
* 8%
% 3 B ; 9 %50
E8 9) 4 .+B * 1 * 18 ? 1 %(
A @% ! 48( 76 .%15 ? %10 ? *<% -; <%
. < : S
-$( ? -B( K1 @ 9) -) # (! 9# !
#$ B5 ?: a %( * 9# : &> 7 >

8 /8) : 9)
9EB% () .1 - !
?: 9A; +8) @* #$ 9) B % . '
?: 9) 9% +*50 71 % .@B( C ! Q* - +1 8
C , ?: E U
-* 71 .7! 5 -; 3< 5 J
.( @*8 E

5 ! 76 @$ B
9) -I% , .%% 8$( i* # * * %% -
a
.# #1 ( #5 # 9) ,
?) @' 31-7
@ ; E @ k ) U
@* 9# : 3 (L 9>
F) .44-7 -% @* )5 ; 8
-! @83 K81 / J) @ @8( -% > +;
# 1:
% -3 @ >A -R . @3 % -
-! 8( ( ; -
a .9> 91 <
: ?IB; @3 Q* ;L @ J) ?
; ; : @83 -% I% .J3=
.B; - ! ) 7 @% -$( S3 ? ; -1 s !
* + ( ).#$%& # # )( "! .

:
>^ :76 -6" )-54 4

23
0 -/& - " #
(>^/
5 .A @ +; 9> ($

% .-! :( :( % 7) 9> +,)
- ! @)B;
) 8( ) K* -$( 3< 7I%)
)( A % 7) 8 5 .; C8 : 8 5
:( I<T .% 48( > ; ; K81 )8(
-! :( 7I%) ( +( ?: 1< J! @*
:( 9
: #*B %% + P .RB ),

5B :( % : C( ) ? @* 9) Q: % :
- ? -; -A 4( .% ?;! -!
I* %% C )8 7 @ ; @* @ 8 J ) K (
; 9) J ) >A +, .71 3< $( 9)

m () % .E= @* I<T +,) #5 1 ( $% +()L
8 . >A ? J3 +<3 + *50 ;
.#) #*
) 9> -:
)( +8) +O) E U
@* +> 73 (
( W +O) P .1< 9) +3< ( +
3
%5 +> >A # : ; 9 %50 J ) +> ; # %% #
9(
+O) E U
+> 73 (a >% . ; 9% %10 ?
7= (% +O) 76 .V% 9:_ #5) &>
*5 K > , ( E U
(B ( E U
L ,
# ( '
# $( #
; #B; * % 9:(
(% % ) ; 9) % .C8 1)'
% % %15 2 %10 ? * ; J ) -; I3<a 7=
; J ) -; I3<a F< 1 + )

%50 C * >A ;
.%25 ? %20 *
+,) *% + < 7 0* .+ : -A R # %95
Q I3< ; *<% ; $ ( 0* J3=
.+ : 9
=
@' 3207
U
: 7 8A5 4 8 8_ )B; 4 8A5
+> 4$B; (( 4 > % .$% +O) E
+) -I% #5 5 8 3 +8 ! +) +*
9) N5 : E U
a ; +) > ga .QA 4
: .1 +) : S3 ?: E -: 8A5 +)
.9) %%
- +) -;Ba 8A5 >A +
@$ E ' * ; %% S ?: 9! 8_ ) +)
; .# -! 1I ; ) Q
$ 4 ? *5
7) >
) 865 + < 7) > 865 4 865
.A
( ).*8669 -66F D66$ )( .

66& C66> B66$ <66 66$/& @66 > =< 66> ;66 *8669 : 66
:766 -66" )66$/& @66 > =< 66> *8J66 !$66H $/I66&! 66" 66H 66+ 66+
(//>5K 7 # L$M& /Z/DWK
-% @% -A A 7) >

) 865 7L; 1
- ! 4 i! -(6 +8_ 4 * 91 +%% ; : &>
% : R (45-7 -%) .9 9 #> 865 QAL
?5 ! 73 9) @$% () @ -A @* +83 .865
+%% ; 8A5 9) U
4 8(= Q ( A =
?: ) @$ QI >A 8( 4 8(= Q ( A 7 .9)

9) +( / I; 4 i! !: Q ( A K +8
-A (45-7 -%) 45 .4 K %% ; 4(
+> +) ? 9) N5 7 .7) A
) 865 @% =
#)( 20 min ? 10 min 9 (690 kN/m2) 100 Psi ! 8
A5 +B
1 .9) @*8 '% ?: i1 S3 C , 4 &>
7( @ )
) pB ? : 8A5 +) N5a >A
U
1! 30 ? 15 9 8A5, > 7 .)B;
9 * K .%% 6 B ? -; % ;
E 4 883 9) >A 883 M 7 8A5,
!
` > %% ) 7 #% 865 4 BL &> .8A5
'% != -(6 7 .8!= 9A; +8( -) -B(g +)
865 S
.@;= ! ? ?:= ) )( E< @*
E :
; 9 % 7B + < 7) > 865 S
)
.
9) 4 )( 9)
% F) +O) 3< @* ;3
> 8A5 4
+O) 8A5 % .# 8 <%= = ; @ )
J ) ? () 8( E( 7= (%
.+) 1 $' A &> %40 2 %30 C ;
# " > <= 33-7
76 +'5* 7 1 @* *a E :
9) %
9# : & CI8 18 % % .&> 18 %( 5
R +) . K +'5B K 8 9) %% S
:
+'5B 1 8 ! ?: K5 9) 0* +'5* 2 ; 2 9) -A
.%_ ! #
+'5B 7 1 - : ;
?8Aa 7< Wa Ba 1 8 -% &> % -) +* 73 (
.+'5B

( 8 9) 73 (
, @A . ` 1 8
9)
? +'5B
) - % 7; ( + ; B
+B3 +'5* 7 1 & CI8 ! ) .( 8
.983 +B : +8)
7 F) K( Q8 ?: +B3 ) 8 7 1 73 (
* K!% ?I8Aa ; / % +8) +B3
;; 8 1 8 71 F) Q3 B) % .&> (%
% 9# : 1a . @ 9) 7= 3; * ! %
B) 1 K! +
73 (a -1 +) 9 Q3 @* 9)
./ 7< Q3
1 ?: ; / 8 9) K
* @)8( CI8
?: +B -< 9B +()% @$ C8 +B *
K5 9) S
7 2 9) P
: @* .5)
% @$ E8A % .$ 1 8% &>% 9) +1 8 +1 8%
K

(P
$% W$;3 # ) 9) P

.c) ? ? $ ) IB3 @ -1) 18 @! +
A,
1. Recommended Standards for Water Works: Policies for the Review
and Approval of Plans and Specifications for Public Water
Supplies: A Report of the Committee of the Great Lakes-Upper
Mississippi River Board of State Sanitary Engineers. Albany, NY:
Health Education Service, 2003.
2. HDR Engineering, Inc. Handbook of Public Water Systems. 2nd ed.

New York: Wiley, 2001.
3. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Interim Enhanced Surface
Water Treatment Rule. Federal Register, 63: 241: 69478 (16
December 1998).
4. Guidance Manual for Compliance with the Filtration and
Disinfection Requirements for Public Water Systems Using
Surface Water Sources. Notes By David J. Hiltebrand and Linda
Averell Wancho. Denver, CO: American Water Works
Association, 1991.
5. Amendment to paragraph (8) of section 1412(b) [42 U.S.C. 300g1(bf18)J of the Safe Drinking Water Act, SEC. 107, Ground Water
Disinfection (1 August 1996).
6. Proposed Ground Water Rule. Office of Water, EPA 815-F-00003, April 2000 <http://www.epa.gov/safewater/gwr.html> and
Pact
Sheet:
Ground
Water
Rule
<http://www.epa.gov/safewater/gwr/gwrfs.html>.
7. HDR Engineering, Inc. Handbook of Public Water Systems. 2nd ed.
New York: Wiley, 2001.
8. Kelley, William A. and Roger A. Olson, Selecting MF to Satisfy
Regulations. Journal of the American Water Works Association
(AWWA): vol. 91, no. 6, 1999, pp. 52-63.

E< @* )8( 9# : -
a @ +< ! 1-7
&> * -
a @ & (16-7 91B)
<% 9# : S ) > . $! @* :
o#:(
? % *50 9(% -:B ?= %) -) 7 2-7
7 S
-:B E: + + )( 3 @* E
6 +=
% 1 &> 1 min !
-;B
C0 = 0.7 mg/l 0 min =t + 3, ) + +% 1 .9(%T
C = 3 min = t C = 0.32 mg/l 2 = t C = 0.47 mg/l 1min = t
- 1 loge C0/ Ct 7! # 7( C = 0.19 mg/l 4 min = t 0.26 mg/l
.k ! 7< () t 7!
52 ft /5: 48 ft /8 10 mgd % 7; 7 3-7
@B - . : @1*= (, :( RB ),

() .2 ft /1:
7 30 min < 32 min= =) o$ +O 71 >
.(7 1.5 = 1.5 ft/min
+
3 % M) K( S
+) K! f) 4-7
7L; ! 45 % U > % .(4-7) -% @* (
$ +O ?: # : (8 -% 15 mgd) 30 mgd ]
o( +
3 % M) ( +
7) ^ 7%*
7) > ( M) M$B - RB ),
() 5-7
3 h =) 8.0 mgd P 12500 ft2 ! )8( )( 1.0 mgd
.(640 gpd/sq ft
@* 9% ( :( +A 3 W)* ? # ( 6-7
? ( :( -) .10C 9) +) 0.0014 ft/sec E
9% RB )
^ 7% .gpd/sq ft ] M$* - +)
o7! 10 Q: ? E 48( ( @% +:(
15 ft /5: 30 ft b-% -8 -% '8 ( ! 7-7
+1 . <3 1: 0.4 mgd ( 10 ft * E Q:
:( RB ),
() .60 ft ! @I% c( -8 S3 QI*
71 > @B - .( Q* M$B (, - (' 1*=
o$ +O
0.5 m /5: 27 m -% -8 -% '8 ( ! 8-7
.50 m @I% QI* ( -8 ^ .6000 m3/d ( 3.8 m 1:

4.1 h =) .( ) M$B - RB ),
()
.(120 m3/m . d 22 m3/m2 . d
3800
! 7; (, @1) Q Q: 8! () 9-7
3 ! RB )
0.0024 m/s ! M$* - ? # ( m3/d
.h
! (, 8 @1) Q E Q: 8! ^ 7% 10-7

16 m3/m2 . d ! @R: M$* - ?: #(! 15000 m3/d
o4.0 h ! RB )
&> -8 ( (
3 -8 ?: ( -) 7 11-7
A ;
% +A .-3 QI* @* $IB! A ; 5 1) :
1)
# : 20 min !
-;B S3 QI* @*
:@ D% A ;
( g/l)
(min)
( g/l)
(min)
0.78
120
0.52
140
0.00
20
0.25
160
0.40
40
0.08
180
0.75
60
0.02
200
1.42
80
0.00
220
1.20
100

K! ) (7-7) -% @* R F%
U
@) 7(
# /( F%
8( () 120 min ^ R RB ),
.(96 min = t60 ) .(
% K! 8( )
A ; 5 1) : (
3 : ( V 12-7
QI* @* A ;
% @ - R .-3 QI* @* $IB!
1)
# : 1! 30 1! 15 !
-;B S3
:A ;
( g/l)
(min)
( g/l)
(min)
88.0
135
78.2
150
15
55.2
180
30
33.5
210
3.5
45
20.0
240
16.5
60
12.1
270
46.5
75
7.5
300
72.0
90
4.6
330
89.0
105
2.6
360
95.0
120
f) (7-7) -% @* R % F%

U
@) 7(
.(
% K! 8( ) F%
8( K!
1027 -% @* 45 &> / Q 2 %L C ! 13-7
81 .; * 9%:
: @* (
@B( E
8! 10 ft / ?: E Q: 40 ft
3 @3
+) 8 ft Q: ?: K1 > U1 : 24 ft E 48( : 12 ft @1
@B - .750000 gpd Q 2 % -% 7; ( ^ .E 48(
@I% 7) ?: # : RB )
= $ +O 71 >
48( )( ? (, ?:= ? (, - % S

@( -% -% @a1 W1 : %) % E
.(Q) @* 45 @83 M)

14-7
1 h !" #$ %& % '* 2.1 mm/s (10-7 )
.1.75 gpm/sq ft 01 0
/ $ - % .
+,
2
+3

&/ %4
5
,
01 -
6
: 4 (, 883 % % 15-7

o1-7 -% @* ; 883 @* 45 1 (, 883
o 4 :, ?; @ E : ?: 1 @
o4 -A @* (, - ! BR @ 16-7
% > 9 ft 1* -( 1* V!
% % 17-7
o81* 4 ft 4 Q* E Q:
) J) R 4 -A ?L 18-7
o )
- 2 +( 8( @$< 4 ($
@ 19-7
8(= Q 8 > -(A o8( ) 4 1
.(1327 -% ? K) o- +( = 7)* F)
(?) >!
<
"
= $ 78 9: ;4 20-7
%& 9 96 C () .@ @9 A 9B
C"

. 9 A
@* )5 4 R @* +83 ; 21-7

.c c@$ -(A #: @$ &* 73 ( 14-7 -%
9 $% Q)( 73 ( > % 22-7
o ! ? *5 ?( %
I<3 ?: S , 3 M: P$ + 1 23-7

+) .(11-2 91B @* S , 3 i! 1) @ - @*
+ ) 1* 6 ) ; @* 8 QI + ) 5 ? 1
-< ?; : MB3 () .I81 E @* @8 QI
o6 ) QI 1 ( U
:
7 > o >
8 1 K ( ) 7 + % -:B 24-7
: +> ? +B5 > ; $% K

1 +% 7-7 6-7 5-7 +, ?: :, () .1
Na2CO3 9; ; CaO 9; mg/l ] 91
0.28 mg/l 0.50 mg/l =) . 1.0 mg/l K -:B @
.(0.53 mg/l
)8( <3 20 mg/l 1 : +B5 25-7
opH ] @* A o%' ( 7 @ 8 1 1
(W! 10 mg/l =)
1 () . <3 40 mg/l 1 : +B5 26-7
@* +<) @ +A @ () o%' ( 7 mg/l ] 1
1 f) A; +6 @ += f) o = 8
() 20 mg/l () =) oE @* pH ] < (S) mg/l ]
W! (S) (24 mg/l 1 HCO3-W1 19 mg/l 1 SO4--

.CO2 -I% pH ] @*
-:B () % 30 mg/l 1 : +B5 27-7
@ +A @ .)8( <3 @* ;
o$% > = 8 @* F)
? *5 40 mg/l >: <3 8 28-7

7 # 6 % 1 .+% -% 8 1

: ^ 7% . 8 1 (CaCO3 9; ) 10 mg/l -:B
o&> 8
5B3 9 >: +(%
I8 29-7
() .@ 0.10 mg/l ? *5 15 mg/l9%
1 o<3 -:B @* %k (L 8 1 mg/l ^ 7%
#$% () : 1 () o-:B > : ) CO2
-1 -:B ( o 15 mg/l K -:B ;
CO2 1 ^ 7% . % (% @< S ( % 1 9(3
() % : % - o-:B > )

% % . 73 ( 7 # ( C ! o; -5*
oE CO2

+ % 30 mg/l ! : )8( I<3a 30-7
-%
) + % lb 7% () . $*% :
)
8 ) lb 7% () o 8 E mil gal
9) lb 7% (S) oCaO %70 ! E1 M * K
o mil gal -% P a Fe(OH)3
P > &) % -:B % 31-7
() :FeCl3 40 mg/l ! : - * .Fe(OH)3 ( /
7% () oCaO ] : #y #$% () *5_ @
() =) o mil gal b-% P Fe(OH)3 lb
.(220 lb/mil gal () 20.7 mg/l CaO
$*% % FeSO4.7H20 35 mg/l ! : +B5n 32-7

8 @* F) @ +A @ .<3 E< @*
o$% > % =
l ? 7; + % 20.0 mg/l ! % +B5n 33-7
o1 +
7% .7.4 ? 7.2 pH A + ( * E 0.1
o1 9
= A; @
78 8 5 @* 9# : :* <%= $% 9 @ 34-7
o 6 6 9 1 ( 9% > o)$
9) +'A (( :
PL 35-7
: +% K5 f : . $1 @* $% +*5
.$% +*5_ 9) +: : -%
*5 K 9 ()
+*5 K % S
()
8 % *5 (S)
( ()
@ L) 8( 4 (])
1), 9% ()
K( S
(1) 9) +: 883 % 36-7
.4 E: @*
3 (4) 4 (3) ( (2) %
% 8I % @ 9* $%
@* (( K! @* .+ &((B M)
o: $% *5 -5B 883
$% ) @ $% +$* @ 37-7

+: 9EB% J )8( @* o(SOCs) :8;,
8I % Q)( *5 (SOCs)
@* 1 I<3

_ 18% 73 ( ?: 1 @ o)$ 78 8 5
o< $ VOCs 98 5
9
&((B M) 8 : @ 38-7
M) + 73 ( o1.0 mg/l ? 0.3 mg/l B
%
] mg/l ] : : 2-7 - &((B
.lb/mil gal
M) *50 71 >A 35 9* +
39-7
9 &> E
? %30 E1 &((B
lb -
@* W1 ^ .; >
?: K5L ) -
B
% () .E 2.3 mil gal E< @* 82
m L
mg/l ] E ? 5
5.0 kg >0 7; *%( -) 5) 40-7
- () E 95 kg @* %98 E1 Q)(
? B J ) 9
! -) > >A
m3 ? 5 -) +6 & : : .0.85 mg/l
.
+> *
+> ( 10,000 : 41-7
^ .0.2 mg/l ! @ 8 B
% @ 8 J )
9) ?;! 8( 550 mil gal ( &' (,
RB) ?; > B
% 65 C 7 ?: E
M) 73 ( B 5 > oK

7R @* /:
M)
() .o%25 E1 &((*
.7: 9 E K
9B lb ] 8
6 F#

6 % E + 6 42-7
2
&I # % H
C B" +-
? 9
G

:@ D% 73 ?: % S ), 3 P$ +% 1 43-7
10 min

0.19
0.20
0.36
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.48
0.80
0.20
1.00
0.40
1.20
0.60
1.40
0.80
1.60
JH J6 J .17-7 J

J J J
KJ # #
21.2 mg/l H
K # 6 2>,-$ ,+
1 gal 5 9 C % + : 7% 44-7

0.6 mg/l ! : / 8 ( # 6 7% %15 91 7; +%
(24 gal 1.25 lb/gal =) E 6.0 mil gal ? 5a

% %70 L' >H
B
# % lb 45-7
H
) 2%1.0 L' # M N
% 400 l 0
/ B 4/ =

(5700
. ? 400 gpd - H 5 Q4

P O 46-7
B R#

' ; 18 h/d - 9
4 - .>G

% 0.50 mg/l +
S
!? .R4
gal B - ,4 ,? % 9 (?) :R4
>G =, 0
/
G
6 # () .U F , 9 ' 100
, 200 gal V - !"# %& V '
=

% %10

% %70

6 # (K) .&H# 4
50 gal V - %& =

% %15 N
' =

# .18 h
4

# .&H# 4 ,
: B
+ 5 ? '
!1 % !
%
1
2# W
2 W
V G L'
!
.AH VR,
.-$( % 80 kg 5L E 100000 h @* 47-7

.mg/l ] % : ()
8A5 7R +; ? $( >A `k%L S ) > 48-7
oE C8 -

) 35 @)5 7( @ % ; M ( 49-7
7; MA .(20-7 -%) )
+> %
o$% >A 7I%) % % o @:
50 mg/l ?: ) V$ 83 71 7 50-7
() . = ? -3 E ? % %1.0 -) >A %
% %70 ) +% Q)( lb : 7%
() o%1.0 -) :_ E 40 gal ? *5 C
= ? -3 E ? ($ 1) -) > *5 -
o50 mg/l
% *
E /$ : 950 m3 /) RB)

3 71 51-7
> E ? *5 % : % .6 h 9 k%L
*5 +% kg 7% .70 mg/l
3 g(
%70 ) +% Q)( % > E 950 m3 ?
oC %

(THMS) @<'< < ); 83 @ 52-7
; o @* (HAAS) +'3 M)

8) + )L( $ + ) > okL @* THMS
HAAS THMS # :
% ?: )
>3= % @ ' +E_ @ .K -;* -'3

o P -I% B3
K5 o @* - (L -I% %
= 53-7
- (, % - . @* %
= +, ( $!
o% - ( @A
=
# @$% I<3 c@ L) 8( 4 Q ( > 54-7
o)8( 71 @* #((
U , ( @ M= @ 55-7
% (_ +$ , > a ( o 7( %
; o-1 ' J3= -%= @ oE : 3" V ? -1
.(3-7 91B ? K) .E ) +5 > ;
t C ? *5 J3= - .C . t P ? ) 56-7
% '
# 8 -(= +5 U o71 - @* I<T @
o'
# 8 ;= U o)
$% +I1 $! K5 4-7 - ? U 57-7

-% C . t 7! $1 5 :* b-!= ? :* = -((
+) , +(% (1.0 log) %90 -8 $% 9
.7 ! pH 10C 9)
(3.0 log) %99.9 -8 C . t ! 3-7 - 58-7
+) 1.0 mg/l ! ) % @1 J +(%
? E 9) 9
% % o7.5 ! pH 10C 9)
5C ? E 9) @ % % oC . t @* I<T 20C
] # 5 (134 (mg/l) . min) =) oC . t @* I<T
.( ] # 5
E: ? +: -% 5 EB! 3 59-7
2.0 ! < * : +B5 . 8) 4 E
B
% -( V! 7 B;
#E -3 : mg/l
- @* S % 10 min ? 5 min -% S3 (, @*
.C10 ! f! 7< t - 1 C/C0 7! -) C/C0 7! () .@ D
.(22 min = C10 )
(mg/l) C
(min) t
(mg/l) C
(min) t
(mg/l) C
(min) t
1.53
55
0.42
25
1.65
65
0.70
30
1.84
75
0.88
35
10
1.82
85
1.15
40
15
1.85
95
1.28
45
0.10
20
)8( ! ) @ + 8 @ 60-7

() +(B -8 () :] EPA : ; SWTR
7R ? 3 @* % @1 (S) )I E 9%:

.K

)I # 4 ( I<3 +> 8) P 61-7
( J 5C 9) 7 pH 0.3 NTU : -1 9%: K
> M) @* )I 9m % + .3.0 mgd ! c@:( 9>
71 . 22-7-% @* % F%
U
+;
min 25 (mg/l) . min =) o)I ) % 8
.(0.28 mg/l 90

I<3 +> 8) U
( ( J )I 62-7
E E: @* t10 ^ .15C 9) 7 pH ! 4 %
5 :( 4000 ft *( 83 : -1 1 22 min 4
8 % @1 % ^ 7% .K

7R @* -3 - ! ft/sec
@* W1 - 4) = 83 4 E E: S3 J
.( = I83 @* -1 ,
-'3 % @1
%
Mg++ 3.7 meq/l = Ca++ : D $ -) R 63-7
4.0 = HCO3- 0.5 meq/l = K+ 1.0 meq/l = Na+ 1.0 meq/l =
9: 883 7( () .1.0 meq/l = Cl- 1.2 meq/l = SO422 meq/l
() $% + % 5 *, +) , # $! ~K5
m @
9(:
_ 8 $% : () () .% 9(
9(:
$ c@ 9: 883 7( (S) .M$B
% 9: K M$B = ) ?: (
M * + % @ 1 60% M * $ 8(
10
7
A 30 mg/l@ 7(% 9(:
)
+ % 9 3

_ 8 $% : () () .mg/l
() : =) .120 mg/l ! 9(: +> $ S _ 7(%
37 mg/l (S) CaO 175 mg/l () 235 mg/l 6.2 mg/l
(81 CaO mg/l () Na2CO3
= Ca++ :@ / 7! @* -) R 64-7
5 mg/l = K+ 106 mg/l = Na+ 30 mg/l = Mg++ 78 meq/l
= pH 96 mg/l = % 283 mg/l = + % 126 mg/l = 1
1 -% @ meq/l ] @ 9: 883 7( () .8.1
% ; ?; ) ^ () oE @* 9
( 9(
_ % - .500 mg/l @* >L
>L % ;
_ 8 $% : -I1
o500 mg/l ? 680
9: - ! M$B ( 7 ) 65-7
-% ?: M$B CaO 35 mg/l ?: 4 %
10 mg/l + % -% ?: CaCO3 30 mg/l -(%
) + ( .-(% -% ?: Mg(OH)2 CaCO3 ]%

CaCO3 A; M$B (24-7 ) % 9:_ ?=
.+ % ? 1 1 #E
(25-7 ) +)
%60 -) M$B ) 8 % (% @< ()
= M * .+ % A; ? $ @* 1

6
A M / L () 7 > CO2 ] %20 ! #5$* 8
. % 9: *6
L
@ D -) +> ) 5 : () 66-7
.$ E 9(: @ .7(% $1
:
= K+ 20 mg/l = Na+ 15 mg/l = Mg++ 63 meq/l = Ca++

80 = SO422 189 mg/l = HCO3- 16 mg/l = CO3-- 10 mg/l
.10 mg/l = Cl- mg/l

: @ -) +> 9(: -
% -I) 67-7
7< 73 ( @<< M$* 7! 7< .;B
73 c@ 9: 883 7( .F< F< #
.4 ( $
46 = Na 24 mg/l = Mg
+
++
60 meq/l = Ca++

A% 15 mg/l = CO2--
.35 mg/l = Cl- 96 mg/l = SO4 %% 200 mg/l = HCO3+ mg/l
+) , # $! ~K5
m meq/l ] # #883 7( 68-7
175 mg/l = 7(% 9(: : D * + 5 *,
7( 14 mg/l 7; 40 mg/l = 7
A 9(:
=% 29 mg/l = + % 200 mg/l = 1 14 mg/l

_ 5 $% : () () .7.7 = pH 14 mg/l

$ @ 9: 883 7( .M$B 9(
9:0 #: M$B ) > ( 9(
A; $ @* 1 ; M * .$ 8( %
+ % $1
_ 5 : () () .+ %
?;L - .$ @ 9: 883 7( .7(%

_ 5 $% : () (S) o > 9(

K53 ! (, %65 #: ;B 9(:
9(: ! .< ) @* /

7 # L ! %35 M$*
.$
:@ D -) * 69-7
14 mg/l = 7; 24 mg/l = 7
A 94 mg/l = 7(%
.24 mg/l = % 67 mg/l = + % 317 mg/l = + %
@< -:B M$B 9(:
_ ; +% ()
) M * .) $< % 9:0 ) % (%
! $ 1 @<< 10 mg/l 7
A 30 mg/l ! 9(
_
.$ 73 @ 9: 883 7( .+ % ? +)
$ E 9(: CO2 45 mg/l Na2CO3 80 mg/l CaO 240 mg/l =)
(40 mg/l = 30 (Ca) + 10 (Mg)
@* *; ;B $% +% () 70-7
40 mg/l ^ $ E @* 7
A 9(: ! ? # ( 67-7 (
9(: Na2CO3 35 mg/l CaO 160 mg/l 100 mg/l ^ R: % 9(L:
.100 mg/l = 60 (Ca) + 40 (Mg) = $
: D 5 *, +) , : * = 8 +L) 71-7
0.3 meq/l = Ca(HCO3)2
0.4 meq/l = Mg(HCO3)2
0.8 meq/l = MgSO4
0.2 meq/l = Na2SO4
0.6 meq/l = NaCl
.$ 73 meq/l ] c@ 9: 883 7(
> 9(: - 45 CO2 mg/l Na2CO3 80 mg/l CaO 240 mg/l =)
o( > 9(:
_ @;a @ + @ o9$
) -% 6 # P * 8) 72-7

M) @* V
; 8 73 (
A
K ! @ % @ 1), 9# % # #) (
o7R >
mg/l # 1 ) $
m %L 6 #
A; K 73 ( 73-7
A ) -% R +( J ?:

A ) 0.6
71 9m % 9
% 9 71 ); @BR ) C ! .9R
% ( % 9% E .K
7R @* % @1
.9% > 4f5 .+) V ' K1 E (
9 : A; K $

A )
: 74-7
V
3 @* RB ) 7( +A *5 %% :
- > ?:a 7; +B; @* .1), 9% 8A5 4
, - 4 @* @B 8( %
A P 53
+) + % K1 ( # 6 % ( % ./
: 9
@ 8) @A :, (, +% .V '
9% ? ) 8) A .-) () 7 @ $%

! &> % % +A *5 K Q* 1 (
$( : ,
# ) <%= ( i! . K1 W$;3
.K5 () & ; $
@ *

A )
_ $ 75-7
$% f7( o MA 4 $% 9(%=
4 @* &) (%
A (% @< 7R -
L > .m A` ;
o(
3 -
L <% @
V% @ B) V% @ @ ) -%O @* 76-7
o-%O ) @3 48( @1 @ K; +: @ o1
% o>,B
3 @3 -%O <% ! K % 77-7
o-%O +, @* <% ! I<T
K) o@$>A 7R @* W; -3 ); 983 @ 78-7
1 % ( ; 1I* + - >3T > (3-5 91B ?
M$* B3 ) 1 Q8 @ o @* W; F
o @* W;
+(B -8 ?: * @5 71 > 79-7
@ 8 71 ? : o +(% ?: : <%
o QB .*
83 8( c@%( K ? @1) $ * -1a 80-7
^ 2000 gpm ?;!= @:( N5 - ^ .4200 ft /8 16 in. L8!
# 5: / /! ( >
IL; ! .5C E 9)
! +(B -8 ? 71 J ( , / +) !
L F
83 S3 J @* 8 % @1 .(3.0 log %99.9)
.(0.3 mg/l 22 min 6 (mg/l) . min =) o =
A ) 9(%= #% * L 8) +*5 81-7
@* 9> 73 ( -'3 * 9) ^ .4
_
t10
^ EIB! ( ? # ( .pH 7.8 ! ^ 10C ;
t10
% .1.8 min 4 # V
3 ? % *5 R)
@* % @1 1 % .8 min N5 9> -'3 4 E E: @*
4 E E: S3 QI* @* 0.8 mg/l 4 S3 QI*
o+(B (3.0 log) -8 7$' 71 - .0.4 mg/l
+ 9(:
_ @ % - 9(:
+1f a8 ! / M * 82-7
meq/l ] @ 9: 883 7( .16-7 -< @* *;
o
@* > : < @ .$
,
9* " : D 9 ?: &1 83-7
% ? #R 7
@* E 9(:
9
7 > % ( B
o"@= - ^; U
k L( B
7
@* + M$*
% ); @); 83 84-7
o
+
_ +3a ( ! @= - : M * 85-7
) ($ % @ .69-7 ( @* 9) & < +B; +>
o>
? S3 ( S3 ? -3 ( @ 4f5 86-7
% > 19-7 -< @* .% 4 @* .(@5: () -3
-(6 K (@5: () -3 ? S3 ( > A 7R
oS3 ? -3 ( 73 ( B 7R ?: '
# 5B E 2 E
B)5 I) C'=
_ E6 : E ?:L > 87-7
o#(%:
9) : ( ) AA >A ( B% ; 88-7
.@(% 45 @
A B
45 6 ?: ! -I% M) *5 -) % 89-7
o@(%
* 18 @* 1: $ : W$;3 D + Ra 90-7
:) [ +>
138 7; 180 mg/l 7
A 9(: 270 mg/l 7(% 9(:
% ; 0.15 mg/l

A 0.4 mg/l ) mg/l
120 mg/l 1 8.1 pH 27C 9) 830 mg/l >L
+ 1.4 mg/l B 344 mg/l % 110 mg/l + %
.15 mg/l
$%
% ! meq/l ] c@ 9: 883 7(
-% @ .(3-5 2-5 1-5 -) < =
oE @* 9 1
i! o
5 : - ()
. ); Q @* : -%
9(
0 @ +; J) ()
o
# 5 : > T - .: () ;
<
@ .7 , +> : +,) -) -% :, >3
o( > 9(:
-% EBY : 71 /% #883 C ! (S)

+B ; 9) +: R ( 883 7( );
.)8 7 @%
. @ 9: 883 7( ()
)8( I<3 : 9) @* ; + q% % f! 91-7
@* 9) 7) .40 mg/l ! : 9%: 12 +>
2 Q @* 1000 mg/l ? -(A ( +B 9)
% 7
.(22000 gal/mil gal lb/mil 180 gal : =) o3<
+ % ( 7(% 9(: +> ? *5 + ( 92-7
9(: ? CaO %78 E1 > 126 mg/l 5 > .7(%
(350 mg/l ) o-% ( CaCO3 mg/l 7%
*; M$B @* +B 9) % () 93-7
+ E mil gal -% * 9 + :+) 69-7 ( @*
%10 ^ ( ;
% MB gal/mil gal ]
.(gal/mil gal 70 p/mil gal 5900 =)

@* *; E 9(:
@* +B +O) % () 94-7
1< 3< 9) @* ;
% M * &> 66-7 (

% %8 ^ ;B M$* +:
.%12 ^ 7(% + % $1
;
+: (( *
A ) W'3 ( 9# : 7 95-7
7 +) 9) -A @* .4 ( $% 9(%
o (% 6

( #:

-( D +B +O) 9) 96-7
oCaCO3 7 9) Mg(OH)2 + CaCO3
? ( 8A5 4
+> D L 97-7
o>
. ( ( : 4
()
. ; %% A 9) E U

% ()
. ( ( (% 9) E U
%
.% - ! 4 % %
(S)
()
8

#$ %&
! "

+0 -/ (5 +$) ) (' #
.& %' 7 6 #$ %
"
3 3402 #5 #(6 # 2 0 1$/ #
3402 ) 6 $ += 9 $' +$ :; <8 .78
.( ->
" - 2 &=

1-8

#6 A %' (Hydrant) ?2 -; $ @ 5
3 / #0 #6 " .?2 -; %' < & ' 8 B
.8D (5 ! +'6 C +A & ) $0 ?2 -;
E & F6 # 40 ?2 ; < 3 #6 &= 3 / +0
.?2 & +=
/ -$ $$/ IJ$G A 8 #/ H #
# H < # # 3A .KH IJ$
(H 35
.H ' 6 $ + " #6 L
( ->
; ' ;M06 .?2 ; %' ?8 < -!"

E$ (F" (32-6 +0) E" + N H0 C:" C # ?2
O '$ E$ + H ?JAP O # L

. '$
%
?2 ; O &= < 3 /L +J/ .3$ ?JA

(&" ?
S JA
!M6 & ) ( #0 . E$ ?R=D Q2 ;$86
; +2
+= ( E$ +52 #6 E$
#' 3" + ! 6 6 E$ = T5 & .?2
.+ & ) ( ! ("
U/ ! A
; ?2 ; < & %V / #
3M +5M + +/
' + & ! 5 12 (Outlet-Nozzle)
C %' 6 & 3$ %' + & ! " + .72
.(" )
# #0 #
& / IJ$P H2 -$ 6 3 /
#0 (" ) #0 #
.W: 35 (H
X ?2 ; 3 / (" 3M # .F/ # +2 E$ &
A + E$ / #0 0 ."/ + & " !
2 %
E$ +( #0 #6 " T 3$ ?JAY .754
#0 .I %' F ' 2 $ M Q2 E0
!5
T 3$ O ' A6 -J$ # E0
!M6 & + # !F E$ 3 + 'V H .F0 & AV
-" + 6 302Y ;( =L 2 32 #0 0 .7
6 &A " #Y (H0 C:" -: ?2 ; ? & .
Z 32 #
:
H 32 "2 %' + += $ & F"
" /6 .32 12 " #2 J0 & 06 3 CV
E0 302Y ;( F2 F #6 A6 +0 12
. F' # +@2

6 $ 6 5 + 3 & E48 -$ 0 3
(Valves) -$ 3 += &8 $ [ # .+ ' IJ$
A -$ = 8 # += < # 7

:
.F
"2 '
6 C '
" -P %4 =\ 8 6 += 8
. / ?8 A 'P " F8 2 $ # = 6 '
#( .! ? 0 6 " 5= #0 #6 -$ #0 0
-$ ? $ %' < !"
8 # ?452 " $ [
/ %' < " (2 E .-$ ?JA
O
V 0 & ]/V / %' +0 := /
.- QJM %
# &
! "

! *+) ,)-
") #
$% &"
'(
&
/ .+
"

4" )
! 1 23 ..) /
$6 "" ": .98 7)+

'
$6
"" 56
%
">) 2 ? ">) .*+

;< ="
'-

)<
"%
.4" @) *-
) +
"

;< A3

"% *
.W: - ' #( D 3 ?JAP %2 3$ D /6
E
" .?JAP 302
/ #0 E0 -$P
F %$ 2 ?JAP & ? 3 " L #6 " 3$ C:"
' ; 3$ 35 #0 .4$D +8 # ( 2
8 2 - 2 (\ .M06 KH $8 2 W(2 8 F"
3(8 6 2 8 3$ .!F0 6 = !; (
& + 'V + ./ 5 P 6 3$ (0 += "
O$ ./ S 8 +40 2 %

"2 C:" 0 IJ$
%
U2
W 2 V 0 # 5 W: +' $ F 3$
-F #
8 & 3$ " 8 40\ 6 3$ + D #6 Y .3$
.W: " E
!
# [ Q( (H6 # : ) ;F" 2 #' @
& +$L " #Y W: .1( D RR 9 K&' +$ (H6
#0 #6 +2 & WF ? %' < W: & &6 6
- W: +M . / -D ) F" Q( &
3 / '
6 H 6 (0 -'$ QM" -'
.H 3 /J $$/ A !
3 / # ( D RR 9 #' (& +$L / # M0 [
+2 .O2$ +0 345\ 3 " -0 # 6 Q( + %
'
) ) U 3 /L (0 V (H ) :=
A ) Q ) 3 " J = #Y ( 9 D
-L$L F -0 54M -L2 # ' W; .' M06
#6 %
' #0 / . 3 Q #' @
. (=R \ (9 \ +( 9 \ V 6
%
/ / & ^0 (9-6 5) L - U2
[ ? #6 %
. J
= #
9 &0 ( -/
-F" %' ) 6 %' (2$ + & +$L
%' < 35 #6 #0 : .#0 %' ) (F" &
.]/6 6 ($/ 0 6 ( 0 L
" !# $%

) 6 5 & +$L - ( ' W;
6 # "6 0J 6 3 / ": - # .( 9 D
& ) 6 ( 9 D ) 6 # &"6 ?$L
2 # ! 6 6 # !8 6 ! 0J 6
#0
?V0 ( 9 D ) ? +0 " . 6 6 #
3 / O L .&"V #(\ #6 +(D H 6 -(0 ? $
( 9 D ) ? 2 3 #6 &= .( 9 D ) 6 ( & 3 /
( 9 D ) 3 / %
- %' -Y
? V \ #6 " . 8 A ) F6 %
2J
: %' ( 9 D ) ) 6 0 F
- ( & 0
+0 + W: -J$ # ?452 & +$L %' KH < [
0 $ ( 9 D ) -0 #Y .&M 3 & L / 3
' 0 3 #
) " 3 ) 8 )
.#$ ' 0 #
D ) " 6 #$
' &
' F ) (0 D 3/ ) (0 #' ) 5 (
-0 ?8 A T8 #' " 2 & ) 5 3" .+ %'
#' 6 2 I
S 5 ) #' 6 -(/ # #' 6 )
.O += -$ & )
7 - $ 5 0JF 1/ WJFL # 3 &
# .) H 'L 3 /L -" & 5
7 $ 3 5 0JF 7 $ 3 H: 1/ WJFL
A WJF " 6 #' E8 6 3 & / "
.& WJFL # +86 WJFL ( +" 7 $ 3 T5
# .552 - 5 (; - 5 :# & ! 5 E$ #0
3 .) 3 5 A $/ A -L$ (; - 5
6 ) ?8 T5 #
.?8 A T5 8J' -: ; - 5
5 - " -L 3 " # WJF & &6
- ' / .3 & - 5 5 WJFL ) F" -0
+" = - ( 3 5 .( E
8 )
- ( IJ$P [ ! ? # M0 ] . 6 &
- ( C\ .(0 ? - ' + '$ "
-" -5^M 8 ) ? # #0 20-15 # I 2J$
):; # M0 .- ' # 12-10 3 - ( T8 48 &
:/ .7 6 ( IJ$
( %10 " #6 ] ?
35 ):; # 3A ' ) # %85 'L ": WJFL
./ !P 0 6 3 ' 0 +0
-(/ # ) 3 & (552 - 5 ?
- 5 Q 2 .# ( ' +8 8 / -J$ - # 6 #/
?2 -; += 5D A - /L !M6 & ": (552
%$8 F 2 552 - 5 8 &= .?2 # 8 #'L
) V +A [ /D ) ? # M0 8 .#0
35 W: ]/V 0JFL A - /L #'L !M6 & ($
. " - 5 +6
0 & =$ + 'V 8 2 &; E0 E ;6 #
U/ .3 / E/ 3 E48 Q 2 +8 F2J$

V
($ U6 ?M V & 5M 6 0 # = -2 " !
8 0
E0 #0 . 2 V " " '
7 A A / [" O ($ UV 3/ %'
70 F" +4= #0 .F - ( 2 #6 ;
" +5 -$ C #0 0 . + 6 ( 5 #6 /
-$ -$ ?2 -; & -$P V
5 & -$P ) 5 ? 2 3 -2 !"Y ."2
( ' # -$ ( 35 ' ( K&5 S 8 2 3 T4
U6 +40 -F0 & F" ( (1 ) .8
-0 3 / .ZV ' L 2 - /
#' $ -$ .06 48 8 2 #0 (2
7"2 V %' T / & ) = %' ! ;
2 W: %' . 2 +0 %' E %'
.F" += ] / 7 / 5 #0
K&"/ !S A ' F -J$ V O$ A 3
+0 #5 6 &$ #' ' IJ$P 306 . #0 %'
-J$ ' .&A Z F #(MD #J$
9 D 3M V 2
6 302Y ` #V +0 & ;$ #0 Q2 $ 8 +/
#0
.$ &"/ !" # 2 # 8
% (% ) $$* &+
/ # ! &5 / -J$ "Y & ? 0 35
V " ' 5M O & # 5M 6 2 .T
#0 3M # ." & 5M" & ; # = -2 "
3$ ;( I 6 8V =$ -J$ @ 8 +/
V !+ +8 (

E" & 5M "
#0 .0 -J$ U/
. / # 72 3 #6 6 ! T
#!" # $
% () . !" ()

:1-8
(Mueller Co., A Grinnell Company :$ -) .%%' *+ , (&) .

+2 %
8V =$ -J$ & 5M 2 b 3
(#") 2 3 .c &"/ 5 %' d ?
302Y 35
QJM - / 1-8 +0 & MJM - / F .+2 -2
5 V & 5M 2 &; %V / .+ / $ 'P
.F V 2 5M # 3 3M # # 6 2
& @ 8 3M " \ 2 2 # V 2
. 7 Y 7 -(MD 5M
E . 3$ 306 0 0 / -J$
+2 6 &$ +0 7 5M 30 302
3 c &"/ O
30V &F %' = $ (-") -2 +D V
(30 (&$ 2V .&A 30V %' -(M\ V 2 -52
:; 30 6 %' 3$ -(M . 2 =$ 6 : 5M 5M
' D 2 5 5 2 .3$ 2 b +$ &A
5 5 2\ 5M 3
.V " ' 5M I 3$
2 / / +$ 2 b \ . 3$ ?=D 2
. 3$

%* 2-8
' %*
) +5 & 3 J !0 5 & ; -/L ):;
-; # 2 ) (0 T5 3 /D & 36 +J/ $/
.?2 20 ?2
= f . ( 2 e? = 5 L +( #0 #6 &=
.3 / ) ?4 B -/4/ - /\ #
20 Psi % V
5 = V #Y ?2 -; 3 / -$ #Y
.(2 E 75 Psi %
50 Psi ) 8
; # T5D + ) E$ # L -/ E
/ & W: %' = ; 2J M06 6 2 ?2
/ (6 2-8) +0 +4M ." ]/6 ?2 ; +J/ #
.R & &5 = ; 65D 4 3 2 1 ?2 -; )!M6 Eg$\
6 # F # ) & -; 5 Q2 5 ; !5 3
-; ' ( 2D #6 &= .) 5 F" & 0V :=
= h+5 L Q2 L -L( W:0 E$ & /D ?2
!5 - / ( 2-8) +0 O( .10 Psi #' 5 ?2 ; &
. 2 T / /L ?2 -;
" 7
/

01
%2 3 $ 4
" 35-
16 3 :2-8
.R 4
" 5- 8- 9 ;< =! 7
0 + 4" 35- .4" "-
!

% 3 2 3 () ./
> ? 4
" 5-
% ()
%' U/ A6 26 + 9 D :&d0 &F &": /L -!"

+ # !F ?2 ; 3$ O = T5 ?2 -;
2 ?2 -; W: O\ .&V ) = !8 +" 3
- 6 T5 .(Pitot Gauge) - T8 3 / E$ T5D
' # [ = ?2 ; # 3 5 L & 0
-!8 # ?2 ; # E$ (0 2 #0 . )
?8 T8 "
$ # 76 %
.1-8 3 / - =
L #Y ( 2 ? = UP +0 E$ +(
2D #6 " 20 Psi J
M #0 i %
j ? = ] 2 #0 H:
.2-8 3 / /L - #
(1-8)
.gpm E$ = Q :Q2

.0.90 ' #0 + = C
.in. U/ 8 = d
.Psi - T8 -!8 = p
(2-8)
Q2
.gpm ( 2 e? = ' 2 E$ QR
.gpm /L +J/ &40 E$ = QF
( 2 &5 = 8 %
$V 5 # = ; = HR
.Psi
.Psi /L +J/ = ; = HF
J U P # 3 8 ? / F
.+0
:
.+
S ' #/ # # #0 8 26 & -4/ F" T
3 #6 %' @ W: #Y /L +J/ X 2 ] = 18
= ] 7 5 -/ M06 ) %' 8
./L +J/ T5D = ; 8 O2$ &= H 'L F=
; 7 2 52 T5D = & F O2$ :; H
#0 2 ] 0 X - #Y .X 2 ] E$ =
3 #Y
-/ += ' E$ = %' 2 #0 #
.2 (0 %' 8 +00 &
%' 8 3 #0 (
eX - 2 ( 3 #
#0
5\ .X 5 #0 +00 & 3 #0 2 -0 +$
+J/ # 3 %' " -/L & = - F -22$

+" 35 & = T5 +0 & 2
9 JD = - ; +0
# 5 : -/L & " 2 -22$ #0 8 . 2 &
. -/L & $ %
18 X 2
$# ) ' ( &#

! "#$#
% :3-8
(Hydro Flow Products, Inc. :-# # Hose Monster equipment :-# %) *%+
&#
) %*
) 3 %
C %
' ?2 ; / ) ? E$D
+8 70
&= : Wc 3 ) & 0 &5 .E$
1 mg/l 2 35 (C #) W06 Z2 # 2 A #
.72
#
3 / ": 3-8 +0 F .100 gal & 0 #
U "2 ?2 ; " . = 8 C
( %
C # 186 H2 #(/ & L H" .0 P
8 = T8 #' - +" 6 35 .?2 ; E$
20 Psi ) 8 % 6 = %' ?2 ; 2 #6 " .L =
KH"2 "2 %
7\9 0 D L E$ . D # ]
.E$ E$ %
3M ? " %'
',# -$.
'9%
'
? **+
="

E

D B5
,)%
C* "+-
' / "6 &"+
'
%- )< ,- 4?
'3
C &=?%

"" '- &
> ,-
&
)F
G B5
*+
&9% &
<% 4" E?7 '>/
7- ."
2)-
""
,)%
H%) > E (
" C*
,* .4)
%
&95
&9>*
E ) < E '<- " D "" ,) '
!
$
5 ft/sec 7"6 C <- ; !
2 ? C"9
.5

7 % "

.
4)
#3 ) G) C*
=" " .6 ; !

)/%. !
3 / +J/ -" & = -L 3 /\ #6 #0
#0 8 .(7-4 5) V 0 2 02 U: +"6 #
W: V +0 #(\ L ' 746 A V # - # -0
E0 +0 3 &0F U: +($D #6 &= .-2 & F"
. " - 8 3 +2 # #0 Q2
V F 3 / %' +$2 &; %V /
348\ .d X - 2 #/ -(/ 8 + V 3"2V
3 & +/ .( 6 5 +$ 5' %' & V - 5
V 3"2 CL F 5' ! 5' 38 5 +0 -
#/ -/ ( - l 5D' \ .W02L + +
-!5 +4M & - " 5 ' 6 5 \ .X - 2
.3 # = L
+8 # 5 - %' ' 3 # E 2 3
3 [ &02 U: +" - +/
- E0 #0 .3 /D
52 L = -!8 2 [ #(2\ .&552
& E # .= E -2 @ 48 # (
.#/ 5 ?2 - ]$5 (' - F$2 ("
M 5 F L ) 3 U: #Y 3 / '
.5 V 3"26 2 & 6 ' + " 3 & W:
1-8 !+
L / %
20 Psi ) 8 ?
S = ] E$ 2
-0 +0 & O( ; 0 4 3 2 1 ?2 -; +0 E$ .&
= !8 -0 .2 in. ) 8 3 / & " ' F !
= ; L :; ] .16 Psi ?2 ; +0 ] - 6
.58 Psi %
90 Psi # R ?2 ; ] &5
!
1-8 3 /
Q= = 2680 gpm
2N8 #
QR = = 4090 gpm
QR= = 3970 gpm
)0 1. !2. $% 3-8

3 )," )4 $%
( 2 " & 0 - 3/ ) F" (' #
4 2 += 3402 5 ] O ( 0 ( ?

8 2 3"2 M -0 & V # ' " #
."
- 2 & ' 6 0 / &2 3402 #d - A
0 #0 Q2 +$L 0Y 3402 6 O .=$ "
# +( 4 2 += # 8 :/ #' 3 +$L +=
/ $ 0' T8 F"6 3 /\ .8 3402 -"
# 3( 5 . += %
W:
+ 0 '"
-0 %' < / 5' F"V $ 6 #2
+= E0 H 302 3 # 3 #6 " W: # 3A .F
(H0 3402 O .2 6 - V E48 6 +4 +2 & -(
# 7 ? #6 O 3020 45 - (2 302 -2
.m += += + L ]/6 -2
$ H% & ) )

'
" &="3% J *
'
" I
(Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition, )6

'%)
8
> ="3% *
=
" 1- .K ="
'%! &SCADA)
E
,-% =?3%
<
)6
*
)6
*% 6 +"L)
) &9-3% C5H
) )

'
" % .5
"

/!
M%)
8) 8 =
"
3H &< I:)
;< =G "6
3H )< =G "< 2 ? &'

?%! * =
"K .9%/ "
' " &

K & ' - H3 8
< ,* .3%
(SCADA) )6

'%)
$ H% "+-N .>
CH &=

.)- ))

H% *) '%)
O< H3 G+ G)-
*)/ &5
?8
"> 8 &.! 9
8 8
>
.G%)

*8/
')-%(
I &+/
;< C
D
=? () ./

"% 7
B " 8- 8+ C" 3
* C6 =? @A %" :4-8
(San Juan 8 =" 3" $A * / ? E () .3" D 8

Water District. Granite Bay. CA)
-5P += - # -:P +" #0 0

.5 'P FF F #V
120 7 8 2 ) C O 302 - 4-8 +0 F
+" + " 302 2 # (H0 2 0D Q2 .mgd
8 2 F 3 8 &8 %' - /
24 +$6 # 2 %' S + +0 +4M .(6 4-8) +0 3 /L
V & = 302 3n $ T

n 8 : F O +0 .O
U/ +6 ; &" O Z26 #
.O # U/
35 #
.$ 5 -8 H += 8 - 8 /
+0 ' ( 5 &; & O Z26 # Z2 + +0 -2
E$ 3($ H 6 &0V += O
.O +0 ' J 72 ] F'
.O ' -M +( ? + -24 " -( 5
+= +' 35 ( 5 8) +( 8 2 3 /
.O # U/ ?
n 4 T8 +0 5 5 2 %
F/ Y
8 ? #6 %
+86 6 M06 O %
3$ +0 E0 3
. 8 L T8
%' !5G O #0 ' " 5 2 3$ +0 #0
35 18 L ! O o 3M Z/ +(
2 0 #6 A .-M + %' 2 3$ O 302D
M -$ -5p6 Q2 $8 -L %
+= + 8
H"p6 5 .O o L 18 %35 2 F #0
L 8 #' Q2 # #' ] -$ +" = :;
& 6 O $ ?/ #0 F ?
.O o " L + 18
() .F< " C" C

+

3 C
+ () .F< " C"

C% 3 :5-8
C% (&) .$

G, 0
;<
% H%
G, 8< D% 0
;<

C%
(San Juan Water District. Granite Bay, CA) .1
- ;< 3I+ 3" $

13

"+-) .1 G%) G**+ (, 5-8
) 1/

8
) + 13

"+-) 8
>
, ,-
-- .> )
&C
! 1 &4"
< >) .1

8 ,6
&
' &"
-8
*L) R+
"
E <% -) &) *+) =< B6 9
'%< ?+:) 8
< .8
< )6 ="" 6 ;< S %)
?%!
; ! +
"
"
&,-
O
R+
"
&+
E
5
<
.
'- 5! ) 1
R+
"
&1
# % 6 S 2 F= " 2 &2 302 :; O

+' " .48 hr #2 3M 24 hr += +' MJM + :
+J/ .(302 % & 3 8 hr +' 16 hr) 24 hr 3 +0 +=
W; . 2 -@ 35 & += +' 0 ' 3
.$ - +0 35 5 # +0 -8 $ 0
$ )
)6
. 180000 I $
H% "+
'> )- '
"
E?7 - .* '
"
"+-) ">) < T/ *
G- ( 5-8
) 9H .4"
*)) >
* 4
,-

&4
,-
.T/ *
' +/
**+
*% 8 &3*D
8
&+/
8 --
"> 8
>
)D
, &H%
* "
$3 +
+ " ; !
GH% .*)/
;< ) 7 &3+ '<-) > '+/ *-

) H%
*8/ ;<
*8/ ;< &>
"6 '+/
""< +/
<-
"> .
V6D
'+/
+: $% .120 Psi U) ;%"
E" *)/ 4?
8
V)-
*8/ G%) G**+ (, 5-8
) 9H .*8/
1 : % C6

.

;< C
,-%(
*8/ &-

;< /
*8/
'
8 .145 Psi ; ! *8/
">) W+ +/ C6 V6! ,)-
$3 + $ )
; ! T/
"%< =8
H%
C :
8 " ) 3 5
')*
"%< *8/
'<"%
X" .""
"
"- ')* ) G %
G" =G ) 9% &9<6! " ) 9% &
+/
'%
+ 5
9
5
*
/
"<- .936 )6 H%
<-) *8/
G5 G%+ 7 )< 2 ? *8/

'
8 C3+ =8
+
'* %I G**+ (R 5-8

) 9H .')*
T/
W"> "%< H%
;< T/ )
H &**+ , 8

.9" *8/
'

6 T/
C6 V6! ,)-) '<"%(
O>) X" .10 Psi $ H%
*8/
'
? '+/ ,-%
"">
< X)
'
9
% '+/
.')* >-
'
8 ) 3Y )-%
'<-
' )0
7 .E > * 4 8 -- E
<% G %) !
;< 5) E > '6
; &*- E) '
9
4) !
.
8 G/ ,-%
4)+
C
D
;) &%8%
""

!
%) & )+
<
M
) G% =8
>
'* O>) 4 Z
(

5
"
;<

5
"
;< G +F O>) ">
< ," 7") .% '" "6 &=8
5
<
; .C
Y
"%
"+-) >5
)
5
'
)+(
I
;< 8
6 V*Y

)+

! ! .C

+
'
"
&)-
)6

M5% ;<
"> .H%
I: >
'6>

"+-
&X
" ,
&E "+-[
-
#5+
.H%
% 8 +
'%)
&*
/

""< "> &%

)
59%
E
G '(
,*
X" &"+
' ""< &"+
-
""< ;< )*

'%< XI <

, .%L &G) !
'%
)+
\ 9H L .+
; )+(

,* .
)

'%
= 6
;<
7
<! , . '%< XI '%
" "< ')I
&G/ ;%"
"
/ ."
9 ) ! %< " C
/ ./<
5
"

&53
#5+
&>
'
3
&-
&"-"9
6 &'%)
&'%))
E") >
'
3
&pH &%8%

&%8
&""
&=

< &B%
&

=->
&)
?[

)
"

&<%
6%
&')
&"

.=>
&5

&
53
#5+
/ .
&
&"
&)
&T%
&% K G" 9 /<
5
"

4 I .3

&%-
&'
%
&)5
&#
&

&
;<
G*+ 1-5 "
R"^ X H<
W-
W"> ]5
>
5
"

< C '
)+)
"6 ..) 7
<! 8)%
5
"

; ! )-% ) %- $) G9 &'
%- 4 ; ! 2 />

>)* ) )+(
.7" ) 2
&) ! 9
)+
'%
, .
E
; ! )-% ) 9% *-
E ) 9
; ! )-% )
G
I
5 "
> "
" <
C
<
?! 7
<!
=5
" .X H<
W-

"> %>) /<(
.H%( 5 "
/! '
)+
,*

"

&53
'
)+(
&>
'
3
E
" <
/
)> ( .<>D
*%
&/>
5
"

&/<
5
,* "6 ) &

G9%
X H<
'-
W">
'
)+(
<)
,*
.
" G/
>-

G
I G )6

"
" .'3%
@* ')*)
(
C"9) C
E
" )+

)+ # > .@*
"" "6 =:
>
"

">
H%
,)- > +"
&9)
5
>
*)/) W+
% ) #3Z 8)% .<%
5)
W $ >
&$
*
="\ [ '% ! & >
"+-[
5
"

'%
.2 ? < )
'
8
6 "Z & + " 9) +D
&=""
*
&.< "[ 4)+ ) G<" &)
">
"%)
B ;< 6
;< 4 * _ 8 _ )+ .="
%" "

=->
" ' &pH B &
) ]% B &=<
C* / &=) %" *% "+
G
G9 9
)+
.

B &]4? #

C* -3%) C*
' >

<
G / &5)9 6% B6 9 ) => - &%
+ ' ' '%/ 2 ? ; ! /! .'
>5
&9% W ;< % 6* * '"

_ [ L .)
'3
'<>! "
"< "
R "6 &<>D
)6

)
4/
=) 5 H% "+

'
)+
;< =G "< C .O "
"< )-%
/! +
G/ CH[ "6 .5 B"%9 5 > M+
)+
"
.'
)+(
M%) G>) &'
)+ % II %I!
8
> .*
;< C
D
5
") G/
>
.
) &
&=>
I % #3)
)"[ )%
.G)-% G)"
8 < )6 >
'%
'5! >
8
'" )+
< ;< )"
8
< !
! . ) * '<- 8 =G "< 4)+
"
> %) &24 hr U
*8
<% 5 3 '
8 < C
7 <-

" ;< C
D
%!
'<
" )-
=)+
R (
'
)+
>- .+
E
'3
)<
$6 . ) =->

! I+
'> I
.3
;< >
'< '
8)
G
[ X) +
E 6"
) =-> >3

D

G I &="5 '
? )-
>
' -
.=->

D
) ?8
- ;< H
)< - )
=
" G>) 1.2 0.8 ) @
&=->
,- /
CaO )-%

J 4 + " ) -% , 9% &H3(

.%-

9
"8 *-
E ) '
9
5

>*

=""
')`
.%-
9 ="< W" ;< E
<% )6
B5
! &
G" ,>
&)
? /< ')` G) 2 ? )a)-
>
<%
;<
Gb -

R
)+
" .7"" &
G -
)+(
%[ .E
_ <% " W+ - 5

6 )< " .E
.$) ) 33+ '%< 5

C ?
)6

)6
.5

IF +F 3+
; /
'33+
""< 5

6 ,-
"6 &E
%! ; ! 3 .% (! &="3 =
" ?
)+(
)
b- /3+% 5
6 )< '
? > E 9 '% =I '( '?
&G5
" c*+ '- 5

'33+ H " .5)
)6 =""< W <
.* 33+ C3+) " ) ') "6 9 5
'
? '%< ! ?!
% *-
E
I: ' $
)d
$ 4
X

"6
O3+% *8/ "<
CH &,- ,)-
4"
&e-
9>6
(
G
I *-
E
X X" ! .,)%
f
X"
.'%/ &4 E &'%
X *-
%
E"3)
; !
GH% &G> G *-
E
> ,*
5
'
%D
*)
.=/
9
'/>
,-%
C3+ 2 ? 0.1 NTU 7"6 =< ;< 8
< H
EPA B ) .>

%

'/>
*+
>3 6 " $ 9
'-
%95 0.5 NTU 6 ,*
&)-
'%
'
)+
M5% &5 NTU 6 ="

)-% * .2>
1
)< ")-)
'-
I+ $ X
6 V"%
X" CH ' ! >

I:
.R+
"
=< " ="" ')-%
&1
8) &e "
8
CH)
" ;<
% 8
< ;< ,
"%< $
H% ="
*+ X" .H%
)< 4
X

="
4
8
'I <
* =? ,-%
C
.$
,)%
5) "N [ _ [ &G ) !
)

'%
'
)+
"%<
. ) % 4 X 7! =G ? &
"! =%
, .
*+
4 / X
":
">)
8) =G "< "
H% & >
* 8 &"
E < 4 ) H%
8 <
CH " ) ,)-
9%
"<(
CH
2 ? &
$
E <% '
%(
"
E <% '
)<
/ .X

"+-
'*% O
>-
)< 2 ? &"
E X I: &"
C
')-% "<(
X"

&5
3
"" W" /

") 8)% .W+ CH &C3 &'%/ &"" *- &
"
"< =<) 1

" +) &8
' - O
>-) >

)+
M5% &B
&)
&
< ) >

" ('5
*
' - O>- , .($
H% *
'%
< < 6 &,-%(

'<"%
& >
8 '36 *<
X
/ .8
'-
5
'/D
'
8
&1
,)% **+

%
>
*%
&$
H% - O
>-
E O3+% *8/ " < &-

')-
&-5

) )+
& = E " X" &=? ,
J -%
;< " &="

(
9-D
" '>) =" 5)
"
"6 .H%
)<
'>

"+-
, .>
">
O

=" )* 3 R
)<() ?+
"%< &G5 % O

E?9 %
; !
5)
f) / , .

<% '%) ">) ; &

.6
;< 6" =" G G% ,
E 8) '>
5
&E ) 9
&5
3
"" 5 O
>-

1-
"" 7 1-

?7 C"9
.3%
8
' - & >
*
3
"" '3 " .9> E
<% ;<
G*+ I
*%

&
& "9
&h%
&
8
)>) E ) 9
5
)>) C >

.%-
V
&)%
*8
&)

#5+
! ;< ="
&<
"
6*
=3 &
i
*
'

!
' $
H% 8)% .'
">
6I &=8
+
"
"
H% H% ,)%

? &H%

?7
< C"9) )-%
2 ? &"" %6 ="\ [
G)F 4 &=""> ?8 %D )
.>)*
X

j[ '>- '
? + '%
+

X
& B"%9 )6 ?3%[ 4?
1-

?7 ,
=
"! X
" '*% / .5

5
3
""
&=""
5

&
)>
'
")
'
"+-
&<

&'3%
&)
=
2
\ -
&/
'6(%(
&">
&<
%

=I

> .G"- G- /
/
-(
&"
*
&="" M > X) "> * 8 '

!
"+-) X
'(
. , &i
*
'( .E
5
>* '% *)/ )6
"" / -5 X"
9)
8)%
>
N 9 ) -(
,
*/
X" & >
'< i* V6 &5
3
.H%
6I

&' ($

$% .4# "
!
21 , ! 01 )*%# + ,- /

)8#5
$ 7 1 ) 4

1 5 6 3
. / 0

-5 92
6, 7 4-8

6" ' - ;< 5 ; ! +
"
'"
=
"! '6 "
,)%
) C '%) )< $ H% I .9% 98 53
8 < '%) "

E
> ' - )< &53
95+
&'
"
">
'

6 >
b ' - / %) .97 <% *
%
.+
' -
&:
&'
">
"

&=3N [
E
'
T8 -J" ) WJF +J/ # 5M += 3 -' #
-(/ X 2 E$ I = =

.3 U: & (6 - ):; #
.#/
-$ #' ($ - / 3 ?M #
+0 $ / %' ' 2 (3 .$ X ?2 -;
/ C 3 / F . / -J$ 3
X - 2 #/ -/ ?2 -; -$
+8V %' #" # 5 # 5 8 #' - ]/6 -8
.2 + 3$ 3 6 -9 @D O # / 2 #0 .#
+" 8 & / #/ #(/ ?2 ; 3$ +0 - 2\
- '8 3 .@ 8 $ - '8 # 2\ 6 45
F" ; F"2 F V 380 V #' - ):;
6 +0R \ .$ < +" FF 8 $ $
'5 A - / - =" -
- Z [ :; 3 / #0 . 2 K&2 [ # -
/ UP 6 / %' 5 ?2 ; +M ( 2 C +2
9 @ [ 2\ .F' (8 $ < : 9 "
9 D -$ 40
.= 8 -F" - -$ -0 %'
< &'
< '%) E
<% > * ' - 2- /
'(
)6 G )* N>[
E
;< '
)+(
O>) .*
8

'
)+(
/ .,
E B) 3 E
<% \ 9H %%

%Z %) .=" )

./<
/>
5
"
"
)+
E
=->
=>

! ""
G I &4)+
#3
_>[
j -Z >
%I /
5
"

' '< ! .R (
'("> &59%
E
&"
E
,-%(

'%) / .G/
L .=:
'3% &' "
-8
% E
" &1
"> &8
'<- &/- -[
5)
'%) L & G7 "
@* *8/ .T/

%I ,-%
-
4-
,
\ -% &T/
*)/ &56
%
" M
) .%
&6*
29-
&C
'%) I &> )

')- & >
< *)/ ')- &"
'6 4 '%)

<)* %! ; !
GH% .W+ O
&E
29-
.
) G%F ' -
&)> 4 ")
&%
&8
'
)+
&)+

4%- #+
V

j" 8)% .3
< '%) &5
'<
&<

&'
3
&9

'I

< ="" '> &9-
;<
*%
&/>
5
"

&/<
5
"

&53

>

)+
M5%

8)% .E ) '
9
"
<>D
$ 9
W" < '> 9) ;
=
>

'-)
.,
E B
.5
D
,> ) E
_ <% ,>) 9
>! ,*

')* &)+(
'

! &)6

')* 29%
5
D
,>
/
,< .% l7 5
D
) >D
! .9%< f)D
'
E
<% ,< M%N .95- / 7
&E
<%
.B
$

" & >
% & X
J H<
'-
V/ G3 &."

7 "" >D
/ ,

"D O
X" G3 &29%
7K G/
G%) &>D
<K G3 &9) ?+

9-
;< , '*
4 G3 &>D
;< C
7 6 -:) G 56 &
1 7?3% 4
./! '>
3 84 ) 5-8

&; ) %' E/ F V $8L ] 2
#
E4/ & WJFL #

0 .? # -> 3 /
2 [ 7" #0 .J
$6 2 ) -F" E # 6
. 3 & 5 F" 6 # WJF F"
) %'
,- ) ;( /9# " " ,- 0 :
$
=> )3 9 ? %

) <4&
- 5 <4& :1 5 6 .- 0 ,- =2 " 7
$
7
$A 5 B 6 +1@ 8#5

+15 7! )5
&D 4 )>5 $A )B5 C ; 3 ! )

% A !

21! 1
.C( 5 )<% " E $% + 5 5 )"
) 93/ : ) %/

&; 0 ? ) %' 2 !P
+6 #
" '
" V & ' !0 -: 2$ - -0
H +8 # ' #0 A 5 #0 & 5 -0
+ & !0 ' -0 " '
-M 5 .)
(2000-1999) # + & - QJM 35 (3 2 V
(2003- 0 (EBMWD) & -
& 38P / 5
%' 2 - 8 3 & & . & 2001)
.(2004-2002) ) & 0 ? )
0 #A # ' L

26 / ):; & (3 5
60 & WJF 3F ( " - n 0 40 3 #:
& ) +L H '5 ( 2 - "

&; V "F -0 .gpd
-LA ' !0 -: Z2 -0 " (3 W: .#'6
-D" " # F %2 .$ < - TJ
.F6 " S " -" 0 #'6 ] %' -

"+-)
&%-
E
"
">) *)[ '%) - ,)
&'%)
- ` " .59%
9-
29- ,-%
&'
36
" ,- V*-
.10 sec E"6 ]% 3) ,-%(
< 6" '%)
') "" & 6") ,-%(
$) ;< "6 )
=! M%))
.-

'
""
') '
"
*% "3
,-%(
A
"
' &O

7 .
"+-
.% ; ! ,-%
36 23
%
E?9) .')-
)%
'
&'
&B)
'(-
&-
/ E
. "+-Z 4?

< 6" '%) $ )-
)-%
6-8
.3* ") ,-%
_ 36 )< E
"
"< 2 ?
.""
="<! ">) ""
="<! )6 %
/ " E

"+-( 5
38.9 gpcd ; ! 77.2 gpcd %

/ E

"+-(
#6% "
38.3 m) O3+%(

" 4 &l/person. d 147; ! (292 l/person. d)
18.8 gpcd ,-
#6% .%49.6 "> &(145 l/person. d) gpcd
; ! %24.4 4 &(14 l/person. d ; ! 71 l/person. d) 3.7 gpcd ; !
V
? ')- -- =) '%
O

')- '% " .%9.4
) ; ! A"
A " . %
,-
7-
) 7 &3-
I &(9% %20.1) B)

- O
. (%23.5) "+-
.B 8 4
-8 O

") %) .(%16.0) )%
C %2
% $ 8 7
J 8-
% 4 7
G ? 6-" % :6-8
! I C %2 % / " % () .% L> 8- H7B K
" + A $< ! I
$ -) JI!
? 3

B A $< ! I C % % () .A $<
(Aquacraft. Inc.
:&d0 #5 # - -0

f (241 l/person. d) 63.6 gpcd " +8 WJFL #0 + &
WJFJ Z/ (151 l/person. d) gpcd 39.9 Q 2 WJFL
60.4 gpcd Q 2 +8 WJFL #0 (EBMWD) & .37.3% -= &
(161 l/person. d) 43.9 gpcd ) WJFL f (229 l/person. d)

) 3 / Q 2 #6 #0 & .%39 -= & WJFJ Z/
-(= 3 5 .T5 F6 # F (H6 & 5 + U/
/D ) 0 %' @ + 986 i T5 WJFL & $
%90 7 & ! 3 / f 2002 3' & .7"/ + #
.3 /L +0 #

)" ' #"
F" W 3 #0 WJFL E/ ) %'6 Z #0
#0 & (
f %
) + # ( 2 %
"2
%
&2 WJFL Z/ $ # .F" 39 ' 5 #6
# H 'L & 3 /L +8 # ( 5D &; 0 0 #
! 5 2 (H # +J8P #0 /b " # .- -0 +
.) ; (H %' + W 8 '$ -L( + "
" 3F0JF # #'$ #" # /D E4/ #6 O"
# E/ 3F A 3F0 $8 2 . V
.! 3 / '
! WJF
' % ;
) -2 !"Y ! ' ? +8 # ! %' 2 6
- F2 #0 L & ) -0 E/ E F - E0
) -2 !"P 0 #Y ! %' 2 %

.5
WJFL # +86 -!8 +(" & - + ' &;
A - " Q 2 #6 #0 & / + 'V &
%85 5 - -= :
" ! V #0 (' '50 .22$
-2 V #
.5 ) F" # +8V %' %90 %
. E0 L T8 &; !

+/ L T5 & - 48 12 3 O 6
+(" ( ' &; 6 / %
L T5 V . 3 %
/ 6 & -L # E T8 #0 .- 6
.<
) 8 @ 8 ' 8@ 40D #6 ( #0 .%2 8 3"2V
&' A ) 2 ?8 !M6 & 0 - ( / #6 # 3A
+2 W0 -M #
+ L $ [ ! 6 35 #0 746 L
+J/ - ( " W -(" # M0 35 . -J" "
+" =$ - ( + %
.- 10-8 7 H +
. ' ) # +86 5 - #0 #6 O" F 5 &
3 #0" 6-8

/ E0 = # 70 0 ' ) ? %5 #6 "
# / $ += -5 &; V - .
& ? - - 2L W: &
&= L .& 3 E F 2 + L F2
E0 ( 5\ #6 6 &= + 0 /b 5 T0 #6 r$2
5 J
M #0 F5 -L (3 =$ +J/ 8 5
0F ) 0 F" E0 ' ) M 2 -L ( 5\ .-
$ & E0 +L - 6 +L -L
E$2 + ' 6 / - # # #
.# WJF 2
E0 #0 #6 &= :
./ - ):; - / E0 -2 &
: WJF +
n ( : WF JM .r 5D / 0
06 ]/6 ? 6 - -: -/ WJFL 5 +
S '
) 3 / 70 7 5 +8 &0 WJF H: /b WF #
.C ;" ; :; -M +
0 :d V -L" ) -L 5 #
- %' H :; 1$/ ) @
8 #0F - 1($/\ ; & V ( / E
+0 # ( H: ) -L / ( / -
35 /V :; . / 3 5 F $($/D E
R 0 #
o F 302 & 2 E 5 # # +0 ) WJF
.]/6 +' '$ -
5 O $ 0 E / 0 1$/ -5 ] 2
%

&; QJM 0 E 5 ):; +$ . N
-L !G ? E0 .# E0 WJFL
:F 1($/ + T6 !'6 E0 ):; # .3 /L :
- !G 3($ 2 # !" W: += E0 3 /L
]/6
0 0 8 WJF E0 `3 .:
Z= # / # E0 6 ." ) ' = =
-2 '
!8 +M /D ) 0 #'
. / - ( $
6 &' 1$/ T6 %' # - &; /
- T6 %' ; 0 8 $/ - Z #6 # 3A &
.'$ " 0 &; 5 QJM - . ' A
) 3 /L 1$/ : # / W; #0 8 3 +0 &
.-"0 / -@ +M J$ ' F2 "
# - / WJFL 3 E0 #; -8 &
# U2 0 .0 T +"6 # / # -
WJFL E0 1$/ .3 &40 U2L # $ 7$2 %' )
- / ' T6 %' # E0 1($/\ 3M &0 H 3 /J
E$ !G 0 ' +$2 -L + " -(M /6 .5
) 3 / 5 Z' & & .
O 3 ? WJFL - 5 .! %' 2 " 2
cu ft/month 0 # F0JF I 2 6 2 ; 6 '$
2000 # 2000 ft/month 1000 # 1 $ /day #' +5 0 1000
0 4000 cu ft/month # M0 %'V 2 3000 cu ft/month
' ( " - 0 + WJF +$ .5 $ per day %
+$
2 # 5 600 cu ft/month 2 %
1/6 6 7 5 !0
/ %'V 2 # .+ # ) 3 /L %V
' #0 + # ( U (H ? !F & )
3 ( !8 / 3 W; WJFL %

.Z2 #
.5 $ per month %
+$ -2 !"
(< 7-8
H3 8)% &SCADA G" G% 5
=:%
)6
H% ,*
2 ? ) &G)6
9 ! +"
3 C )6

H% '%
2- '
"" $/ 8)% .5%
*%
;< )6
< " O
9 @ #+ )6 9 !
( X) ,)% )
,) ; & +

') ) SCADA 8 H% "%< .2 ?)
%
6 &)>
' %

" )- *5-
'%)
"
"-
V -
*
T-% , .')
.I X"
# 8 b ) # 6 ) " 2 #6 #
) $ 0 M( 'L H 8 3 :/ #6 " .?2
W: Q 2 # 3A .52 6 F 6 2 #06 !
%
5 ; -!'
3 5\ 8 76 L
Q # 0 0 70
# +' / #6 " W: %' . P E F +
.:0 36 8 $ #06 ! Q !'
(H6 & 6 -M
0
-d +/ "2 -0 2 2D #6 "
7 ft # 7' #8 # U W: #6 ?52 %$ .
20 ft F' / 5 5 0 WJV # + " QJM ) 8
2 M0V -d #' 302 3 .U / U/
. 2 8 # (0 5
% ! H% " .936 <3
)9
'* M- ,
C* .9%) ;
S %) *
O +" 3* +" !
G)
G
?%!
3+
&>3%
<3
H%
2 ? )
+(
C '
>- $-

*+ C '
? &*
O , 8 ')I b '
? &5

&) C ')) R
'
>-) "[ R- .
V" .) C ) $*) 6 R- ) #+ X)<
G
?%! -
! .G +"
3*
)6 @
\ "_ Z6 4?

?%D
( C 4
G+ & +
'6
+(
$% %I H% < =)< ?
% ! +" '
"> , ! .En" ,> *
+
" $6
6*)
"+-
)
G - =
"Y " &

6*) i6 6*)
@
_ 3
+"
" % ! +" '
">
"+-( ."" ,) 13 9
"+-
'
) ="
%3
8
'

"
H% .--
*%
; !
#+
+"
3*
V"
* ;< ? '
L)
'
.G +
G +
" +"
=" *% "
*
+
"
G)
?%D
,)-
?! " "<- &,+
< G
\ -[ G " "
; ! W" &) ) 6
8
%3
=
"
% '%- " .G%

&/
G 6
"3
' - M% .' -
'

C #6%
.

H% $
G 9- 9% < =<
'

D)
5
"
) *
$6 4" ;< ,
-
+
6*)
< =G &"

-) G)-[
G>! ! .%>) =">[
&

,*) % ) "

_ ) # &"

-) - 4?
5-

3H
3+ # W [ , .9 % '
*+
'
) \
"+-
)<() ?+
8)% .
! - 4 2 ? ) &* )
.E
> * 3H " + C> N =""
,
1. United States, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Cross-Connection
Control Manual. Washington, DC: EPA, 2003.
2. Cryptosporidium and Water: A Public Health Handbook. Atlanta, Georgia:

Working Group on Waterborne Cryptosporidiosis, Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia, 1997.
3. United States, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Guidance Manual
for Conducting Sanitary Surveys of Public Water Systems, Surface Water and
Ground Water Under Direct Influence (GWUDI). Washington, DC: EPA,
1999.
4. Drinking Water Inspectorate. Drinking Water 2000: Annual Report. London:
The Inspectorate, 2001. <http://www.dwi.gov.uk/pubs/annrepo0/42.htm>.
5. Tampa Water Department Residential Water Conservation Study: Impacts of
High Efficiency Plumbing Fixture Retrofits in Single-Family Homes.
Submitted to Tampa Water Department and The United States Environmental
Protection Agency; Prepared by Peter W. Mayer [et al.]. Aquacraft, Inc. Water
Engineering and Management, 8 January 2004, <http://www.tomthetoiletman.
com/tampa_report.pdf>.
!
.-$ ?2 -; %' < - / 8 1-8
s-$ ?JA
O ;6
F %2D & ? 8 sF ( -J$ \ 2-8
.+2 Q # E$ D3
5 )" 7 35 ? T F #0 : s! 5 $ &; 3-8
s!
-; 3 3 / 3 # ?2 ) / "p6 4-8
= #0 .(2-8) +0 & O( ; 0 2 in. ) 8 -: ?2
# R ; & = ; 12 Psi ?2 -; 0 & - 6
20 E$ +; .20 Psi ] E$ 2 .43 Psi %
50
s1500 gpm i 0 5 ?2
/ = 800 gpm ?2 / +J/ &40 E$ 5-8
.20 Psi ( 2 &5 = #0 45 Psi & L = #0 .27 Psi f
s ( 2 = +"6 # E$ 5
#/ # ! 12 in. ) 8 3400 in. 7 T +5 / +5 6-8
gpm " 0 - !G ?2 f . 3 %
-2 2500 gpm -: #/ -(/ ] -/ .2500
4-3 5 ) 100 = C ] &5 = W; +; .63 Psi =
s( N #;

2 3402 :& +0 ;" & - / &; ' 7-8
2 #0 E0 sH0 2 5 [ 3402
s-2 302 & += +' ' #6 4-8 +0 &
s) F" ' $ &; 8-8
)< +
E ) '
9 ;< /3
E
<%
7 9-8

) " / ="">

C o$
>
o>
s! &=

$
+8 'L ):/6 &= #0 H: 10-8
s&2$ O & 'L )\:/6 (" H: 11-8
s H 5 & 7\ (" H: 12-8
'

D
7 oE
;< H
E %! , 4?
13-8
o7?+
) %' 2 & /D &2 +" 5 E$ 14-8
! 3 / 18 5 . & 0 ?
< - TJ -LA Z2 2 V + "
s' -!0 -: $
2 & 'L ;:/6 " & #c 2 $ &; 15-8
s ->
s! -L 5 /D E0 &; 16-8
9
'( )
#*+

$% #
" . !

) *
( .&
'
!
#% 3& 1 #% 201, /( -(+ , -&
1 9:
4& 1 801 567 %4 .
( 1&
; +( <
/ ) .1& 1
.->
? ?+ 1-9 $>, .21 <
" =+( " 5;

& * +,- ./ 01' ( )%&$ "! # !
)8$ )96 .! :5 6 07 . 2 " 3'
>, 6 1> 06 : - <2 )*=- ;
% 1 %2 % &C ! A 6 B@ @ - #/ )?= @
" B' ?> *2@ > :@ .*=- 2
." +26 @2$

./ 01 ?>
D1 + E
%2 ?>, H I +# ) G:-
@ )F
/ % %= %= %:B J 0@$ - @ .1 & ./ ?$2
.+$ 2 H" >@ @ " A
& >=
! .

:1-9

"
#$ %& '($ )* + ,-/ #$ +01 '*
+" #$ 2&13

5 61
)* +4*1
( #% 8B " ; 5C( 1 B 67 (" @A
C( 1 G ?>
5CEB F1

-; 5>* D
.
( ->
#%

1-9
.
250 50 gpcd

(450 1/person . d) 120 gpcd %& $
!" #
2 1 ( 0#" %, (/ *'( ) *+

, -
,
9 8 ( 7$ .

+ *, 34 5 6"
-

# 0.24 lb (110 g) $
%, <" 5
: ( ; & %
%+ @ ;, >
?= * %, BOD (90 g) 0.20 lb #$
*
%, .*C ?
2
D %, A B? *C
*HCG F $, *@ 34 + 9 ;@
( E,
.I
+ 52 $, *
' *
'
C
3$2
K 6"
L) . %, 8
H
;" 5J # ? (
%, 8
H
;" 5J % %
? E, 2
.
3$2 % %30 %20 M
)(+ 8 2 (

BOD E, % %2
L)
*? %, ?
)(+ + %30
(+ 8
H
;" 5J
0.5
)(+) 8
( *? %, %20 5@+ (0.5 mgd 5@+) 8
'
.(mgd
!
C(:
/ 1-9 (1 $>

$1
# 6 G" H (
B :
3
.D+"
59( CG (& .$F$1" G ?>
5

(1 I D+" 1 ! 52
5<
" / 5C <
3
/ % " -; .-& F$1
.>
-& (( =+ ?( C(F $% CG
120 gpcd I # & : 4
#
(& $
5C&, ) %4

J& #% . >% < , <
/ #% JB+
/
BOD F C(F #% AL ( <
/ >% 4B+
K
+ #I
5100 gpcd 80 gpcd <
/ -G .:@& (
(& 5-& ((M 5 & 6( 2 F
(& 5< (& 51& G 7* N + .

( 4 .2-9 (1 #% 4 (: 1&
C+ 7* A 54& ( 7, = =
? + :
< : . C: ? : BOD & .C ( EF1
. %50
:& ( ?: %35
BOD O 17

( D BOD O 5
A 1& 67 #% 51& B+
1
5 %50
C ( O 5 %85 AL :&
.:% %20
B B 5?: %25
#

:1-9

BOD

0.20
120

0.17
80

0.17
75 60
(&') $% !"#$
0.17
50
* +,
!"% !. - ,
0.20
150 100
./ !$%
0.17
50
&% ! -0
0.15
35
! & -0 1 !.
0.10
50
!"% /
2
0.17
75
. 2
0.06
20
%/ 3 4 2
0.04
15
%/ 4 2

5
0.10
-6
30
10 7
4
0.04
0.03

&
& !
0.05
15
-6
0.02
/
0.30
300 150
7/'
0.05
15
8%
0.02
-0 ! 9 1
0.02
5-3
$&
0.05
30 15
3, - , :;% <3,
$ %& ' (mg/l) ! "# :2-9
(450 l/person . d) gpcd 120
$ $
7= 8 % $
.
$
530
680
800
,
220
340
440
,
30
120
240
&>$ ,
20
100
180
&$ ,
30
130
200
? @%
24
22
22
N +, ?95A %
26
30
35
N +, 7 %
P +, 8
/
P +, 7
/

# " 3& P+ @%( #% 7I J%

. 1/ J% B B 1
D 7
100 ) 100/5/1 #* 1& 5? : BOD/N/P

F
.( 1 mg/1

5 mg/ 1 mg/1 BOD
6
* 8 100/23/5 ) 5100/17/3 Q
-+ #
:G( BOD/N/P
(&) .#A1
J% B % 1
C? ( -(+ 5

P N% 1& 1&
(
100/3/0.7 -(+ 5 ; # 100/6/1.5
* D+" + 6
* .(07 I B B 1

? ?EF1 " -; .? G 4& ( 8
" #*
&B ( " #
A
*( 5(*
54, BOD O %40 %20 O % CL R% 5#A1
. 1& 1
BOD O (
& 51& ( C? ( 0&,
(
.- <
/ 67 5- ( (
" 5-
1.0
:S 5<

/ F /0 G=&
?>
58.34 lb/mil gal V% #* ?
F (ppm) EF1 U #mg/l
cu ft 1 " ?>
5 62.4 lb/mil gal " 8.34 lb F E 1 gal "
:S /(& G=& 7* (0(, (: .(
62.4 F E
(
= F (mg/l) Q(mil gal) 8.34
(1-9)
(
= F (mg/l) Q(mil cu ft) 62.4
(2-9)
mg/l 50 0U" " 5SS 5BOD = C W

mil cu ft " mil gal 5 -1 = Q
8.34 =
lb/mil gal
mg/l
62.4 =
lb/mil cu ft
mg/l
5# 120 gal " 1-9 A #% $>
( 0.24 lb BOD O 0.20 lb U 52-9 (1 #% % #*
.2-9 1-9 (& : 3-9 2-9 A $> .:@&
1-9
O 200 mg/l U 5120 gpcd #

201 # Q
() SS BOD O # < .:& ( 240 mg/l BOD
.(% (
(:&

1-9 (& -(+
lb
= 0.20 lb
mil gal . mg/l
lb
= 24 lb
SS = 240 mg/l x 0.000120 mil gal x 8.43
mil gal . mg/l
BOD = 200 mg/l 0.000120 mil gal 8.43
2-9
2930000 gpd Q #1 <

7 (4[9 (1) #

< 513400 lb/day *(G :& ( 521600 lb/day (G BOD 7
.SS BOD F

1-9 (& G=&
BOD F =
21600 lb/day
2.93 mil gal/day 8.34
BOD F = 880 mg/l

13400 lb/day
SS F =
2.93 mgd 8.34
SS F = 550 mg/l
3-9
2 (C$
CL) + U 300 m3 81 $ J
( (: Q - .2000 mg/l (g/m3) (G :& ( F
\F+ 4 (1 #% :&

MLSS =
2000 g/m 300 m

= 600 kg
1000 g/kg
3

2-9

-/ 0* +
,"
) ) ( .&'! "

" # $
%
* & 1#
"
23 .#

"

667 8

6 $% 9 .5
"
4'
) 0:
;
27< = 1> "
' 0? * #
. "
$" & @&

6* @

*&' & 1$7'! $' 1" A
"
1
#
B
B

B7
B'

B ?
8 &' "
C) "/
;
27<
B? D" .
#

#
#*7 E5
7 ? @ 2 #

A 1

* F
;
274 ? = .

* =* .

6 @ #67 1D
'; A 1

6

$7' @
/ 1
" G ' 1 F* 8
"

A" #

B67 D' ? 8 #
#
" A @"
8
$
I6H .#

. 6 ? 1JA & $ 1&' / "
"? *&'
@B

0* +
K -* 7< 23 L
D'
G
( ? ; >
'

6 1'

"

.

$ ? = 1 "

3
"
F7 ? '
#67( ?
<

6 1>
D"
.
-/ D'( ? ? 8 8M @A
=
? .
?

/ -/ $
& 3 A D*"

< AP B &' B "
D*
N* O7<

25 D* <
1 #
$7' @
/
B7
Q .>
'
0 ? -/ B% 1

-* B 0?
B/ B

@
/ 8 7 #' 1*& "
&
B5A" *AR? 8 #

.
$7'

? 0F0 I6 &' "
G
@ EPA N
& /
"
-* 1@>& + &*
1
13

-* L* *
N
& 1
/ .* &'
E7 "
O
2/
% I= 1

> 5

@2 N
& $& .; $? NPDES
*
" L*

7 1
< AA -/ # 1*& "

NPDES E7 SR? & @& + &*

? .
2 #
L*
3 .
* "

8" $
% K -* L
7
#
?
7 "

"
* * &' "
> .
'6 "

&''
* B
I6 @6 "

7

#
T? ? E5
7 3-9 " % .
23
BOD A $ .2-9 " #

&
V2 .* #

0 20 -/
0? 5 U ?

+ ,
, 1-*? * * A
; F? -/ 2+< "

* #
2!
BOD -/ '
&* * A / .* #
1@5
'
/ .
;

0 "
*& < D' 27? 1
3
-/ &* * ' 2 1

"'
#
D'

L *
6 B
' 1500 mg/l -/ 2000 mg/l
3 BOD
' D* "
#
D' 1240/200 ' #
@
*& ;/
X A 1 mg/1 1000 300 8& BOD -/ &* *
1
2= O - ? = 1D'* *
& @& -/
/ .
B" 2+< "

#
.
B
7 B
1>!' 13
5

Y
1 "
*
B6'
V* #
/ . -* @
'
2=
@& 1

16* #67
"
; 3-9 "
>
#
"
$ .0.5 - 1 mg/l 8& &

E
Z 1O7? *&0
)
$ 1
' 1 A 1AP
B&'

-* D>" .* #
?
0>* 2
B&' G

" $
% ) (
#
#
? *
.4-9 " 3
/

3-9
1&
2

3

6
%
#
/
4300
1500
1400
1000
5400
3300
2100
1900
mg/l COD
53000
8000
3300
1600
5 (
1200
2000
1000
300
mg/l SS
- &
<
mg/l 5BOD
30
150
50
mg/l N 1
16
12
mg/l P B %
pH
17
28
29
5C 1(
500
mg/l *(
27000
mg/l
140
mg/l
%

* # -* 3

( 7* #%
5 1
1
2
CG

.E7I 1&
. : "
: G (1 3
5
(&
0 ! / . ( ) * + ,- 4-9
145000 1# * 0
'
COD
(lb/day)
mg/l
460
2500
&>$
BOD
(lb/day) (mg/l) (lb/day) (mg/l
)
9600
960
13000 1300
8A
(gpd)
1200000
$

B".%
440
560
140
880
220
478000
!
,
300
390
250
310
200
189000
1830
300
260
1050
910
138000
5600
890
970
2900
3160
110000
36
24
27
108000
!%

2
:"
$

490
51
60
120
140
103000
200
2960
210
260
1270
1560
97700
70
20
26
23
30
93500
1260
510
680
450
600
90400
570
250
330
230
330
83100
3290
170
310
760
1400
65100
520
2400
190
450
290
700
50000
160
390
50
150
91
270
40700
450
90
310
59
200
35300
420
10
60
47
270
20900
1000
64
480
64
480
16000
420
12
110
24
230
12700
13400
21600
2930000
3,

C
#0

$
8

75,
A,
D
@

'A
!
#$%
8
7E
@& BOD U D

';

#
/
? @&* * 1V2 .$
? -/ '
- 2 ' 1

*0
3
'

' 2 E
7<
) !

' -* C]
1BOD U
5[

5[
\* .#
$ E7* /BOD U 0.20 lb 120 gpcd & 1 #
1D+ ,Q 1^

' -/ B
Q . -*
I .8_ ! 5
G!* ? "H
! $
7 @ "H ! #

.5

'

' #
J
/ 5-9 4-9 *0<
4-9
(G P
? < (
250000 " CL
3&
& .1400 mg/l (G BOD D 65100gpd

1 (( P
2 5- 9"
< 11F & #* CL

(( 5-K , < (
1000 #% BOD O <
/ < .B
. # ?& V%

< (
1000 <
/
=
1000
65,100 gpd = 260 gal
250,000 lb/day
< (
1000 BOD
=
0.0651 mil gal/day 1400 mg/l 8.34

= 3.0 lb
250 000 lb/day
BOD O V% ((

0.0651 mil gal/day 1400 mg/l 8.34
=
= 3800 N+
0.20 lb BOD/person/day
?(* V% ((

=
65 000 gal/day
= 540 N+
120 gal/peson/day
5-9
&! 1B

&< 500000 kg
B' $* "
@: 92H
.D* $* J
/ I 8 1
=
3!/ >$ 95
2 #
? 5 B ,!%
+
)
Z A!
18*

" G
' >$

D' $
1

6 D*& , & $0 *=
(@
$ I *&0 * ' #
3) A) "
! #
"
23 .b
+ 3 P $* #% G 8 ,2P
45000 m3/day
" #
\* 1&'

&< A 1000 kg BOD
6 D' . 1300 mg/l BOD-*
.#
D
'; -/ B
' ^

' 192* @

)7 C(& : F Q 1000 BOD
4500 m 3 /d 1300 mg/l
= 11.7 kg
500,000 kg/d 100 g/kg
BOD O V% ((
4500 m 3 /d 1300 mg/l

=
= (% 65000
90 g/d BOD/person .d
?(* V% ((

4500 m /d 1000 l/m
450 l/person .d
3
= (% 10000
!" 3-9

= 1 +( %1 * (Infiltration) )
+( <
/ " .:@: " C % <
" " & =
( (+ = " 1 <
" +( ] # $%
( 5 G 5) <
59 A
.
1 ! D+" B>
5B 1

5CI (+ , # + R% 5 & 1 ?
:
) ? %4 :% #
# 2 & $^ 1 E:
0-
5C? (( ? (1 0 " 4B +( <
/ ) .:

^ # _1 U1 + C(F $%
FH 1 5
_ ; 5 4
.1& '
`4 FH 1 51&,
$ <
(( 5 1 +( E ) (&
#% &@ < 5$
B 5%1 <
5$=
A" < E1 2 F ( ( -H (+ .<
) /0(& #&B +( <
/ (: .) @B+ ?
G ( .1 9: <
< 9: <

: 5 ->

F @ 5+
(( #% 1 ->
4 <
/
& W( E
A" #% 1 <

: ) +( <
) 0 +
+ J; -(+ ] .%1 <

7* -G C? ( - .1 < - 9: 24 ($
 9& 9:
<
(:, (G 5((1 E
+ (: 24 .1& : 1
.(% <
=
" 5- -
( ()
I ((& )
.(14100 l/d/ha 6600) 1500 gal/day/acre 700 67 -G
%10 " 5C7 # <
/ 0(& %5 %3 <

.8 <

G @G( A" ) (: (
.
;) 200-500 gal/day per in. diameter per mile of pipe ) (:
185-465 l/d/cm- 5(8 <
G b
- #%
<

G
- #% ? 465 185) dia./km
5<
C( 5%1 <
) /0(& .(8
A c4B] .1

B 5B
#% (+ , (
.< -H 0 ] # ? 4B+
?G /
@ $( " ?>

F 2 ) /0(& ((F
04 .E F >
" #% @A! = )B B -: ? C(1 1 >
" #% ) > )
( $1 (: .JB ) (& ( (: F& 1 <

#% + ) W( 521 >
" #% C :B
(& 5C((
5) B+
*
: 04 . 1 (+ =
5= @& #% <

d ( 51 <
" B
( 7* . - - F C( <0 #
? 1
+( <
H
/ .1& B 2 $G=& $: <1 B^,
<1 8
" -; . U1 ->
2 e#1+ ( (0&,
->
" / 5 & 1 #% # 1 " &
.? = H A" (G U1
5 5) <F C = 04
(G ._ 5<( 5J f G
CI
#% B F ;" " 5B @:A ;
1 :&
: (0(] " <1 .+( <0 ?* ?( 4B
24 .+( <
< C = 0U" 2
4
(
A " / 5+( <
W( 2G -( JB, 5((1 E
+ (:
4 W 5B +( <
=
N + (
.(460 l/person . d) 5 gpcd 120 gal/capita-day : +( ?
8% 67
$ (g(] " 5C = 1
+( < ( ->&
5F& % U1 ->
#% +(, +( P+ .+( +
= 8% +(h" U7 F
+( 5B +( <F 0G
= (( <&
.C
.
36 =
" 1 4 in.
24 =
1 1 8 in.
6 = 1 10 in.
6 = #( 1 12 in.

(gpd) =
(
gal
) (miles) (in.)
day miles in.
= 500 (4 8 + 36 10 + 24 12 + 6 6 ) = 234000 gpd
0# <
/ = 24 000 100 = 2 400 000 gpd

234 000
100 = 9.8%
2 400 000
C7 # <

/ = 24,000 240 = 5 760 000 gpd

234 000
100 = 4.1%
5 760 000

4-9
<@ <
* 1 #% <
/ 0R% 51-9 $>
J& <
5+( <
) 5

#B 0($ $(G " &1 1 #I
. 1
%4 5) # <
/ 67 #% 5# <
G" 1&
C((1 1 >
" -0 ] .
2 L e#%4 0U"
120 gal 100 gal (B # <
9 " C? (
<
" -1 :
, " <1 .?( ? 7* 4 5? (480 [400)
950 ) 400 gpcd (( " C? ( $ JB # C7
<
5< 1 5#( / 1 5 1 (l/person . d

1 >
"
21 4& 1 (1 #% 67
#% C7 .1 9: <
%350 Q
#% #> <
/ G" #( / 1 1
0($ D7 -G ?>
5 1
1 1
=+ <
2 $
#% B
.= ?(F ?(( 8 ?4 5<

. <
( (: C(0(& /(& c] (:
: <
/ +f J& -(+ @ (( /(& 7* J& -(+ H
.<
/ Ek
?4% /(& @:] (: .* #%
PF=
2.5
Q0.145
(3-9)
C( = 5( = PF :W

mil gal/day - #%
I = 5<
/ = Q

! "
"
() .

:2-9

-
BOD % & '*+ , "* () . ! !
#$
: 1 ->

<
/
("2[9) $>
.%190 %40 G" # <
/ /0(& .1&

#% 87 (?1% 4[3) #% <
lG" W(
7 6 #% 2B (& C0( 67 (& ?

/ $ .$

&01 #% # <

/ /0(& C? ( .
&01 #% Ek
%200 %50 50# <
/ %250 %20 CI
#%
BOD O F + .C &01 #%
>
5 (& #% BOD CG 2B 5#

C$> C7
+ (
" B
CG
) 58
(" #%
(
=+
("

" + .21 ->
4 ( <0 <
4
F ?& '
4
BOD O F
5#

* 51 51&
(
BOD O F <
/ F ?>
.#
5U1
- ] " 1& BOD O [ F < 8@

R% 5%&
+( @%( 6(* %& .(<2-9) #% )04 * ?

.1& I -: #% # " " BOD O /
67 5
#% +f % N + )1L
F1 ?A ._ #% & -" -( -"

* JB+
5%20 %10 2:
E
DI ( ?
: D ( #% 0 1L I .(S -"
.- #%
24 hr O 1 I

_
<
O
" #17
<
/ b0 " C C0: 7
*
=+ BOD O / C7 6(* F =+ 67 5BOD
E
A" #% 0 " 4B +( <
= ) .I
1& CL

#% & AL W(R 5 CG (diluting) B+
#I
.(( U $ % =+ C7
(& C(F
80G <
I -: #% / & 7* 7+!] "
.(0( e#
201
7-9
L #

#
30000 $ 1&
m 5?(% 7500 Q #
2m 01 1
$ C(G C(F 2

5BOD O 550 lb U gpd
<
< .1000 mg/l (G BOD F 7 120000 gpd
.mg/l O ?(: BOD O F 5-
I ?(: (

BOD (lb/d)
gal/day

0.20 7500 = 1500
7500120 = 900000

= 500
= 30000

0.120 1000 8.34 = 1000
=120000

3050
1050000

BOD O F =

3050 lb/day
= 348 mg/l
1.05 mil gal/day 8.34
8-9
<
7 51 (+ 145000 $
((& Q
(
4-9 (1 $> .320 mg/l (G BOD 7 mgd 18.9 (G
(( < (") .# 1 ->

+(
?B
?
4 7*
( <
/ V%
# <
#% ( (B * < (<) .

.#
?
A (( ?( 67 BOD O #%
.C7 <
C7 <
< (P)

:
( & #% (")
?(* V% (( =
18,900,000 gpd
= 158 000
120 gpcd
BOD O V% (( O =
18.9 mgd 320 mg/l 8.34

0.20 lb/person/day
= 252
000
.#
E
A ( (B * (<)
18,900,000 - 2,930,000
= 110 gpcd
145,000
18.9 320 8.34 - 21 600
= 0.20 lb/person/day
# BOD =
145 000
# <
=
:<
/ ?( C7 <
(P)
PF=
2.5
2.5
=
= 1.6
0 .145
Q
18.9 0 .145
#($ C7 <

= 1.6 18.9 = 30.2 gpd.
#
$ 5-9
( E
A" #% G( += # " " =

:
W 7+! " #I
5<
/ ? A
& # .-:
#% C( > > &
& @A .(1 1F
" ?>

5"
F CB ? A * / 5:% / E
A"

3F , K
& .C: ; &
C? (
& < - . <

2 <
C(B
5 9" =
? A 5>

F B C(B

21
(0( :% <
/ /0(& ":] .3A (
" 1=A #% $>B
.<
/ 1 D+" CF$1" *(: 0- " 5I 7$ <@, <

/0(&
C(B

N PF @A
3( 0- -A
./ F E
A" #% <
/
E(" -: C(0(
F % @A # n
& + -
A #* _ -" (" #% 24 hr ( 7+! #
& .$/
/ < :& ( # BOD O
-(+ ] .?
1^
, 7 +( P+ :%( F 5
<
C% =+ &^ ,1 #
& ) .1& CEB (0(
(: 5+( @%( I ?& 12 hr 8 C? ( # C7
.1& ( > /

& EF1" < <

- #% /
P( -
E ) <
/ 9G EG " .n
#% $ C(B
&
0(& -(: 5$1 -% (# <
/ " <
/ 0(& )
"
"
& 21 #
F B #I
/ .
<

n
0&
F CB (0(] .1 hr " 04B 52 hr "

& # -1 (& .$1( #I
# &
& EF1" (( 5/
" <1 .F1
] # + ((
" ; n
(
< #> EF1 % ?
C7+L
-1
<4 <

/ C( #% <
& EF1 .#> <
/
:S (& #% )04 * 54 "
4 =
(4-9)

& EF1" < <
/
(1 ? ?:
5-9 (1 $>
7* #% .n
$1( <1 # C(B
&
-(+ ] 67 .<
/ 0(& / :% #@ <
H
/ 5<
/ 9G 01
% =+ <
/ < 1F 9" 01 E:
9" 1 liter $1
7+! . *(G
F
< 0- 5/ % <
/ 1 24 hr C% - (& .(%
5((& EG 2 hr $( C% # <
/ :S -:
n EF1 5(1 B " C*> 4-9 (& -(+ <4

d 0(& 5<
/ 9G 1 7R% .C(B
C #
AM
&

.1F #% F 201] "
& E: , 5<
/
55-9 (1
(& 5< & ?
?4 3-9 $>
C( : <
/ /0(& <
+ - W
.n
0& EH F1" A # 0G

:5-9

()

(ml/m3.hr)

(m3/hr)

(m3)
278
524
3.77
139

(m3)
(m3)
69338 (1)
69616(2)

(hr)
1000
1100
338
637
3.77
3.77
3.77
3.77
3.77
3.77
3.77
3.77
3.77
3.77
3.77
71026 (6)
71026 (6)
71351 (7)
71351 (7)
71652 (8)
151
71652 (8)
71903 (9)
126
71903 (9)
72040 (10)
2400
0200
0300
72040 (10)
72113 (11)
37
0400
0500
72113 (11)
72308 (12)
98
0600
0700
72308 (12)
72512 (13)
102
0800
0900

"
!
/ =
()
133 m3/hr = 1591/12 =
6000 ml = "
!

ml/m3.hr 3.77 =
2200
0100
69
1591
2000
2300
72512 (13)
5999
1800
2100
204
385
70732 (5)
163
195
370
1600
1900
73
139
70732 (5)
147
137
260
1400
1700
251
475
70355 (4)
189
301
569
70355 (4)
1500
325
615
69954 (3)
201
294
554
1200
1300
377
713
69954 (3)
169
401
758
69616 (2)
6000
=

12 x 133
1000
5-9

! "

:3-9
9-9
)04 .1& +(

7+"

& -(+K ] # EF1 ^ (1
H .1 <
/
3-9
D G C% =+ 24 hr D( n
L 0 &
#
& -1" Q .$> (& 5 ? 9 8 hr *(G
.2500 ml ?+

$1
L <
/ C( #% <
& EF1 <
3-9 (& -(+ 8 hr *(G % =+ 24 hr D( 52500 ml
2500 ml
24 hr CB <4 =
= 0.15 ml/gpm
720 gpm 24
2500 ml
8 hr CB <4 =
.= 0.30 ml/gpm
1000 gpm 8

< #% $(+ /
& EF1" (1 (:
:( C% #% U") # 5 C7 B C(B

ml $ #
hr 8 ! !

hr 24 ! !

(gpm)
(m3)
(hr) #%
74 =
490
0.15
490
& '*
63 =
420
0.15
420
+, 1
54 =
360
0.15
360
+, 2
47 =
310
0.15
310
+, 3
43 =
290
0.15
290
+
- 4
46 =
310
0.15
310
+ * 5
58 =
390
0.15
390
+ * 6
84 =
560
0.15
560
+ * 7
620
+ * 8
93 =
620
0.15
270 =
900
0.30
135 =
900
0.15
900
+ * 9
310 =
1040 x
0.30
156 =
1040
0.15
1040
+ * 10
340 =
1130 x
0.30
170 =
1130
0.15
1130
+ * 11
350 =
1160 x
0.30
174 =
1160
0.15
1160
+
.0 12
1120
+
.0 1
340 =
1120 x
0.30
168 =
1120
0.15
320 =
1060 x
0.30
159 =
1060
0.15
1060
+
.0 2
300 =
100
0.30
150 =
1000
0.15
1000
+
.0 3
290 =
950
0.30
143 =
950
0.15
950
+
* 4
136 =
910
0.15
910
+
* 5
130 =
870
0.15
870
1 6
121 =
810
0.15
810
1 7
114 =
760
0.15
760
1 8
103 =
69
0.15
69
1 9
94 =
630
0.15
630
1 10
81 =
540
0.15
540
+, 11
!

Ml 2520
Ml 2596
#

% 6-9
O #* N + (: ? + A"
- #% 9 #* <
/
BOD .:@& ( BOD
BOD
:& ( F .1 1& (
#I
5+f .< 4& C( F D( 0U"
7 .2-9 (1 #%
K 0, &
+ E1
%4 51& $G N + (( & 7* =+
50: 5COD 5pH 5$ 1( 1 (B (G 67
E:
(& .C(0( :A (& (1 5*( 5 5B B 5

#% $* (: 5#
+/ 7* +
.1 ->
(& -* 3-10 C:B #% * 5 BOD O +

.1& ->
I 5 ? +/ 0(" 8
" ?>
5((
BOD <
67 5 k[(& + - G 67 ? %4
. 4& : 5C0 ( BOD 5COD
5#
1
0 " 0A ( (1 C? ( l( ,
E( (
@+L % W( 5B+ C(F -; &B BOD O -G
+= C7 ; 3
1 5) F +
] " <1 *" H A" /

? ( " + B (I # .C7B

<
./ E
A" #% C(
# I > 2
(& ; 5U $ 59: 5_ #% - 5
9 2
#% 1& % @& =
? A 1
5
(G 67 %4 .1 +/
#: B I 0$ "
( 5( E(" 51
CL 1 (B

& 5I 5(+ , G
.#

%& ; (
( 1& #% #
& (G
((F 67 A 5#
& =+ CEB U( <
J &
R% 5$ ->
#%
CL
)1 & % 5D+" G" #% $ B
/
+ NB ?; .1 ->
#% $ -

< & 5
( NB " 5#

( <1 5+/ = 3
A - .67
.$ -: CI + 1& C( -(+ 1&
-:
5N + 81 1&
(
-(+ / +] # C((1
#
:
_4+ $ ->& " -; .1&
(
$4+ <1 8
" / 5 $BB+ (& 1&
5) E1 * .
( 1 #% $ G +
" 5# <
?
: 8 + -1 +
#I
.1& <0 " 8 (G #
&

<
:G( & F$1 : 2
C( <
N + 5<
= ? &G ? " ? ?
" 4 5
% 5#17
& &G 0 $0I 2

( ?+ ?F$1 4-9 $> .: : 1&
C1 C(0 (( CG `4 8% 0- .$ 1&
<
.e# + B +( E$ _0F, .$
EF1 .e#71
m % : 0 / <
" D0$ PF

" ( (&]
5P+ @%( * #% #%
.?* $&% $
#% (+ , 6 ? A BOD O $ C% " <1
1&
9:] .8 - U7 -1 1& ->
< G 5COD O " BOD O F CEB A (B :
<1 .
CL #% (biota)
U$1 NB 5PF
4 #
((R C( I
#
3&] (
. 1F #

B % U4/ 1
%4 "/ ( P (G $
R% 5*(B
B+ C(0(& <
1& -: <1 .7I (& V%
->
#% 2G B+ 4 # # #

.
( #&B
!"
!
:4-9
&

1. U.S. EPA, Pretreatment Standards and Limits, <http:// cfpub.epa.
gov/npdes/pretreatment/ptandards.cfm>.

O # <

< 51-9 (1 -G -(+ 1-9
?F 200 : ?B> 30 ( +% 3
-1 :
1
BOD
?I ?G(
% ?4" 21
-0(+ .E E(; #K 1 -0(: ?& -4 5-
?4" 21
#% (1 .? + 40 *(G D G & 5B> 5 5%; 20 8%
(( #>
I (( < .B> : 20 5C(B & /
? F
15
. #% BOD O < .-/(B/BOD O (

( F CEB < 52-9 (1 #% 1( & -(+ 2-9

. 1& (& #" < (& BOD O
(1 #% 1( -: -(^ + 512 mgpd (G <
1" 3-9
#% #@ B B 5# 1
5BOD O 5SS O (
<
.-+
EPA G (( 5: 1& &
#* 4-9
\$1 G %

5SS O 5BOD O (
< 53-9 (1 #% -: -(+ 5-9
(( 7 .< 1& 50,000 gpd #% B B 51

1
5400 mg/l O SS O 5500 mg/l O BOD O
G
\(( 7* 2 % @ * 535 mg/l 35 O B B
(( Q - 5 4-9 (1 #% 2-9 (1 #% -: -(+ 6-9
% P
M -F N+ - 0U" 5- 1& V%
\4-9 (1 #% 1( - 1&
1
$ J" &G F
500 0 #
201 +, 7-9
4
(: * 5) -G -(+ .F

N+" + -
(
)
#* 5100 gpcd -(+ \+( ) <

\17
<
$
: ( 5 <

1200 ft
0 1 <
" 7 5-
( 3.4 $ J" &G 8-9
#> ) < .16 in. : 430 ft 510 in. : 800 ft 58 in. :
(1 5-
( 1/3 *(G 2G -(+ .<

( (( ?(

< .<
/ < 5120 gpcd 6=$ 5 #% N+" 4
.< 9: <
51 9: <

580 gpcd (: 5125000 Q ((& # <

/ Q 9-9
\C7 <
<
/ ( *
.< 9: #% # C7 <
/ ?:% `4 -1 (( 10-9
5-
( 78000 100 gpcd $ 535000 Q (( 1"
) 51 9: #% C7 <
H
51 9: <
<
5+4 9+ 7 `4
7R% .#> +( ) 5#>
:>=) \gpm O ?(: +4 -1 * 5(+ P+ $
C(
.( & <
?
4 C7 <
<
850 mg/l U #
%75 7 #
G 11-9
J % -* .B % U / 51

30 mg/l 5BOD O
.( CG 7 U <
/ %25 O
\
7I U * . BOD/N/P
<
1(,
/ 1
BOD/N/P
#* 12-9
4h" 7 \? 3&] " *B 7* * \3-9 (1 #%
\$1& ^ , * 5
- 5-+ $ 1/3 (:
:& ( BOD O <
/ -G 4-9 (1 #% 1(h" 13-9
(( Q . 5< 5 G 1& 1

SS F Q - BOD (: * 512500 1 0(+,
\#
V% (( * \1& #% 1

5#S (1 #% 1( 5
EG 7+h" 14-9
C7 <

( <
/ * .1& +(
ml $1 Q 24 hr D( 7+h" n
EF1"
^ (1
H \<
/
\BOD + : 53000
(mgd) Q
2
(mgd) Q
2
(mgd) Q
2
10.2
2400
16
1600
17.5
800
7.3
100
16
1700
21.8
900
5.8
200
16.7
1800
24.7
1000
5.5
300
17.5
1900
26.9
1100
5.5
400
16.7
2000
25.5
1200
5.8
500
16
2100
23.3
1300
7.3
600
14.6
2200
20.4
1400
11.6
700
13.1
2300
17.5
1500

& EF1" < ($ S <
/
(1 ?:
24 15-9
$
.5[9 (1 ; 5n
#% $1( &
. 2500 ml
(mgd) Q

0.97
600
2.91
900
3.4
1200
2.33
1500
2.23
1800
2.14
2100
1.55
2400
0.74
300
.#
BOD + 16-9
10
)
!

%& ' ( )# *#+ # .
! "# $ "

&-
"
! '/ 01& / 2#1 " "# %* 3/,
8
# 761 # .4 5 "
# "- $ "
: ;5*
<
9 '
/ =9 " >?7?
9&
! &# 13
;*&( $?7 # AB " " )C& .@&/ %* 6
%*
< =9 F E #
9#=
*& "# ;# "D* '1
& G# # .1850 ) #
& & &-

0
<& 7 A&1 #
# H
& 7 #6 % 7
/ E)
8
E*&& &
!
H
# ! ' &5
'4 & =9 #&
9I -I "I1& . =*
. :/ ! +
! ; E& '&-
! H

" J! '"# " &( " "E1 # B+ %3 )( " " )C&
.
1
3 K -
C =9
) L#
J& "# "
: %* :/ 3/, #

& %<
-& * L& (= "&# AB& '1900

#? %* L#&& < ( B+ " " )C& .%
"
%9* ."
/- " =7 ; -3/ ?9 "
C '
#

C G7
! *! * %1 "

&-

'
-

3 ! L; / &?
-
?- 07 N
' - M/ ! %& %<
0
4/! )
KD* ' :O / H
#I&
& .
! ) " ? '
- " ## *
1

' - %* P:/
<5
. -
.F & J )(- %* L; / ;
*
1-10

-& 7# '-
)( !
1
7#
.%-

0E % 97 ": %* & @&/ H
<
%*
! 1 A?& %* #71I #

Q )
"&: H
" ! ;( '-
!
*&
"
11
=
; * .

* " "
? ":
J N
' ? L; #
$&* H& SI B! R%1: "
071 L/ =& "D* 'AB "
.@&/ %* &-
7# "
-3/ "
1-10 :/ (
.K
.H<
"
0 )&
%&/ U$/ '" E# 7#" "&:
N

E :/
J K J! 'K# # =
;
? ;97 "&:
# 7# B+ " " )C&
45 L5I * " L &* "H<
7#" ."
: !
%* )( B+ 3
1 ":& .K=7 "
# RBJ&* R%:/
7# "! .H<
7# ##1 %:/ 45 ? -E V1& H1
.;
-3/ "H<
*"& " #" " : " E&: ; :/

7# 'H<
897& E# )
& $

#E#
'7# ##1 H&

1 : %*

97 "&:
;C& .W I
.4 7# 4 %*
:
&#
L49: ?
?*
!#

"
" () .

:1-10
*$
+ !, -$/ , 0 "
'
" & ()
$%

'
+ $ , -.& / & '(
)* $%
!
" #
)
,6 & 7 8* "5 " & * 2
3 1
. .
,,
=<
.3<
: 3
.& $( ' ';(
)* + 1:9 &
- <@ -7 A@
>
+ ?,@ 1%

+

.&
.6 $3 '(

B CD )
1
.A@ $
A,6

ED $
<
+ , = 4-2 ft 3E
16 '( <
A
" I ) J G2H .
@ ,7 F

'
K, AL A%<

@ 5 / & ED A
%
,
J &
1@H ( .) 1: -7 3&
. + ., -M A% , ' A
=
A( )
"

: H1 11-4 4< %* *&&
)#716
'"1
7 &( B7 )
& .-
5/
1 B %1
%*& .KE# ! %? & L#/
& J#- )#71 AB&
B -9 )
0 % $ %* &7 # )
* $
$ %* $ H& ? =
1& @&/ )& N
'*
-
V B )
%*
.
:1 *: 9
-
"
# : *&/: & " #
I& #* '
# &-

$ " # EH N
'L& 7 &
L
7 B+ E& "&
LE&1: &
/ $#7 %* W
'L
5
. 1
3
1
3 %*

" -
)
%* #71I "
1 F&
)
& .(3 m/s) 10 ft/sec X? (
! (0.9 m/s) 3 ft/sec X? G5
H1 #9& ;
B 19
( " H
": N
5 E# 4
H& U HE1
J N
E%( E# W
I
' ? #&
.
%* & )

.' $( ! " # $
% &
% 5(
4 )
/ 01 2 +,3 ' (3 - )* ) +,
.7 30 ! 8 $(9 &:; 10 16
7!9 ' D EB A ) .>;? @; A BC(;< =<
+ "; : "* : ) F! GH +
* E;1 &EB + ? .C I :
)C* &! J )>
06 - 1-10 )* >J9 % .5 0; ! ";
' % - B &, !; @ "; 06 )* 5= %
.> ?( ", % H 0 ' ,,6
( .$%

( A
6. (A5

(() A@
/ & 1@
3 ft -7 , 24 in. - , * A.@
P A5

((

.A
C7 A
" R@(S
(( 'C 'C
9 Q *F< AM.@ # 4 ft
T ,D 144 in. -7 12 in. '
T ,D A5
6.
+
, A@56 ,6 A5
.
.U7
MH ( .12 in. -7 4 in. '

.
+ V2 , L ' A<. , ( .A @F
!
6 1@Q + 1 V $ : /% 3 @ , V6 1

A5
6. L " ( 1@H .R& ' + ?
.@ A% A3
A3@ 3
-7 / : A5

(( ) ,, , A
A5
,,
W 3%
VE
+
3 1
.C Q 3"+ 3
(
3( 5@ C 1
>
A
,M, A/ 6. &@
@ X 8 ?@
. Y A%@ A

3 H 1E 15H + A
3 -.&
1-10
8 in. 06 8 % B J3 % 3 (

3 400 gpcd 6 D K
/ = =
L2 ft/sec 16
)#71 ":1 ## 29 )#7

B
H1
# %1 "
-& ')&# %* #* 30 +# E
:1 *:
"<& '(4-30 :/) .&1 10 # + && 0.40
.5.0 ft/sec +# "
1& '20 min # <
:

& %* 2 ft/sec 1 ; ;
"D* 1-10 &# ! ;#1
":1 ## "&:

& .(0.7 cu ft/sec)310 gpm X?
1 8 in.
& K#7
" ":
B %(
310 gpm 1440 min/ day
= >7/ 1100
400 gal/day
(slopes)

:1-10
(*)

(gpm)
(cu ft/sec)
! " # 2 ft/sec

310
0.7
(ft/100/ft)
0.33
(in.)
8
490
1.1
0.25
10
700
1.6
0.19
12
1080
2.4
0.14
15
1570
3.5
0.11
18
2160
4.8
0.092
21
2820
6.3
0.077
24
3570
0.066
27
4410
9.8
0.057
30
6330
14.1
0.045
36
n= 0.013 (Mannings Formula)

)&# 36 =
1100
=

30
(*)
1
'4.2 in/hr = I '20 min = <

: "< " (
' 30-4 :/ "
Q = 0.404.236 = 60 ft3/sec "D* 24-4 #- )#71&
&V = 5 ft/sec - &Q =60 cu ft/sec ) VA= Q + ';

' ",0 - &EB . 42 in. 1 "; 06
.8 in. 06 O H 1100 N, % 3 :B ;% 0;
! E&? &7# " E#? &-

L#! \ EI #
#&& '"#-& '=9& '&1 E&? B+ / .
?
3
) ) & .)&/& &
<& '
UB5 #&& '
/ #
& '
&-
"E .&-
0 ;
1 "
:
* '
( :1 E <!
$& '
] && '
1 )+J $& 7 /
HE1
#& .
M/& ' &9 ": %* "
<7& '#&& ##^
"! .E&? " L
5 E
:&
/ #
& L#1 &7# %:1 &
%5
%& .&-
NE&? " E# %* )1 NE&? #
#-1& :1J 4& " ": N
&9 ": M/ )E6 "

)#71 JE#- 6 " %5
AB ! *! ' $
.%1 "
? +
" #?
/ #
& L#1& '

9 & '
(& 2: NE&? # 4! "
? #&
8*& '
9& 1& :1J )U:& 'J&
_#
;&& .
9? %&
C FU &
3
: #& )#71
.)#71J J#-& #7? L#
L#^ H NE&? #

*&& +
"
JE#-
97 &-
< A )#716
\# 91 ! #& H1 N
E&? <! " `#+ "E<7
07 .<6& 0E6 " H
% V1& ):
'A @ 0 %
- " # )&/& &
<&
B5&
/ #
&
&- #&
@ " ?& a/
AB& : %* %
&&
3
"
.
NE&?
97 AB& ' &-
< )
1 "!
" ? #& H
1 1 L#
< "U:6 .A 4# "
1&
? #&
* H1 %& ' 3#
: ! &&
* H1
*!
3 ? ;1 ;& 3# A? ? & E*& .7
;
&&

B5 #& >
3 )& . 8 ?
:/ !

B5 L#D )U:I
B&9 a1 .G7
&- ;& +&# *&&
. 3# : ? (9 0
*&

2-10

"

&
<

<
0 % & )&
& . - M/ !

&7 1 .#* 7 E = 7b %* & ! K?

! ?
9
"
1
3 "&# &
9
)&
& '"H
&"& " ?" 2
3 & E1I
.L
: 1
3
"1 &" . - ! -1& $ "

$
" J 'H1 5 $

Q E)
& &*
.
"

)#71 "
c#7I ":1 ## ! ( "
)
#1
: 1 :
]
:
.(1500 l/person . d) 400 gpcd : 1
3 "&# &

.(950 l/person . d) 250 gpcd :J ?& 1
3

)
1& 2 &( "
%350 : E
-

.Lc#I
0 ') "
-1 )
8* #- a/ )
) B+ "E

&
"&: " %5
& .839 a/& % )
#-1
0.6 ) 2 ft/sec L; #

"&: %& '%B
1 ? (*?
*:

& ) )3& 1-10 &# (
.) "
G# (m/s
e &
F1 ":
& . ? "

:& 2 ft/sec 1 5

*& )
"
E#-
* "Sf
' &7 %* &# A? "
10 ft/sec (3 m/s) 1 <& #& .H& N? <&
"
$
" B*& H&

7

# $
%5
KUD*
.
:
:
&#
J&& U " <^

%U?W & #E #9 )
N
: $ ?

E# )
"
H ?

# )
L#:& .8& "
"
& .< 11 (3.3 m) 11 ft "
J $ ?& @/?
# L; # )
KD* '@/ 4/! #- & ! R#& a
&&
H& ?
<
* 4& !

" )
#7 =&

# ":
AB "
#:& .
E# 4 %* AB& $

&& : ?-& $
% # ? <
*^ ?7
&( 1 %*& .$
" H B+ ? )
#7 =&
9 9 AB& $
% ? " H& =& <! ":
KD*
0 K?W& 1
< & H&1 0* ) "& 'K
? 5/
0 0*# E)
0* 4 %*& .$
" ? % &
)#716*
1 H %* .
:
&#
+ 0*& 1& $
H&
0 ) 9 2 )&
.
* H
7 )! E)
* 9 9 Jb
! 9 #& _71 E&#
9 +#- )&
) '9
?- H& &
.0* L9 %* -& H& _7
.

&'
( .(200 mm) 8 in.

!"# $%

0$ ./

- /
0 #
1 2
)' * +,

,

:; 7, 7/ 7/$9 87 56%' 4 * +,3,
0 #
24 in. * =$> <2% 6

3, 6" .0 # ,, 3

6' ) ,> A # @
.&'
2 % $? +:
$> 2$ ,3, B F , E' 8A9
)B CD
+?# )

0 $
0 # ./
$%
0 #
LG
)$ ,?K .0 J
6?,
B:
G; , $"G
6
* HI/
@
%
$ 3
0 F ' ," 6
)F
6' $%' 8
6'
.+
2 9

/ M
& 856*

$%
N .56
7/ 7$% 7$$? 2-10 2 9

$$? + G 7
@ .2'
I +7 ,* $H$?
6%'#
G# )%
6%'# $%
.
$$?
/? 56'@$ (
P% .O# ) 0 # )
1 'G1 )>$
2,

),*
)*/F I 6%'# * ) 9 H?G 56
>9
,%
$? 8O# (
Q $ )$$?
K .7 G 7 3
>9

,% 83$
) ),?F ' 8
!
8&'
8$>
) /
?
)%
8
$%
4,
0 # 2?, 4,
A/F
.

'
E L#
# 1
3
&7& L#
# &7 4/! #&
" E&?
" ": H1 E 0 1 # *& " %5

J& )(- %*

# 89& .H/
&7 ! &
# %&/ 9? # ;#& (3 m) 10 ft #
%* #? # ;#
& L& # & # B+ ? (* UB- #& .(3 cm) 18 in.
FJ

# J H
KUD* '& H/
7
& L#E# 0& )<J ? " #& . ?
#
3/! $
#&
? #&

8*& '7# "
41:!& '8- -

%* 1 E 0
%* =& &
%* #71I #&
.H/
##^ 7

<& AB& %:
&#
_E# 0
897 & &+ "&9
1
"
.897 #1&& & #
# A:1 0& '&# #&&
" $E&-
# ;E#& ' &1 B
9&
)
? ;

# )

.%:
&#
C
897J
! "#
:2-10
$ &% '( $(
$) $ $ !* $ $% $ &
& + !, % &) .
$+ 67 "0.00412 3&) 1 2(+ 34!5 ' 0 -! .$ -/
#9!5 #! 8

& &!+ $(

1 "&: " %5

B 'L#
: -
897 & "! N
&
#& HE1 0 AB& '(0.9 m/s) 3 ft/sec " : H
" H
1J
H
1J K
& )&
@E<& &7# $&# H
: AB $
)
& . ?
(

1 ?-* .<& ? "
&& : & "
&9
1 "
&
=7& ."
97 "
& 18 in. & %* ;
1 2-10 :/
B H& &

: K '2
3 & %*
- H
1

"D* '6 in. 2
3 & %* H
1J $ <&
#& .8 in.
" g: & "
"

! &7# $&# %* @E<&
1

1 "&:& 'h? 2
3 & "&:

'"
&9
1 "
&

&# ! ; *! '_&7& &7# %
"&:
& .3 ft/sec " :
?: %*
.
&7
( B9 "
&# '"
%*
$#7 a* " 'G7
E & #
# :1 & R%3 R #&& a1
) "D*
9 HU? J
)#71 ":
KUD* 8 a1 " ; K
* H& E#&
9 )#71 3-10 :/ %* aE& " & # ":I
K! B! '$#7
'"
9 <D "

?: #& .
&:
$9 9 $ & %* 9
U9
)& L9 ; b %* 9 )#71
& .4=
& 9? &
? ^ 5
#& .( 4-10 :/ () H& "

^ )&
& .
& X
9& <D 1 &#
B U9 )&
R%* 5 1 LU9 ] )&& .)# U9 1 4 %*
L9 U9
#& .U9 "&# 0 "< :/ H& ?
1& ):D K
#1 0 J< ? H& H
:& U9 #-! )
4J
F& H
H
: )& " U9 1& 9 J] ":
& .a?1 "&

$9 9 J]& .(1500 mm ! 200 mm) 60 in. ! 8 in. "
+
K
& ":
N
&
: )U: B 9?7 0i & E
&:

5 9 Jb )#716& .(H 4j10 :/ () $9 #- " H&
'(700 mm ! 250 mm) 28 in. 10 in. "
+ F& H
H
:
L; #) )& %
31 I<& 6< )
KUD* '0 a1 <! 0&
L& " 97
& H& 7
& 9 \&
(4 0
&
] <: ! 31 B+ I
.9 b ?7 H& ? 2 A:J
?7? ) " IH& 0*#I
& .L; # ;*E& "&:
B&
* "&# #& 1&
2
)O ( 9 Jb "
: )#71
& .9 b K9U?7 B k9 5/
O %:
.K
! ?& B 0& " k=^& 9 )# #
# R<

<!* ' #= >(

HDPE % & .! ; -' -/ :3-10
$ 0+ -! && % & .?, ' <! ' -! A ?!@ *& .#%
<&!
+ B

&+& )# 4 X?
%?7# ;
? "&: (Manholes) 9 )(-
! 1 .(5-10 :/ ()
(& /: )
? ;
*: -

.L/ &? <: 7 ? 9 #E
/6* L
5 H

! + 1&
! && "
":
* ;# L
:
%*
!& E
:/
C L; # "&: .
( &# 7#!
1
#
)#716 .(21 in.) 54 cm # +E# & 9 "#U? #
# " 9
E6& '* B
C )#716
'

?
C
? " ;
"&: " "
#? ":
& .& ! &&? )?1 & #
.H&:1 "& " & #
" & "&
" 0 " &
:/ - 41? L " 9
H
1 )
'& " : 9 ! 7#

#& ."&
L# %* EI U
E
C B!& .H
1J &# 0 \# %:

?7# & "&: " %5
"
I# ;&+ "E
" %5
* ' %* H1
5 "&# K+ &

#& .&U? #O * "Ef
9 L %* (3 cm ! 1.5 cm) 0.10 ft ! 0.05 ft

: H& L# 897 %5
'
: & !
5 & )
": AB ! &?

& .H
1= 2 ? (*?

& 'K19 @9J ? "
& =: .0.8 in. # $ 0& %*
&+ * )#716 .K19 @9J ? "
& % - %* %+ AB ?
#
:/) 24 in. " : 9 %* & @9 897 & " ": "!
AB:& '
! 7#
1 B >7/
&?
B+ & .(H 5-10
T H& 0 a1
."# ? ? #& " \ GB #9
.#-
( & 7 ! && '& * $&* E#
! !* -F ' ' -/ -/* 1 #= (*) <&!
C

:4-10
25 ' F' & # #(H .' ' &H I
&5 % " ! ?G
' % . ' <! -/ 6 !* & 6 <! ' #= () .! J(
( ' '
# #K >(
IH -/ !* % .<! 8
25 1 $
# IA
AVN25OZ 87 ! 6 <! -' ) ' $ 6 <! ' #= 8
L .#H/
(Herrenknecht AG. #/
$ K \
01& :M ')# 6 <&
# 9 &+ H1
%* aE& &+ : ' 9 %* H

1= %&# &7# 97
.
: 3
3 U:/& :M " 97 : & 4 %* 1 " '(_5-10) :/
)& '& #
5 : %* 9 : "&: " %5

.
:
J # ? 'H& :
#& '- : # 'K1& 'H&

? (150 m) 500 ft& '15 in. B
? (120 m) 400 ft G#-
300 ft # ;# "

#? 8- %* -
& .30 in. ! 18 in. B
! *1 ##< #& . L

5
? %( E# &+ (90 m)
.& %* %/ ":
# ;
: H& "&:
# 500 ft $&*
'
" E
*&
H&1
$ %*
9 < H
.
9 )#
7 F&1 < )
& .839 a/ 0 AB&
4 in. H
)#71 '_# )
1 7 ## ? <
E# )
)C ' 1 in /ft & %2 &+ 9 #

& .(100 mm 150 mm) 6in. !
4
;
3 =
;
;
)#71
# K
'
:1 & 8- %*& ' 1 in /ft # =
8
$#7 %5
. ?&
%* )U:
@/ " &
H
1 ## "D*
$- ! 9
I # "&:
" & ;
1 "&:
" ' #7 7 E# 9I B H&

-
8l +# ":
'H& )
# ; 1 "&: U & .H&?
& 1: )#716 # .H&
)#
B :/ - " $#7?
.2 )
# "
;# H? B!
# ##^ "/7
; & '$=C^ : =&& '
&
H
;
H?
&
.# E# %* &B 5?5& a/ - L; + ;
*
?l # T ?& 1& R% & ! #7 ?& "
)
'6-10 :/ %* aE& &+ : '%* G&1 " ; : & 45 #
.: :/ 0 O & H

1J l %* E# 8
* N#
J %&
"I
#& '"
&/ 0* H& & T ?& ;C "&: ;

& ": "D*

"Sf .)# 4 %* $?
# E H "&

& H
%* #&& 4& "
J
;
?
.& =5&
& & 8
%* L#&& H
#
# #3 0

&1 HE1

'4 7# ! ? & <C ##
#&& 697
.H& 7# ! 4& HB =9 ):

& : '"
&#
#

: _! " & 4&+ %* "
1:
%* .-/= ? 3&1 %(
C F " \ # % L
<5
?
& &7

*:
-

& "&: J N
J 8-
_7 ! 4& H1
1
& H
: E)
' #7 =& U? 0
.
: 3 <!
?- 7! &
"7# " N96 N
&
MN * 8 A &' B "#%7 ! #'/ (*) : '/ :5-10
(8) .O!5 24 6 * * #% ) &+ $ &!+ #F '/ 2! 0 &+ &
L () .#!
#+ >
P7 " !* F $+ #! # B9 >
!C #% & ,
&
# #! -/ > !* #
' () <+ (*) -7 ! -' > #&
:6-10
' ! " #$ %& 3-10

3 6' 80 D
7R 7 * 7> !
,? > 0$
,?N
@
8+&
0 )' % 9 ,3, .
6'
* )$ , 1 .2?,
0
T S?
(9
9
1 0 J
) ,%
!
,? $G
!G 6*

)$
+,%
0 F 0 .,?

> ,,
> 0 F
+%') 7' 0 # 2 1 8
, ,? 0 D
P%
U

$
G
%$
' 0GK 84? % %$ M = .(4-8
,? 7
P%
% ,3,* * 2
3 6
*
0 D
!G

2%
6* $ 2
Y X 0 1 .6'$
B:
)"

)& 8:
T
+ %
.6 0 *F %>, 0 )%
2?,K 7-10 2 9
6' , UG
:
%$
2 9
6 6G* $%
8:
T
) %
) .0 , !& D
7 , ! 0 6'
=' +,3, 2 9 6%
2 9
@ 86G
$%
/? 2
Z 9
($
A%
& 6
$%
23G/ .1(6
2 9
=

2>\
1 7 M
& 8[,
0 # ,?F (0 7-10 2 9
)
B
2X .5* ,- %' ,\
M
& 8S
0 F %$ * ]%
S 0 \
1 ,
+ > 6' U
_ ^G P# 6' = (flume)
.U3G
:
6'
* *
UG
:
U' 8H 0 F * B
0 A/ ,% $
)
:
T
) > , , .0 F 8
0 F 2D?
X,% M
& F
7 , .29 ) % + G 0
, 6$
+7 N
&

, ) 0 F )F3, ,%
7 :
T
) >
D) D ' * = B
0 P%
6&

.),%

.0 F * 2
2?, 7 % (+ %
O* 0 # $> =
7* 0 F * $9 873 7 P
U>,
>

6' 80 F * + > 6' 7 0 F 6" .6
% F $%
*
@ a$
1 79 7 * U$
0 F 6" ' 0 F 2/
!G
F1 87 & 3, 2
6" .,3%
:
* S 0 \
, D
7 0 F 2/ >
+ %
0 J
2/ U* &1 0$

S
0 F I, .2
@ !,/
U3G

.( 7-10 2 9) 0 F * U* %85 2> 0 F
& 0 %* f 4/^ %* <& j & HU:6

A
1= & '%9
? _< "& 0 1 L; # "&:& . * %* #&&
30 in. ! 4 in. " + F& ) #?
C BJ&9 & 'a?1
3# 4/^ %* & HU:6 .

H

?7# )3= %:
& ? * B # E#1 )#71 ":
& .H&:1 "&
" ;
O I
9 " H
:& .H: "
=& H
1J 2
'

- & ?
1
L %* H1? ? ? #& H1 ! ;( 'H1
C ;&& H-
.#1
9 ?
*& ? #& 0E
'#1 ?7 J
" H !

() .

:7-10
+

*
%% () .#
$% & '

Isco :4 1") "
0 1%" 2 3 (/) . , - D %
(Open Channel Flow Measurement Handbook Isco, Inc., Environmental Division
9 88-10 2 9
6'
8/
+ %
)& 0 F ),,* ,?
.U
B
0 P> , )*%' ,H
+" + 86 U'
2
O* 99 /?
)9
&= G 6
),3,

)D
/ 0
+ & 6' .
(/
(LCD) 2[

/?
A # % 6
0 23,
1 B
0 23 6
G

), 2
, * ./
+ %
0 F + M
& 8,,
) %

)F,
B
0
) * 2?,1 80 F P%
?
B
0 2
0 F ,3,* + & 6' G
)F,
0 F
23, 8B
0 D
7 LCD .0 )F3,
1 %N

$ % . 99 ,?
1 'G1 86
0 F 80 F
0 F )F3, B
0 ) ,3,
6' , $% '/
2 3 8,,

1 )
2 , * .6
0 F ) 2%
Y : 2/ )

1 \ 1 . * 2 +> > 8:

80 F ,3,* b *$ 7G .: % *$ 8=C%
8 )$$? + ,,
?,
+ &
6' :?
)
M
&
.,,

=' ) 0 ,? )? 8%
" # #

+*& R1
#E#-
5/ ":
%& $&* -/1 N

."/? ? &
& & #E#-
H&1 ##
& .H1 4 a1 ? " 2:-
& ; ( 8-10 :/)
E#-& .+# 1& 1! "
$51 "< ! ;#1 4
-/1 "&: ! ;(& .4& L #
5 #
L1
& 09 H )#71 2
0& $&* K-& )
'4 0 2
i 2

H&1 1
H1 %& $&* -/1& .$U?- H

J K ! ;( ';1?1 H
1J "&:

&& #&#1 " #
%+ ( 8-10 :/) L&5 L1& .)&/ & U?- ? #&
! H
1J &# !
?& .4 $ 2
% %?9 5 E&

#-
& )( )&
.@9J
? %
1 :/ L1? -I
# E#
L1? ":
"
7 "
-9 )< & ? )#71& .& 5 E
5
& )(- *& . &9 L %* & ' 9 91 %* & 'H
i & %* HU:6 "
1 L&5 L1& .L1 H
: a1
E:
& 0 1
.%* #< & ')/& '9 7# )#- <
&
$ 1

H& '(_ 8-10 :/) H
1J #E# " # 9? #& H& $?I
4&+ C #E#-?& .H

1J L %* L; &5 _7
"&: N
H?
9 #U& H& & ? ) 2I 4&+ H
1 ^ %?7#
" _&7 ? 4& * ^ )<= 5 2
=7 "& .&5

%* 9 #U& )#71 ":
. # 4 $ 2
":
'H&

* ? #& & 'HJ
J K?
5/ " ! ;( '

.L # & U?- &
6 M+ "C & & H &H Q ! C ' #' !) ! &&+ :8-10
? ! R &* "! ' #(
& 7 "- !, "!, %&H "? !
$ #/ ) .+/ &T (8) * S () "- < / H (*) :&
!, <+ *
.(Isco. Inc., Environmental Division
9-10 :/ %* "E

&+ & ';
5 i & c ' &9 L
#E#- "!
1
3 K6E
<O '8 in.& 6& 4 + H
%* H
1J 2
& #E# &+
? H& D #- L# H: .L
- &
i
1 & #i 1 49 &+
%* L# #?

C BJ&9 " ? . 9
1
H
1J
& 'H& $=C! E
L#1& ):& 'H& " -&
L:B& 'a
9 && 8 // H
1J ##-& . L#
&

7: H&1 1& I- ":
%
(9
?7#
& & &# m &
O I L#l "D* '(_ 9-10) :/ (
:& .

2I

1 ?
H&1 #&& & H1 .
H1
.H
1J JE#-
5 ; 1 ;
:
&& K E)
* #U& 1&
.
H
1 E#- ';-
1 ? H&1& & I0& c#I
&
E F1? & a*& 9 #U& H&
E)
' U# ? (*?&

0& .+ 6&
n 156 " E1 ? #&
)U: && LCD 8 // 0 )U: L# (11-10 :/) &
#& .(:/ %* +(
C) 45 E
E
& 7& '"
J ##!
'L#9 L& %* 0i 0i (
C & ( * ? "
J "&:
;
& ' E: ;
E) L#9 L& %* & L#E#- & %* &

- " ; ;
& 7 2
."&<& H
1 0 & '=
; 9
2:- .&5 4< %* L9 %
4= R> H& =7 "
NE&? 8
97 # ;
3&+ E> H&
"
J #-& ? 7
! E&# @<& @B A
H1 #- .# E# !
- "
#

7 (H 10-10)
- 0 L#& .0 L& $&* \ 0&
%* HU: "
J&
& 4 & 'L& 24 %* 0 "
i
J 'L& $?-
$? (H: "
)
? ;*&
- 0
)U: )
.L#9 L
:
&
"
F& .H
1J #E# "
&:! /! 1 )&
E#1
" a1
# ! L
: ?9 L !
1
* " %

? L#&& 9 "&: .%:
&& "
& H
1
1 &# H&1
2
"&:
J " W
/ ' 1 ;& ' E
L/ ! K #7 &

H
1
:
# ":
& ."
&? H: "
J J& H
1J
'4 <
#E# 1& 1 4 A=1 " ; L
5 M/
.4
& ;1 %3&/- "
J +# "&:
&
"
6% 1 0 1 <
- 9* () .
6% 1 71%8 9 ;
*5* : 9-10
<
- 9* () .4

&
%%, 15 0

&
= *5* 4
+
#$ ;

! 1 4 ? 1 <
- 9*
6% * 4> (/) .9
6% 1 0%

0 1
(lsco, Inc., Environmental Division :4 1") .
= 5* 4*

= &
"
"D* ') 1&
&
M/ %*
" L &
. 1 "&: (10-11) :/ %*
A? /
"! .
- 0& H
1 #E#- #
? H
: : ) B a?1 "&

.& H& %* HU: <& j L %+ H

1J 2
L#- L#
? 4 H&1 1

&1
#& 3# L9& -9 )#716
& E:
0 &
i
0 )#71I
.
1 " )# H
1J
H
1J %* H1 )&7 0&
. I
< &9 ;
:
&& -
"! .&?- % ?
- 0 0&
& '91 &
1 " )#
? %11 G:
M/ %* ;
?: fI ( #&&
& / L " H
1J 2
)(
.
F LE1
;
- 0 ;C "&:
& '0
b& H
1 1 0 <& j
.L#E#
< &9 '1 E:
0
'* !" #

$%&

() .

:10-10
(lsco, Inc., Environmental Division , 01 ) +
"" ,
"- #
/
' (+) "
) ! ( 4-10

144 in. ! 4 in. " F&
%?7#
3#
H
0
'12 in. ! 4 in. "
0& B H
l 2 in. +# &9
'36 in. ! 12 in. "
H
": "! 3 in. ! &9 B+ ##<&
.144 in. ! 36 in. "
H
": "! 6 in. ! &9 B+ ##<
C H& : X?
=
; * '#& =7
( ) &9
R%< G# %+

H&
11
3
<
9 >37& .42 in.
?
A*

%: :M? )& E%?7# a1& '
&
?7 )& %: 1 L&& '4 H1 0 %:
: "#& '
? #&?
"&: " %5
& .
1 : J& & +&?- %
#
&/ &
&7# & 4 H1 0 N

? ; <& 'H
: W ?1& ' ;
=&
.&B
" g: & %+
+ H& L#
3

: >37 : "!
& ? L; # H& F&1 "&: " %5
.:M& 4 %* "&B
&
"&
"
3

:&:&
3

: =9
\
.%
# :M
? 10-12 :/ U
.H& %*
%* 7& '"
&#
#

: <C
3&+=
%*
: /
#

: E& E)
. 1 # ?
#6 # 3*# 7
A

: 8 ! H& # ? :& 4 %* <W I "
&#

#& KU? 8 )&
';& H& ":
) "D* .%3&
:

L#
7 &+ ' E
?* : %3& 4^& .H& #
HE1
"&
H& H? "D* .A
1= & \E<I 5: :M? & H&
4i = )#71 J B7 +# %5
': ) ! 1 a?1
U:/
97 ":
& .%1:&
^ &

9 & ')9 " " $
i & R%?7#
": "! K
&& ":
: H& D & %* "
&#
#

:
.
%
F
H& L# :M \
.;
& AB
)( !

9 F & #
&+ ?:/ B+ * &

:M? & 0& ":
'
&
H
%*& .
#

.
&? & # %* PVC

H
%* ;#71& ;&
/ : L# &+ \E< 5&
K #- AB&
< " & a9 & 5 " K-
)
& .

5 H 5 E)

.4 " ?
?
: 0 K?7& K1&
0 .\
<? "& %* G&/I
& U9I
) ';9
&& ;& :/
H
i
i

*! L&& (900 mm) 36 in.

L& (VCP) \E< 5 H

.? ;- 7 ft ! 2 ft " H
& F& .(1050 mm) 42 in.
L; #9 'Y& T :/ AB %* ' -/
:& @&: &
H
*&
.H
1
)(- ; 9 &
$+ ,5 ( , U' #!& -/ -+! > 3 #) $+ ' :11-10
!+ ' ! &%&+ ( $ "9& R % .
K $' $
$+ ( - *
&'!, #! #' 6 -/ U&' - ! #! V 25 #&4 #9 > :12-10
#9/& > 3 !
1& '\E<I 5 " && L##1& 2: H

& )

H1 0 "#U? A
1= " ):! #E#1 0
5 =&
?&?& ./ &B $7& 'H
!
*&
a/& '
#&& 1
& " 8- - ? "3 ( 10-13) :/ %*

5 . ?9 E
5 ? 0 L##1
?& 2: %*
L; ##1 U:/ "3 "
%? k9 %* -*#& L&:B W ? 'L&
##1 '(H 10-13) :/ %* & ?& # . ; :
L##1
?& 2: %* L#&& '"

! & %& " 0 %
B H& 2: %* L#E#1 0*#& #E#1 )
/ )
H
&& '2:
" ?: 0& E)
.H
HB & 0* H
)#71 AB& K
: E) #
2: H& ! *! .K*=! #9 K: %* K-*# E)
B 2: %* H/7
B 18 in. ! 6 in. " 1
B H
0 E)
'L##1&
?: ? ; "

! & %& " 0UI % " ##1
?

* %& #
&?: "
& ): H
: 0 %* )
."

): %* -*#&
&1
)
/ E)
. L#: H& %
G#!
=& e: a1 .): $
i =C! ! &&? "

! & %& L##1 5&
: K F&1 J "! .H1 E "&# #&# B+
5J
! 4 in. "
+ F& % H
l
15 . "
+ F& % H
l
3
8
1
2
in. &+ H& & " )#
in& (42 mm/linear m) 12 in.
'36 in. ! 27 "

+ F& % H
l
1
4
in.& '24 in. !in
.42 in. ! '39 in. "

+ F& % H
l
3
16
in.&
6

*
6' 7,? # D
0 # 1
6[' 6' (PVC) 0 S 1 3 .(PE) 1 6

(PVC) , 2 '
7?C
O > ,> 812 in.
1 84 in. a $>\ +>
.4? 2$ H' 20 ft !

$ 830 in. $>\ 0
9 3 .6[ 2
0* 6 %* P\ PVC c
0 $%

',N 2>

* M
& 8P\
6?,
($
d2 * 0&

2
Q 6
)
a$ * $K' PE 0 .7G G
.0> $"G ) 7G G $"G 8 +,\ O
Y
[9
,?F 8*/

# )D
PVC c
0 ,?K
)& U$ 6' 7
@ 3,K 6
8$
0 # $$? 3, 6' ' PE 0 #
.B
)
)%
2 8[
.+,, )D + )% 6 ! 0 * 2

>
8,?F * )D
0 # ]? $ ? ,
824 in.
1 4 in. a $>\ (
@ 6
0 # ' .0

+> ), 2$\ 6= .4 ft 3 ft a 2$\
b K .$$ % +9 ,? +,,
P\
) 2 .'G1
8108 in.
1 12 in. =N$> a 3% H 0
2 9\ 30
% ) > 3 .+%
* B )[' P? 6' '
0 # 6' [9
)D
6= ,,?#
)D .> =1
.UD@; +7 ,, 2H 9
$$ +9 3" ) ,?K 8

0
B " 1$% 4E () 71
6 0D$ 4D$% 9** 15
C 1
B @ A :13-10
J 4J J$ 0** () .F DAG 1
1 H% 4 I" 0 9** <C
Logan :4 1" ) F DAG B ;% 4"*% * 6% 7K%** & <C " 9* 4
L
>
.(Clay Products Company
82 e
%

6' 2 9 3
0 # ,?K

1
7* G/?
/
8

%
8+ \ ='

7 G* 7 > +7 ,

1 7 .4?# ,
H
0 #
I 8# +"

6' ,?K 6" F 8* O#

0 0H K
.6?, 2 e 0 ,
, S ;
b3:N
G"
0 $> =$> : &1 6
,
2F
(

G
$G > 2D? )
6" = .+'

, 'GE M
& 8)
= A/
+ ,
0 8 8$9 )* * '
8!

$G
[
MD
6 ; $ 30 .7G M
& 1 0 J
$
, 0 # a$ BD$ 8 2D? 6
0 # G
./
$> 6 1 c f\
&9
1& '$U*#
& 1
3 &7 %* "#? #
# H& )#71
(* ":
J #& ' - & Q "& ' 1&:-
11 &( "&: # AB:& ' 1
3
&7 "
"b * ?
%* #71I E7 #71J H
%* G7 #& A+& . 3
1 &
'

&

& '_&EI BJ&9 H
'
0 (
. ?1
H
&
* *$ 5-10
'H& L#& ' &( =7 )#&
# "

# #& "&: " %5
."*# $ 0 ;
& '
? &(&
(
.H& $&* & & & &5 %* 0& " ? )#&
=1 1E1
# & '$#7? 9?7 0 (10-14) :/
;5 ;
&1 ;1 *&
KUD* '$#7 @ %* 0&
# K! B! H&
? H
$& 0& "&: N
H
E#6 #& .H& )
#
"&:
J #* ' ( 14-10) :/ %* aE& &+ : '$#7 @ %-
G&1
#& .8 a1 J& & &?-
B ): J& E ? ;#
$?7 " & # " H

=& HE1
'H&
-

)
# "
& .1 ;1 H& @E#
# B ;
;
=
;

& E
7 1: " "&: E
- #& " $ )#71I
'H&l "

E>6& $#7 %*
# 0& )
.(14-10 :/) E% _E# #

1
C K % % "&: 'J 8- %*& .H
H
:
H& )
# "&
)#71I
# 'J B+ %*& .#9 )# E
O
.(o+14-10) :/
9
-& 3
#
* "&: % $
1&
#&& . :1 %* H& E#? ; ?
# "&: " %5
E>? ? E
&
? E
#& %+
#: L; # )#716 %
-

E# J
-
H )O (- "! .(H& 14-10) :/ %* "
&+ : ' 1
# "
?& .H& C* & > 3
1 ;#& P?7 B! &1
& & '_# #

* #&1
E

I #i & " E&: E
# 0& ":
%* K&& H& & ' (_ 14-10) :/ %* "

&+ : U ;&7

# " B+ "f
.C* U?7 " "&# :1
'%U9 &7&
B
/ H
: ":
& .H&l 2 )
# )#&
7 #&& =
; 1 9 )&
1 "
B H& &?- %
# ?
% a1 %+& 'PVC o H
? -3/ %U9 &7& .& H

l6 'H& $&*
# 0& #-& .H& 0& 1 #i
#

# > E)
L; #& .-& 4 %* E>6 %&
-
H&
% %& G&& . ? E> " %95 ! %85 1
& 9
9 ! ! H _ #& 'E> ! &&? 2E1& $
# @&&
!
-E
# # '$ "
: %* aI
& .*&( ;-
!

-
#& )#71 0 N#
# &+ E #9 & G&1
(&14-10) :/ $
H& $&*
$ "D #& #&+ # $ (*) . !* -/ #&+ #( #H9 !* :14-10
75 ,5 0 ! 0 +& #&+ # % / , .#H & & $ ! (+ & #H ' #
' #'
* $ "C #& #&+ # $ () .# ' * #( # !

; 2' DO $ "B #& #&+ # $ (8) .IH ) JL !*
(F) .#'
& $ "CS #& #&+ # $ (&) .3 (H $* 25 * !W 6
% A
! +& $' &
$ $ ) #&+) # $ "A-1 #& #&+ # $
* 2' & & ( ) .#H% #&+ # ' $* , - #9& 1X $ >

#H ' &) F ! >
.K
: )
B H& =7
#&
# #& ?7 #
" "&
9?5
BJ&* H
& "&
& 5 " H
)#716 ;5*
.
: "&# E) > ! U &7 & . U &7
$<
J& 8- 0 U &7 B+ "
&< E# 4< A/
&
PVC o& "&+# BJ&9& "#? #
#& '"
?

! %& H
":
. &

3J< )#71 E9
AB ' &7 $76 " & p#76 "
"&# ) > ! ;
:& '? ; I#71 H?
& .&
! 'H& /J ? L#1 L; # 4 )#71I
& .
:
./ :/ L& 4 N9 B
J
! 6-10

'9? 1 ? ; *-
(Installation) H
: H?
'
3
? J H?& .E> ?& 'H
:
&
.
: ) % #&?
? 7& '4 F<& ')
#&
)# %* ;
)#71I
K! B! '$#7 9 E%- E%b 9 L; # )#71I

5 H %* E
&/ "# $#7 9 ":
.H
0 0* %*&
.;:1 H : "! ; &? "&: ;C ?3 H& "
C '
1

& ' ?3 ;#& ' ;
&& ';
# HU? )# 5 <&
L9 E &
#E# # .H
H
: 7&
J 7 " -
G7

J& "
&& (OSHA)
& " L#!&
:
- L<&
.$#7 9 ?& " \
? "
&&
5& '8 5
9 )
# ( " H
0 AB& '
1 : =& 'L/ && '2
%:
1&#

%* ;#71 $ : "! .L& & "b #i
/ F1&

J
&- " ## #&& " )C ' ?3 H& B $#7 a* %+ '
9

& ' A&?1 AB %* 'L9 "# )
# + HE&

G7 G&& 'L9 " 71 % & '
1 :& '
*&
"# " ?

# ( '
1 "
/- & .L9 "
?

&< #-& ' ; b& ; D* ')i
?1
i :/ ; ?3 : "! 'L9
K F&1
#E# : #& OSHA U . >&7
.2-2 &# %* "
&+ : '"; " ! "" " #
H

9?
%+ C & A " : B!
# -
1
&
"D* .4 ; -/ "&: " " B 0 " #
4 #
UD* '9 # 0i ! <& U:/? ? : "! E '

I -
"D*
.A1 >
&7 B
+ ,* - * " ! ( :2-10 *
(*)

(ft/ft)

90

kPa
ton/sq ft
/

!

! $!
53
1 :3/4
! $% !
>144
"#
> 0.5
"#
<0.5
)
> 1.5

$&% !
45
1:1
! $% !
>48
'( #
34
1 : 1 1/4
$ $*)

<48
.20 ft

(*)
$"G F +> P%

+9 +7 B> 0
2
U?F P% 6$
ton/ft2 c
1
O %
6' 9C
>1 , * .+
@
8%40
1 %20 U?F P% 6' \$?
2 a .kPa c

%
6' 7 H>, U$
1 .0
$ : 6' 7,/ %

@ $"G F +> 8 ,
8S3,
%
?
1 ) * 21 *
U,
1 8+% @ 0 6' 0 10-15 2 9
.+

56 36
g H/ ,? U, ?
,, * 1 3: U, ?

.2[ 0 / U, ?
U, U' 10-15 2 9
.0 # 0
30
% (H 0 6= 54 in. $># )& 0 # $% 1
- e 2 0 $? +
3!
# 0
* .12 ft 2$

1 B
4 O/?
M
& U, ?
2$ * ,3, ,* 7 *: B
a:
U, ? U, U, ?
/
6 36
g / ,?N .+/
A> ,
, A>
P
!&
3!&F/
A,
.0 # $% 3, 6' 3 &F/

O
6' '
I M9 O
G 3

, 0 # 3,
2
D \ = U,
,
.U, ?

6' D
7 ' 3, 3 0 $% ,=9N
+
6' .[*, 0
1
6
6
h /
,?N U, ?
6' /
3,% 8# A, 6

%$
3 = 2
(015-10) 2 9
.#
1 U,
0
$% 2: 1 3 /

+
6' .,
i'
U, ?
A> * ,*%

* 3$$
+j 9
U, ?
6' 2
G .' $ U,
6' 0
9 .$
0 #
G
1 0 # $% 3 0 # +,3,
2 1 ? 3 .(S14-10) 2 9
6' +=
+=
,*%
%$

, * $"G
% 5]? 5![, 3 ,? G ' 0
.03
? , $"G B JN 7>$ D
7 9 8
36 * 0 #
.:
: $ 0 # $> % \
H
H
: 4 %*
& 1J
*& <
? )( )#71I
#J ! $#7

9 K
& %* <
? < )#716 : .

)? fB 8- ;-/ ( 16-10) :/ %* E
<
? L#& 16 .H1
#-& .E%- 0& #+ ! H& * 4& " >
L#& $1 ? L#&&
&1 H& )#71 5 H
!

&1
<-
-& B+ ? (*& ;
:
&& 19
&1 L#& )& '<
?
" <<+J& L #
5: ' E
7 E
3
&-
"
1J&
)
7#! AB #- E)
.> #- " & 8 :
'H& : 0& #-& .L#& L7f %* L#&& 2? )U: &? &?

" $U? H&
%* +<: "&:
N
3
# 0& E)
.1 9?7 H
l ;
&/ & ;
* 3
# L<: ) . 1J&
H& <! ":
N
H&
%* 3
# 0& 'H& H
: #-&
?
i <
? ":
: . 3
# <: ! <
? - H? K-& !
" 0&
" & = ;# H& H 0&
" # E
&/
1
":
J .(# '_ 16-10 :/) T :/ K H
?
: H&
": B! AB:& '@/ 4 ;- c#I H& <
? -/ < )1
.H& " 4&? R $ " & L7 #&& " ; -/ _-
H
i
? i E i 3
# & KE&
& ? <
? H
: E)
AB " J
; #&

? (*? H& :
# H&? :/ E )i # ? _
i E#
(_ 16-10 :/ 91 %* L+() #- " )U: L# )#71 ":
.H1
&&?

&< ! H& & : <
? -/ < 1
.H
7 a
4J !
H1& $#7 ! 3*
&7# "&# &f?
q & 4 F< "!
9 ":
J 8- %*& .$#7 "# -!& L# H

H&1 ": U & .
*&
F< $#7
%* 7 0& H

H?
'L9 "&# ! 4 H&1 897 ? b HU:6 ';

*&
N
&? & L& :? ^ "&# 4 F ;
7
<^ ;
/ H?
# 'FU & .4 $#7 &
3
.4 " E%&
80 # $? ,, * U, ?

,
* B
+= /?

$? ,, * 1000 ft 2/ 2:* , a9 : G

G ),
, , <2># * ,> '
:
, .0 #
87[ U$ 6' +&/
)/
* [
)*F U3$K .$

2 ,> .6$

$G * M
& 8?
,
*
F I
+,3, 2' * % /
2* [
),X,

6' 0
G .

) [
A O * \ /
2*#

i%
, 3 D $@\ )/
, $" $

.?,
[
)

1 F
36$

M
1
*2 4* () .1

, @5 6
F*2% 1
$

% :15-10
F* F*2%
.1
H 2$ 4 1
5 *- 1 & K
% F5 %
, .4M 8 4 1 $ 0 1E
4 P* F 8
%
5 M 8H () .O, N% &> N2 9 *2 9*G 2$ "

1") .98 P- & 1
* 1 1
% 4
7K , > F5 %
7 *2 *$
(Gladding McBean Company, a division of Pabco building productsm L.L.C :4 $
! + ' ? $ 0 +H A( &' (*) .3 !* A ! :16-10
;&'5 -/ A( &' 2(+ ! A &
() . ( N 1 # A 7 #9& 25
+ ( #! 2(+ * "#'/ -/ A( $ (8) .# ( #, -/ A( #A' "'
3 -/ T >' I ) 2(+ A &' (&) . ! < / ( ' 2(+ * " !
(Courtesy of Spectra-Physics Laserplare, Inc. $ #/ ) > H
* .

! ]
9? 0 ),
k$
%$
, 1
\ $
0
H K 8O%
* .2 8$ Y ? *
,> 7 * 8B
, D 9
G"
)
S:
E' 86$
=
7 3$
G"
0
3] .:
,
0 2H 9 ' 7

* 1 83]
7
H E' 87G/?
3]) ># =3, '
.*
U$ , * G B
[

,
)? 1 .+,3,
B
6& 4 4,
(>
.D
7 %
$= 3,
UH%
!G +/
6' *G

G& *:& % %& G&

#
7 >&9 )#71
E#- & )#71
?* )

? 1
)#716
.L#E#
7 -
& ';/ 7J : ASTM D1557 7 -
& .>
%* &
& ? G& *: 7J B+ E#
.S#-I HI
! &&? 4 *! ) "9

9 ) " E)
. ? "<& "
&3 1: '&- R%& G
r &
e: H& '0-lb1 <& )#71 27 %*
%& G&
# U96& E "<O & . 25
7 %* \3 8-6 .%& G&
5 #-
?- E:6 .%3
G& * *: "
(6 .17j10 :/ %* "
&+ : 'R%

.%11 X?
% %& G& G# 12 lb/cu ft X?
- B
%95

'( )$
%85 !" #
$ %&
'( )$
#, #" %90 *"+

#
$
-1
0+

/
#
" .-
." )$ 4
5
6 #/
(18-10) !$2 3 ."

9 +" +" ( 8 18-10 !$2) )$ 7
!

%5
< !

5

$ ;
+" %" 5 .(

:(
?> <+@ & ?5
?> ., %" =0
!; 8
% )$ " % . ;
? '8

BC / % .cu ft A +" %" - lb A (
< ?
" *

'5
!E /5
,5
D; " #
.(
)$ 8 '( )$ ;

# # 2(+ &H )

Y9! > $A $ #% 9 #! # ; ' :17-10
&
L .- ; ' #/1 $ #)CH & % # % .
-/
-1 - ; ' ; #/1 & -/ Y9!
# J -(' R &* :18-10
2-10
"
? "7 , # 'S#-I HI 7 \3 17-10 :/ (
'170 cu in. ) :1 #

- . &7 )#71 $#7 ## ?
o * "<&& '11.8 lb o H "<& E
7 >&9 E# #&
'10.23 lb H <& ":& '156 cu in. ":* 2 #
- .11.0 lb
0 $*&
E> ": "! &
# ) H1 .9.25 lb <&&
s;1 ; & )E# + .%90 5 > 1 2# ?

:1 #
-
= #&? * *:
11.0 lb /lb/cu in. 111.8= (170/1728)
= G& *:?
&3 1
111.8/121 . 100 = 92% > 90%
.> ?- 2# ? E

7 >&9 %9
'
& 1
%+& ((11.8-11)/11.0 100 = 7.3%) & X?
.%& G& B+ G# > "
*^ > "E1 "&
:2 #
-
= #&? * *:
9.25 lb /lb/cu in. 102.5= (156/1728)
= G& *:?
&3 1
121/102.5 . 100 = 85% > 90%
.> ?- 2# ? E

7 >&9 %9 J
& '
& ((10.26-9.25)/9.25 100 = 11%) & X?
. *: L#
<
*! J
; H?
& 1
C >
(19-10 ) :/ %*
& L1 )! )
$7J & ( .(1.3 m ! 1 m) %* 48 in. ! 36 in. $
5
%* 91 & H
AE 0 W&O < ?
&& *: 2
& .

*: 2
%5
.&1&
*: E#
& L; / L; 4 %-
2
&+ '(# 18j10) :/ %* &&
" L# &&9 << E)
./:& ;
-/!
/
( # )#71
2
)&
: . ::9 H %* K 9
: H %* : :/
(
7 )
? *: )
)#716 . %* %& G&
#
.
1 *: H1 S#-I HI
12 in.
1 2 )* )%$ 6' ),
k$
%$
G
%$ U* 1 .19-10 2 9
6' +=
+,# ,? 3]K ?
6'
3]
)3, 3G .U, ?
6
>9
2'
* 73 73 G ),

,> 7G 6
) )3
8N
,
b,
)3N 7 ::= 7[/
,
b,
6
6
h /
%
)$; 82,
8(?

, : 8(19-10 2 9
) 6' , 83
([/
.

.*

* ::= +>
1 2
8M3 $ >$
,:N :

F .),
k$
%$
N
0
6' 3
([/
,?K
19- 2 9
) )3
.
$
0
6' 3
([/
,?
.G F
7 7 7 2H"9 " M3 $ 3]
U%' (010
+,3 )3
.=:/> B 6' #
1
h # B F ',
,K 6
2,
O 2H"9K .
$
0
)& %G
U, ?
6'

h : 0 . H
M $ (S19-10 2 9) M3
,%K $K 6
2,
,?K .
M M3
b
::=F
U$ 6' 8 l0 ' , 9 U$ 6' (, 19-10 2 9)
/
UK
2,
&= 2 * )3N ,%
. N
6
M * )% ' 8U, ?
), U' S, I 6
6
h
.
h )/
M
& 6
6
h H/
d2
8(19-10) 2 9
6'
.0
b, 6' =\
1 'G1 ,
: 2 ,?
7-10

'7#? a/ '
? < N
" L#
#
76
.4& 7 AB:& '4 ;4&? H& "&:
# _7? F/J 2
&
N
* $ %*
11 Li & _7? F/J 7 )#71
4 H& 4

-& .H& "&#
*&
H&1 "&:
& 8- ! ;( '

! ;
#E# "
i < =7 4 #* &
LE# \3 B "&:
" 839 5? ":
.&-
5 ! 9&
7 &B 9 "
0 7 ": '& " %?91 4< %*
4 4? a1
& '10 in. $ %:
1&#
E&?- L; # "&:
.
#&& H&l a1
B ._7? F/J 2
24 hr K
*
F/J "

.2 4& <D % a1& '4 0/6 " =&
.500 gal/in. of dia/mile/day ! 100 "
F&1 _7?
gal/in. of

:3-10

! gal/hr/100 ft dia/mile/day
1 - 0 ,-. gal/hr/100 ft + #, ,-.
Dia/Mile/day
500
400
300
200
100
(in)
3.2
2.4
1.9
1.3
0.63
8
4.0
3.2
2.4
1.6
0.79
10
gal/in.
4.7
5.9
7.1
8.3
3.8
4.7
5.7
6.6
2.8
3.5
4.3
5.0
1.9
2.4
2.8
3.3
0.95
1.2
1.4
1.7
12
15
18
21
9.5
10.7
11.8
7.6
8.5
9.5
5.7
6.4
7.1
3.8
4.3
4.7
1.9
2.1
2.4
24
27
30
14.2
16.6
19.0
11.4
13.3
15.2
8.5
10.0
11.4
5.7
6.6
7.6
2.8
3.3
3.8
36
42
48
# Y& &

L # J #AAF #' (*) .<&!
& Y& -/ #&
&* :19-10
<&!
-/ S <! Y& &
>
&) * 6AAF 8% () .#'
[ & !W #!Z
.P( # #('& T' + # TSL <&!
#('& (8) .<&!
$& ! $ #
& ) -/ "-H % = T ' #'( #('& (F) . <&!
-/ &
L &L 2L #('& (&)
(Wacker Corporation $ &H #/ ) . ! <&!
2(+ '& % - "'
" J! '4 H1 4& H1 ":

J K " )C ?&
#
:/ ;#/ ;& "! .
7
&
=1 E
J 4& 7
#* N#
1 ": '<- ):I ": && 4& 5 #* " ;3
/ #
E&1
4& &
97& ' &- ?& & & - 4&+
.4& 7 4!
7
?7# F&1 H
E)
'"#
= = )/
,
$%
2:* 3 B
? %

,? )D 3! $" 0 # 6 , * M
& 20-10 2 9
6'
2 +,
* B%; 4.0 Psi
1 2 'N 8B= $"G U$ . E
+ , ) 80
7 ),,
<2 ]' 3 85 min
1 min

1 3.5 Psi $"G
$
:D
:
P%N B
,,1 $%N .B

?F : 2D? 1.0 Psi $= I,
E' .3% * $ 2.5 Psi
1.0 Psi $= &1 8?F : ,>
$? 80

.?F : 6' 29' ,>
$? E' 0
?F : 2D?
3
$? 100 ft 2
$
P%
: 4-10 2,

,Y ?
0 # $? $% G E' .$># / 0
: = :# &= A 8$> 2
?F : 0 =, * 3 80 J
4J #- AB& 4& 4=7! 7 )#71 9 7 )

.$%
?

&7 " +7 # 9 < E)
.H& 7 "
"&: " %5
'
&7 %* 8 in. " + e
J ##1 H
:
a/ 0 7#? ; H& j 9 L&/ " ;#
- ; &* ##1
+ B "< $ B! '7J < # 9 -& .H&l 7#
%*
! / )
0 'in. Hg9 ! 10 in. Hg " 4& 4=7! 4 K
*
=! )
#* 7J %* 9 ?/* B!& . #< & 5-10 &#
. 1 LE#1 #& E & p:=
C 4= 1&
.0 1&' & & !*

# ! #C & M
! ? S
:20-10
()

' 100 ft "
#
$%& :4-10
5
*+ ',-
(min) , &

3.0
(in.) +
2
21
(min) , &
(in.) +
2
3.6
24
0.3
4.2
27
0.4
4.8
30
1.2
5.4
33
1.5
10
6.0
36
1.8
12
6.6
39
2.1
15
7.3
42
2.4
18
ASTM International. ASTM C828-06

)
.( $% & " ! "#
3-10
4& 1& \E< 5 " 8 in. & 400 ft K& & 7
2.5 ! 3.5 Psi " 5 & 2 "< X? .
&
=1 " $U?
sB+ 897 4& 5 7

7 < + .6.5 min 'Psi

min &+ 8 in. H& 100 ft : 7= # "< 4-10 &# "
E"D* AB '1.2

7J "< =
400 ft 1.2 min

= 4.8 min
100 ft
. 6.5 min

- - &( ,$( " * /0 :5-10 *

66
(in.)
60
33
29
(sec) &
26
41
36
49
72
54
48
23
20
(ft) .
8
33
29
25
10
43
39
35
30
12
57
51
46
41
35
14
67
58
52
46
40
16
73
65
59
52
45
18
81
72
65
53
50
20
89
79
72
64
55
22
97
87
78
64
59
24
105
94
85
75
64
26
113
101
91
81
69
28
121
108
98
87
74
30

"
23) ' *+
", -,& & / 01 # )
.(! 4# ASTM International
1 2 ' 2' 8-10

'0 ( %*
& 0* AB& '0* H?
% %*& .
?-
" ;: % H
1J 1 #-
) "!
# ! ' - !
%* ##<
" ? ":
1
Q H
: ":
+ .":
C % H
1J %* 1J K- &#5
7 )& " & ' @9 ? 8- & !
0*
! 5 L#&&

&5 7 !
F
)1 & -
;#
;
# 1 % 0 # # . -
J N
;# H& " ')3 )( * ? -&&

B+ %*& .4 & G&1 " # & =& 1 K:
.2
3 & "
Q " L
5 0i * 7 ":

1 !,C , 79/ 0$ 8 LG
)$ +,91 1
U$
6'
) 2
* )$ &1
!
6' bH 9
H 3 80# &
.
G/ 03 ,> *

,? U$

$ > 8
$$? b, * M
&
F ) LG
' )?G 7 ' . ,
29
$$?
6G#
.! B )
,,* M
& 2 8100 gpm :
@ 2
* ,% 2H = m: )?G
&=
G/? )?G @
) .),, 0 , "
3 in. 0 6' ,

3N +& ?G " F1 8*$F
.(100 gpm 23, )& 82% 2 9 ,, D 2

'100 gpm " : 1 L9 Q L# )#716
.(21-10 :/ ()
? & L9 %* ##1= ?
C LB 7&
=7 " H
: 9?: " @=^
B 7& E&5 7 U97
&5 7 AE #&
. * L9& L9 *I 9?:
97
1& 7 6 . 7
? < $&# %* ( 21-10 :/)
1=1& A:1 )#716 . L9 @ ? L#&& 7 L#
9
a
9 )#71 U&& 7 0?6& .
& 9 7 _7^ 0*
56 # ?l L#& H? ."
-# :/ i ? " Li &I i
3<
4 H&1 4&+ 9 #& 8- #E&<6 .F9 U5/6& 4
? "U: &<- & )E&
" $U )E "! .1
L9 %* HU:6 " 7? ":
.8 9 H#1 %* & 8
%9
? _< " $&# %* & &: & '& "

. L9 %*
-3/&
-/ '(H 21-10) :/ %*
@=^
B LB 7&
" ? ! "&# '8 $&* E)
AE& 7 ! && "
7 U*# *& . E&5 7 %* &+ : '
? /:? L9
1 : <D && 4C a1
& ' ? #& 0 -? L
:
:!
;C #6 :& .L; / #6 " 7? ":
.@U*# "&<? "

HU:
.-1 & 7 1 #
# %* & F1? AB& )<
"
AB& 8 $&* &<- & )E&
" $U )E
&& "
L9 $&*
5 H HU:I
& .
! &&
" 0 %* - I "
" E&: &#< Q *& .
(&
. J< ? && %7 :
+
25 * MH 25 <+ $ > 3 / 6&( ! \ ' :21-10
# N \ #' (*) . S
!* > !* + > 3 #H #' ! T' &H
8
@ C P ! &
.# ' M* 2(+ # S #
% U' #7 !
() .B F M < / * M ' & -/ # % <' % &) .#

.M < / & ! * #
25 .# ' < / #% ]C)@ #7 7! #

( A S .$A !, &&A 25 0! #
#+ A' & P%' B
(Gorman-Rupp Company $ #/ ) .# ' >! (+ O( #
25
2
1. Isco, A Teledyne Technologies Company, Water and Wastewater
Monitoring Products, <http://www.isco.com/products/productswm.
asp>.
2. OSHA Technical Manual, Section V1, Chapter 2: Excavations:
Hazard Recognition .in Trenching and Shoring. U.S. Department of
Labor, Occupational Safety & Health Administration, <http://www.
osha.gov/dts/osta/otm/otm-v/otm-v-2.html#8>.
3. Concrete Design Manual, American Concrete Pipe Association,
Irving, TX. <http://www.concretepipe.org/manual/START.pdf>.
4. Engineering Manual. National Clay Pipe Institute, Lake Geneva, WI.
<http://www.ncpi.org/engineer.htm>.
5. American Society for Testing ad Materials (ASTM),
<http://www.astm.org>.
3

!" #
1-10
!" # ()$&
' %$! !
%$! !
%!" # *+, ()
2-10
3.5 #)3 (- 2 4 5 80 gpd/home 0 1 2 500 / - 3-10
%1-10 2) 8 0)1 6, 6 7$
%1-10 2) 9 :) ) 2 ))$ ) " 1; 4-10
61
)4 400 gpcd 8,4 $! 7 ! ) " - 5-10
%120 gpcd < 8 gpcd! #
2) ? )) 8,4
0 180 >,
0 520 : 7= 6-10
71
53 .@ 8,4 09=
0 440 8 :9= : ,
.5 2 9 6; 7$ ))+ $ .750 gpd/home #)3 (- 61 2
4.5 ) 24 in. #3 7)&

2 , ))4 8!3 7-10
. 120gpcd = 61 ) 3.5 , (- 2 4
0 ,4 %2 2 9 )9
))$ 9 " CD1 9 ()+)" 6 7)1B - 8-10
1 : 3 1/2 ) 61 , 8 mgd 61 1
- %7$;
6; 61 7$ 9 3-9 :)" 8
E " (- 61 61
%
D1
% 6 6F # 6
2!D C, 9-10
?
%?) D$
) 6 )+ : )1& ? 10-10
%:D, :,G
%7)1
- :- C$D 11-10
- %2 ! 8,4 6; :F HI 6
12-10
% KF 9 :$! :>
%3F :> 6 6J &
% 9 61' 7@' 9 :4!L C 5= 13-10

%61 3

% 6 2M )! % 6 2M - 14-10
%2M - N
%4! ! # :3
15-10
6 2+=D %$! ! : ) 9 = 6 2+=D - 16-10
%!" # 61 9

%61 5 7$O )1B

6; C'!
17-10
%6; # 9 :P 1 C
P 7
:, :1 ) :@1 : 9 /
+ & P =I 6 6 18-10
%(14-10 2F 8 5) :)4
9 PVC S
# ) :1 ) :)4 : K 19-10
%:=I :P
- C ) :+ =I :+ ,1 :" : 9 20-10
%
,G ,
) ))$
=I PVC
6 :T 4
%:D!; C$ C ), 0= 4 6+ :9=L C4
:D$ C!
V &4 )4 .6; )+ 0 $D 03) ?
J F
2 ) 21-10
H
) :41 : C> ) W9 )4 .H (3 :"
7 :
%?)
)
X 2 .2
J $ 7G : C9 :
:=3 C!&4 .?) D$ 2 ) 22-10
C
)
X 8); 2 9 C ," #- 8,4 0) 4 .2 8 C>
%(D$ 7$ D :,
1 :, :9=L C ," %?)
%CG 2 8,4 6 6
23-10
: )1& C)" %?) Y
24-10
%7)1B Y
#)3 G [$ : :" 2)Z "& 63&
/ 25-10
173 cu in. S ,$

\ .111 lb/cu ft )3 :9 :+ :9G %12
,$
, 7 .9.65 lb
10.8 lb , 6

:
%90 CD! C, - %:9G, :G :@ :1 :,$ :9G
1$ 7
C %61 Y+ 2 G YJ
%YJ
:9G %8 #)3 G [$ 2)Z "& 63&
/ 26-10
7$ :T , 7)1 ,$
/ .128 lb/cu ft )3 :9
, 7 .11.2 lb #)3

11.6 lb #)3 6
166 cu ft =
CD! C, - %:9G, :G :@ :1 :,$ :9G ,$
> 7
C %61 YJ 2 G YJ
%95
%YJ
1$
%:1 6B : :&$ 6B, : )1& YJ C)" 27-10
#)3 ], ^F )9 ) 12 in. #3 1000 ft 6 5 28-10
61$ gal/hr/100 ft S ], ^F 2+)" 61$ .30 min 9 13 gal
%: )9 2 200 gal/in.dia/mile/day )$
- .WF 2+)"
200 ft ^ 1 ], ^F' 8!3; 61 29-10
- H> 6; V - %100 gal/in.dia/mile/day )+ $
- 8 in. #3
%2.5 Psi 8 3.5 Psi
= >
23 D =
- .H> 8 in. #3 250 ft =
6 5 30-10
%2 6; 6 2 180 sec 2' %2.5 Psi 8 3.5 Psi
=
48 in. 3 20 ft > 4 :" :P $D H>
/ 31-10
%: :$D 2 .2.2 min
=I 9 1 in. Hg #)3 =
C9' %! # _= C$ :"@F ; 32-10
%> 9 :+11;
11
)
"

%' .%
&

$
"

# !

*+ .

*+ ,-
/0
()
2 &)
*+ 3&
%&4 +-!
(Imhoff) 1
;(< 0 74 18 3"9
:$1 8- " 56 () &
"
> (<
&6 5
()
&-
&

.=8
,-
! .1) 5 %<& 1 $1
"9
,-? @ 38-
"A 6 "9

? 38
+

4
"9

.1) %&4 A 1 B
7 ! 8 :$
*+
%4' ' >
AD 3" 0

C
,-

.,- F
A &4 "A 6
5$
E

- /0 4H A
A2+ 2
>C
G
$
6
' G 3"& - :H /0 ' :I& .8
,- &4
' & &
0!
$

B& > $ 38
6 2

9& DF
2

&
(
+G
.%
?
L
$
" J- K8+& ,&- &) &6
)&
N< ) : 35)

M<
:-& 1 <!
3
01& .BOD
&)
5)
M< 4 2C
:-G
.1910 :6 &

$
" ( 2) & "-'
' >
AD 3
.8 % ' 2' C& ( R5I %

Q )-
&

9& DF
3

T
2
:S

6- .$
U
*? 32 )
3
&
3)<
"9 & 1 <!
31
$

K*V
<6 .2& X 1
W %
"
2H
L

# )<
"9
:
+-& ) %' !& 3$

.(3-11 "8
&
D C
A$' <4 )
BOD
!

" .

:1-11
&
()* &

" .
&' ( !# $%
/0
1 1 /0
2 ,- + &
+

1-11

)

*+,
&
% ' (

$# .
!
"
" 3 0 - -2# )1

$ #
0 - /
$

0 $

4
56 )7(
*+ 8 !
> !
" $ =(

(

5 . 9
:;<+,
-#F ++(
'
D+E .?+
@ 6 A B
C
5 )*+
@> #
0
I ++(
<AG $ )1H0
$= $5
#

0
0
I =

.=

>
L
.=
8K

5E 0 J @ 6 (BOD)
QD P= O*+ : B * .( 0) =
+(
< )1
$ $ B
(
)0
S #
" $ 2 )R
8
D .(
S - +

@ 6 S0 F )
S
+
' S= D ' )=

8
*T+ B
7LA

: A
D#<E =

(
*+
$ A
90 $F
<G .S#I
: ,

0 D+E .U
V5 '
+,
80 -L
I,
>
7 D+ .=
90 L
<
D#<
) F '
$ ' .-L <+0 D
1H0
$ 1 U
;+,
F )80 F )A
D * U
>5

L<
W
.-0 1+ $6 #

(
<
+
@ 6
BQ
1
0 <H

@ 6 G
$
$
5Q
=
5 D )
= @ 6 #> 1
0
!
" I+ $6 .L<
W L; 1X D0 0
)%0.1 $ 'F

Z0 (400 l) 120 gal/person @
0 Y D
:<+ .BOD [
$ 200 mg/l )

$ 240 mg/l
@ 6 D= $ BOD [
0 )#

; <
#
$ 0+

L+
A
1H0 .*+ ' 0

%5 [
Z0 3 )(2 l) 0.5 gal/person [ =
(
V5 <

$ 1 @ 6 1H0
"BI 5 15 D .(1-11 ) -5

D0 Y .
1>6 @ 6 +
U
Q C0 )- =
BQ

)
$
$ %70 )(TVS)
1

$ %50 $F
.=
0

R
8
@ )
A+A
$ %70
$ .
=
"BI
5^ ! > (
*
0
$
7A )L
= A+=(
*+
.
$
+

BQ
#

5] )

5]
< (' 2-11 %<) ' ,- A

1

3"U
KC
J)4 %2 3
8$ &-
:
+-G
"1 K
' & 1
K
' : =
.
&
E

J$& ,-
,6- "< 1
0 J
+ /0 3"-C

( + 3A "
1 && )& K
' > 3
C
"9 &) U C

,-
BU 2V .GY $& 1 - 6
E
0 R' ,- $+ :+ "9 >6 %
G
A & .8

:
"&
8
"9 - 3&

A&- %6
J %
:D 3/0 .%2 %0.5 & =
&

$ (' 2-11) %<
M*$

- ))+ &

>6 < "-

"9 %- ,- 3("9
G "
1
+)

' 2
)-
& "9
: %W ' "&
& .6

$
C
.
7
:$1
%&4
+2&

+,
: A
8

9
Z
L D+4

I(
@>
#
0
$6 .(* 2-11 ) !
"

.- 90 0 1- > $ B6 )-; GA0,
$5 $ )X #A
.!
1H0
+
*+

0
P0# 19-3
)L+
0 $ @>F F -+
$ '

1+
!
" D+E ' .!
" -
-50
:
E
4
!
" $] )

*
I(
$# $ $6 F )
.
8
W UA+, * 0

5^ XE $F X
% ()

0) /&
34 / :2-11

&

7& () .

1-11
:

&6
J4
A--' A A))+ 3-11 %<
1D
3Z+
(
6 : .
) > &- & --C
>
AD .
@*
)&$ )- %&4 :
T 1
, X [ 3-

7
' 7 %& A *+ *6 Z+
(
,-
>
A -
.18 J4 A& ) % 6
3Z+
( &)
6
\+ >6 +

:+

>
AD .
& D 9& ' :
T 1
:
T 1 [ 3
:D 7 F+& +

"9 '
B
AG : .1 +- "9
=) &I
)
> Z
:D ;% >6
A 6
1 B
7 "9

-
6
.1
+-
"6 ' "9
=) )
9"%

( /
&8
:3-11

:

2

> " -

330 mg/l ^
&

330 mg/l 4 BOD L 51< )- >4'

( : .9.0 6.0 & pH L 310 mg/l :<

4 .

A$ /0 >^ ' ,) ' (Effluent) Z+
J<
6
.=)
%&4 & *5' &-G "
:
.100 ml L
200 E G - )-
&

&
2' 4 (NPDES) "@*
)
%-G
:D " \+
:
G
, E+' 2* $ %& 3
2*
0 %
A<
3)-

> Z+
(
<4 .1 B
6 &

5 Z+
(
' .5-5 "8
(NPDES) & `4
.14 %8
`4 - 3:
+-G
"6 &) 3
I

J

K
C
&' +-!

&
6 , .A " '
"

0

&)

3*6-

U
&-& 0+C

,- G
:4 +
8
1<
&- G
)-

+
3AF2 .8

4 6 &- G
3%30 > %20 & 5 -
%
2' A&I
A< >
:
$ .A 6 %4' C
&-
:' 6
0+C
, .,)
%8
%F+ 2 0
3%+
A</A6

"

!
6C
)-

&6G&
' 316 Bb & T 1 34 & >^ ' .)
& ,-
> <! .%25 &- & :4C

0 ()
,- G

.",)
c
: ,-
" &&
0

(Loading)

' )
* +
,- .# (
#$% &
!' !"

lb)
. 1
&
/0 1
&
! 2 %
.9)& 7 8 #
) 5$- $& 56 (
' BOD
5- A@ ?& ' <
: )
+
;
- (<
(<
=>& ' )

5- C+
! 2 %& .9&
5
B 9 5
B % (0

2 .#$ (
& (+> ' < D (+> $&
&(
&
.) 6 :

" >,
0' &
6

,&& . &
5& 5) ,$ $&
0' & 5-
6
!' >&?& .
;E& 1
!"
0' & 5- G
BOD F + #$% &
&
,' $ A> I-& &
' ! 2 C H"

# &
?& .K< $%

>J& .#$%
8 +:
)

& 5-
>&
: L&& .#$% &
&
.58
)' ' 8'

0 ) D
1-
0#

D
1-11
R
D0F 0 8 '
Z
>+
<
+,
$6 .11
@ 6 %20 $
+,
1- > W
.3
# 1T0
0
.%300 @> %200 @ 6 Z
,
F )
+
$ %50

0 <> T ' SF @ 6
-G ) _ Q $0(
7 0
D
"BI $
>+ > C0 B
*+,
@ 6 V
D $0 )D X
$;
$ $F < DG SF @> A
' =
+ @ .10

$F
BI .10 mgd Y 1B *+ 5 mgd S < + @'F
<
!G
0 0
D ; 5 mil gal <>+ 10
* .10 mgd 5 , 1B

>+ $6 C0 *+,
X 3 Z
$F * .24 hr 1 10 mil gal @> ' DG

$H
BI +A $F
0
!G )
!G Z

K
0AE
)@(
0
@ 6 @'(
0
$

5 ' .1B
!G )@(
= D . X 80

0 1> * B
(
)10

<
0 R
] )+
ZB
!G 0 TQ

0 $
.
A
' ;
$
1-11

:1-11

( )

!"
#"
% $

'*% #"
" &
BOD + *% , #-

BOD +
/
0
.
$
'*% #"
1* &

2-&
#" 3

# ! , #-
/
0
.5 # ! *% , #-

'*% #" 3
/
0
#" 3

# ! , #-
/
0
(3
) 9 ! , #-

( ;) , #- : !*

4&
2*
6 78
" 0 &
BOD [
5
; $
!
" $ #
Z0
0
0 @> #
,0
D $>
D .

0
0 X .V+(
DF $ D

> +
.5
&' 3 8

*+,
D
+ )D
@ 6
X
-+ $ , F )$ ' )1B

5 3 1B
*+
1- > 8
,
*
<
Z(
,K0
.
@ 6 K0
Q 1B
0
)DG
/ *+,
)(
$ I D
,0 >, IBF
.>
!
" +

)
1

()
&! .&
6 6 & 3
: 6 &!
"
& ,-
' %)
"
& ,-
) G
&& 1

6
,-
K
' : .(:
"
& ,-
) D8G
' (-
% .D8G
3K8
,- G
% 3-
% >6
A 6
& X 6 & 3X) >6 A - X4 Z+

(
4 -

1 K8
,- G
% ' .-
%) )+ :4 % :
U
6
& X 6
A& 3
+
M)- - >6 Z+
,- G
:-
:- &6 6-& D8G
,- : .J& :4 % :
U
.6-& X 6
A& 3%+

,- G
>6
+
:

0 #
0
$> TQ
[

)D0
10
1

F
70 @> 0

$> 1- > .D0
10
DF + ; BOD
$
5
D0 $ 1000 cu ft @> T

BOD [
<
@ 6 B6 D0
U=+ )<+A
0

0
?2
0 D+Q .D
( <
GA0,
$5) <
1 $6 .L+
D0 @ 6 , +

!
" *+
@> <
70 D0 +' ` + 1H0 >
= )-;L+ -0 0 ,
0
$F @ 6
-G .(>+) D
)-;= )?+
0+ 10
@> T
!
" <
0
#<
0 $>
D .(mgad) D D
X
$;
.D $ / 1000 1
2

$

:
G* " 6 : 36 "< & "A 6 >
3AF2 .

: & : 50
T 1
%&4 +-!

3:
-- 3

(
1& >

3
(

J 8
))+ >6 4
3

B
T 3E&

&

0 % :
+-
: 3>6C
&--
1

&
B

3E&

&& ) G <6 D
G
%&4 &
3
%<& G
-' .
(

))+ K
-G
&

'
:
+-
! 6 /0 3"
6 :
8

%
3/0 J .&<
()
1
+-
'
>6 "&+
>6
A 6
T 1
%&4 +
U& Z I :
J

" " G 4
.

W
&)

>6 %
U& 3" ) %' 3"<
.) 8
B
C
>6 Bb & ) :

' :
T 1
3
+
&' 3,- G
& 3)
: B &
))+ 1D
.)

* 1D G ' :
G & :
4 "A 6 $ G 1
$ 1& :-

3%
" 6
8

C

`4 .H1
+$ 3

B
' &)
)
: )< 38

))+

6 %&4 ,! 50
3-

))+
.&

6 &- G
3G
$
:
%&4 :
U& .) 6 B &
:

"8
%F+ H!6 4 :
' >
AD 3AF V & : ))+ &
T 1 ,)! .)
"< & C

& & "
(
6 &) :
G A $ %U<
% & :
.:
%$' "A 6 %

0 3%+

2-11

"A 6 <+
%

3d$
3&U
3,- G
T4
' % $ .

>C

)+
,S- \+ -

)&$ :+

> /

6

>& 1 3)
C

,- + .&

%&
U
%&4
&
%<&
) " 4 "A 6 ."-
e
T )-
& B
,- T! .)
> "!
&- G
%+ %&4
,-
> B
,- % 3
( Z
C& T ' 68

&

J +$
%&
U
.
"
G :
+-&
J$ 4 36-
" +$ & .

F "&
, >6
"
'
,& ' -) U ,-
T

N
/F1-G
<+
%

W8+ .+$

, 3A0 3X ' :I& .,& C

*+
%
:
J !
<+
%

' G 3J
+$ > %
%&4 <+
%

/ .+$
8 %H 2& A 4
2' %
f KC
(
0 1 5
))+
.4-11 %<
1$ C

&
."U
D C
J< 8-
J&
& 3"&
)
! " #
%$' .
%+

,- G
&4
& &)
) %
Y ,- F ' %H- & "1

%<& " 4 /0 :D
* 8)
8

"
* .(10-4 "8
> J
) J
(
d$ )

,& ' )
1
,- G

)
$ "!
&- G
>
AD X& > G /0 ' &g 3%+

.
%U<

%<

<
=' :

1 4

/
% ; /& :4-11
9?
/%
1 @! 0
@&

>) &?

$ % $ %

in. >
1
in.
2
& =
1 &$4 &
0 A 8D
%&
U
&$

&

%
? 35-11 %<
M$ . 2
1
4
> &U
Z 0U ."
4 > 1 / , )-
&
J4
> 1 6' X) %&4 X B
7 R\ "
'
.8
, & 1
#3 &)
&A ' 1 ?D 9 () .B 3 C

&)' &A:5-11
& 9%
#3
9 () .&
7
& &+
%0
E8
/F
7$%
9? A H %
I
-4
. in.
3
&?
%1 &)
&? ( (G) .(
-%
E8 &
?
7%
4
.11-11
1 K)
J &)
&? 0
I-
.
&
%&
U
.%-F-& /?
0 &$4 %&
I J A$' :
"&
# <
6 /-F&
8
"U
=

- &< - h
%&
U
' ./-F&
(

.&' % &6 < 1 (
(
1
in.
8
>
1
in.) 3 mm
32
1
in.
4
1
8
> in.) 6 mm > 3 mm & 1
> 1 mm & 1 %&

I C
,)
& .
<
A % &
I 8

&#

:
:
+-F "9
"6 5$

0
D

%&U
0U : .F
A
A ' 6 X4 :2 3%&U

%8-'
X @& A+ 6-11 %<
. 2

& ,& ' > :2 3&6

)-
& % &
>6

&

:
0
0
A ' h+-? 4 .)U$ && :
+-& i %-U& )<
2.5 mm 4 "D
" .%&U
- 4 50
:<

#
6
E+C
%&
U

.(1.8 m3/h) 7800 gpm 4 -& (
3
in.)
8
B 6 %&
I
,h? 4 ."
,-
>6 &h &2
%&I J %&
U
-- $ ' 3&$
%&
I G
A & C

+-!
<Ij A :6 %&I 3 A &$4
$
"
W8+ 1 U& %&
I J$ . 2
.&I ")+ % E

!

! " 2.5 mm
:6-11
0 !% #0 (, #&+ % #, -/ .#
$ #%& "%
' () *
(Parkson Corporation : #2 ) .45
,2 30 # () !1 /

&&
&U&
!

: &
"A 6 J& G .%&U
: \4 J A*-' 3+

"
:' 6 & 1-& G

0 3&U&
!

)
U<

1 7-11 %<
$
&U&
!

' .

0

!

%
' :' :+-? 3&

# &
)- D &U

#
A ('7-11 %<
) 1D .&U&
:' =
.U & %<& &
D E '
#
"0
1
4
& &U&
!

=
3 2 in. >
1
in.
8
& &$
.1 ft3/mgd > 11 ft3/mgd
9
#
#
;2 cu ft/mgd 2 #, #-8 # 42 :7-11
$< . 2
1
1
in. ()
in. 4 #, 4 (') .#, &' # ()
4
8
4 () .#, #& 4= 0 #> 4= #, #, 4 0 0
#> 4= #;5
4= 2.5 mm 1 mm 3 4 4? #
45 #,
;> @
#, # # #20
- .#, #& 4= 0
.(Parkson Corporation: #2 ) .#2 #, %' @
>
=

8

0 6
%&
U

(, 7-11) %<
1D

U "&
3)-
$8+
# 2.5 > 1 mm &
% .10 ft3/mgd > 35 ft3/mgd & &U

=
.&

K8+
%

> <+
%&
U

6
%&
U
0 &U
:4 %2 :+-? .(, 7-11) %<
5 & %2
&
.&U

# :6 5 , )

8+
A Bb 1
& &U

5
"
&- >6
B
>6
A4 8
, 2
J$ .$
.&U

B 7 %-I :+-? "
C ))+ 8-11 %<
.$
,& ' 8

& $

8& 00
&& :
1) &-

&

"
- Ak 3Z+
> B
)U$
.8
: ,
&' &? &

-L

I
,- )
9
? &? &
-
9% :8-11
E8 PM O
$ M # I
,- !
&4
E N

&? &
-L

? .#%
:&' @ -% A A) () ./0
( 1 #% & & 9

(Parkson Corporation

Jh)? @ 3"U
)
)
>
F
:+-?
.(6 mm) A& in.
1
4
> "
C
&6 &' %
&
@& R& & ? ,- G

" 4 "A <&
C
0 %2 ,h?
:+-? G .e
B
>8! F
>6 5
J)
%! '
1 [ 3&W! 31 3A hD
&$
%&I J )
>
"A 6
) ."9
,& ' &< $ ' %&U
& 3 - >6 J$
0 %2 .,- G
% J$ ' F 3 "U
hD ! &$4 %
l &I &

" 4 $ 3(4-11 %<) ,
)
X @& 3)4 &

1 .m
)
:
+-F &
.F
: & &2
%&U
&6

&' $
,-
,& 2 4 -
F
A <+
%
$
: .,- G
6- K8+ 6
,-
3"1
,-

*+ ,&- ' "&

<+
%
%!
X 3"9
+$

j A 2-
G
A ^' AF1-
--C
D8
*+ :
' X 31 X&- ,& j
A
-
,&- '

-

# <+
%

H ! . $1
"9
6
1&0 0.2mm )4' - X 9& !
3:6
% 1 &
6 6 8D! .$
"
> '
A $ 32.7
: 3
<+
%
>6
A 6
/0 3/0 D C

$ .%U<
, +

n&
3
)
3 4 4
0 1
3" 4 %<
0 ,-
*+
AG ' X : 50

<+
% .-4

+
.56 ' <+
% %-U
& ) $ 2' ' 4
C

6 ,- - J$ .<+
%
D8 ,- o
J 5

>6
1.0 ft/sec 4 ' 6- >6 D @& ,- G
:D
1
X-8 4&
A^ ,-& <+
% M - .,- G
1
" "& BG : .h
$
&

/ 6A U! & B6 1 7

)<&
" - --
>6
.5
D
/0&
"U

) A6< <+
%

) ' 2'
%&
,
>6 1& ' B
%+ @ 37
?

*+

A& 1 min 4 D8

0 "U "
.Z+
( -
"
>6 B&p "< 1& Z ! A&I *6-
"0
,-
E
J
4 &

: .<+
%
,- & h $
."0& +$ ' %4 , 3

J +$ )-
&
()
()
()
& )
&

C&

( () .

-Q '
9% 9-11
R?
B#

-Q ) (M .E0
9%
1

#3

9% 9 () ./0
( 1 R% F' 1 R) R I
,- (+
?
8

/

#3

9% 3 (G) .

(Parkson Corporation &' @ -% A A) () !&#

(S%
%
"A 6 3?8

*+ A ' > -
3<+
%
4*
& ) >6 " 3Z+
%+

& ( -
0 &
X
# 7
6 J
> <+
%
3A*
! 3)< 7
0 J .
+
' 4 D8
& %$
*+ 6 "&6 (H
.& 8 )-
&
.:+

)< <+
%
% - 6 "
*1 "
%
)
- "0&
"
3-4

:+-
+-!

<+ % " 9-11 %<
1D .<+

3
&

/ B 2' .

> 16 +C
$

( 8 >
6-
B
1& X)< U& 2' J ?
<+
%
M& .
%
.<+
% 8-
J ?
%F+ X+$ B
1
B & X-
%

B 2' T- ' B
7 &6 <+
%

8
<+
%
B
7
$ .

<+
$ 3

8
>6 &h
"U

3
.X B
7
' <+
% "
8
>
6 %4'
C
U .>6C
<+
%

8
%
10-11 %<
"D
"
C
.K

8
5*& 1 &

" :+-? .<+
%
7 %&I 1 "
%8-C
>
"
) +
B
> <+
%
2 A

$

J
,- .8-
,- G
)+ &
%-! ' , .
> A

&6 >6C

:+-? .B
7 %&4 /0 B
Q 4 Q & E+' "A <+
%
%
=<G& M - B)&& /
B
0 A
B
7
$ - &6 16 D! & > <+
%
& %+ 3<+
>6C
> <+
%
% 6 B
7 @ ." 8-
1
6
.=) J ?4 > :

B 6 / )< @ "
4
'
+"&

1 T% .I
,- 9
4

:10-11
<
E84
E N
E8

<
& .@
1
J L T%&

I+ 1 /
I
/ &8 %
I

I
,- K .U!0
(Eutek SystemsTh, Inc.

/
1
) .2
E N
)"> )0

!G @>
->
$

$
0
X D , )X
0
I .?
> 0

5 )
*+
@ 6 $

.$

'

$ !

" +
5 > 1H
0 @ 6 $

0
0 - 1-11
D .-#6 - ;
- < '
>+
$6 .$

56 1
F D0 0 D+E
) F $

G
7X
0 <
$

I 5

BI

4 0 )1B D *+, + Q D
+
.
5^

$>
.

BI
D0F 0 I D+E
)$
PDWWQ
1) 670Q =<+
%
ADQ
(1-11)
:@
(lb/day) <+
%
* = <+
%
(mgd )
,-
= Q
,) T) "0 : ,-

= PDWWQ

,- G
)- = ADQ
*+ 3-11
$0
B 1

0 a#
0 $6
*+ .11-11
?# I ):
-# <# $> A
*0+
*F 3 C0 )
1A0
@ 6 )X
&
)D
!
"
DG
(
D b 0
G0 .

*+ - 1A0
A+F *'
D;
> .-+ 1T0
*+
$ U
*+ @> )#
X
*+
> .

0
U=+ )X
' #
$
U5 @ 6 U
<
*0+ D $F ' 1(
#
!] D 0
D A+
1>6 !
D )

!
" @ 6 #6 .#
*0+

@> "
"BI 0 .
1A0
@ 6 !
" 1>]
)
! )
.0 XF ' @> #
>;'6 > @> >+
= #
A 0 @ 6 1-
1A0
$ $F * )>+
1X a#
0
!
" U6 @> 1X 1A0 G0 .# D+ D b 0 @> GA0
+

D
-AA : B A >+ I> - 0 - 5
$
5 !'
V;'^
* $] )-

-' GA0,
$5 $ $6 $ .

#F 80 .X
0 1
0 $ #
:;<+,
$
X
1 5 , $F X S] )a#
*+,
D' $ > F 0 )U
F
@'F GA0
$5 )10 min @
0 F )>+ >;'6 6 @> #
8+
D )
"B< UAc .30 min "'
1A0
!
"
. 1J A0 D X
" *+ 1A # U
$
C0
1A0
#
!
" 1B # * $
F
1A0
8 :K0
3# .- ' F -F <X > $
1A0
# 0 '
S 6
5 )" 5> 8
$F / )
1A0
3 70 A # * E .dA C0
B
#(
!
F *+

56 @> )10 <>+

1A0
" 7A
*+
0 #
3' DQ .1A0
@ 6
*0+
@> + 3# . (
V;'c
3
D
$6 . 1- A # V5 $ C0 # !
!
" 3 : B )#
!'
D $ !
P++F
- < (
* .X
$I $ , > #
> 1
*+,
$
D .1XQ 1(
"BI $ D $6 @0 )

0 - + -
& - <
DG $
B6 .+ H <# X
?A D
D
$# .1A0
16 DG - L<
?A
$ )+
$
1A0
$> F A $> !
+ 1
.$+ (
. 0 1 V & 90% #3 3 () .( >) % ( :11-11
=' /
&
90%
X% .&

W @ F& &
& 0? 90%

0 %
/&<
F . 0 & 90% &)' &
A
.
& & /
/)
E8 1
90%
X% .3
&
90%
>)
/% 1
90% 9 (G) .&
90%
& 3 &)
&
? 9 ()

E8
?)
% ( K . E8 $ ( @' ( /)

(0 1 1 I
E8 31%
% 1
) .=&% I
* X
$ T&&
&)
"8
/0
"8
> % A Y %- C
,)
@& 84 :- ' Z )-
& /0 3
Q
>6
)
8D <#
0 "1' ,h? .%4C
>6 10 ft X % 1
)
i + :
+-& m
) 4)&
: . & & ' +$
%)&
%U<
$
& /H

& % W )-
& ' 4)
> "9<
D ' '
% /0 C
B8)#

.%)6 @ % %&
@& :+

J +-!
"0&
+$
:* ?
.
- G
)+ 8+ 8 6^& " =F#
D
1+

B
>
%+ & )I' 8& 7 1 D
+
FU
%< 37^
7 >6
-
@ :6 .+$
7^
J "A 6 : .%U6 3+$
:- *5' * @&
8 & 6$ 3) @F2 ' <
)
6)-
>6 &h
+$
6 . 1 & +$
> %+
' %+

(r D6C
%

d$
6)-
5- .,- G
%
3,- G

U& B8p . +
Z+ +$ &' @& 3
.1-8 "U

1 2' ' A2F2 +$ > C

, 31.0 mgd %4' "0
,-
1
"U
)
+$
4 .>4C
%+

(& B8#
>6 "4 1 % 3
"0&
+$
\+ <4 .6-
"U ' 6-
&2
.4-5 "8
:D
*6 < 34-4 "8
! , +

> 18 &)
"8

J& 0 d$ ) :
*6 : .6 & ' <+ % " "A 6 50
3=8
*+
,- A)
6 B
,- ) -
*
%F+ d$
,& ' &< /G

6)
*
X $ (&)
"8
&< *
) $ :D
' >
AD .(

% 3
K > /<
*

,& C
."8 +$

,-
))+ 8
%H +$ "

s *
&6&

0 &6

J&'
0 )
0 ))+ 12-11 %<
1D .+$
.(X-8 :
1) +$
8
&+ /) TF+ Y $ 8 /% :12-11
s *6 & ) 3^+$ "

% :
.>4C
> C
%U<
% & :D

6 :
,- G
% +$
%U< ' ,
. 4 ,& C
6 &-
>4C
,- G
> 3" ,& C

,-
A &4 2
1
' ) @& +$
B
U&
3:D
*6 6 12-11 %<
- .5
%U<
*6
))+ 3" ,& C
&< 1

C = 140 ))+ %W2 @
X6)-& d$
6 .A 6 20 6 ,& ' %W2 C = 100
X 78
>4' &)
"8
B
,- 3E

>6 ,- F E

.%U<
:4 @F2
+$
J /0 3C = 100 L& X 50

:D
s * %8-C

3 2 31 +$
+$
J) 6 %U<
)
%U<
) 30 J)
) &6 :-! ' )+ * .C = 100 :D

> *4< ))+ :-& 3/0 & .+$

>6
A 3J4
>4C
*
E d$
G 3+$ "
B
,- 3
d$
6)-
E .D

& X <!
> ' 8 %<& +$
% 3>4C
78G
E &)
"8
J) 6 +$
%U< ) J .C = 100 & :D
*
4< :- : )
0 .C = 140 J +$

>6 D

& 1 <!

d$
G J4

.+$ "
- % ! +

+$ & 0 d$ ) A & F
A 13-11 %<
1D
> $ 0 @F2
+$
% .6-
&2 +$ J 6-
8+
>6 %
1 @& 3&) " 36-
"U & )
6)-G
E
1& 6-
K8+ n& .&
& 5

6-
"U >C
+$
'& .E
6-
%87 &)

13- %<) (1 (F)

) > &)
"8
B
,- % 6 % &
> B
,- K8+ 3%+

,- G
d$
%
0[ .('11
-

0 3+Y , .(1 4) 6 +$
4 > C
,-
-

0 .%100 > +$
6-
- 378G& %+

,- G
1 +$
% (2 (F)
) 2 :4 +$
() 378G& d$

3&2
6-

0 3 +$
() 6 .1-8 6-& 5
& 2
.&

d$ 8+
7-

0 +$
:-
.E4 6-& +$
% % >4' : ,-
E 3A
+'
16-& +$
(,13-11) %<
:-
&
)+
)&
E +$ %U< 98' >
AD .&)
"8
B
,-
A * & %U<
4 +$
6 %4' >6 D8
[ 316- >6'
7-9& +$
4 ,- G
G \4 J 3/0 >6 .4
,- G
K8+
B 2' &
4
7F4#
+$
J .
%& %4' E %100 %4' > +$
6- K8+ : 3%+

"& B
,- 8)
78G
: .%+

,- G
%
4 6 3AF2 .84
+$
%U< "6[& G 3
+$
66-
%94 4 Q 6-& 2 1 :4 +$
% 33 :4 +$
.E
4 > 16- +$

3,-
78
J /0 &
.3 :4 +$
4r 6)-
3 A6 E

%4'
31U< +$
4r & =
6)-
> %
1
.X84 % d$

B& % & M9
J /0
/
; 9%
) 8
0 ) /
; >) % ?
/ :13-11
.)
?
@ (3 $ 8 % () .& 90%
& #& (%
( &+ 8
&
90%
1 I
)
/8 %
& & ( ()
. +
K 4
J

t %4 &
+$
*
.14-11 %<
Q & 3>6' 78
> F
A %

6-& "B8& 1+$ &-
J-

)
/0 -
,
)$#
[ 3"!
)<
"9
d$ 1
+-
6 1 .&2
.
"
/8 J - "0&
+$ & A 8+
() () #

;C8 # 4; (') .! " B # #; @/ A; #0 :14-11
# #; 9 &02 GH 00 () . F
$' E % (*).#; #> D+
(California Woodland ! " #%& #0 #02, )
#A
+,
Z ' - > - ;<+
#
"BI *> $#

I (14 - 11 ) U
*+ .*
#,
< ?L
8;

)>+
@'H
#
> : B )

8
10 8
)I >+,
@ *+
3A
$] .' :;<+
@>F )1UA #F
$ ;
- $] )U
$ @ 6 *+
I
B6 F .3
1UA
$F ,6
1UA 15 *(
#
7 0E .$#A+ 1UA
>+,
#
3
>A
W
.# 1
5 >+ W+
a#
in. $ *
' 15 : B )(10 m @ 6 2 m) 30 ft @ 6 6 ft $
1
*+ .VA,
3 *+ (3.7 m 0.3 m) 144 in. @ 6 12
7A $F $ $
$ @>F I >+ #F $6 .a#
>+
3
F 1 *

3 D .@A+
10
*
> @> !
"
* I 1A
1
.(=;= * )R5 * )A * ) C;= F $

5 .*
' I' *
>

@> + > 360
* >+
$] S+A
Z .

> 15 *
! >+
.1
=;= * >+
$ %80 - Y 1
L=
! 4-11
L
F +
5 8
- / @> B
*+
56 D

(Particulate) 8L' W+ - LI !
" @> G0 C0
<

#,
*+,
V
* .82
$> A,
+ * D .
>+ !A

! *+,
)$
5

! 3 .& 8b *+
$e 8
1' $ * 7LA
5
& 3 D .+
DF !
3# L+
$# 3
V' E

0 U +
1H0
:0 .$
5
! 1A0
T5 $F
1H0
<
'K $ .3 V
B +
$
5
D0F 0 $L

' $6 .>+ 1H0
1>^ I 3 *H
> $
5
8> )(0+
*+ ) 7LA
*+,
)+
0
+ SH 0+
*+
! .GA0,
$5 )
$

S>
- $
5 0+
0+
@> -+
7LA
*+,
.2-11
)(D 3 T F) 3 D' D
X
L<
1A0 $> G
7X )$
5

(
D
+ 0+
*+0E
8K
$ 7LA
*+,
+ .

+
7
0F F 5
' $ 0+
1H0
D0 $F @ 6
-G )

!
" 8b ++(
D 1>6 =

*+

5 $ ' SF / .< $
5
0 I )
1H0
1>6 : B = )$
5
' $ L+
*0+
.
1>6 *+
S -0

*+,
)R
*+,
< +

*+,
D+Q )7LA
*+,
*+0 R
*+,
D+Q ): B
.GA0,
$5 *+0 (
1>6 $# B
)
V0 =
Q
A
(2-11)
@
I 3()-
,-
% ) K8
,- G
)- = V0
(:& J& % & ') J& :4 % :
(:& & ') :

I 3
:
,-
= Q
(& ') J& :
4' 3
+
)-
-
= A
%+

(
,-
>6
+
: :- %F+ D8G
,-
% &
+
B% :F

3A6 .3-11
36-& X 6 &!
>6 B
( 6 X ' >6
+
( 6 0+V .:
,- G u T
0 K8
,- G
- 4 &
+
4 A- &

5

4H
% 8)
%
6
$#
(
&-
5
)-C
3C
<
% (H
( 6 & .%)-

.)<
"9 2
4H
.(*
( 6 K8
,- G
% & A
D8G
%2
>6 A - K8
)-
+
(
- 5-
&g ') )+ :4 % :
U
& X 6
A&! 3- W
%)
(:& &
t =
V
Q
(3-11)
6-& D8G
= t
(&
C
F ) U
F 3
+
: = V
C
F ) :
U
F 3
:
,-
= Q
(:& &
:& 6-
6 = 24
#/
3

%&4 >
,-

*+ > -
:+

%+ .F
A )- A
+ 15-11 %<
1D .C

*+
* : .
+
1 E

>6 M)-
,4 &
&
6 &6
B
/ .%8-C
,- G
A1 %+

(
6- 8+& 4
-
6 ( X $8& &
1
! K8+ 6- % &
6 4 B6 >

&

)< : .J
K %
--& )& /-F&
' C
,<+
H )-
& %+
A ?
)+
"9
,- : 3 - 6 % 4 F&
A
3B
M)- %F+ H

5
B
& .1)
.-
: ' J )< > )

/) &-
/) #3 C$
E N

C1
# 9 () . C$ :15-11
El Dorado Hills
N X
$ )
% 1 1

&4
& 9"%
E N

&

9"%
, .
CH @ .(California WWTP,
1

$%
/
X
I-
@1 .C$
E N

C1
#
V
@
? &8 &-

>) 9"%
/) (M /%
U& 1 .>)

&
-M T% &-
U% E N
&-
9"%
& & & -8 /
.

>6 W< J
)-' ,& ' 6 "&6 &
K
&6 M)-
>6 JH
&
,- 3A4< ' A K
6

*+
%) &- & .&
"8 % 50
,& C
%+
> (<
ft 20 > 10 ft & K

=
.1:5 > 1:3 & X$6 > %)-
38ft > 7ft & "A 6 (

.

G A& (6.1m > 3 m)
: .)+
"9
J 4 & ) % 0 7
' .(2.5 m > 2 m)
.A&- "* %
8& 4H
74 "9
,-& "9
+$
4*
:
& "9 M -! 32& +2
K
C
:+-? G 6
E .B

7
> ' $1
> "<& / d$?
6 ."9
J =)! ' & @& "9
+$ > &
(
"8 "9
+$ J$ ' , 6 3KC
4H
,h?
J$ 3"&
+
.16 8
:
J "A 6 >^)U?
A< 16-11 %<

1D .
1 > &! ) $ +$
4 " &
& &6 :+

%+ . ' 4*
- > A6< ,- :2 3"8
* > 5
4<
,& C
8+ %8-C
,- G

"8
X* .Z+
(r )

&
B)&
J : .
&6 ,- G
7)
.
+
4 "9
,- J4 > &-
&

)
&

J & -
: ' t :
X M)-
&
J & 7
0& )< : .
+
&
)4' =
.
+

Z+ X M< 3& ( )-
1$& )4' ' A 6 3( 46 m > 9) 150 ft > 30 ft &

*+
)4 %20 > %15

"8
)4 n& .(60m) 200ft > % 4
2.1 m) 12 ft > 7 ft & =
,

>6 B
( 6 ' .
+
. %8 & 7
% 3(3.7 m >
@ 6
-G )-#
-0 $
$ > L +

5
$6
+0
AA .:
D
+ 7
<# * <L 6
+ ;> +;+ ) +; K0 D
+
#
1
-> T#AE . 0 @ 6 #

$ )F
/ B,A
$
<L
F @ 6
-G )1

U^
+
7
0(
@> L

7
0(
T>
5
$ 1
Q
3
>BF 3 .#A
< A $K+0Q
;
f 1
: $ 'F 0 U
5H )> F + 6

> *
#,
$F $ D/ .+

5
1
+
$] )L

8K
S= $ )ZX

8
1A0 ! F $

@ 6
-G : B R
>+ 7A D= $ )H !
" >+

F @ 6 <+
$ .R
8
+ " > *+,
.+ $
5 < > + - L
$
5 0 0 + F
EK , (') . % EL, 0 4 @

1 I- IJ ' EK :16-11
EK B02 () .EK 00 H
(*) .! " F , M 5
EK , () .9
A 4 EPA : .C

4H :

4 2-11 %
M*$
C
(*
> )< "9 &

' %&
7 8
BOD L
1
G
0 n& .C
&

J %
?
,-
6 .

,- &6 %40 > %30 4

0[ .
\+ >6 "& & J&)& )-&
L

)&1 3&
0!
$

"& >6

& :-
6

[ %& & 3%20 > BOD
4 .%60 > % 4 > BOD L

4 ,- &4 &
K G .

"9
2 >6 A$' 1

W2V
J
*+
4 +2 &

% 3(m3/m2 . d) 600 gpd/sq ft %4'
800 >6 G ,&- 4 .

"9
&6 B)&& J
7
0 /
> $ ."9

/- J
*+
@& gpd/sq ft
3"
>6
F A88+ 2' "9 %r <
" %F+ Z+
(
"6 "& "

-8 ' A$' ) "8 "9
D8 .
>4C
,- G

J 1&- )
%' > 8
6v'
0 + 3(
38
$

%& :
1
$
.:+
A 8W8+ "9
B)I & A H- 38) &4 2' &

%
AI
M
& 0V
&
)< "<

.&

*+
%-
( .
4 3) "9 & 31
' & R&) 2' > F
A $ ' A 8hD
C
,
>6 B
( 6 "&
A ' : .(2.1 m) :
4' ft 6 w%
"A 6 D8G
& G .

"9 R$ : 9 /0
*+
A8- 4 1 ' >

AD 3-
4*
:' +G "A * A 4
[ 3AF2 .4-11 "
- & * (
K8
,- G
% %F+
.2.1 hr 4 D8
) 37 ft ( 6 600 gpd/sq ft 4 K %
t=
180 . H
V0
(4-11)
@
6- 3D8G
= t
:
4' 3
+
B
( 6 = H
gpd/sq ft 3K8
,- G
% =VO
7.38 gal/cu ft x 24 hr/day = 180

:2-11
gpd/sq ft ( )

!"
#
3000-2000
1200-800
1500
1000
1500-1200
800-600
EPA
1

$%
& $'* + EPA
(ft) %,-
. /'0 1 20
13-10
EPA
1
7
16-13

$%
& $'* + EPA
gpd/linear ft ( 4 ) % $3

40000-10000
10000
EPA
1

.Z+

(
- ( 1
,- G
-

(125 m3/m . d) 10,000 gpd/ft 6 *-
G % G' , 3C

*+
20,000 &' G' %$8 3/0 %4' ' gpd 1

0 )
* :
0 .1.0 mgd &' : ,- G (250 m3/m . d) gpd/ft

% /0 3Z+
(
- , 50
B
6.> C
H h
&

% & *U > C
4*
h
&

% G
&

\+& A)&
2' %& 3<& %<& K8
,- G
%70 & J

p
&-
' > &)
,
% .^
1500 > 600 gpd/sq ft & K8

,- G
% % E 3%50
4*
2
D - .(61.1 m3/m . d > 24.4 m3/m . d) gpd/sq ft
.(102 m3/m . d) 2500 gpd/sq ft >
A %50 4
"B8 >6
.2

56 $+0 -L
->+

5^
D+E
0

> @>

0 !A
"BI D+E

5^
-#F D+E .=

0 3+ )'e
*

:0
$ . (

U
F $+0
(
$+0 .82

+
L<
0
!A 2=
>+
> $K+0E .

g

L5
$5

B

0.15 mg/l @ 6 0.1 mg/l ):0

$ 15 mg/l @ 6 5 mg/l <
'
$ .%90 F %75 @ 6 %50 $

56 -> )
$
!;,
*+ )

5^
$ )-
- <>A

.8
7L , g
)

L
1-11 $,
J . 9 ft 1& >6 B

( 6 95 ft )4' ' ,-
*+
3K8
,- G
% ,-
.
+
) >6 "8
Z+
(
310.0 mgd 4 : ,-
)- %' *-
3D8G

4.15 mgd 4 "0 ,-

$
:
)-
-
,-
:)-
-
2 r = 2 x 3.14 x (95/2) = 14.200 sq ft

2
::
14.200 sq ft x 7 = 89,000cu ft
= 0.665 mil/gal
(2-11)

V0 = 7000000/12700
= 550 gpd/sq ft ( D6' 51< Q)
V0 = 14,500,000/12,700
= gpd/sq ft 1140 ("0 Q)
(3-11)
)-
&
t = (2 . 0.665)/7 = 2.3 hr ( D6' 51< Q)
4-11
:
+-& t L & &-&
t=
180 H 180 7
=
= 2.3 hr
V0
550
2d =
+
% ) = *-
%)
: *-

7000000
= 12400 gpd/ft
2 314 90
! #

?
$ F )
0
$ '

*+

5 @>E
' .+
'K
)0
L= = )0;
0
<

$F X , :+
*+

5 D0F 0 h

D+E
@(
0
)1000 gpd/sq ft (41 m3/m2 . d) 7LA
*+,
5
gpd/lin $ 'F $ $F * +

,0 )7 ft $
5
* @> U
8
$ = F $ $F X 'F F 1 mgd >+

B 0 10,000 ft
. (
0 mgd 20,000
, #/
C
4*
X&< 3
<

,-
K
'
< 2
4*
<

.16-11 %<
$
3(33 m3/m2 . d) 800 gpd/sq ft K8

,- G
% G' 3)
' , *-
G 37 ft
*+
, >6 B
( > C

&0 ,- 1
.%4C
:
%$8? 3)-

*+ 1
0

%-U
%&
' 35

J 5) M<
,-
A "g V - A 6
0&
0 .M<
)-'

&

)<& : A A6
0 [ 3/0 .1- 6-&
Bb
' ) 35 ' - %<& 18 )+
J
& B)&&
$& & "A 6 5)
M<
1

"9
( 6 .A$
> .
+
4
"6 ,-
,!- <
ft &-
&

&)
A X [ 3:& "9
8
.)<
"9
D C A+ :* 17-11 %<
*&!
(*
.1
"
1
D C
Z
%-
^

2
%8

)
%r < & )<
"9

,&- .A & 2'
&
Z #
> A /0 J .$ ,- 6-
0 88+
"
&' % 4 ."U

*
:H
U
68
/0 32 ft > 1 ft )<
"9
%8 1
*+

&
"9
B)I * 4 3"0
%
%F+ . %<& % )

A ' 50
C
3
+
: > @2 & % 3/0 2'
.%
6 1
D ' A4

!"
.

:17-11

+ & , - ( )
* # $
% &'( !#
DG $ )ZF L

' S+A I !
" *+
$6
)V S !
9 1H0
*0+ *F .KA 1H0
3
*0+
3
*( !
VA
$6 .L+
?+ 8

E
@ 6
@> 1H0
E C0 $
5
U
?+ $ 7AF V;^
1A0
*+,
# D .U
X# =H @>(
@ 6 *0+
*F $ R @>(
.3T
*H 0
8 5
*(
VA
# > )*0+ *F $
-5 3 R

@ 6 j ' *F > V;^
1A0 TQ
1H0
*+
V;^
1A0 $ 0Q 10 3# .!
"

8
*F 3
*+ $ 3
V
B
3 1A0
$
?+ )!
" 3 *F
7 ` )V;^
1A0 8K
10
@ 6 Q .$
5
@ 6 1H0
\ 1H0 5 \ 8 = )A - F D

+ <
0 $
< DG X I $ ' L

+ 10 .3+
$ *0+
*H Q
1H0
AE h
Z0^ - )-;= .0 0
@ 6
1H0
E .E' 1H0 @ 6 !E
=(

.V
$
_ E

W D
1H0
)<
"9
(* 4 % &6 "9 T
J-
,-
,-
&

D8
9& >C
*
%2 .--'
3
,4 ,-

D8
%)9& T
*+
) ,4
)
F
&

)

: , r : /0 >6
&

& D8G
[ 3)< J & .
U
Z ,&-&

' .)+
J
- 6<
- "<& A& 5 6 '&
@ 3)<
"9 "
,-

9& %2 2
H-! 3A* J$

"9
J 4 )+ & A' T 3
+
4 >6
2 3" 2
,-
"9
B)I &6 %8-C
,- G
> % 4
,- G
' &6G& 0+C
6 A F
A 6 /0 & ."9
.%+

(
,-

&6G& 3)<
"9
6 4* :
F<* 0+9
,-
*+& & .*
5
(^ ,-
>6 4
"
A +2 ,6- ( 6' )<

"9
4* 3
E+'
%W > ' K %
0 3&*-
&

&'
$ - " 4 , 6 &' Q - %)
0 3+C

"
% %
,- G
G =
.Z+
(
,
4
6- 8+ /0 "
4)

0 ) (24 m3/m2 . d) 600 gpd/sq ft & 0
K8
4)

0 ) (33 m3/m2 . d) 800 gpd/sq ft > 31 mgd 6 %
% G' , 3:

B 2' 1
"0
,-
%F+ .&C
"U
) 1600 gpd/sq ft 1200 gpd/sq ft >6 K8
,- G
3(3.1 m) 10 ft

, & B
( > C

n& .

>6 "&

ft ) 11 ft F
A 2 3)4C
"&

*+
"&
( 6C
@&
[ 3(
K8
,-
% "
: A& .100 ft )4C 12 ft 350
1& >
*- E

.3.0 hr > 2.0 hr % D8G

.(250 > 125 m3/m2 . d) 20,000 gpd/sq ft > 10,000 gpd/sq ft
2-11 $,
50 )< "9 :D 5

5 2 (* X& >
:
*4
:+-
.32,000 m3/d 4 "0 ,-
J 326,000 m3/d 4 :Q ,-
333 m3/m2 . d 4 51< : ,- & n&

E
K8
,-
G
.66 m3/m2 . d 4 6- "0 ,- &
$

+ % &)
M)-
- 5- 3:
,-
E
:-
20000 m3 / d
= 303 m2
3
2
2 33 m / m d
:"0
E K8
,-
%
32000
= 53m3/m2d < 66 m3/m2d = (%& )
2 303
:
+
)4
4 x 303
0.5
= 19.6 m = 64 ft
5- 50 ft &'

*+ )

, & X& >
B
( 6
[ /0 311 ft
3.4 m 11 = ft =
*+

, & B
( 6
18 m
)4 >6 +
- " 4 1 :+-
:*-

3
10000 m /d
= 88 m3/md < 125 m3/md
2 18 m
(%& )
0 1 ' 5-11
A- V
D C
/
&2 &
D C

6 >^ ' . 6

)-C
=)- J )&
&

J
:-& "
> A 6 <! X [ 3 )
+
&) (

6 F
A & +-

6
)-C
) J .5)
M<
A&I &

0 %2 ' >
AD 3&
Z&
M) 1D 3C
50
5
5
)-
M< G
A & (
20 ft > 14 ft
@ 3
& :WD &2

D ' +Y ) / .6 ft n&
./< 6 >6 "

M8
-- B)&&
1 2 34

'5
10
/ :18-11
'&
@ 1-8

[ 38
> &
& :I&
&2 )- ( "00

30 &2

D ' %
- "& 8WU
4
&)
0 .M)-
WU A F
A
.
$6 E0U
)8
3
&G
3&
3"2 E+' K& 3&G

3,&0
4 3"9

A$'
.M<
&) M)- >6 ,)
T <
<' @ u

T)
B 2'
.5
)<
18-11 %<
1D @
"
\F+-
: 3*5U
%
&) >6
,-
J
+

%2 $*9 *1
(F) : 3,
0!
-C
$
B
1
%&4

&6 ,
0!
-C
g -! .&
-' 2
1 ' G
&)
^4 :I& .M<
)-& )
I
8

5
M<
> A 6 <! X ' :I& 3/0 .18-'
G
)<
F
A *5+
:D J4

X ' G 3
1

M) &
.
F

1
0U 36-& &) 5

B
)-& )&
$

E
\4 3%8-j
) 6 .B
0U&

#
>6
()
"
1
$
1 M&

> *5$
XF+-
: BOD L
&I [ & .A6
& 8-

%
! .6 ft U&
+2
50 M<
>8-
:
4' 2F2
'
.5 2 (H )-

& 3M< Z+
(
)-
0& 50
5&
R ,-
J (
& 3 )-' 50 M< $

A& %W< 50
C
3R5 &

- & ,*&- C I
1 M
(F)
3
"B8 J
3&)
(
.
F
D
! 2 3 '
9; ;# 9
# < 2 1 2 34 8 () # % 2 1 ! :19-11
; 34 2' !) .3'=
>*
8 # 9
# 2 1 3# 8 () .9
(?')
, @ A # 5
1> I ++(
<K
0
-I 19-11
<G
"

8
a# D .? + )! DG )j
VK5 $>
@> & S5

V5 @ 6 ' 3 *F > !
R +
!
" V
=H 1

VB(
:0 .?
?+
.U
<
$
?+ R
8
) A+
W,
0 .35
55
.U
< j0 W+
8
1' <
3 *F KQ
$
$

$ 1' A+
W,
> *
7
.A+
W,
! +X < 6 +0 < W+ $5
C ) +(
= F $6
' W
.G
;0;
g0

0
0(
)$

D/ .5 in. @ 6 3 in. $ ! 0

+k #A
D0(
/
A
$F ,6 )0
F 0+ - 0+ X(
0(
$F $

8>F W
.U
<
L
+
$ 0 )
+,
@ 6 <
[

56 1UA $ - $+0 , : B 5
8>(
)7 in. @ 6 5 in. $

!
" +Q
0
+(
02 $6 .BOD
. (

F *+ - <+
8
BOD [
D
+
?
@> BOD [
0 *+0
BOD [ I+ F $> G
7X )?
8
(
R
L+
I <
0
.5-11
)8
$
*+,
+,

/ !
" $ ;
- -# ?
?+ @> 8
$ X
$;
0 "BI ?+
0 $> TQ .6-11
)1TQ
) 3

D ' X F (mgad) D
0+
0+
)7-11 +0

)
1>6 + *+0 .(D 3
*
.
0 @ 6

!
" @ 6
*+,
+
: BOD L

BOD

BOD
(5-11)
1000 cu ft &)
BOD L

& = BOD L
@
(:& ,
&
I) :

& 3C
,-
& &

BOD = &-
BOD
(:&
I) :

(& ') &
:
4C
GY 3<
C
: = )-C
:
:1

Q + QR
A
(6-11)
& ') :

: & U
F = 1

@
(:& J&
&
(:& & ') :
U
F 3
,-
= Q
(:& & ') :
U
F 3
,- G
= QR
(m2) 3 3< *)-
-
= A
(7-11)
R=
QR
Q

"6 &- R
X-8 F6' =<

QR Q
3 .0
+(
02 B
,0
3-11
$
1A0
@ 6 8

$
-L> - -+
0

B 0
; 35
V
B !2' 3

+

5^
*+
)0
$# !
" $
1>6 5 : B .!
" *+

/
U $ F #> 0 W+ ?
> L+

BOD [
,0 $F 1
<G .<
8 !+ B
0

10 mil [ - *2 )(400 g/m3/d) 25 lb/1000 cu ft/day $> 5
): B @ 6 #6 .0A L
0

U6 @> G0 gal/acre/day
.1 $ = ( ?
> !
"
] $+0 BOD [

56 1UA $]

:3-11
7-5 ft !"

%
Q 6 %
BOD L

70 > 45
90 > 30
lb/1000 cu ft/daya
3000 > 2000
3900 > 1300
lb/acre-ft/day
1

30 > 10
30 > 10
mil gal/acre/day b
0.48 > 0.16
0.48 > 0.16
gpm/sq ft
3.00 0.5

"6 &-
4.0 0.5
a
1 lb/1000 cu ft/day =16.0 g/m d
1.0 mil gal/acre/day = 0.935 m3/m2d

()
:20-11
Q :*+-
/
0 (*) .
! "# $ %
&%
' *+ ,
Q 315
67 8

9
# & ,
12
= QH + Q 3&%
'
,
12
*+ =
> ! "# 8
;
# *+< = QH + QR+
2' .

)
"6# "* ) ' (&)
> 5 2
(*
8-
,- F 2
29& 7
A6< :
&6
"6 3

,- G

%F+ &)
"8
M*$ M< %+

(
> X6# M<
d$
.M<
> ,- G
(,20-11) %<
))+
%^2 @ .20-11 %<
30.5 4 "6 &- & (* 8-

,- G
"6 "A 6
3--C
(*
1
# &-
&

%
+G &- A &- 1
,-
& .J
7
0 ,- ,-
>6 D
"6# .--C
(H "0
4 K8
,- G

3
0 %
+G
' 3 2
' C
,-

*+ >6 29
:6 * "<&

.8 d$ ) > ZG

1 X-
+ 15 8 3

?@
*+ , :21-11
0 $ 0
(Trickling Filter) L= 2
?
$
*+
70 UX 6 $ -0F )(21-11 ) ++
@> 8\?2
30 mg/l 1' BOD @ 6 * G(
$

BI .+
0 ! " F )

! " > R
8
X : B S+A D0

$0
; *2 .+
' $ Z'F
3 )-;= . 1>6

1> 1- > D
` .B '
W
1A0
@ 6 '
+
$ A+
*+,
21-11

. )? 0 0

1>6 $ $0 )

1A0 $ 1 F *+ $

5 V' $

1>6 a# $
*+0 #
,
$ > D .(? !)

8
)
8> =
> @>
->
BOD [

5^ 0
0
1UA
"BI 2' .#
0
)
1>6 )1
0
)+

- I - 0 - + 0 - S $ B
?
+ @> ,
+(

B 0
!G
"BI = ' .+ >T5
" *+
V
*+ )J + / -0
- K '
)0
#

';> D+E
+
S]
B .
!
.L

0 $ Q X
J @>
T & > -G& 3A6< G

2' E ) :
$ < & % )
!
(NRC) )
@&
.$

&' %1- %F+ "
G& -6
B<
(&) &4 322-11 %<
1))+ &

0 &
,-
*+ 1& 3 )-'
0
' ^) ^<
'? .(68 F) 28 C 4 "

0 &-
)+ 6 J)
)
8- T

>6 "B8
6 F
A 2 .,-

"6 &- (
)+
J C

30 4 "6 &- 40 lb BOD/1000 cu ft/day 4

33 4 "6 &- 1-8 BOD L
6 3%74 "B8
.%81 "B8
! &% ' A

/ +

!BC
:22-11
(NRC)
D
E ;
# $ + 320C !
"
\4 ,&-& >C

"B8 %4' 2

M<
E+' & . 2
&)
>6 (&)

B
>6
1

$

A 3AG' ,- =
5
B
0U
:D
29

0 [ 3NRC DF >
A -
. 2

M< > ,'
:e
4F
& 3 2

M< >6 " &6 X
:
BOD L
2

BOD

100

- 100
(8-11)
@ 35-11
)-
& BOD L
2

,-
(*
K8
,- & @ &-

4 0+V
"B8 38-11
)-
& 1 4 % & .)-
M< :D

)
"B8
.23-11 %<
2

:9-11 & X&-

2
E = 100 100[(
)(
)(
)]
(9-11)
&- 3
) BOD = E :@
C
,-& %
!
BOD L
&-
35
A )-
(* >C

M< BOD L
"B8 = E1
&- ."

> &- &
A 1
(* 2

M< BOD L
"B8 = E2
. &- "

> &- &
"
& & %<& 35
M<
BOD L

29
2' ' %5 4 "Q B8& "&
+
<
% .
24-11 %<
))+
:
+-
.
1<' %F+ 5 -
)-
4 .20 C ' ( 23-11 22-11 %<

"B8
%
30 mg/l 4 (^ > % "&
+
A &) M<
B)I
.%4' ' BOD L

! &% ' A

/ +
?@
!BC
:23-11

,
BOD

/
3(NRC)
D
E ;
# $ + 320C !
7-11
/
F ,+ +
28C 12 H, ! H

NRC BOD G
!BC %
, :24-11
;
# ?

JK
+> J .?

!%
C, 2

I>
:25-11
&C,

;K 3!
1
, 2 .
! %
+
Las Vegas : !,L !%
) .B
%2 & B@ 2
J# !BC ;" 2
!
6
(E2 E< ' D5 7 12 Water Pollution Control Facility
32
M
<
25-11 %<
D
)
,
1 .+
>6 "0^0

&
J &
&
A 3^C

U
& &)
> B
1
% 9 &
1
M

8+ /0

)&$ C
,) 4 .1
.(& %2 $6 & ) 5)

M<
3-11
21-11 %<
D

2 5) M< :
,-
n&
"
G ,-
.220 mg/l 4 BOD )- & 12 mgd

' A 6 .16C n&
"
E
) "B8
:e 1 ' 4 "
6
7 ft

, ( 6 380 ft )& 4 = ' 4*
6 ft ( 6 3110 ft )& 4 = >' <
7 ft

, ( 6 390 ft )& 2 = )- 4H
>j &) 2

8 ft

, ( 6 380 ft )& 4 = 2 4H
> J

n& :21-11 %<
D
"6 )
%C (H % 8- ,- (,- G
)- ) 0.5 mgd &)
"8
0.8 4 QR M< % % "<& "6 3QR = 0.6 mgd ,-
.Q %+

(
5- QH QR 7 .mgd
:
:

:QH J

,- G
)- VO * $
2
A = 4 (80/2) = 21000 sq ft
V0 = (12 + 0.5)106/20100 = 620 gpd/sq ft
[ %35 BOD L

&- :
$ VO
0[
:,-
Z+
(
BOD
0.65220 = 143 mg/l

::
4 (110/2) 6 = 228000 cu ft
2
:BOD L

12mgd(220mg) / l)(1 0.35)8.34
= 62.8 lb/1000/cu ft/day
228000 cu ft
:1

12 + 6 + 0.5mgd
= 21.2 mgad
0.873 acres
(%& )
' QR = 6.5/12 =0.54 363 lb/1000/cu ft/day 6 22-11 %<

E
"B8
. %74 "B8
320C "
E %54
%64 24-11 %<
16C "

A = 2
Vo =
= 12700 sq ft
(12 + 0.5) 10 6 gal
=980 gpd/sq ft
12700 sq ft
:BOD +
(
(1-0.64) 143 = 51.5 mg/l

:BOD L

12mgd(51.5 mg / l) 8.34
= 22.6 lb/1000/cu ft/day
228000 cu ft
: 8-11

:
BOD L

22.6
(1 0.64) 2
= 170 lb/1000/cu ft/day
:*1

= 21.2 mgad
= 170 lb/1000/cu ft/day 6 23-11 %<
"B8
&- n&
"
E
"B8
&- 362%
QR = 6.5/=0.5412
%54 24-11 %<
17C
:(*
-
80
= 20100 sq ft
4
12 10 6 gpd
= 600 gpd/sq ft
V0 =
20100 sq ft
2
:) BOD +

(
(1-0.54)51.5 = 24 mg/l
17C # ' ( )( & BOD ! " #$%&
220 24
E. =
100= 89 %
220
* +
1* .^)
^< -F&
)-C
8+ 7
' J^ ?
)-
-
) &
6
1)-
)-C& A --C

I
8
:
"& &- J (:
"
>6 -
.-C& B
1
46 & R5 % & M -
1 ^8+ 3%- %$' A
-
1)-' 3E+C

>6 "
3

78
3( 6' < "<[& M -
.&' "4
0 J %
2
6
$
< )-j <
7
C

3
)-C& "A -' - 3A
<6 3,- G
>6 $6

)-' 0

<
"<
.5

+ $ *
1
> 2 in. &9& /-F&
6 +
7F$' &h2

0 "4
(130 m2/ > 100 m2/ m3 ) 40 ft2/ft3 > 30 ft2/ft3 6
M)-
n& . 4 in.
J$
88+ "<
.%94 > %91 4 I
:& 3m3
3A
<6 1- >
AD .8-

( X 1 & M<

+
) @ )-
=)- >6 &)

J G
A * M<

: 8+ +
&& :

J .&)
&6 %8-C

.2 in. 168
4 in. 1) 2 in. 1$6 3(PVC) % &
- M8 & &2 H M8

0 ('26-11) %<
&
"
.)-
=)- >6
J 4<
8
=) J /0
85m2/ m3 ) 43 ft2/ft3 > 26 ft2/ft3 J^ A & 6
M)-
&
$
"
.%95 >
o
8
: 3(140 m2/ m3 >
7F$' & h$ * M8 (, 26-11) %<
&
,- F
K&
1$&& ( 1 % & 60> 45
& "
M8
>6
% M - 3)-C
%8-'
,-
J .7F$C
T 6
.X & ,- G
)<& T )
% uW)& =)- %$' A&)
0 K-
,- G
) H V

D8
& ,&- 50
C
3%8-C
,- G
27 4 2
K8+ K-
,- G
)-C 6
M)-
n& .&)
"4 .(140m2/m3 ) 42 ft2/ft3 4 2

3(90 m2/m3) ft2/ft3
78G

0 Z
&C
(
,
Q ) *5 Q & "<
:6 &-

1)4 35 & &2 9 /&< )-C

!: T? .20 ft n&
.(L 3 3Z 26-11 %<)

7H & 1 5
Z& " B

& $ # $%

!"
()

:26-11
( ) .'* !
% - $/+ % $%
, $'* !"
() .$

56* 7 8 -9
; (34) .&
&% !
(") ."
$ 01 -2
(TLB Corporation, Newington. CT. $2<
)

C
,) . Z
&'
0 ) A&
AD 27-11 %<
1D!
%&4 /0 )
E+C
,- &
&

# A' A
J Z&
8-
,- F <&

"6 Z ? .M<
- :
01& .)-C
&6 ,- G
" 8+
9 /0 4 :+
&)
+2 % &6 BOD L
4< J &6
." 2C M<
&6

5= >?
- & "6 @ &
" !"*=
5= &
" !"*= 01
:27-11
$ !
& "A 6

Z
&C
>6 BOD L
G
sq 4 )- G J 2' ' (800 g/m3. d) 50 ft/day
>6 "* "
:
1.0 gpm/ft
3)-C
+2 3

7 3"

35
%F G
3BOD L
.
"6 ) &-
lb/1000 cu
T :6 ' >

AD 3-F&
< "B8 F H?)
J)- 6 G G X ' I .6
M)-& ' "<
- 1
%<C
> A /0 J 3$
"

4& '
50
3&)
%-
D8
"<
, 2V .)-j 8+

)& 3/0 > $ .M<
( & 1
& & )&
L
D
G
BOD L
.1&0& "<& $
"
."6 T? *
BOD L
- 3(&
0!
) ^<
BOD
D '
<6 : 50 M< &
0!
BOD L

5-
:%C
,
>6
A 6
=e
-k20AsD/Q
(10-11)
:@
(mg/l) Z+
(
,
*0 (Mh<! ) BOD = Se
(mg/l) Z+
(
,
*0 (Mh<! ) BOD = S0
(5&
*TC
) 2.718 = e
(gpm/ft ) [(l/m s) ] 320C E %68
% % = k20
2 0.5
2.
0.5
(m2/m3) ft2/ft3 3)-j 6

M)-
- = As
ft 3)-C
( 6 = D
(l/m s) gpm/ft 31

= Q
2.
,- G
)-C 0.5 & "A 6 +) 3&
,- G
&2 = n
.(K-
,- G
4<

:
+-& "

> &- & %68
% % M*!
k = k20 T-20
(11-11)
@
C 3T "
E %68
% % k
20C "
E %68
% % k20
1.035 & "A 6 + "
%
C 3
"
T
& %&4 1 5

BOD L

>)
& "6 ,- & 8+
S0 =
S p + R Se
(12-11)
1+ R
(mg/l) 3
"6 ,-
J 8+
& %+

(
,
*0 BOD = S0
(mg/l)

BOD = Sp
(mg/l) 3Z+
(
,
*0 BOD = Se
3' Z+ (^ ,-

/
,- F
"6 &- BOD = R
(QR/QP)
(12-11) (11-11) (10-11) G
&
k T 20 A D /[ Q (1+ R )]n
s
p
Se
e 20
=
T 20
n
Sp (1 + R ) e k 20 As D /[ Qp (1+ R )]
(13-11)
@
(mg/l) 3Z+
(
(M< ) ,
*0 BOD = Se
"L6 ,-L
JL 8+
%&4 C
Z+
(
,
*0 BOD = Sp
mg/l 3
gpm/ft2 3 "6 ,-
& C
Z+
(^ = Qp
5
8
s
F68 )-& G
0

0 )-C
&& K20 %68
% % :4 & .)
W<
+ .1-8 6
=)-
- 1 > +
,
.)-C
( 6 F+&
>6
&4 F+& %
0.0016 0.0008 & 4<

,- G
)-C K20 : &
%
>6 *$
)-j 3[(l/ m2 . s)0.5 (0.0020 > 0.0010)] (gpm/ft2)0.5
l/ m2 . )0.5 (0.0028 > 0.0017)] (gpm/ft2)0.5 0.0023 0.0012 & ,- G
,- G
)-C / >6' ,- G
>6 $
)-j K20 :4 .[(s
,- G %$' J %)' T > E! 50
34<
%68
% F ( & A&I
:H .
" )-' :
+-& & -
& :& > 31
)-j
.)
: K20
4-11
)* % "&$ '

$% '#( )* + ",- "#$ !
BOD 5 6& .'0 "1* 23$ ' 7 in. /( 70 in. .# '#(
; . $ ",
100 mg/l :
()*) 7
0.0026 = K20 0.44 = n < "1*- "!> # +0 .15C
,
7 BOD $ 35 ft2 /cu ft
= As (gpm/ft2)0.5
.0.40 mgd 6& "# $ B * @

% A

M<
-
3.14 (35) = 3850 sq ft
2
= 0.144 gpm/ft2
Qp =
R = 0.4/0.8 = 0.5
5- 13s11

e T' '
= -1.05
313-11
K&
=
= 0.26
:Z+
(
,
*0
BOD L
2.06 100 mg/l = 26 mg/l

5-11
. 20 ft X )-C
( 6 n& (A= 464 sq ft) 24.3 ft )4 5 Z&
0.0018 (gpm/ft2)
0.5

0 ,- G
>6 *$6
* X "<
Qp= &-

,-
5- .n = 0.50 3AS = 42 ft2/ft33k20 =
. 15C "
S0 = 0.80 mg/l 3BOD = 162 mg/l E & 0.5 mgd
,-
.0.75 gpm/ft2 5- )-C
,) % R = 1.0
"6 n&
1000 cu ft %
&& M<
I BOD ,
0!
BOD
3mg/l L&
A Se +
(
,
0!
BOD ,-
.:& "<
.,
*0 3+
(
BOD %50 ' K
& M^<
I BOD ,-

"<
:
464 ft 20 ft = 9280 ft
2
,
0!
BOD
= 73 lb/1000 cu ft/day
e 5&

T' 5-
= 0.12
13-11
K&
=
:+
(
,
0!
BOD
0.1280 mg/l = 10 mg/l
:+
(
BOD
210 mg/l = 20 mg/l
( - ,

- /0 3 2

1 J 5
Z&
M<
& E4
0

+& 3

0 : ' ."
6 6 ' - -
.28-11 %<& ,- G
))+ & 38+ ,-
) 9&
& 1

+ M<
%U< /0 ()
E
<& "6 &6 R' M< 5
Z&
%U< : .-
. 2

> &6 ^<

@& 3&-
&

,- - )-& 1 1
6 %U<
"
"6 &6 )< "9 ' M<
Z+
(

.5 2
(*
&-

" !"*= - *
" !"*= - &" $
0 $6*
6 % 1 :28-11
7 8 !
= 5= $ !A
" !"*= B .
# >?
; & $ !A
$, C
D
=
$*
&-

"
B "6[& %& ,
Q -
) :
;% &6 ! )^< "A 9 %< M
Q <
> %+

(
> (*
5 M< 1 "*6 BQ -9&

0 > <! .1

+ M<

5 M<& )< "9 3(Activated Biological Filtration) (ABF) )<
,h
:D

01 .5^)
M<
J &

T 6 3)^<

%-
H-! .(

&2

% 6 \+
Z+
(
,
0!
,- %&
I BOD L

1

+
Z+ (^ Z
-& 3
&2
,&-& .M<

X 9 '
0 5*
M< 3 )& ." 6 &
%
3
"6 &6 1

"& X [ /0 3&2 5*1
&6 "9
$8
&

"6 % *5' >6 .-C
& * )-C

% "4 - -j ZG 35
M<
.BOD L

% & = & n
g ? :
1
6 M<
G

D C 8+
%U<
:
G* G 9 .:D

+ : 5-
0 (1

+ M<
)-') ^
:
&- :0
20- ^
:
>
A -
BOD L
:D
3%70 > %40 31
1
$
> B
0U
&- 3(320-800 g/m3 . d) 350 lb/1000 cu ft/day

3Z+
(
BOD 4 30.5 4 >)- & 1.0 > 0.2
:D %U<

.25 > 5 mg/l Z+
(
^
&
X 3>6' 8
G
\
>6 :D

0 "4 ' )
.
)<
"9
6
A
-
2'
. &
6
)-C

0 )
< -
<
3*$

J (
F 31
M

Z+
(
) BOD L

"B8 n& .&
T)
%U<
36

30 mg/l 4 BOD > % 3/0 .%85

5' M<
0
%C& :+

' U& 3Z+
(
>6 5

[ .200 mg/l G BOD E &
:D > B
5$
36

"& -
.&)
+
(
&) & B8p 3
2 M<
&)
&6

"
4 3 <
+
J$ .BOD L

29 T 4 B<
& > K8+'
.&
T)
%F+ "

>6 D )
<
>6 )I'
!"

( $,+ ( ) * .$' ! (# $%& $!' (
'1 -/0 & ' $1 23 4 $ , -/0
< 9: ;' $7 ' 8 .$ $' 5 6# !'
$>:1 2=? + ;' $1! $ = 2' ;' 2> $7 :%
.$ < (1 -A* @ 5 $< ;' 8
U< %< A $6 %4' 6

:+-

Z
&C

J .
)-C
&) %< & A 3

6
)&$& (
G .
1
J
*-!
1
> >C
& /0
&6G& 0+V ' , &
T)
29

%< '
. A
&' $

D ' %U< :
8 = $7 = $7 (Psychoda ) + 8 # ,
F # G $> ( : 8 # #" - .1 E< : (1D+
J3 8 # #' ;' -1 KL .$3H $0 I
6 AN .-J
7 $7 <% -D < M*
, (:
#" $1: $7 ,! $7 < $1 ( A+ $1 $<
=1 5 9O * $0 =1 .8 #
.8 -H* : (O=0 8 : ' $7 :% (0% -P
- 6-11

$1 K, $<, $7 :, 23 4 $ , : $' ( K': 8
-1 ( R, S< 5O+ F # .61 M Q*
.11-3
<H : (! (1 2-3 1-3 (<H : (!
5 .1 :D @

29-11 %<
MH$

"& $
" BOD 1
K > &-
:+

/1- &
A
A $
"
K9& &
: .B
0U&
E0U &

&G
.& -' 2 * ,
0!
-C
+

AH
&

K& .4)
Z # 16
.1& "6[& %
: @
($ !A) $
0 $%/ < $* $
$6* :29-11

1 5V 31
$
"&
6' "6 &
F+ 1& &6 %
$
"

> 6- J$& :+
2
%8
%'
-& (*
> Z
%
% : .&
&-
"
"6 : .A$' (*
Z+
(
=) &
"
% > A 6 <! .+

:+

J 1 1
K >
> - 3Z
%
:-& 1
K 1
$
(^
(Mixed Liquor Z
%
^
&

:-& 5

"6 > "< 9< )<

"9
:-
' .Suspended Solids, MLSS)
1
$
%
0 ' D 4 X ' >
AD 35
(^
0 \F+-G
6 .%
&
0!
$
"

")< "
."A6
" ' +

T8

& *$' &-

^
"
' >
AD F
A
6 )<
"9
6
.-C
>6 Z %
- / 01
"
& BOD L
& 31
"8& )<
"9
6 *
" ,-? ."9
& 31
$
> B
0U
&- & 3:
V [ 3-11

:
+-& .1-8 D8G
,- )& 1
,-
6 D
KU& 3+

: Q 1

+ :
&)
BOD L

&
& BOD 6 "A 6 & .

"6
&
U
6) 1
K %-
: cu ft % :

%- : V @ 35-11
:
+-& /0 ,- .(:& ,g
.5)
M<
)-' : T 31
K
'
6 & ) (F/M) 1
$
> B
0U
&-
4 14-11
,- .:D
&

J ,- & BOD L
^
&

:
"
& :
&)
BOD (F/M)
.(BOD /:/(MLSS) : "
) 1

*+ Z
%
)
=
(14-11)
BOD +

"D, +E- B FG " = ( F/M) C$

(MLSS) 2@ ! 2 BOD +@
) = (MLSS)
! 2
.(:& & ') :

U
F &
,-
= Q
.(,
&
I) & :
U 3
BOD = BOD
.(& ') U
F 31

+ %-
: = V
31
K Z
%
^
&

= (MLSS)
.(,
&
I)
:
BOD L
) & ( F/M) 6 8V
K& &
.(MLSS)
"

&G* $ D "& H$ 3 # / *7 ' I$ %
B 3hr ("D +) &$ H$ "3% .(F/M) " #
.2 J( 0! 0!% 2H "$ "&;
H$ 3 ! 30hr
-7 " #( L

$ L "D ; . K% +&!
";& "E-
+ M '$
! !*
L * <0!% I$ " $

- 6; +O N#
( ."D 3 B
"&;
"&! B " "D 3 (MLSS) B L
I$

$N
.+ I$ ; . :
"(P&-
:"9
6
V MLSS
SS e Qe + SS w Qw
(15-11)
:' 3+
D8
)- = "9
6 @
.&
U 3(Z
%
^ &
) = (MLSS)
(&g ') U
F 31

*+ : = V
.&
U 3
Z+
(
SS = SSe
') :
U
F
Z+
(
= Qe
.(:& &g
.&
U 38
"9 SS = SSw
.(:& &g ') :

U
F 38
"9 * = Qw
3"*)

&

) & 8
"9 6 &

n& .
F
A 2 2' ^
&

*)
B
' &
%70 6 J % (
"*)
&

B
.
h
&

1$&& )& G* 1
" :
"
& BOD

+ : >6 +

BOD >6
K&

+ > 200 mg/l
0 &-
+ F
A 2 .1
.12.5 lb/1000 cu ft/day -

BOD [ 24 hr n& X1 "
BOD M&- 38 hr X 1
" M&
+
: U :
6 & ( F/M) &- .37.5 lb/1000 cu ft/day U %2 ' 2F2
.1

+ : 1& 2' *5
:D $C
A& BOD
3(MLSS)
& :
BOD
& 6 ' &

0 *

"4 ' 1
" > 7
)<
"9
6 *
F
A 2 31-8 (F/M) &- & F ' A 8+ D .*&)
1000 mg/l 4 (MLSS) 24 hr 4 1 "8 *- 1
.200 mg/l 4 BOD

0 +
0.2 4 (F/M)
0 1
0
' 8 hr 4 1 " 50 5 )< "9 :D
. 3000mg/l n& >6' (MLSS) & % & 1-8 (F/M) &- E
6' 3(F/M) ,- 3*
BOD G A+ 4-11 %
:

# 0

B8
3"9
"6 G 31

3"9

) A& 1

+ X& D8
(MLSS) & .BOD L
$8+ (F/M) &- 31000 mg/l 4 :* : A 6 .%U<

)
50
(MLSS) ' 3"9
,- "* &4 > % 8
.(* K8
,- G
^

"-+& ,&- 4000 mg/l
% 6 &! . 2500-3500 mg/l & 0
J<
%
=

%+

(
&- 1
K > (*
"9
"6
A 2 .:+

,-
3%30 )<
"9
"6 % 3F
L
:- &6 BOD "B8 ,- : 33.0 mgd 5- :+

.%+

BOD L
>6 (F
,-
1&
!
BOD
#2
+3
>6 "<& 31 6 1 %
:

"B8
A 3(*
2
)-
& ,- %

"
,- &4

)*
- -
[ 3T
>6 31!) : ) "A
L
:- 2
29& %8 G
3)
)+

' (&
> <! .
Z+
(
3^
&

3BOD
."9
:+$ M) & 3V8 I %U<& ,&-
"

%
\ 3
I 1
,&-&
V I & D 4 '
."
,&-& ' 3 -
3W0U
3(F/M) >6 36 %U< )< 3

"9
,- &4
% .,-
>6 "
(F/M) & A & 30-11 %<
)& ."9
6

(MLSS)
)
1

0 -
1
D '
C /0 36 BOD "B8 X 50
C
.+

) A&-
1-& S $
"
6 @& >6
1
$
&- %6 % & 1

$ 3%&
)
>6 .
Q D
.i +! 1 "8& BOD L
&' & M - 6 (F/M)
$0%
'/ 5= EF F $
$ !A $6 & $ 2 $,* :30-11

X 50
C
3%4' ,- "4
)<
"9
1
6 % .Z+
(
40 mg/l >6 ^ &
G A+ A &2& '
%
B 2-& 4-11 %
!
A ! 3^
&

BOD L
30 mg/l
E
30.5 > 0.2 &
F/M &-
% ' & .:- %<& F
A hU<!
G
.
&)
"B8
> %
t 0
> 5 & 1
8& = - > &' %

0
.4
%U< B< & :2 = -
36- 7
# ' ( 2

5
)<
"9
6 Z+
(
6
lb/1000 cu > 30 lb/1000 cu ft/day & =
BOD % %
Q <&
4 BOD L E

:
)- 2

42& & ' 350 ft/day
10C Z
%
"
30 mg/l 4 ^

30 mg/l
Z
K8+
%
G E .(68F > 50F) 20C >
% E 3J8
%
J Z
%
"
' 3
E
0 Z+
(
6 ' M*! 3(* K ,-
5
) 10 mg/l % ^
&

> 10C & =

"

SU %
' $

&
lb/1000 cu ft/day & %
&- /0 .15C
%
"

' K8+ G - 3BOD L
50 > 30
.Z+
(
6
U >6 %4'
A29 Z
> 3%U<
"
-
BOD & 4F
0 ?
"<
" U
1
3&
c
8 .1

* +

.B<
%U :2 *-

:4-11
(F/M)
(lb
BOD/day/
lb
MLSS) b

BOD

(hr)

(days)

a
b
(MLSS)
mg/l

BODa
lb
BOD/day/
1000 cu ft

1.0 lb/1000 cu ft/day = 16.0 g/m3d

1.0 lb/day/lb MLSS = 1.0 g/dg MLSS
' ( ( -

,?
"W&
)W< !
"9
D C 1&<
0
[ 331-11 %<
M*$ .

2

>6 B

< & %) %)-
+ 6 "A &6 1
K
%<& B
1&
#
@8 : 35 K .Z
-C
7
: @ 3H!6 1 6 Q D6' Q 1 9

+
%)

>6 )+
%<& B
1&
: ."
)<
"9
:+

%+
' %
8& 3
%+ : & 3 1& T
.
+
%C
B

>6 /0 3A
.$"62
G H $
0 () . $%"
$?"62 $
0 $ !A 6/ G :31-11
$
0 I
5= $%" $F ()
>6 * ? ,& ' F & (? '

+
74

>6 B
2 J$
2 : .-j ,- % ( 6 Z 9 2' ' :
4' 8 ( 6
74
4 ( & 1 M8 ' ,&4 %< >6 6 B
6
%
y *- .,- 4< Z 9 1&

% >6 6*
+
-C
% 3
+
$C -

)U
B
1
6 U
1 .B
1
+ : $W8+ B
1
> ZG
F
>6 B
1
1H & @8
&
& ,& ' & 6 (! 3&
,- G
& ,& j 8+

7
C
& 6 J : .
+
& '

7H ) /0 328

&
&
3: ' ' : 9& &h2
,& C
1
2
X &' 6 7
C
0 .B
1 &W)

0W0

1&4 @& 3%8 7

0& B
1 &W)

0W0
%
g .+
.
D
+
Z+ 1&-
.& 61 $ $ (O=0 6O 8 UT +
-1 8 5 =0 $O< 7 $ F/M $ V
( 8 5 J $'
: 7> .$' R1 =
(%, W: 7 8 Q F # -* *
.$' R1 $< ' - 0 F1 $'
X 7, , * $ (! 4#" J
F # < K - R, $, 4#' .23 (%,
$O (YJ 8 .0.5 mgd * 23 4 (

6O 8 K> , *
J3 23 (1 :
7! /
7
"> 4#" ( < .
0 61 < K (/ 6<
.$!% ( 5 -, 2' - $= $Z ' : 7"
6-11
:e
D
' ( )< "9 ) %
2.14 mgd = :
,-
185 mg/l = %+

(
BOD
212mg/l = ^
&

( 6 15.5 ft 40 ft2 3
4 :1
K
'
2600mg/l = Z
%
^
&

1.0 mgd =

"6 ,-
39000 gpd =

"9 *
8600 mg/l =
"9 ^
&

15 mg/l = ^
&

315 mg/l = Z+
(
BOD
^
&

3(F/M) &- 3BOD 31
" :e
,-
.)<
"9
"6 % 3"9
6 3BOD
"B8

:1
K :
2
4 (40 )15.5(7.481/10 )
= 0.74 mil gal
:1
K dt
0.74 mil gal / 2.14 mgd24
= 8.3 hr
: BOD L

=
= 33.3
=
= 0.21
:^
&

100 = 93%
:^

"B8
100 = 92%
:Z+
(
^
&

2.14 mgd15 mg/l8.34 = 268 lb/day

:)<

"9 ^
&

0.039 mgd . 8600 mg/l = 2800 lb/day
:"9
6
= 2.5 days
2800 + 268 lb/day
:"9
"6 %
100 = 48%
$ , '&

@L K0 $' ;< K> 20
* 53 K .(1 6# $' =0 $30
.;' == -3H $ $ * =L * -!
$%H0
1 ( ;' -3H $, $< [ (;\ : K0]
O O -3H F # *= < ' ;' $ ^%
7 == K> $ , (1 $ L : .
=
; ; : ;' J% K _1 .$: Q* .J% &
$7 ; * Q - J% (1 V $ +1
$Q/Q 8)] .2> J% $ =W =+ K . 7 7L 7=L
' 1 - _1 ;< 8 & $*
.$ * $7
7 1 $Q Q
1 -J
)I9& >^)U! 3
* )-
& > 1
K :-
) &6 A *- 3*5U
%-

)
,- & 3U
,S-
)<
"9
3:+

% %+ : .(32-11 %<)
Z ! 4 .8+ )U$ >C

> -C
I 3"
> * 6 %F+

"6 &6
+
J -C
*)- 5*1! ,! 4 ' 332-11 %<

M*$ 00& ,)
.Z
%
J -C
I T 9 Z
@8 6 4 >6
E2 * &%A $

0 B1 G -2 : 32-11
+ 1 C$ LE- DE- "- "D +,$ ; 2
# A "&$ B "&$ "$ .,Q "!- +3G G
%10 , !
!% 0 M3 ; 3@ .#GE
:
:3 &$ 2 .- ,! %20 B
."D 3 B "#* I$

-7
- I$&
.FD "HI "L ( F( ,! "D B 3
,
BOD +Q$ K
" F! ($ ! /R 4-11 !* < !
- K$ D% ; I$ S# ."3 "D +
3
B %1 B& L '$ " I$ ", D!
"&;

"D L(($ D% "D! "$1 - 2P!$ ."&;
%2
.
+3G& 3 2,$ P#G7 +3 - ,!
7-11
. "&$ ; . ",- F( ,!I "D 2H "
',
"!* ; . ! .32-11 !* < ! "!* ; ;
R "(P&- "&;

K$ 7 BOD 5 K
T $ +
2 3000 m3/d 2; 6& .L% L( E Q ",- ##
",- "( .300 mg/l 6& BOD 5 K$ #
5 0.60 g/d ' 2; F/M " R "D* ; . "1D
"$ 6& .4000 mg/l G* (MLSS) " 6& (MLSS) 2@ ! BOD
I$& B
- 2 hr
"D kg/m31 K;( ",$ BOD 5
.1( .< B& FT "D 3 2,$
O $
U . 3.0 d < / B;

:13-11
, "6 )
V=
= 375 m3
:BOD L

= 2.4 kg/m3d (%& )
:1
"
= 2.4 kg/m3d
= 3.0 h > 2.0 h
(%& )
BOD o % (MLSS) o 0.4 4 SS Z K K

&
*[ % -
:*
"9
6
= 4.2 d > 3 d (%& )
4 -
4 "U &-

0 A6< 2C
(&)

1D .E
3
)
4
3"U
KC
:- T

' 1
K
C .:6 : $6 J) ))+ 33-11 %<
.J
&h 0G8

*+ ' J4
1& : &

*+
3 H1 )-
& ' 7 B
)-
&
-& Z
:
BOD L
3D
01 .- 36 > 24 & 1

) G %& ' 1 U &2

[ 3$8+
%F+ > - " F

A 2 .,
)$
*5' @
.7&-C
:' T + ) : % 6- <6 "
!3 $3
0 $3%
!F3 $/
+
$
0 $ F & '* -2 G :33-11
73 83 $"/ "
5 .$
0 &?9G 5= " 9
$ $ 6 "
!"*J E
4 -< $G'
$
0 &9G !
0 $ < G" ><" !
6
BG
K8
,- G
G
$ )G
%&4 4*
: *
D8
9& (24s18 m3/m2 .d) 600 s 220 gpd/sq ft & =

& :& B
J +$ )-
& 1
" > "9
.)
> ,-
" M)- >6 )
"9
? .(33-11 %<) &
G .B
1
J +$ & &

"
' )-
& 1

*+
*- 1 ) )<
"9
)
&
"A 6 0+?
Z
%
&

"& M -! 3/0 G
A & ."U

= - /0 : .1
K "<& %
? :2 J&-' J$& "
"9
d$ :2 *1
%U< J
*+
,-& &
%U< % =
.
A& =) 1
&h
> 7
"
& .10000 mg/l > 1000 mg/l 4 > ' & MLSS
%
&

36
.A& :
50 > 30 mg/l % & Z
:$ 3(* 31

*+ - 1 ) :+-
A
+ 1
" ' ."U & %&4 3"9

H1 &
A A h)& A$' A
+ ' 3"< 1&
A* &

*+ "A 6 1
4H
' .' "
* 1 J "A 4 ' 3
D8

*+ :+-? ."9
0 8
&
"-C
( + .1 \r+
%&4 )<

"9 + :$1 "
1
.XU< 1-
XB8 :
+-G
J< 34-11 %<
&
.:4 16 > 4 X %

( 6 =
@& A$& "A 6 1
K
& 3*4< ' " " +

3)
: A&

*
0 A8*
A
' "

0 A$6 A6)4 )-

.,- F 1
> & X B 2' Z
%
-9&
*
5*1
:
"
* 8 6 6 "&6 34-11 %<
D
5*1
.
& : C
in. )4 ( 6 >6 *&

8<
0 42 in. )4 6)-G
6
*-
1
D ' >6 BOD L
3%
C
:D .14
2' 1
" 320 lb/1000 cu ft/day (320 g/m3 . d) %4' "&
.6- 12
!" >"G !
() .$
0 ! >
< M 2<
L 0 B"GK $/
+
$
0 $6* :34-11
( ) Q" QRF< RP < E O,P BOMO >< < F " I
6 !
() .N<
>?
Q($6 F
QP R) >< $"2 "* *S 0< $2< 6/ 01 G 1
(
) .

T F !
(34) .F "
L 0 !
(") .!A !"*=
Q0
0"= $
0 $?
&"% '
+ U .!" $ % &"% 01 !"S >"G * -2
8-11
3"9
(
& " I "U - 1 ) H
!
n& .24 hr 4 1 "8 10.5 lb/1000 cu ft/day 4 BOD L
%
n& : .40 mg/l/day 1

+ -!
h
&

:
%
>& MLSS > %* 50

:+
%+

(
BOD L
&-
%&4 6000 mg/l > 2000 mg/l G& MLSS M !-

0 z/0
z:

0 @ (U- : 3&

24 hr n& 1
" ' >
AD
::& BOD L

/&
+
:
= 10.5
=168 mg/l
MLSS
BOD
. 100 = 24%
::

= 100 days
'& -

68
2 &6 1

+ -C& Z
%

:
B
1
2 . )-& %
> B
1
,-& /0 " U 2
>6 "*
B
1
,& ' &<& A A - &
& 3,& ' 3M8
/ 3"0& + .
+
X&- ,& ' % & ' 3
+
74
"&
68

.)U$ B
1& 2
335-11 %<
&
6 %< >6

B
1
' @& * ! &
& ' ,2 6 "&6
.(' 36-11 %<
D
) )
%
<
G< "U .E

0 ! $
0 $1 "
9 ! G< !
: 35-11
'0 &* I 9F
/ 9F 56* /
$ 0
>6 B
1
H
6 "&6 1 "U
68

* '
7 % ' :I& .(, 36-11) %<& & 3"U 6 %<
:& * "&
68
&
& ' G 3 k & J 2

.-C
% 6 "B8& "U
68
2 & 3 1U<
,- ,& ' ' 3A4< A & ' 3'
H1

4 .1 " 4 A " U
"

8
.4< &
)U$
B
1& ? A "A U "A ' A *)- "A 4<
&
4<
&
J$ 3( 6 Z ( ."

"8<

6 o8 ,& C
&6
+
74 %
,- : @& ,- ,& '
.M)-
&# $ )( !# $ )(

:36-11
(Sanitaire Water Pollution Control Corp. $)'
.37-11 %<
& 3)
2 6 -C
%
1& ' < G&
5U
-C
,0 %C
)
,
0!
-C
1
$
/1- 2
)
.
-C
/F1-
% g g [ .
$
"
K9
' , .g -!- Z
%
,
0!
-C
[ &0
%
C
BOD L
;% Z
g
31
6 -j ZG
*
> +

BOD L
& (8& BOD L
Z
.-j
)
Z+
(
BOD L
X A) 1
K
3-C
j Z
*5' X A$ 3&

BOD L
:e

1D A /0
:O2 Z
Q(BODi s BODe)8.34 (TSS

) (1.4)
+ (BOD ("
&- G

)
+ 4.6 Q (NO3) . 8.34
(16-11)
lb/day &
-C
Z
= Q2 @
.mgd 3( "6 ) 1

>
,-
= Q
* 31
> %+

(
BOD L
* = BODe 3 BODi
mg/l 35 2
(*
Z+
(
BOD L
lbs/day 1.4 lb BOD/lb TSS '0 = ; TSS
: H
!, (
, ( : BOD `
BOD ` 23 : TSS : BOD ` , * < .: -
.7%, '%, J !, 8 :
mg/l 34.6 lb BOD/lb NO3
> *
C
= NO3
&%3 53= 93F &%S PC

?
.$ !A $
0 < &%V
# 2 :37-11
$?
!" & T60 B# W
AL A -L' L1

:H ' U& 3-C
ZG Bb 8-

*& ' 1

* U& ."0
G
F
L L2 :+- .
"0
*8
"0

1 & 3"0
3,-L G
L BOD L

*U
)U 2.0 4 "0 % 6 - 1
.E0 *8
:
>6 6 "D B %$8
W -C
% :&
<
1

' :H
)U$ "
E

X % %W2 3:1
&
B
-C
% A " !

&+G
> 6)-G
- .
"* ) ' :
+-&

% G 5-11 %
1D .
3
\+ &6G& G
0 0+9 G .*1
%^2 .-C
X 50
(
6

)U$
3&
-C
:
-C
% *8
%
e

OTR = SOTR f T-20(
C S Ct
)
C
(17-11)
:@
lb/hp-hr, ' lb/hr 3
%' M O2 Z
= OTR
.kg/kWh,
3 )U$ "
E 8D O2 Z
= SOTR
.lb/hp-hr, kg/kWh, 'lb/hr
0 ." F& 38D

% % >
&- = f
* @
&+
1 %
:
%
% 4 :-& %

29 $ 1
0 38D

%
% >6 D

D8
A& & %<& 8' 4 & .5*1
@*
$8+
8' :4 =
.
\+ 3MLSS 3&
D ' ' 3 6 5 G

)<
"9
) 0.4 > 0.3 &
% 6 :4 =
.0.75 > 0.45 & =
>6' :4
0

f :4 =
3
&+G
,I .0.9 > 0.7 & B 0.7 & "U

68
D ' 0.6 > 0.5 & 0
.1"&
68

0 1

*+
1.024 = "
F& "
M =
C 3
"
= T
& %
3
C/8D C = "
F& 3J&<
% =
.0.95 > 0.9
)U$ "
E
3mg/l 3,
0!
-C
7&< = Cs
5 &
)U$
/&
M)- E 5 &
)U$
) L& Cs ,$? .-4
.78G
% (%
J4
.K
& 3mg/l 3,
0!
-C
= Ct
K
@
)U$ M! 3mg/l 3,
0!
-C
= C
C = Cs (1- 0.325 . @
( 6/Dc)
(18-11)
(&- C Cs @
Dc = 10.34 C& @
( 6
0, Dc = 34 @
( 6
0
:&
:e -C
Z& B8p &)
4)
,-
hp =
kWh =
(19-11)
:e "<
1
D C ,)
B
1

,-
Qair =
QO2
OTE air f O2 24 60
QO2
(20-11)
OTE 0.0174 1400
:@
cu ft /min 3B
1
,-
% = Qair
lb/day 3-C
% % = QO2
&- 35-11 %

-C
% "B8 = OTE
0.075 = B
1
2 3lb/cu ft = Qair
0.232 = B
1& -C
&- = fO2

!
"

:5-11
a
SOTR
SOTR

(O2 kg/kWh)
(O2 lb/hp-hr)
4.7-2.4
7.7-4.0
39-20
33-11

1.8-1.2
2.9-2.0
15-10
33-11
)
3.1-2.4
5.0-4.0
27-22
19-13
2.1-1.2
3.5-2.0
18-10
29-11
2.2-1.2
3.6-2.0
18-10
! 40-11

2.1-1.2
3.5-2.0
18-10
$ 31-11
" #$

.kg/kWh 0.61 = lb/hp-hr 1.0
!"# %2.0= !"# :

15 in.

. in.
%1.6 = '$ !%& %0.75 =

+ , '" ! ) - / )* & '"( .$% ! "#
2 $ 3 45 ) 6
7 & ) ) 0#1
;" 7 & ) " 8! 9( %:/5 )* ), 4 3 "
! 0#1
= ! 0<0 :/ )& .45 ) 6
7 3 " )5
" , ' ) >!
7 , 1, * :/ ? & )*
3 . C , = C

= " D8 C-8! !
B @!" A!
3 $ 45 ) 6
7 "!
91
! 1,! 7 9% 91

.45 ) 6
7 E@ D 9% (* ,

9-11
>C
+
BOD L
8+ 25hp 1 % 6)-
*1 :+-
(
BOD E & 0.5 mgd ,- G
n& .%6 %
0 & :D
T 350 mg/l 4 Z+
(
BOD E 180 mg/l 4 %+

3 & +

: G ."9
'
"6 ,-
*5' /
Z
,-
.15C "

)- n& .5 mg/l 4 & DO /
.*1
6 3/ *

"
3-C
0.3 =
0.9 =
@* G =F

C = Cs 10.2 mg/l
5-2 %
D
(5s11 %
D
) O2/hp-hr 2.8 lb
Q (BODin - BODe) 8.34
)
*1
:
:O2 Z
:O2 Z
0.5 (180 - 50) 8.34 = 540 lb/day
= 1080 lb/day 2.0 4 6 % 6 E

OTR = 2.80.31 (1.024)15-20 . (
= 2.80.135 =0.375 lb O2/hp-hr

hp =
hp =
= 121 hp
.25 hp 1 w% 6)-
*1 T + '
10-11
. !" BOD

2000 > !" " )18 in. &' ( 18C # $ %!
)* $"5 6 # %! " .2.0 mg/l 3 4 /01 * $"2 , - *+ " )mg/l
: (9' / ,0 7 / /!8 ) !" # /!8
4' )140 mg/l < = : (' 4' BOD " *2 ;! )3.5 mg/l 3
.23 mg/l 5 " )23 mg/l 8# * 6 ('
0.65 =
0.95 =
0.75 =F

Cs = 9.5 mg/l
(5-2) %
D
C = Cs (1 0.325 . 5*1
( 6/Dc)
C = 9.5 (1 0.325 . 18/34) = 9.5 . 83
= 7.9 mg/l
O2 Z
= Q (BODin - BODe) 8.34 + 4.6Q . NH38.34

= 3.5 (140 -15) 8.34 + 4.63.5238.34 = 6740 lb/day
2.0 &$' $ *$+ 13500 lb/day
OTR = STOR0.650.75 1 (1.024)18-20(
= STOR/0.413
OTR = 13500 lb/day/0.413
8.3 O2/hp-hr = "U
-C
6 % %
hp = 32700/8.3/24
Qair =
Qair =
04 + ' 56
A -

J %
)<
"9
D ' "A 6 :* ?
:
0+9 .1-8 1
6 :+- 4 ) U<
"&+
>
29
=<
%2 3
D
29& X&+ &6G& /0

"
+& 3A$' +
D
.6

0 :+-? 0 3

G* +
>6 29
38
,- G

U
E 50 Z+ (^ ( F
A 2 .1

*+ :' G*
1 0
:
:4 [ 3% c
Q 30 mg/l 6 % BOD L

4 BOD --' "& 2
>
A -
.6 hr n& 1 " (640 g/m3 . d)40 lb/1000 cu ft/day
lb 4 (F/M) &- E E? ' 31

*+ "*
:
^
&

& 3BOD/lb/day MLSS 0.3 lb > 0.2
.A& 3000 mg/l > 2500 mg/l 4 Z
%
5&7 .

"9
3X&
: 50
B
1
&6 1
F 6 % :
& (F/M) &- & (MLSS) L& ^ & 31) :
4 %< 3 3M %<& :* :D ."9
' /0& ! .

-
J$ % :D
)
,
0!
Z
-C
' 3A& 1-8 : % "

>6 B&p $ &

-& 1) : "9
' 3A&- &2 1&
1 "9 A$8+ A) &-
0 ,^) 4 . F (F/M) &-
.%4' 3)
>6 $

6 7&-C
3BOD L
:
:4 & > )
% 6
B 2' .1
K
> C
%* ' g !
&
D -j

:+-? ' (*
D8G
%
.>6j
"
:& : 50

I "A H 3
G
% g !
&

\+ "9
=) " %$C
5V G ' )< 3,

0!
-C
\ 1& -C&
#
. &
BOD L

"B8 J
> 0 :^

B

-C
\ 3)<
"9
&4
&+
\8
* $
(
^
&

BOD L
E 3(MLSS) 3,
0!
/0 3X BOD L
E %+

(
5$
.Z+
&

:* .1
" 3(F/M) &- 3$

,-
( 6 &-
3(*
Z+
(
6 3"
)<
"9

"B8
"6# ,-
%
6 3(*
"9
B)I
.)

"9 &

>4' 3 2
:/ ""
9 '" ?" F ) '" D
)3! 1G )* ) 6
7 ?3
! C!
)* B ) .
!" A 7! 1 )* C
# ) , ) .- 9(
!
. 4: , 36! C!
)* " !"! : # )
6 # $6"! ! HC" A@#
B , (MLSS) 2! H!
. "6 0 " < J"% 4 6 (F/M) !

3I!
B ) .?" F 6 & 9 6-9 "# K
" "6 9( & J/" 1 A@,
) 6 C "
. 0 9
) @3 ""0 D ""0 4 ) )*
"# )& HC" ) A@#
B ) B )
.9( ' ""0 ! / 8 ) ' '36 )* "
> " Z

%
2 B & "6# :' $& C
,) 4
"9 ,- 8$
&
,&- $ .M %
Q U< (F/M) &-
,- U& 3
& .8
3
3
%

5* )^<
3(MLSS) 3
BOD (F/M) G $
%U<
G*
." 1 1& >
:
J 1 "9
6
)* (MLSS)
" 2@1 "! ! " -"6 2# )
3& L "
. # 0 " 1 6 ?/
3 " ;3 "!1 ) HC" , 8 96 ) "
# 9 ? 0 M- ! !
@ ."
) ."" 6"
6 4: 2 45 ) 6
7
"#
# 4: ", 45 ) 6
7 # !DN "!1 2# 91

)I, - / A%#1 "" 6" ) & '"( .) 6"
PI, '" 1* .BOD O 3B '!/ '" D8 0#1 "" 6"
"D
R ) .HC" 9( @ 3 # 2@1"!B! 41Q )* 6
" Q36! !
)* "# ? ;3 * 6 @3
M@ H " , !
7 ) .
" ! 4 " : 36* &
"# A@,
8 N
" < , " <
.$6 S , *
B > " "0
8 & ' - 9 *; 7-11

* $ 4' :3 * 1# " # "# @ ? 8
* C'D . # ! 4C 60 8 4' (12-3 ') '
0 4- ' ! "# E *F *EG ,0 4' * 5
+ 4" # $ 4' 4#8 H 5 *F )$ !
. ; !" 6 I / J0 * 4' COD 2 BOD
k
! .(31-11

)
:38-11
k &%'*
$%
# rsu " S
M)- :
+-
& --C
$
4F
38-11 %<

%< .
JQ )4 J&
J
) & -G
M)- & -G
.3-26 %<
&
(&)

0
K8+ & 1
6 5 3)<
"9 " ,- &

) J

) ($8+ (F/M) &- ) & -G
M)-
- Ks &2
'

J)
J& "8
$
-
.
0
%
- M)-
:
+-
6 /0 & -G
M)-
: 38-11 %<

.X -G >4C
rsu = k
(21-11)
COD L
' BOD L
mg/l 3M)-
:
+-
% = rsu @
.:& ,
0!
COD L
' BOD L
mg/l 3M)-
:
+-G >4C
%
= k
.:& MLSS mg/l % ,

0!
.(MLSS) L
mg/l 3

= X
' BOD L
mg/l 31
$& )
M)-
= Se
,
0!
COD L
3 k/2 L - Ks 6 M)-

- 3
&2 = Ks
,
0!
COD L
' BOD L
mg/l
G
(<G 39-11 %<
D
,- G
))+ :+-
: &
))+

0 .A )< "9 $
.:& & ' 3

%+

(
% = Q
.:& & ' 31

+ )
$8
"9
% = Qw
.:& & ' 3Z+
(
% = Q Qw
(QR/Q)
"6 &- = R
)<
"9
"6 % = RQ
1

+ ,- G
% = Q (1 + R)
.& ' 31

+ : = V
.MLSS L
mg/l 31

+

= X
L
mg/l 3
" )<
"9

= XR
."*)
SS
.Z+
(

= Xe
' BOD L
mg/l 3
%+

(
M)-
= So
,
0!
COD L
1

+ 3
" "9 3Z+
(
M)-
= Se
39- %<& ,- G
))+ &

e
4F
:+-? @
.11
) * + ,( -/ 01

2 ,,3 39-11 (
(22-11)
E=
&- 3,
0!
COD L

' BOD L

"B8 = E @
=
(23-11)
:' 31
" = @
F/M =
(24-11)
BOD L
L

I 31
$
s B
0U
&- F/M @
1

+ )
MLSS L
:
I % :
-
COD'
(25-11)
Qc =
:' 3(+

D8
)- ) "9
6 = c @
)< 39-11 %<
)<
"9
6 5 6
(

"-+ %

% 5-- 3
-
.
"9 Z+
(26-11)
rg V = Qw X + (Q Qw) Xe
M&- 312-3 "8

25-3

0

% %
&-&
:e rg %' 25-11
=Y
(27-11)
- kd
M)- n % &

" n 3
= Y @
& :+-!
& -G
rsu/X 6
& -G
M)- :
+-
% U %+[&
(28-11)
= YU - kd
rsu & -G

M)- :
+-
% :4 "- A $'
& U 6

& -G
M)- :
+-
%
rsu=
(So Se )
X
(29-11)
U=
(S Se )
rsu
= o
X
X
(30-11)
:
6
& -G
M)- :
+-
% = U @
rsu/X %' 27-11 & 30-11
+C

K&
:> % 3
+
1 : % /0 3V/Q
V=
(31-11)
(<G e
:+-? 21-11 & ")

4F6
321-11 29-11
"
- & .Ks 7&<#
&2 :$
U L& K
:2 8 1$ :2 1&& 3X >6 :-&

4F
> % 330-11 & "*
=(
)+ ( ) +
(32-11)
Z ,- 3(31-3)

3Yobs DF

>
A -

32-11

K
Px=
(33-11)
.:&
I 3
"9 "*)
&

= Px @
G
0 (<
1
$8
%U<
D
:e
.1

+ : Z .1
.& -G
M)-
3
3
-
,-
.2
.COD ' M< BOD 3&
0 & -
=)- .3
"6 )+ T 31

+ )<
"9
K =) : .4
."9

& -G
M)- 5- 1

+ & -G
M)- .5
.Z+
(

.) 1

+ 5
)<
@ .6

&
2 *
:
C
,) 3A 1 $
G
(&)
:e
COD L
' BOD L
n % "*)
&

n 3
= Y
.&
0!
:
3

% % = kd
.&
0!
COD L
' BOD L
n 37&<#
&2 = Ks
L
' BOD L
n 3& -G
M)- % -G >4C
%
= k
.:& ") &
n % &
0!
COD
"9 " :
+-&
&4 -
C
,)
&
0 G 3&
2
0 &+
T >6 & )W<
D
&+
%U<
D .)
% T >6 -

-- 0h8 ? 3 & J .$
G
(<
1-8 $8
A 20 3 & =
8+ 6'
0 "9 6 >6 &
&+
3 - T ,-
G /0 & 3
-
%U< D
&2 =) /0 3& -G
M)- &2 31

+ : Z
3") MLSS 3 3&2
%U<
)< ' U& ."9
-C
3pH L
3"

&2 D
: .c 3F/M
.
&+G
-- 08 %F+ 3,
0!
/0 "9
6 $ &+
" % %U<
' U&
3,- G
G
-
)- .
-
% X ' $
,- : 3")

&

3&
0
COD ' BOD
,- : 328-11
)-
& U 6
& -G
M)- % -
%
&+
% U 1/c :4 :- : .25-11
)-
& c "9
6
&6 :- :- )+ 28-11
.('40-11) %<
M$
)+
J X) 3Y
:-

0 % .)-!
)
0
31/Se %& /U1 :4 :- : /0 & .kd

% % 4<
0 % [ 332-11

>
A -
.(, 40-11) %<
D
4<

J X) Ks # k &
0 &6 :-
:-
)+
)< "9 1

&
2

G
.1/k
.6-11 %
A
(8) .4 5

1 6 /
!'
*
*3
! , :40-11 (
31-11
10
(2) .27-11
10

"9
' ,) R Z0 :
+-& * !
1
6
6 >6 (&) ' >
AD 3A A )<
" U& .:

Z
) |M 3 - ,-
:D & -
+G 3$
Z0
(
AD .:
GH
,-

<

U& = -
,
0 3 ) 8
3 &
5
:D .X

$
"
% %&4 A&) -j
Z
[
.COD ' BOD
&6
>6
G
$ @ 3,
0!
^

&+G 3,
0!
-C
Z
J ^
-C
Z

B 2' 36 E? ' COD' BOD
0+C
G*
: B 2' U&
A+' .

&+
.^
&

% $ /0 3,- "9
&4 &6G&
. 2
4*
A :

4
,
0!
BOD +
%h2 1
: >C
")+

.= -
^
BOD L
>
A -
/0 +
(
,I
' (25-11 ) "9

6 &
A+ 1
4 '
0 ' >6
A 6
1

*+ : .(24-11 ) (F/M) &-
& .%U<
E MLSS
:
,-
+
,) G*
.31-11
:
+-& 1

*+ : ,- &
0
E 50 Z+ (^ Z # % :
"9 6
+
.: 15 > 5 % =
330 mg/l %4' BOD
B
0U
>6 /0 )<
"9
,- &4 >6 %U<
E MLSS
& 31
" )[& $8+ : 4 ,&- .1
$
s
(*
)<
"9 B5 &0 %8& )8 MLSS
,&-
=
MLSS :4 % )< "9 6 5 A 6 .5 2
&

%80 > %70 &- 3000 mg/l > 1500 mg/l &
& J ") MLSS 0
:
4 [ /0 .") 1
. 2400 mg/l > 1200 mg/l
"
$ % # &
#
'(
)
*

+ #
:6-11

20C $ ) ')) ) ,

-.
/).

()

0.8 - 0.4
0.4 - 0.3
0.08 - 0.04
mg VSS/mg BOD
mg VSS/mg COD
100 - 25
100 - 25
8-4
:

mg/l of BOD
mg/l of COD
:

&2
Y
Y
kd
Ks
Ks
k
11-11
: ,- G A 1 1

+ : 5

130 mg/l %+

(
BOD L
n& .2.0 mgd 4
Z+
(
^
BOD L :
:4 n& .90 mg/l ,
0!
BOD L
1& >
:
G* :4 .7.0 mg/l ,
0!
BOD L

20 mg/l
:
0 +
&6G& 0+v' .MLSS 1400 mg/lL :' 10 "9

-

&
2
.
E4 &-
4

*U
BOD L VSS/mg 0.60 mg = Y

# &+
T >6
.:& 0.06 = kd ,

*0

1

+ ,)
:
[ 331-11
:
+-&
V=
= 0.44 mil gal

23-11

= 5.3 hr
24-11

F/M =
= 0.29
:

K *[ 333-11
:
+-&
Px=
= 519 lb VSS/day

8-11
3"-C
/&
C& A$' ?

-G
/& A 6 % -?
.

) 8 /& 8
()
2

1 GY X ' G -
%7 &
4 ) :+ 1 ' :I&
>6 G - " 1 %90 3"
G

C
A& /0 3
G 3"
*1 322 3+
3e /&
^ ? . - 10000
,- G
T4 &-

$ .1 $ 5 50
5
)<
.e

8
0 /&
7
' 7 %
r `4 !- .&U

$ .

-G G
A -

C
7
' 2'
/&
- B 3
F

1
/8
&
F68
:) : .1 --C

5
)<
41-11 %<
%W2 .+G
0U
A 3&
)-
& (^
)
$
3$6F
*&
0 ,)
:+-i .&
-' 2 8-
.%
> -C
" T <
B$ " -
4)
> A $
A$' -C
%+ 4 .&
%&4 & ,
0!
-C
/1-!
.=
% &6 1
"6 )-
&
7
>6
G D ,- &
&

%
K C
31
& %2 3

1 & $6G 0U
> 142&
J 3"
1
)-

"+C
0 -9 .$
5&
%
F
A
"

( .5
FU
) J$& /&

"
6 B<
% 8 .,)
."&
B
:
- +

$6 [ .
6
(
+

0
2
5
B)U
2' &
)<
J

B
M& ' 3&
0 29 .=
1 T <
B$
' > 31 M
() J&
%F+
&0 %F+ 3
G
D A& J&-' $& /0 (U- 4 .
16 (&- > ,)
.&
T)
%F+

$

+
 2 ft %U6' ( 3 ft X68
-

6 "*$ ,<6' %V 5$ 2 ft 4 > '
"
1 M
,&- 4 5 ft ( B
' I 30
.7
>6
F
) >?8 @ ) 2
/,
*0
/
!;"*
&< *3 *
,,3 :41-11 (
(19-3 (
A
6
)! )-& 74

0 32' ' $ && 0
&
%h2
J ( > %+ &6
%+ .(42-11 %<) &

-&
)-
& K&
1$&& ))+ &6 F+
& :2 ,-
1& :r
:
3%+
))+ *, .Z+
& > 1&-
J&
"
:r
: .&
,4 3J
( ^4 &
& )-
&
: .
&
(FI Mi ,& %U6 +

A&I : .1
> &

3"08 &
[ .Z
%8&
G
J 1H "
&
@ J /-F&& 1 )&& ' &
$U& /&
4 : U&
.1 <

%+ 46 J )
- U& .

BOD

BOD

#("

BOD ! )
*+ ,
.
BOD $ %
&'
(2.2 g/m2 . d) BOD $
20 -
+ 89 -: -/ 0 1 2 345 6 7
9; #<= ! 0 9 ' . "

&
50 C D & ? #
@ A< A
E6C .& & D
(5.6 g/m2 . d)
BOD $
ft E D E G cu ft F' BOD $
1.3 -/ 0.9 C
0 < D' & C #5
&
07' 6 -/ 3
C: F + E
HB 4 I .7
.I7 6 :1-C
% @ .5
&
1 G 2 & J F+ @F2 > ' & > X [ "&

B< #
' %--& %U<& 3(, 42-11) %<& &

&
M - . ^
)

0 %W . 2
F+
J %--& %
3C
F+ 5
&
.X6)
,- G

E 3 9 G 4
& >/ & 49 & = 9
= 9 > #
< A .J
D F +
HB 4 A

69K < ' ! #BOD $

' -/ & H #8 ft
=
G 4L .F + E

2 .9 F + E
9 0D=
0 1 G=

89 30 mg/l D' BOD 6 &M F + E 2
! 30 mg/l ,
3 9 G
B5 . N @7
.100 -/ 50 mg/l $
& C M A ' -/ & H #
0*
8 C+*
6 &0(* *03 B (8) . * !** :42-11 (
-*
' &0 0*
8 C+*
6 &0(*
8 D @ ;3 E;' B (2)
I F /*G H, #>6 </ 1
6
A ' OB9 ' O

#P1 * < P< 9 GM I OL ? .
0@7 BB9
. 0 "D A D 4 + QR
O : J C
12-11
42- 7 T
C # 3000 0 S

7;
9 14
: 9 U
#(A 11)
0.24 mgd F + E A ,
. 7 @+
B BOD 0.15 lb 80 gpcd % #BOD $ 450 lb R R6
- & BOD $ A (') .BOD 225 mg/l '

17 49 ' A (A) .: 89
.
0.10 in. @
I7 9
RV ' O
5 ft 2 ft

lb = 450/21 C
&
- >6 BOD L
n&
(')
= 21.4/0.17 L

-
.: :
21.4
.: % 125
: +
: (,)
(5 ft 2 ft)28 acres43560 sq ft per acre = 3666000 cu ft = 27.4 mil gal
:B

. 28 acres . 43560
. 7.48
= 76000 gpd
:=!
+

= 170 days

38
/& ' Z$ #
/&& A$' 1 <!
3

0 :+
2
' 3)<
"9
Z+
( 22

3)-
1
D8G
&6 : 50

-G
%W .5)
M<
( 6 . C
3
&
1
$
3BOD L
3^

% .T <
B$ (
+
Z
9 3 ft > 2 ft & A 6 B
3(g/m2 . day) :
: % BOD L
15lb 6 BOD L
G
.: 15 10 & =
A&- 4' D8
'

+
/& 1 A&I
3A
"
*1
/&
:+-
/0 3
4 "
6 >C

12 ft 10 ft & K
C
( 6 =
.6

&-
H ! .(43-11 %<) - 6 >6 &2 ' Q )

& "
*1
G .,
0!
-C&
A
&
"
(^ A V @& *1
%
>6 5$

-G
3,)

$
&-

-
0+
:6 >
AD 3K
$ ) 50
Z
31
"8 & BOD L

.)<
"9
"6# ,-
BOD L
K8+ <
$

.
&) 3"

:e
A "
*1 &
(34-11)
:& 3e T-C
> %68
% &2 k @
:C& 31
" t
L-? ?#, " @ * K & (2) .@#

/ D%/
" (8) J" K &
:43-11 (
(Aqua-Aerobic Systems, Inc. :
#) .(*
N J" C%& (M) .2/0
> R / - Q' S +

k D
< * k D I .F + E S < - 6 #F + I
# 1.0 -/ 0.3 Q " < #B9 F + E 20C S
0 .&
< SQ F + E k D ' @

! < < &
' 8 -/ ' 3 I < S& +
E 0 #&8= .
89 F + E S <
BOD $ &>B9 20C S < * ' 9 S <6 F +
%60 -/ SB OB9
10C -/ S < W/ A
#%85

E C' Q0

<: A .&

"M+
D X> BH E <: #F +
:Y
R = R0
C S Ct
1.02435T-20 ()
C
(35-11)
! + < / #>B9 SB 0 1 7 2[

7 M 34 > .%Q 7
0@7 A

' S Q0 C\
0 ' ? .0 1 8
8
& @7 #A A 6L <' >/
1 C
#S: "<
+ "> A]
' #
!
A : ? #Q+ F + E " .0 1 J 2

B S
9 ' -/ & H #&
& <
. &
> A
' #+ B ' #
6 ' A N 89 < "< H 9 -/ A I7 8

S F < 0 S 49
*Q0 0 - > =^
A 4<
# J? #& 7 I7 _= -' .O 3 9
" # 9 =
-/ 0 C A N

> A< #7 .0 O ' =^
! ! C
. 0 E
FB9 I + A+ `0
13-11
&9& *1 2.10 mil gal 4 % : 10 ft ( & E*1
2.5 lb J^
%&4 -C
% % .10 hp 1 % )- *1
30.30 mgd %+

(
n& .hp-hr % -'
1500
% 50
3600 mg/l 4 BOD )- & < 6
%
\+ [ 3
-
>
A -
.lb/day
"
*1

"

* .0.8 4 % 0.9 n&
> C
& &I
BOD
[ .
25C B<
10C
& % &) -' 1.0 lb ' K
z&- 1
- %1 3%75
' U& "
1

,
0!
-C
' 3
!
BOD L
. 2.0mg/l 4 > ' &

: D8G

2.10 mil gal /0.30 mgd = 7.0 days
(%& )
-C
% BOD
# ,I
> C

1130 lb/day = 6-& -C

& 47
:-C
% ,)
%
1130/24= 47 lb -C
/hr
11.3 mg/l = 10C E Cs 35-2 %

:
+-& 10C E 10 hp 1 % - *1 &9& -C
%
35-11
R10c = 4102.5
10.2410-20(0.9)
(%& )
= 44 lb/hp-hr
25C E Cs 35-2 %

:
+-& 10C E 10 hp 1 % - *1 &9& -C
%
35-11
R25c = 4 . 102.5
10.2425-20 (0.9)
= 57 lb/hp-hr
(%& )
# !" 9-11
%) &6

: 1

.
&G
3-8
3
&
/0 & 3$
$
& >4C

)- &+& 3Z+ (^ J :
ml % 400 3& A 30 & 100 ml % 200 4
&

Z+
(

$
6 n& .& :' 7 & 100
100000 %
-G
/& 3h<
"9
D ' 3)
<
& X88+ &6 Z+

(
=) F- .10 ml % 10000000 >
ml
&

8+ 9& &
>6 3X & )-
3&
$ !
E&
&U
%9- 400-200/10 ml > 106/100

A6<
2' .
-8

A&
A6 %W)
.-8 &
( <C

6 .:
A
+-
4

2'
3+

3
pH >6 : $

A A 15 > 8 mg/l % -
.T ^
3"

<4 ) 4 30 > 20 min 4 > ' T & %<& * !

.("

19-7 18-7 F<
1D' 12-7 "8

6 A-
A<
AB @k ! 3J- R' Z
T
E 4 30 6 % G "8 -
,- G
K 3
J T ^
)
.44-11 %<
M*$ 3
:
A
6 /0 3"0
,-
% &6
% < Z "
' J-
Z
" :+-i
"B8
A < & 8 " 4 > %
$ ,&- .

(
*+
98' .A&) "A 6 ,- G
' >
AD "
0 %2 # .*-
,- G
D , ) " T
:
4' 10 ft 1$6 - # +

)-
&
*+
:- 3D

+
U&
&+
< .D8G
5$
%)& 10 ft ( &
,&- 3,- G
7)
6 31 %
G
C
6

& & :r
4
-
.
+
: ^4 2' A-4
.*54
V8 %U 0, > !N (2) .0
0/
1*P "6 8 N 90 ?
O/ /8 / % /
G .H$,
N N 20 5N L*
O/8 ';'
Las Vegas L# LP 5 E%0* N Q# # ,*0
) .,/
>
M*/P
(Water Pollution Control Facility

( ' )" *+, -. /' &# $%! !" #
)" *,
, 12 3 34 5% 3 .&
8
$<
, ; :' 0.5 89 0.0mg/l 6!" 7
9 .% #<9 % *, ; :' #9 6> #9 / . .*, =
(#7 $B) 3 '
@ ! ' ,9
= ?, =@ ! *. $
3 '
@ D EB .($&' $B) 2 3
. D
, "': >F@ 2 3 2
5 4 1

$
"& >6
5
3: "A 6 "
:+-? .
( & > $ !
>6 & %< $

&^
J A$' %68

4 .A
A)+ &6
1
0 &
31
2F2 2
:H @& > "* "
>6 $8
D

-' 2 3C

:
+-
2%
&
* $ .
)-
& :
:
+-
<C
31
-' ( 3 ' 3:-&
U & 3
%
& :
* (UV) L& : .(UV) -8 &
(
/0 1
-' ( J (
& (UV) <' :+-? 4 .
3:6
: (UV) L& :
J
:+- 4 .:
"-C
-
.A$ :W & 6
$%&
! '

45- $B D)
& 6. X %B <'! *, %B 6.
300 200
< $. 3 (UV) %B 9 .$ % 89 ' (11
J K%B9 *% .I
, H! $ >< 3% 8 ? @G
M% @ L@
!, .DNA J I @ 3% (UV)
(46- $B) 6? : G E N ' DNA J 6? / $&< $2!
( @ ' DNA) J L#< $2 (UV) P2 /O ' .11
<'! *, %B ( .@ *% ( :)#) 8? $B >%
H
'! R, .( ' ( 7 >B
, 3'!
S . 4 <% <> ' *! ' <% "'
" .<'! *, %B -F2T 3 # D% 1
J .
3! , .S B L
,
& -F29 %
?9 @ 3' >D @ > - ' )# ! DNA
E 49 -F2T 5% " ' 7 < .B
.1% 8 ? E K<'
? +?
+/
.*
/
!/* " 1(8 ,&
4,
+ :45-11 (
* 400 A
6 100 *
(UV) 4,
%2 & : -8
3$
)<
K& <

&'
%F+ (UV) <C $
&-
&6 (UV) 6 T .)<

0
<j K
& $
6 >6 *
$
6 -4 :I
%)
:I = 1og10(No/N)
(36-11)
(UV) <C K

%&4 "2

= No @
<j K
& "2

= N
!" DNA

.(UV) DNA
:46-11
.4" / 0 " 12" " "*3 / #$ $ %$" &' (" ) *+ ,-
' K8+ )U$ A+ J ? (& M& (UV) M&
%) 6 &-
DNA \
3(' 47-11) %<
& .%6 )U$
(UV) 6 A $' %<
1D .300 nm 200 nm & J (UV) L
M&
.X-8
%)
6
K8+
)U$
M&
1 6
B$
% ' >
AD 3>6' * - "B8
0 )U$
$8+
K8+ ,&-& .254 nm 4 \ G
6 %) 6 J A&
&'
A6 ,) C
' I 3M&
6' g 34)
&)
."* (UV) 6 9 M&
>?
? * .0*3 !* ,1* !" (2) .DNA ?
R* (8) ( &<* : 47-11 (
?
4?& DNA R* ,>
,* >3 M8 ,- (UV) H "

?" *? (?* .DNA ?
R* <1 ,* &
'8 ,>
,* S

(Bacillus Subtilis) 03
T ,1* E. coli ,1*

&
A
6 (2) (UV)
3K6' DNA \

% 1<' )U$
$8+ M&

"B8
( #
4)
8 K8+
3M&
6 & %
X* .M&
%H >6' %U< "
' I .* !
&[& M - * 6 >6 ' A& (

Q h 7
0 >6 "A 6 M&
.$#

D
%'
3(, 47-11) %<
M*$ 3
$6 5&
o
&C
> E. coil << & =
33K 8+ &-
.& 2' 1)

(Bacillus Subtilis) T&- T& +

mj/sq cm 4 (UV) 6 ,) 34 log10 %) E- > E. coli %)
> % 380 mj/sq cm 4 6 B. Subtilis ,^) K

>6 310
"* 7
' &-
+ /0 > $ 34 log10 X-8 %) E-
.(UV) 6
0 & %+ ,&-& /0 36
: 3M&
7
0
0 3U (UV) : :D 48-11 %<
1D
% , 0 .%)
"B8 " %
6 W2V .D X
K& : .(UV) 6 6 $
K& (
) 1
$
: C

3*
3(: U 3:-) "-
&^ &^

"
&

\ 3M& +
X
,+&
.(UV) 7<
$6 2' >6' "
E )-
)U$
M& %
- ' 6- %F+ M&
%) 4 .%) ' 16 $
T*
% M&
4
- D
D ' $ .J&-' $& 1 &

# /8-8
K /-
K 1 & 3
.=& &
?* .M?3
Q#*
N # S Q
-*
U* .
Q# 1( 1* :48-11 (
5?
1 ,/ # ,*0
) . 1 !0&
3* .4<*
4& S
/ /8 @#
(Wastewater Treatment Plant .in Grants Pass, Oregon 8 L ! 4
3' %&
I 0G8
<

*-
4

+ .M&

>6 / D ' (
)' >6 &^
&+
U& .6-

J&' > % 4 3-

6 &-G
D
D ' 6 3A
(UV) M& D '
.1
1 1 /0
"! (& )* +&, 10-11

< 2 7 *.
, 34 $#
100 gpcd 60 gpcd 62 I U , <% 8 ? %
34' 3 ( ? ( .400 mg/l 200 mg/l - BOD #
.62 I %. < ' ? 3 ( ,
/0 3\ G
%

+ /0 A
D C
2'
1
(
=)& 2
&I
* 18 K8+
>
AD
&
KC
( 6 "&6

+ .(49-11) 3KC
-I 4
* & .A& n& D8
H V @& :
50 % (2.8 m3) 750 gal n& 1& >

-
*[ 3* '
n& % 1000 gal 3: I @F2 % 900 gal 3: I
U& .$ : I % 250 gal $ 3: I J&' :
I 6
/0 : 3
K
I' > %
1- D
`8
'
T %< 1 ,& ' F J .&

B)U

:4
[& "A 6
50
:
&&

-
,& C
Z+ %+ >6 "
3&

,-

+ D .%-
M)- >6 :

."9
D8 3

$
"
G /8 3:<
:
.%UU
%
-
J *--' ' :
"& &
& D8G
=
& ( + 35

-G
:D @ @ 3\ G
%
,& ' :+-! 3 %^< 318 in. 1 6 24 in. > 18 in. 1$6
%<&
J >
FU& )! ,^2 ,& ' ' *5 4
3&)
1
+G
&
$
/8 .( +
74 >6 T

,& ' > B
1
%+ .&
%& %+
> %8-j B
M<
&6 :
1
%F+ 3( +
)U 50
:
%F+ 5
>6 "<& $

%UU
- .%

&< T8 ,& '
&)
-
[ : I J&'
0 -
3&
08
- : .(121 m2 > 28 m2) 1300 sq ft 300 sq ft & =

:D .%UU

&+
& )-
<-G& * J4 ( +
%2 , < %G )

&
:^
G
.
D
> -
B< #
0
>? ?+
?* 2*
+3
V W .
+ 4 5 H,
4 +3 :49-11 (
>?1
0
J C*3 D* R*P / S .-/
</ %>1

,/* JP
4
5 H(*
% s

+ %U< % "
E<
:D (
.KC
M)- &6 1

,- ,& C
&<
- & \ G
% A+ 1+$ U& 3*5

%r &4 I &
&
+
j !
B
- $1
"9
4 / $ 318D 6 .
- $&
: .&

:$ & &- & 0& 3
+

)<
` "& 4 *5' ' ' 8 $ 1D
.
+ X ' 5&
- . /0 11-11

$
"

1

,- 1

M$ .1) 1 %
%1- 2& U' :
>
> % 3\+< %L 4 &
*[ 31-11 %<

m3 % 5m3) 1.0 mgd % "9 5000 gal >
'
"9
0.6 gal
3B
7 3
-G
(
8 % .

(1000
4 . ) ^
2-G
@2 >
> 3"
0 %2 =)
*

&' B > > "9
J %
%U< %
"9 =) :D [ ,&-C
01 .:+-!
:D A& /0 3)
%U<
.*5 ' "B8& % M %<& :
<
#9 F + E

< S^
G
9 > ] 1 C S& ^ : A 2 .9L
7

+ E6C " @
#6 .7
0B -

a ? #= B

.0 1 +/ " +
9 .79 B 0
A

0
CK I4L _9=; :
:
A
4; 9
+ Y
Wp = fSS
(37-11)
@

& 3:+
C
"9
&

= Wp
(:&
I) :

0.5 >
f n&) C
,-& %

&
"
B = f
(*

(:&
&) .&- I SS = SS
I
^
&

3(:&/
I)
mil L&
A
,- & A &$ mg/l L&
A &-
^
&

) 8.34 lb mgd per mg/l L& A&$ gal/day
.(m3/d L&
A ,- G& A&$ mg/l L&
A
-/
M*6 OJ# 2/
38-11
1
# k 1 (F/M) >*#P N;1
: 50-11 (
30 X0* M3
Q#*
# $01
0
0
A0" )*" 4
5
/
&*
# ,(

) * mg/l
& Q
J "* } *&
} 1

8

F& A&- .1 &! 35
%^ &4 I Q ^ Q I
7 ,
% "2&
6
8
-
3*
"-C
6
)<
"9
&

K .1 B

38-11
)-
& 3M<
6
%&
/0 1
>6 k &2
4 .BOD L
J &

Z & )&
.50-11 %<
$
(F/M) &- 6
:
[ 3*

6 V- U
0 ' :I&
=) 6 /0 38
"9
Z 6 & %<& + 4 &-
' *6

T * B >6 5

.0IC

Ws = kBOD
(38-11)
@

:

& 3
"9
&

=Ws
(:&
I)

&

K 1D 50
% -
BOD L
B = k
(
^
&

A& 30 mg/l K
& %<
)
Z+
3C
,-
& -

BOD = BOD
(:&
I)

:

&
,- J ) "9

&

Z 5-
.38-11 37-11
)-
& &-
:
7 2 1 '
Wps= Wp + Ws
(39-11)
@
1 ' ,- 6
"9

&

= Wps
2
I )< "9 :D ^
&

Z .38-11
Wps %4' 3' ,- - 1 %2 3&-
%+

(
BOD L
>6
A 6

&

*

" &6 /0 3^
&

% 3&- I
1
D ' - /0 >6 .%100 &- & 50-11 %<
"
:e ' 4*

Was= 2.0 K BOD
(40-11)
)< "9 "9

&

= Was
(:&
I)

:

& 3' ,-
50-11 %<
4 = K

& 3' ,- %+

(
BOD = BOD
(:&
I)

:
>6 /0 3&)

"9
: >6 "9
=) :D %U< :
X [ 3&

& .
&

E
&-
& /0 341-11
:
+-& &)
"9
: ,-
"9 6 &0
0 K8 .B
E ' 3&

F
A 2 .
&-
B
# > 4 &
31.0 4 &)
&0 3%10 n& $

E
0 & 6
2
n&
.1.02 4 6
@
V=
(SI)
(41-11)
I 3&)
"9
: = V

& 3
&

= W
&- 3&

E = s
&- 3B
E = P

V=
(42-11)
@

3&)
"9
: = V

I 3
&

= W
' "9 :+

"9 0
&

> %4 &- & 5 2
M<
%& J ' "9 3%6 > %4 &- & )
> %4 &- & 2
1
4 ^+2 ' )< "9 3%5
% .) %1.5 > %0.5 &- & ^+2 I )< "9 3%5
%70 >
"*)
&

&-

7
C
0

&

") ' "* .

&

86$ .& %<& "9
: W2V 5

[
0
6$- T
>6 3
> ,)
:
%+ &
%&- > .1 &

C

&-
> &
8W8?+
10 lb >6
&)
"9
: [ 341-11
:
+-& 3%2
%4 &- > W+2? [ 360 gal 5- %2 &- &
&

> :
\ - %8 >
Jg 330 gal :
M& 3&

& ,&- :1 %1-

U 30
"8
0 D8& .15 gal
.C

& 1 %
8h8+
2
N
14-11
220 mg/l BOD L

200 mg/l 5
:
+-& (') .5) M<
0 ) ^
&

"9
&

,-
311-38 37-11 G

I % 5 2 5 M< C
,-
6 > &- &

&

& : (,) .
% &)
"9
: n& : z)
>6 BOD L u
-
M<
%& 4*
8-
=<G

0
I
1&- :
<
"9

0 )
> %+

(
>
z%5 n& &

E
0 C
^

&6 /0 %50 ^
&

K8+ ' K
&
(')
:37-11
K& 3:+

,-
Wp = 0.5 220 1.0 8.34 = 917 lb &
/ mil gal
(
%35 BOD L

' K
& 338-11

50-11 %<
0.34 5- K 4 3C
Ws = 0.5 220 1.08.34

Ws = 0.34 0.652001.08.34 = 369 lb &
/ mil gal
200 mg/l 4 BOD & 1.0 mgd L
(,)
:BOD L u

-
6 *[
= 8340
: % "9
Z
= 0.15 lb &
/
3:& 8 &

& 0.20
A&I :+-? :DF )
.( 5) M< ) &

Z # D8
>6 % Wp + Ws & 41-11
K& (Z)
V=
= 3080
2 1 12-11

N ' N ' N 3
6 N

32& 31 +2 : $1 E+' :+ N 34H
& 3)W &- & 1+$
.+$

- ' & )& G &
+$ .C
(H
^+2! "9 d$ ) 51-11 %<
1D
1D 3T ,-
% & *? &
+$ 3:
*1
)^)
&2 B 6 "&6 "
.1 A8 A) 51-11 %<
8 *&
* /*

.Z , 8& %N :
8
&

*
6 .&1 /H )-
& 0G8

> : "9 & j ? 81 %< 3Z
,
&2
B
$
6 " %6 )U$
<- : .Z+
1 & : C
.,& C
&< )
,
A +$
[& +$
Moyno is a registered :

) .
:51-11
(trademark of Robbins & Myers.Inc.
2 41 3 "!
,-
%- > *
8 s &- -
%-
[ 3"9
&

" J .(3-4 "8
> J
) ,)$
&)
' X6- " %-
\+ *U 3
%<& +2' M&
6- :+-? 3B
,-
.,)$ > *)+ X&-
U
,& C
: & A4

6 ft/sec > 5 ft/sec =

6 "9
))+ : > !
A 3D
1-
- G
J .*
.<
7-
2 ft/sec 7g -
3(150 mm) in.
:
+-& ,)$
,- F (Reynolds number) 6 ,- :
A :
.44-11
:
+-& )+
,- F 343-11
& .,)$ ,-
(+ ,- G
6- Z* @
.2300 > Re A)+ 4000 < Re A&)$ ,- G
A 6
.
& Re 4 6 A
,- G
&
Re =
(43-11)
@
" F& 3 6 = Re
` #& ,& C
)4 = d
ft/sec 3%-
6- = v
lb/cu ft 32
=
lb/ft-sec 3%-
=
Re =
(44-11)
45-11

' @
)< "9 *6 B

*6 & 52-11 %<
:
,- 1^ [ 38 4 \4 1& B
J >
AD . $1 *' ^+2
& $+
0 G ,- G "9
.4)
> ' E
>
AD N
F+& 1#

0 + .1 ' )U$

3"9
/ 6 > ."9 % "
&

F+G
.&F
% & "*
&)
/ &' &)
4)
[
1 &

>
AD A^+$ %1-' C $1
"9
%
)+

%6 >6 C
"9
5 .A4
%4' %4'
)W<

N ' .6 6- > d$
& >&

)& 3
&
(&) F+
< ' >
AD A^+$ N
,' 1
> ,- G
%* & X&< " %< >6 K&
1$&& $
.,)$ ,-
>?& !Y/
,( -/
!/
! . 6 in. , N 100 2 2 % 01
# :52-11 (
0 C
% 8 120 = C
5 100 = C
50
%3.5

8
,- G
"9
*6 8 u&
(Bingham) :1 & Z0
:e

>6
& .)+
H/L =
(45-11)
:@
` #& ,& C
)4 = d
:&
& 3,- G& '& @
) 6 \
1 = Sy
J&
2& :&
& 3&F
% =
B
78G :& T *
= H
:& 3,& C
%) = L
2& :& 36-
)- = v
64.4 lb/cu ft 3B
= w
6- .A&)$ ,- G
6 s :+-
M& 6

6-

& '
&)$ "9
(46-11)
(47-11)
3

6-
= Vlc
2& :&
2& :& 3

6-
= Vuc
,
:&
& 3B
W = 3"9
2 =

%& &F
% > $
1
% :4 :- :
-! 4 .

>6 (, 53-11) (' 11-53) <
"9
&
"9 $1
N
3:+
C
N D
:
%^2
))+
. ^+2
)<

.U*?
?&
N (8) .&# 0
0
0*3 +*
!Y/
A0" # 2/ !;1 :53-11 (

;
1 N (2)
u
%)
K& /0 3F
*
4
,- G 1-4 %
&
:
.K 6-
% ' :- ,& C
%F+
8
,- (K1) 2 K : C
,) .^)+
,- G
48- 44-11

:
:+-? .7-11 %
> J
3)+
,- G
."9 )+

,- F *
,- 11
K = K1/Re + K (1 + )
(48-11)
@
` #& ,& C
)4 = d
7-11 %
= K K1
15-11
n& .:$ +- 150 gpm 4 "9 "6 C

,)
X) ,& ' ,& C
*6 ,-
.%3.5 $1
"9

)-
J)4 : :e
F
>6 ,& C
5 .6 in. )4 1000 ft
,-
."*- 5 3T %< >6 F 4 390 7
' "<6 3

.F

*

Two-K K K1
:7-11
K1
%
)
0.40
800
3(1 = R/D) -4
0.25
800
0 3(1 = R/D) -4
0.20
800
%
3(1.5 = R/D) %) )4
0.20
500
%
3(1 = R/D) -4
0.15
500
%
3(1.5 = R/D) %) )4
0.60
1000
3(1 = R/D) -4
0.35
1000
0 3(1 = R/D) -4
0.30
1000
%
3(1.5 = R/D) %) )4
0.70
500
3-4
0.40
800
3%) )4
0.80
800
: ' "& 0 3-4
1.00
1000
*--C
70
,<
0.50
200
3-4
0.10
150
: ' "& 0 3-4

90
7
'
45
180
:+-
,-
F
0.00
100
*--C
70
,<
0.10
300
%100 3% ^)+ :
&
&
0.15
500
=8 3%90 3" J)4
"
0.25
1000
=8 3%80 3" J)4
*-
10.0
2000
J
1.50
1500

*
0.50
1000
%* \4
4.00
1500
35
2.00
1000
35
2.00
1000
35
0.25
800

0.5
160
%+
%+

1.0
Z+
Z+
:
J)4

3Sy = 0.10 [ 3%3.5 4 $1 "9 53-11 %<
:
+-&
.6 in. )4 ,& ' 1.69 ft/sec 6-
n& .= 64.4 3 = 0.012
47-11 46-11
:
+-& )+ ,- G
' (
=4.4 ft/sec
=5.6 ft/sec
(')
45-11
:
+-& )+
*
,-
(,)
H/1000 =
= ft water/ft 0.018
H = B :4 18
:

84

1.85
hL = 0.002083 (1000)
= ft 3.6
K K1 % 7 ."9
*6 %4' %2 ' - + % '
:- e

%

F
K
K1
1.5
1500
2.5
8000
10
3.2
3200
T
1.25
5000

8.45
17700
Re =

90
Re = 330 ( < 2300 )+ ,-

)
K =17700/330 + 8.45 (1+ 1/6) = 54 = 10 = 64
K
= 64
= Hf F
= 3ft
2 5 13-11

8+ %4C
>6 %4 &- & 1 &

" "9
+2 :+-!
%2 > %0.5 &- &
1
2
"9
.
F
:$1 ,)
:

.
F
:$1 8+
1
:$1 &-
%8
*+ > 1 J 6 G & C
4*
C
&
3 2
C

+2 :- ' &
2 .X 1 ^+2

2& +2
:+- .)+ J A
/0 A&I
$ & /0 : A&I 3)
C
<

&
.,-
-

8+ /
$ 4 3

-
& $ J )<
N "A 6
+2
:+-
.+2
*

2 5
'
0 )< 709& "*1
,-
*+ 2& +2
:
' C
4*
1&- :
"9
7$+ : .4<
! . %+ "8 &6 /0 &0 +2 > 3"9

Z
*+
3 )
> ,-
I B
>6 5
,- G
K
"A 6 "
G .
+
74 +2
"9
,- :
30 ) :

+
74 J& :& &

12lb > 6lb %
%r < 8+ /

$ .(60 kg/m2 . d) > (kg/m2 . d
%
.
F
:$1
^+2
,-
- 1
&
A&I 8-
=<G
&

[ 3

J

E - %2
%&- > . -
"9

$
3)W< "9 ' "9 %6 8-
=<G
J4
&
(4
B
C& V*&
,
.%& 1 $ ' "9 %8 -

/- &- & .
N "U
&)
>
AD ^+2

:+-? 4 ."9
\+ A& /0 %95 %80 & &
.+2

2 &

/- - "2+!
*'& - . 5

1
N K& .2
,- *) A 6
N -
'
U & ) 2& 1 +2 > A
0 -8 -
1 )

)<
"9 2
^+2 .1 2
> %0.75 1 &

' ' ( *-
:
%2 "
' :
+-& &' 68& )<
N
+2 .%3.5
"9
+2 1
3"0&
^+2
' 32
:

' 3,
0!
B
1&
.%6 > %0.5
678 9

B
1
6 &6 ,
0!
B
1& :
> %

* D * ))+ 54-11 %<
.8)
> A
"9
-&
A^ F
A )- F
A < 0+9 ' > "U

% .0 "
%+ .&
' 0G8
A A
"&

' .0G8
5
,-
J @ 3:

*+ 74 )<
"9
D8

+ (*
Z+
(
B )U$ : .)U$ B
>6
%+
>6 B
1
&# 60 Psi A& n&
5
B
1
)U$ %8

B
1
,
0!
B
1
%W< 3)U$
& .%

8-
,- G
! .^
&

& ( "U B
6

"
' =k ?) 50
,- G
K 3
>

. ^+2
"9
3
$3' ,( -/ 3'*

2G
&
1* +3
/>* ,,3 :54-11 (

0 "A 3)W<

"9 +-!
:
^+2 "A 6
$ .%85 4

01 & &

%4 E
.2' ' %95 &- & &

& /- #
- E+'
^2+ '
&
G J . ^+2

"9
G '

J&
:& 4 lb 2 lb & )^<

"9

:6 >
AD .6-& :
- (20 - 10 kg/m2 . d) &

X [ 3"

)
$ > 3
"
\+
&2
3&

G
:

6- &-G
,- ,*
." >6 % /0
( &
M)- (
-& / 508 - :
2
:
+2
:

( &

A& "9
M< '
B & A - 3'
B

& 355-11 %<
1$

0 ,) -
:

K6 & %<
)- ^+2
.&

%

J
&
%68 @ S
+ "9
%+ .3 > 1m
.:

K6

>6 T %<& "9
3%+

%F<
7 .&
.

M &6 $ B @
8 6-
.^+2 C
%)

>6 :

/S& :

&6
B
!
.
> ,- G
X& : M<

:

K J
" :+-? 4 H ,- G
& :

+Y < 8 ,&-
@ :

1 *)+ B6 > B
6
"9
)- .B
7

)-
& 1 : :

- & "9
K& ( ./ d$?
3B

&4 % 3-
&&!
K& *- & .)<
:

- "9
&

# :

%-U& )U$
6 0
^0 :
."
() B 2'
=
.,- G
% \ ' "& :

6-& :r

A& .:

K6 (1000 l/m - 400) 250 gpm > 100 % "
&

=
3%1.0 %0.5 & &
%+

,- G
6-
&
=
< 1
8
:
+-
6 3%6 %4 & B
6
kg/ton) 10 lb/ton 3 lb/ton & % J & ,&- .%8 %6
% .%98 > %90 &- & &

/- [& (4.5 kg/ton > 1.5
%<& "
*

)-C
^+2 % .50 Psi E 150 gpm
ZG
%&I &6 "H

"9

B
! 0 32
:

% X&<
.' %&4 I 0G
&
#
$ %!

! !" .
:55-11
!
!) ."' 0 ! 345 +
! + ,- * /0' 1 $ -2 .

(
) *
'
(Sacramento Regional Wastewater Treatment Plant .in Elk Grove, California
7
&
5
$%& (- /, )*+ .! "
# $%& ! ' $%& ('

(2300 l/m 2 1500 l/m) 600 gpm 2 400 gpm 0* 1 $%
'
.%8 2 %4 (
8+ 9 '
;<
= %2 %0.5 56 *7

16-11
E
0

7.7 mgd 1 )
) 1-11 %<
1D .200 mg/l 4 ^
240 mg/l 4 BOD
"9
d$? .)<
"9
K &0 :
^+2 & "9
,-
,-
.
G :$ > %8 %<& ^+2
)<
"9
C
% &

E
"9
3 2
"9
3C
"9
%35 BOD L
K8+
3%50 n& SS
:e
K
& /0 .1
4 %U<
6 (F/M) &- E %4 :+
"9
3C
"9

&

315000 mg/l )<

"9 31:3
.%5 4 2
+2
:

C
"9 41-11 37-11
(&)&
WP = 0.50 . 200 mg/l 7.7 mgd , 8.34
= 6410 lb/day
VP =
= 12800 gal/day
.0.48 5- K 4 3(1:3) 4 (F/M) &- 350-11 %<

41-11 38-11
K&
Ws = 0.480.65240 mg/l7.7 mgd . 8.34
= 4800 lb/day
Vs =
= 38400 gal/day
3%98 n& &

/- &- ' K
2
:
& +2
&
.)<

"9 :
Vs =
= 11300 gal/day
^+2
2
"9
C
"9
Z & )+
"9 -
e
\+
Wps = Wp + Ws = 6410 + 4800 = 11200 lb/day

Vps = Vp + Vs = 12800 + 11300 = 24100 gal/day
S=
= 5.57%
17-11
+2 310.0 ft 4 & ( 6 12.0 in. )4 5

+ :
2600 gpd +-!
"9
n& .5^) M^< %& 5 ' "9
1300gpd &-
+2
"9
3%4.5 4 &
E &

+
-
"9
&) +2 n& .%7.5 4 &
E &
45000 gpd d$ : 3+2
- 1

& :r .3.0ft
,-
.,- G
K % " "9
d$ , &
+
>
K % 3&

/- 3
+
74 >6 &
"

.
+
&

& D8F

3,- G

(12.0 ft)2/4 = 113 sq ft :
+
-
= 8.6 sq ft :&

:&

/-
=
= 0.83 = 83%
= 410 gpd/sq ft :,- G

K %
:
+
"*
&

3.0 ft . 113 sq ft . 0.075 . 62.4 = 1590 lb
:&

D8

= 47 hr
$ 2 )* $ +&

* 14-11

503
CFR 40

)!
( ' ! .(CWA)4 &

!" #$ % 1993
- /0
12 3 # 4# ) 5 3

* +,
& /0
12
$

8
9$- 76
! .&
12 3
.4
&
12 $ )!2

&$:

+ ":- +(6, $#
.!
%#
=* 2>* %> '
?& %& @
A '
%;#< !

B C =! 1
%&
@

+@
!
) :
/ )*
%> #D> ! $&#
)

/ %E
5
%: ?>
! : * %' ! .E

C5 E
C ? %
8F 2 G.8-11 8
12 %H- %
=$
12
@ =$ %> '
=$ 8 %

,I

%!
(Salmonella sp.) F$

:
%:
C .3* > '
%:
/& 1

A .> '

%>: 8 5
8@0
=$ 1C :
.

%!
) A! million 100 MPN/g =$
<
M) & 3X& ,&- ' K

<

<
> <! A&I

"9 ,0 .

@I
&
3,&0
3K&
%2 "4 "<"
&)
"
&
,&-& 4

<
A
'
I
.E
<

A 4

<
&4
.A U
&

B -
"
* 15-11
& G /0 :I 1 3+ A B &

>
:e
&) & 8 ' U& .K
A +
.
&

E &4
.1
.& > $ !

\ #
:
+-
.2
.& > $ !
\ #

:
+-
.3
.$C
:
+-G
J4 >6 4 J$ .4
;6+ ( @> $> " 6 $- 6
1*?
0* + . *7

B MPN/g *

(A 2*> >
* 6
C 1*? /
6D ;<

100 million MPN/g ?

2 F6
B6
- 6E .1.7 log 2*> (7* B B7
16?H
I, 2 6E A /F6
(* 8+ A >% 8+ 6G

.%
K -
0.3
- log J* F6
B6% 6 .
(
&' (Pzthogens) !"#$# %
:8-11

!"
#
!"

% '"
'"
&'"
$%

% '"
&'"
'" ))
$%
(
&

&
$"
!*
% '"
'"
&

#+ &
%<& ? ' 31-8 )

6 % 0+V ' U&
&) B8-
U& 3/0 > $ .24hr %F+ %? ' 3
> $ !
\ 6 9-11 %
1D .4

<

> %
3
1
8
3
F

1
:$1
/0 & 3&
\ >6 "A 4

' U& .

3 -
) MPN/g
2 million > (- T %<&
&
*
0 $ .J4 "* 4
D
.
6 >6 - ^ 6- @ 3i -! A 6
:0 1

* F (* - /)
*? @ 6> L A B67 ;<

;<
IM+
(
* 977 8M@ H@ *
> 6? - .;6? *7
$%
$*E+ - .(A2-11 (E) A $N6
H %
$?

?E
?* *7
* I,
6 1 KM% ;<
O! H@ ;6

%99 2 %98 (
8+ /O
* 8 )
KHA

.;<
* M@
A 2 K6 /R! 2*> ;K > .QP
' /7 ,* K
"
#
$6
'% 66
+ /;6G7 $
T @
S - @ $?

.B67 ;<

8M H@ 8
' $
8+ ;6

1
U
(*
, 66-% , $N ( /R!
A ;6E $S @
;@
;S
A ;6,
$N 8 M@ $
H@ .@
16 8+? "
W*V * 1A A $ K HA .

H 56-11 (E 6@ .$N@
(GE B-
-9*
*7
* 8-'
$N
/(

N
87 B67
(
*
P M
.$G
>7 $XE
B67
(Union Mine Disposal Site, El ?# /? 4? ?

1
J !>&
:56-11 (

+6 2*
0

H0
>&
A0" &
@,N * .Dorado County, California)
(3

+6 / # &*
/ H, /
4
/( * .#,
+
)
"9 &) &&
1
:$1 :
&

0 )^< "9
-G :
X*
)+
.1
=^)
n& &

E4 3%1.0 >
n& ^
&

3300 200 degree-day & J 1 " 640 (g/m2 . d) 0.04 lb/cu ft/day
EPA ' I ."9

& C :$1
"
,$ &-

K8+
n& .B
&) B8-G %4C
>6 : s 800 ,^)
.%50 %30 & G
0 BOD L
"*)
&

:Q 3cu ft 2cu ft &

1
:$1
: 3"U
)
0.01 lb/cu & =

50
C
.
) -
u
"9 1 (+ .(320 g/m3 .d > 160 g/m3 .d) 0.02 lb/cu ft/day ft/day
Z & $& .2
+2
: A $1 "A 9 3)^<
G .&
%2.0 , > &

+2 X [ 3B

,*&- .%2.5 )

,- J (

>4C

' &
"9 &
:
\+
" %< 0
,-

1&-& ' 36
K' >6 %
< <
=^)
() .
' , 38
&) +?-
[ . &) >6 188 :2
'
@& $1
"9
2' ' 3ft :
+-& M - > A 6
.2in. >

+2 %

$ +#! 9 +
D A 1E
3
>3
8
2 "- 12
>3

3 . >3

2#

$ K $ 3
$ ?;@6 J .)
F
(
>3
#
=* ' 9$ 12#

(/' .!" 9 $
@ 1$
4#
12 .K#$ !" L"

) 8
' :

9

12 D + A A 9
3
):
5 >3
$

9 6 .
12 4 5 %@ 12 4(
12#
.9 & %
2#
2 )

12 A
)L"6
&, # ( ) (* !"#$# + , ! #' :9-11
B5 . !# -

B

, %38 (VSS)*
+"
- 1.5
(*)
(20C) 68F

40
SOUR

! !"

#

0 /" , (20 C) 68 F .

> (VSS) 1 #
2" 34
(15C) 58F

60
! !" $
#

0 30 . % %15
% &' !" $

,
%
2
5

/6
7
, %38 (VSS)*
+" & 9! ) #
8
#
2" 34 0 /" ,

(& , 447
% %17 > (VSS) 1

7
0
40
#

! !" $
.
0:; < SOUR
! !"
#

(0 20) 68 .
60
% &' !" $

& 9!) $4 8
,
%
2
5

%" 95 F .
15 (
= 0?@
(55 C %" 35 C) 131 F

%38 (VSS)*
+" =, 3 A %, #:5 4
% E = # 4
8;7 & B
4 F % , 8
(0C) 23F < C;C %" =
&'

& 8 , G , # 9! , 0,

6
07

104F
G7 &

<
&'

&
&
%" 8
H8
14 & (40 C)
*
I

2" , !
(45C) 113F
= G
&
!

&' pH , G pH 1 $

2
11.5
& 12

& 12 %" &'
24 hr &
Ca ' 07

$ , (OH)2
CaO
.
:SOUR
(*)
:0; 1

=* 3: E
: %
8 C
>C ) /D
)*
$
): .3: E
) ) 3 3
M ):

12 )
8:, )" ) )$ ) 49-11
12 $
:
3$ : > %;: # ) =0

$
): . >3

)"
):
:- 1" ) (< N
+ > / - =*
) ! 8@ ) $

C 6 .)3
: ) "- % :
JC $
?!* 1D ): )O2 .):0
) E 12 (2 %:
- 8$" 4 F
J:&
4 pH
@ :

/ 0
/P&2
" A $ 9$# 0
)O2 >3
1: .!

"/
.):
:- 1" )" =* >
/ 0
8 32 D$ 8 $
A ( E

C5
A 1C )"
8P:, / 0
#, 1
%:

)O2 J =* 2>* .E
CF

pH
) E
?$
A ( 1C / S R:

:
) #- 8 )"
:
=$ M 8: ! 8"
8 =$2 .E
D
%

T
%$# 12 @ (
>
/ 0
%5 :
- 1C #!2 $$@ %;: /@#$ : %
)C
%
C:
2 5
*$6 "
K,
,^
K
*$6 K '

,
(49-11)
4 .
:-

>6 :$1
6
-

" ' $

8 " $
K C
:

K C&
#
[ 3
*5' .%U<
"
"*

:6 ,&- .2 iW<
& $1
-
$

$8+

0 G 3PH 4 % K8+
U
Z \4 &
0
"I %^<& $1
,&- 4 . 2

%68 ` & = - $

* -

:
A$' ( 4 .0U K8
:$1
%< (4
,&-
.:$1
%68 32
36
:
Z #
3"*)
&

&4
.
, A&I
&
-' 2 &- 3 $1
"9
"*)
K C
3U
A&-
A
0 ) * %<& +-!
()
)I$

U

2C
,&-
> A$' < ' A$' -
01 .@
,4 %)
.$

J
A) U ' U
Z # U& .& G
A
%U< "
% E
A- "A 6 "*)
K C
E
G .&2 A&- >& ' &
-' 2
&- U& .*
)& ' >
AD /0 3 pH -4 %F+ :$1
&4
: 9& >
%
Z .@ 4 F
A )6 ' > < X 3%)6C
"A 6 (&- G pH 4
.
G :$1
G
%U<
D 10-11
%1# 234 "5 # !4# /* .0 :10-11
$"
(36.7C) 98F
0
(29-37C) 85-99F
:
%U<
%
pH
7.1 > 7.0
*0
7.4 > 6.7
:
%U<
%
(< 6
%69 > 65
2
%35 > 31
&
-' 2
80 mg/l > 2Y
1
&
* = (
8001mg > 200mg
:
%U<
%
(

2500 mg/l > 2000 mg/l
56 %U<
"*)
&

lb/cu ft/day
0.02-0.05 (lb VS /cu ft/daya)
* "

6 %
0
(lb VS /cu ft/day)0.15-0.05
*
" (>
%70 > %50
* "
%50
6 %
0 >'
&

& D8G

A 90 > 30
" "
: 20 > 15
:3 " 7 ?,

""3 B! ?> A"& 1 @*
:! 5
cu ft b/PE 6 > 4
* "
cu ft/PE 1.5 > 0.7
6 %
0 >'
a
1.0 lb/cu ft/day=16000 g/m3/d

b
1.0 cu ft = 0.0283 m3
" 1

1D .(57-11%<) &2 B)I
0 A
G A $ "
1D?
&< 35
%& 3% :"9
+-& )& $
* "
.0U
,& ' &6
+
> :+
"9
d$ : ."9
"6# ,& '
>6 D8 :$1
$ &
& %F+ "9
Z
+$ =)
3>6C
& &) > 3"9
%8 3Z .(S&)
:$1? "9 1 9 (%8

) )
B
* >)- &)
Z
4 $! . $1 " &) 364 &) 3)< &
16 3"9
+- % &6
$1
"9
,- %F+
,& C
-- *5' )
B
,- : .+

,& C
&< &6
:
+
74 $1
"9
0+
i V .)
B
( "

% G 3 A
%
$ .1 B
7
B
7 : ' U& 3 )
%< > ' %8 G
>
.:$1

+) "#$% &' ( ) "%% .

! : 57-11
(El ) 1$2 12'3 2 -,2 4% -54 1$ 1'3 .(, -"#$ /
Dorado Irrigation District, El Dorado Hills WWTP, CA
0 [ 3) )I' 1 @& * !

$1
%'
& 1&
>6 50
%-
: 3"9
M)- >6 8) )IC
"9
Z+ ()
U
J ! .B)U
,

+

& i ! "
*U
=) : 3"9
% 4 (! U
*&
$1

A&6
A4< B)U
/ ' .(

< X4& K8

)-' %&4 A1 3
+

4 > >6j 1 -
6
6 &

:
.
46# A8 B)U
) >6 "
+
X68
>4' B)U
X % 50
J$
-G
.A&
:
@2 %
0 . $1
"9 =
$

>C ?E $ E
#D
)
12 '>3

7 '
B
V>6 . >3

& 1!"
U )"
(#
. $ ):
A 2 =$0
=* #D
+& >3
=* 0
9
%
(
D
1"$" A! 2#

$ 1 K# < $ W
' !L$

BOD
) 8: 1< 9

): .

" ) 3
M 8:,
8
6 .
# 8 =*
12 ): A::
)
M @ G:
%#
12 .3 #
-

/0
=$ $E
3
,6 A< D
%X,
Y!#
: A< .1>0
)2
=* " ) 8!6 8
%!# =$ ?;&
% 12 >3$ : ) 0
9$# 1 1>0
KL#
8
12 5
% =* #D
8
* 1 8D, 12 . ,
4#
.,
8F [1 - )
Z 2
) ?
82
"9
%&-? & "9
,- : @ 3&2
B)U

0 $1
'

0 $1
,^) .&2 :Q >6 D 3:+ "9 0U& $1
E+' J4
*5' ' 3"9
' 3D8
*+ &2
B)U
3&2 B)U
&2 :
' >
AD .1 g &-!
$1
"9
&2 +$ & 3M)-

>6 *&2 * &
Q & Z ' $1
>6 &2
&

.,-
,& ' *5I Z & 3A+
T6 &6 c-C

.
+
Z
A * M)-
%+
,- ,& ' ,h? ' +
Z
+$ .Z

+ Z+ &h Z
Q +$ 57-11 %<
1D .X+ ' :$1
"* ) ,^) 4 1 3

A * A$' Z
+$ .:$1
,& ' $ A&-

5U
Z
K ."& $ J %
6
4)
F+ 3%2 && Z
&) 6 *& 4 3Z
9 ,-
> hp/1000 cu ft 0.2 4) 0

:
.
#

'
%- *5' %&! G .(0.008 kW/m3 > 0.005 kW/m3) 0.3 hp/1000 cu ft
%F+

,- : .Z > 0&
4)
% "B8
>6 0
:
.Z
,-
% >6 :$1
: :-
. 60 min > 30 min U&

G
:0& 1
*5

-G
D %8& 3%--
>6 $
0 :
+-? A Z ? .58-11 %<
& 32
D8
+2
6
.0 5& %^ (
%

0 >C

"
B)U
:
+-& .:6 ' &2 B)I
0
+& , D C
0
"9 & 0U

%<& $1
"9

# X [ 3:
G X [ 3% *5' >6 .&2

B)U

+ %
,^) 3:+
M - G -
Z
' >
AD %6 %
0 6 ^+2? ' "9
=)?
"9
&

.) B %r <&

I > "*)
&

%* ,&-& /0 3:+
"9

.1
82; 2 "52# (3) .$$% 8( "'5# 9 ' 6 5+'7 % 58-11
2 -?5 @ "
' .+ ' <=% >5 ! $ 87 +
Northeast Wastewater 9 ' " ! (1) . , "5#% = "#%
Treatment Facility .in Lincoln. Nebrasaka
JC ): )- (< A (@ - \ #< * $

1E" >3$ ): )- 1D
J ) F A
C ): .12#

9 ! %

9
#>5
8$! .=0
$
12 *

!F 1$
] $ A

& >3

2": )O2 =0

=* )

12 (1:3
):

1E"
>3
): %#
/ 12 .)

12#
J 12 ^!
8

) > .G- %# 12 8>2- $!
8D,

$ 1E3
KL#
!#
+ 8
%$
#
.
?
) 12 J,

$#

@#
$
8$ 8D,
! % >3
)
A > 1
:
%#
8- )

?
,T
%
D
%#
12 ): >3
@# 8>2- 5
A
.4#$ $@ ":- A< ): $!

8D,
)O2
1 $ ""

>6
5 :$
*+ : : >$
4) &2 : .
) >6 u
-
6 T-'
5^) M<
0 ) +-
:$1
&)
? 4 .:
8 (0.11 m3) 4 cu ft 4 >6

.8 (0.17 m3) 6 cu ft > 2
C
"9

+ ^
:
N< $1
: < : :
> :+-? :
0
" 6 %U< #
:$1
4) ,- ."U

0 (&) ,) .50-11
:
+-&
. $1
:+
9
;% \+
V=
T1 + V2 T2
(50-11)
(&g ') 3 I 3 #

:$1
4) = V
( )
= V1
(:& &g ') 3:& I 3

$1
"9
: = V2
"
E A& A 30) : 3:$1 &)
*
"8
= T1
(35C > 30C ' 90F > 85F
.(:) $1
"9
+ &)

"8
= T2
>6
* 2 :$ :D %6 % " ,)
:

:
.> ' D8
"*)
&

D6'
lb VS/cu ft/day 1& = -
"
D6C

A 6 "
0 .: 15 n& % & D8F > ' (g/m3 . d1300) 0.08
%50 "*)
&

K8+
395F "
E G
D C
2

+ "* :
4 &2 : .2C
>6
1 +2 &) $1
"9
&) >
AD 3
%
."9 1

=)

B
#
>6
1 C;@>
--
% B)& >
AD 7F4#
" 6
F
:$1

0 6 [ /0 6 F
A $ .2 <
K j ")<
&
.:+
"9

A %$ 1
$
:+ "9 $ &

+
B% 7F4p 5
B
#

"9
I $& +-
[ .A& :
% <!6
&

[ 3%U<

& "0& %U<
4 :$ %&4 1 $ 5
:+ "9 .J&-' $& $I %U<

4 - "

"0
$#
.
A1< (U- 4 6 ) [ 3)
)+ $ ,&- 4 37 &4 pH >6 D
"8
3"*)
K C
&2 U
Z & .& 0V "*
U
> %
> "U
Q
&6 A "9 & 0U
%

" U
Z # A & A -
01
&4

$ .
3
U
&
-' 2
&-
3"
0U
:+
"9
-
.1 $ 5
"9
"*)
K C

18-11
lb VS/1000 cu ft/day @ D 8 G 8 1E

C5 >C

8 8;# .(#
$

$ _!* D$ B* 0.06
8 1
` ! 8
?@a 2 8F .KF* ) +- 1
` ! 1
D
B* 12 $ _! b 8#
): : D
.75F =* 95F ) 3 >C

/&
+ 95F =* % = >3

%

8 $ 8
_@
8D,
) - > ): .< =* 8c
12 E& @ %- 2000 mg/l (#
/ 0
Y@ ( 8:, D
B*
.E
CF

$ $ b
?
7 ./&5 3 >C
$ pH

12 )" $
G0
/ S
%>

- )* AE

)O2
% G A! 8 3- =*
A )

#C 8
8#
a .E3 N
=* 3( (#
$
G b %>

- )
A A
)O2 3 >C

12
>

:
J D$ 8( $
&:
:
- A 3
(#
$

C W 2 .3 >C
%
D
B* 12

C .95F =* G-

+&
$
: 8( J ):
:- 1" - #
#,
%>
8 .> / - =* (#
$

=0
(- =$ .

>
/
d 9 )- )" $ $P:,
/ $

G
$
8F
D
_! C
- /@ 8
? 46 3O2 ( ":- )"
: ): J ) F
A >2 .>&

_!* C 8
.D$ 1L$:
N
_@ " ) /
M0
12
8 # 3 75F =* 3 >C

BT
+ A ?(: )- )" $ $:,
%>$ K $ J
.>
/ S
19-11
50
:$ %' 3-
u &)
-
,-
3

8
1& :1- &

0.24lb :9 >6
A 6
:6 B)I
"9
&

%70 3:+
"9
&

E %0.4
3: 30 :$1
" 3:$1
%F+ *
&

K8+
%40 3 $1
.: 90 D8
"

"9

:+
"9
:C
*[ 341-11
:
+-&

$1
V1 =
V2 =
= 0.72 gal/person/day
= 0.25 gal/person/day
50-11
>6
A 6
:$1
- [ :2
V=
. 30 + 0.25 . 90 = 37 gal = 5.0 cu ft
u >6
A 6

:$1
- &-
0 V :DF )
(10-11 %

-
6
20-11
1 % - n& 6 )U& $ 5) M< ) 5

L
3 -G
6 1 20,000 cu ft J @& 30,000 cu ft
>4' > J8

K8+
B)U
$ & J 4&
10,000 cu ft
' $1 @& "9
,& ' &< , : .(+
:) E
1 : .
* 2 :D %--& ' 3 $1 5
& %
n& .>C
%
Q 6 % 6 5V I Z & $1
'
&- &

2800 lb 5 36400 gal :+
"9
Z #
1 &

&- n& $1
"9
' .%70 1 "*)

6 (') .I > "*)

&

%60
%* 3%8.0
3
+
%
:+-? @&
"

:C
6 3
)
B
3"*)
&

,-

,-
3
2 6 (,) . $1
"9
+
$1
"9
&

E 3%C

+
>6 "*)
&
.:D
=
"9
+ 3
%
:$ U

" 6 (')
:
+
% :+-!
VS
(0.70 . 2800)/2 = 980 lb/day
= 0.049 lb VS/cu ft/day
:)IC
)& &
= 0.033 lb VS/cu ft/day :)IC

)& &
V1 = 6400 gal
V2 =
V2 =
V2 = 2400 gal
6400 2400 = 4000 gal/day
:)
B
"6
:"
$1
"9
+
= 62 days

2 %U< (,)
VS
%

*+ :+-!
= 2800 . 0.70 = 1960 lb/day
:)IC
)& &
(20000 7.48)/6400 = 23 days

30000 cu ft )IC
78
:

0.065 lb VS/cu ft/day =
A 35 = D8G

>C

U
$1
"9
&

E
4F& >
b ) (41-11 ) %
Q 6 % :$1
S=
= 3.0%
! $ "# . ! %5.2

:)
! 0 2 %& 1 0! ,/ ' *+ ,- %3.0 %&
.*7
8 9 ,-4 ;6 < 5 6 %&
34
31 3 2

+ )
3 $1
"9
+ n&
6 :$1 $ ) J4

+
- J

0 .A
.(A 62 " +& M - 50
5
& %U<& A %
9
-%$
*
!# M
AE
C5 >3 4$#

3 ?&

12 3" 8 !# ) ): C 1!

.
>C
- 9;!" 1$& K,
9 # R
=
) !# 3 1 A,*
% 2 9- W )
:
%!#
! . !
)
' .$ 8: =* e8! 8:,
+ % >3
) B %

$ # $ #
&
=* 1$&
K,5
9- 12 +
W,

3$ 1D * 4, - 2

:: ? )* .
?
+
%

%5 9 .% , 3$!
% f2
.1$&
K,5
= 9
#>
8
% : : ::
+ %

(

K $ ?&
%!# ,* 12
59-11 8:,
3 . ,
12 3$@
:: #,: g - #!
::$ ::
O K $ 2 K# + ?&
%!# %
in. +& $ )
(-) :1C !#
3 0
%
2
#
4$D

3 12 2 (9) !#
W# 42 24 in. =* 18
(B) . 0
#!

(
8 K $ J 9, K
- ,
W, 42 ^ ), 8 !# $ A(: @ ? 4
1 =$ 2 !# () .9;!" 1$& K,
9-
- ) $ 8 (C) 1 ? ) %2-3 k$ 8 4
ft &
%!#
8# k$ .G0
3
) 12#
$ 9 )3
in. " >3 f& 8D,

%

* .20 ft 3> 100
$ K
$

9c 12#

9 ":- - 12
K
A A L2
A :: 8:, >3 8P:, .?&
._$a!
) (!2- 4!, %
5 in. 3 in. ) 3"
2' 25D " "% 9! A

$ 8( , BC+% <
=
:59-11
"2 2=9) 2#% % " -<'# 87 E9! 9
5+ 1$%
$ !C .9+ )
(HDR Engineering, Inc.
W2V
%

"2 ,&-& "9
&) &' &

%2 + AD %

0 $ .8

%
6 > $ 3=
6- 3&)
35)
%)1
3"

D 31

E 31&2 %&4 "9
\+& (

.8-
=<G
&< ,& ' D 3
8
&)
: u % 2 > 1 sq ft &)
- &' 0
100 ) lb/sq ft/year 20 4 &

G ' 3
) BOD
G
40 lb/sq ft/year > J8 <
G
(kg/m2/year
2
A& J&-' > :' $& & 8
=
.&
.+& &-

D &)
"9

*D " ?>
8 3(Composting) - > % A6< ()
2' $
8 .(U B6 3
"
1 3=

& ' 5
FU $ ' :
C
=

3&
&4

3c
>6 3

+
.-
-
% ,h) .4

&6
3)&
&2 %
6
131F E "9
"
>6 D
3$ ! &' % 1&
>6 D ' U& =

8 ' .:' 3 " 14 ' (55C)

T + ,h ' A 15 " /0 >6' ' (55C) 131F "

."8
0 %F+ %4C
>6
%$ #
#
>

$
!
C #;$ =* 8
)*
>C =* 2>* .3 W
:- 12 >

+> J
%>
C =*
8 ?
C- )O2 )&$ $!
>

N 1
1#
G
.?
$: ?& > '

G
- J:&
8 4 %40 ) G
.%60 =* %50 C
k$ . EF 3 b 1D ":- 9# A 32 %60 =$
.":- - %50 =* 8c

8F
)
!2 (#
$

/&
=* #;$

:
+2 9 )(2 !
!
4!
.(80C) 176F 42 Y * A 14 (40C) 104F
& 3&)
E & )h+ - > %
"
29
B
1
"
& + 3+
D& 3
%< :& 31
E
b 50 ;` %& 6 "&6 J^ !
)h+
-
.5)
%)1

U K8+ X 0U
E ' :I& .%40 %4' R&)
3&
J Z 6 F
A 2 .& H X ' G
A - &6

.B & D8G
>6 &
"4 $
%&
E
:+ A &
"A 6 3)^+ - > 1 :
"9

' :I
>6 38H " &
:
+-& 1 B
7 :

-
( )h+ - > A$' 1 A $1
"9
> %20 &- & &

>6 "A 6
3B
6
.$
B
1 &- -
0 U& 2' *
3&) 3%30
A U- "9
[ 3E+' " & )h+ : [ .
+

6
)^+? /0 . + "<4 R
G R+
B
0 A 82
% 6 ' 3,<+
"< ' 3`
3
@ $6 - J B
" \ 1& ,<+ (4 "A 6 3A 1&-
-F %&4
.
1
I
8
" :
:
' =

* 8 :D )h+
-
:
' , :
"6 1& %
8& 8
0 , Z "6 : .
)

>6
A 6
.T 5
-
$ 3)^+
-
B &
ft > 4 ft <
&C
.A $6 A 68
:
C
%< & 3 +-!
.A$6 12 ft > 8 ft A68

8
BC! 9 % E+5 ! BC! 9

G# $ 87 % F :60-11
6&
$ %W<

0 )^+ Q - % Y 60-11 %<
1D
:
4' 6 ft 168
2F2 %< >6 =
* 8 31) &
,W /
)-
& Z
: .B & "6 312 ft 1$6
.F
& o
8
$ $ & M8 & KC
,&
$
$
%& > % (Ca(OH)2) -*& 8
! pH >- ?@ ; /6
*7
.*7
%/ pH D! 8
34 ! 6 B C# 5 .*A
+!/ 8 10.5 8! %& pH H 4+ 8G- . 4E CF 11 8
8 !7 ! 8 1 1!B 0I E > ?# 1 3 ! 8
# *A !!/ 8 B5 0B .D */ J$
.#4 8!! " 05
!!E KL %/ C#4 9 @ 2 %99 6
A -
"
* 16-11

!
:98
7 ( )4 5% )- /&
."# %&') *) ,
.6 "
-1
.J< -2
: -3
8 -4
! A

: 11-11

A

( (' )?>

' 7
(@ ( B7" /( . A
(

( B7" / A
-D
( (' -/ F )*+

131 ) 3 55C7(

)*+ windrows -/
;7"+7 (7 15 55 C) 131 F
=

"( 5

#" ! .%60-45

(
A E P
7"M N (B
KN (. Q+
KN R L
A (S RPD
"EE B( L
A N .
(
A U K+ ( B@

+.
L
AK+ .%90 ! H I
( "*( "E

! +F.'G

(
A E P
- 7"M/ (B
KN (. Q+
KN R L
A (S RPD
"EE B( L
A N.
(
A U K+ ( B@+.

(U ' \
+ WA I
+' F
@ I 7S "( I 7U Z

? aK B(E a
*" d
L
AK+ .%90 ! H I
( "*( "E

! +F.'G
107 ( 131F- I

140 )(C 60-55
( @!7 ('( 7N

D K ( W
*# " 7 G#
! /MZ

MZ ( S GQ#
!A )H (Vectors
K+ UD VSS P7
pH (` " .

MZ ( S GQ#
!A )H (Vectors
K+ UD VSS P7
pH (` " .
" (@ N 68 F

)(20C
I b+ "N K+ <
(70 C) 158 F
* )&

3MPN/4 g %49& & T' F - A
8)
K& 31MPN/4g %49&
-8
3
#
&34

<
,0 &)
B8-
U& .1$&/4g %49
&

:
+-
.B
&) & 8 6 &6 "A 6 /0
&) & :
G
>6 %
' S&2
. F& A
' 31000 MPN/4 g E G @&

&

4 3A

&

33 MPN/4 g E G @& & T' F - 4
[ 3
I "9
100 MPN/g :
+-& . #
.5 log
,) A

-%$
&

8 %&4 &-
7
:+-
^8 8 .(61-11 %<
D
) A4< ' A' 88
X? 4 .

g )? "9
h8? 3%<
M$
%

R'
. "6 R5
& &h2
C

h+-? ."

J 5
%&& ' % 8 &)
"

"9

& /- p & E0U! * ?4 *+ B6 :+-! .+Y R5

"9

)+? @ 3hU &6 !

0 K& .
% &)
"9
A 4 A &) %W< 3B
6

"9
J
:-4 4 J
)+ > 8hUi !

01& 0U
: :2 ."
/&
* 5 & 6 : .+-

#

> )- @ +

> 188 5

> 1)- 6 "9

h8? .
& + J
% @ 3>6C
& 7
!
8h8!

% ? .8
:-4
J 105F >

&? . ! UC

=
.1$&&

(
, &)
\
J
0
(
G
8 .%95 &

n& 5mm
2mm &

&'
7&? 9*&? ' A

&

&) &

. %<& Jh 4 (? ' -
. () ()
:61-11
# !%' +,'-/ 0 ,1&1& ' 231 ! "# $%&!' !' * $!
. "! !& !7 8!'5 6'5 , ,3 ,'1 4 .!%' / ' 0
(Keppel Seghers, Inc. :0 ,9)
6 :0 1

6 (ATAD) "
,
"

0
1
:$1
%U<
"
=
.A
&
"

6
> 4hr "8 "A 6 16 D (65C > 56C) 149F 132 F &
& "

J A "A
$C
)<
W ."9
: 20hr
%
*+
0 .+ "
>
6

.A 15 > 10 =
D8
& "
&
.(62-11 %<
D
) :^ :D 3d 3@8 1 :D 3Z +$
.5
)< " " " 2 3A "9 & 0U
:
=9! +># ,%
+# ,! ?! 0 0 231 3 23 ; < $
:62-11

J
& >6 D :- ' 3 -9&
#

&
/8 "I& :^
.
F
D

1
&4
%
+G
s "-C
L <- :+- .R56 %U< 08 :
"*)
&

:) =
.-C&
#& :^

6
E
b
0 A A) 31-&
B
7 3%55 %45 &
.%20-%25 & =
&

()
2' ' (70C) 158F > "9

+-& (Pasteurization) "-&
:
3+&
3
G& :
+-& "9
+- .30 min " /0
"-& 6 63-11 %<
1D .+ "
J (
&
$[& '
"&
&

+-
&
: .
G :$1 &- (:)
Kh8+? "

K g -! /0& . h
&

:
+-&
%U< "
&4 "
& :h? G &

"

3Z %68 B6 J (
& F8 5
t
%
f & % :+-! .:$1
.: &)
D8G
"

9 1&
0 ,3 ,'1 1 ,! "!'1 ?!&@ $ <A $

B'& $1 % :63-11
DE 9 !%& ' !F! 8#C <!& 0 ,! ,'1 1 0 .A

8+
F
:$1
& 3$ !
K8+ :

")-
A "*)
&

8+ &) & B8p "*)
&
.4

<
>6
"
J "9
>
$
F
:$1
J A$'
W ."

& W
(:
) "-&
&) ( $
J 3"

A< F
A 68 "9
&
B
J
%68
% & "9
%68 (&-

H- ."9
"

> 5

50U

&

% : ."
<
%68
"-&
B6 > A %+? :2 J-

J Z ? @ *5
)F+
30 min " 70C "

&) A ? > (:
)
^

&

:2 M& .A &
Z #
B8-
$ &1 A&I *$ "
$? .J "A
.:
"

9 C(& 17-11
"9
B

: 3"9
(Dewatering) B 7 6 %F+
3,-
%2
6- ,&- 3"
&

1&
."9
"
B

% "& 3)U$
' B
1
BF+
%U<

F - &6 ) %$' > %
:
.

*<1 G'
*< 3)#
8
M< :

M< *)I$ % &
' G 3
N B 7 +- 1 ' :I& .)U$
X
+-
> 3"U :9& >
AD
A<
2' :

M<
.%U< 8 %4' 3A
- \+' X > 3"9
S
&
7 --' "& 332-7

)#
8
M^< :+-!
'
/
:+- "& GY / .
N
B
8
)I
$ 1<
4 .1 7 %&4 $
N
&
A4
1' &2 :2 3U *
1 [& )#

> 1 < ' KC
1) ' 314 %&4
"9 B
7
."& -
G
!' ,!/!' ?! 8# 0& 0#3 $#3 H *!
2 1G % :64-11
(Ash brook Corporation ,9) 2I3 "! &6'
( G' *H1 -

-- (

- -
:

M< )I$
64-11 %<
.

& "9
&) Z+ B
6G

)-C

* & $ & .:
)I$ > $ *U< ))+
()
& 6 5
:

> T % & &)
"9
$? 3&
()

0 :

:6 : .2
:

+2 X&<
s 2

&6 M<& 2

)-
& "9
6 %
k ? 50
B = - =8 % >6
B
,
% & .J B6 > -
:

& A )U$? 8-

:

>6 "9
)- 32
() "9
. %W<
8-#
()
K&
1$& & 6

B
6G
)-C
-- (
- -

-- >6 /0 &

.

& "9
&) Z+
&6 "9
&) Z+ B
6& %6 )U$ B
7
)-C
&h2 ' )-& )- B

7

)-' ' .

3 -& X1 "

' 3:

"
' .%N
h
>6
? .:

(G
58 )) & 1 8Û J
)-'
--C

& .

F >6 &2 )<
& :

A))+ A - 65-11 %<

1D .^
1 A& :

M< )I
$
% "6-

* % %8 :D & > .:

M< )I$ :D
1 - "&
(

' :I& 3"
)I
$
& )I$
6 B
6 "9
Z
+ % - 3 && < 0U
.T % & "9 & 0U
: ' , .Ge
> 35$ ' "9 & 0U

+$ 6-
%U<
.%50 > %25 &- & 1
:
>6' d$
4) '
+& 3)#
8
)I
$ J ,-
"6-
"
C
X&<
. && 0U
:D & (
'!' ,;G $! J3 $#3 H *!

$! ,&!&E "!I % $& :65-11
"3 +&

0U
%
U& M - & && 0U

6#

:* ?
%95 &- >6

&
5 .
&
8+ 7
9&
&
%
)W< (h? \& ,)? ' U& 3)<
&

> %25 &- & )< & &

&
,- :$ .18
6-& /8 3B & &

Z 6 .% & < %50
%' (& > .X
+-
%&4 (^! ' )+
" "<& E^0U! '
3B &
&
,-

&
8+? .R0 R5 &
(
& ^8+? 3 #
&

%1.0 %0.5 & & (^?

&
,-

&
B
< .%0.5 > %0.2
."9 "&

C

0
&
:+-? .6H
9&
K&
1$&& A )&? &
- (Mannich) / & g !
A &
5 3B
"
1 >
AD .%)' %
%<
%' X w%
! 3)< & &
%8 > %2 >6
.%0.5 > %0.2 > 8+
) 0U

&

>
AD (
8+ ,<
:+-?

--
&
C
&
)&& '& -
' U& .(F

8+ !
Z+
(
:+-! ' .

Q 6- 50 %
Q U< & " Q & Q

0
&
T4 +$
%U< 3+$
*\
B
>6 ,h
"
6 M - ."*U
:
+-
3 C
D .%& :
8
G
&
A&- 8D A C
,) .8D )
+ (^ ' ,<
&4 6
0 "8 , U& .++&
&
&
-
%F4p
.%-U
&
#
)+ D
7 ) : "9
B 7
% %-I C
,)
' &1
:r
U& .
G
K
IC /0 3B
. ' A84 A6F4
")+ %& :h R ' :D & %

'& 3 & % (
3 &
"9 C
0U& :r
3%U<
7F4#
9 %U<
0U

0 #
G (kU? ' , .(FI#
%-U
3
% =)
.%< % &
"9 &
( G' *H1 <'
:3

1C

W, #<> 0
8D,
%
D )*
%D :3

) ^ .
$

12 8: : -)

/ ) 8: D
) !@
$

D
1 * ) $

) ^' .(
%

9 6 .(
12 %
<$:) 2
1

12
T
2
$

) )# =* 2>'
?& $

1C 0

0
%
D )* .()#/k:) 3 D
$

$

9 .8D
JF3
::
12 !L$
$

3 A # 3 D
1

) T
$

=$ A ! (8D
3* 2> ,
) ?

::
?& ) (' .3 D
1

12
T
) !

T .::
12
2
$

$
E
8D
? 8D
JF3
) ^' $ :3

12 8: : -)

/ ) 8: !@
12 %D

"

) 8: )
M )-

#D> ): .(
C-
_E ":- . >3 - ): )- ): 1
&&
1E :
-
?:
$

# $

: 1C
@# =$ #D>
! %4 ) 8@- $

: ): .4
)P
K! .$

: ) P$! -
b ) :C
/ ) 8: 60 gpm 50 gpm ) K
G@ A :C A
) :- :

%: )O2 .(13.7 m3/m . hr =* 11.4 m3/m . hr)

e8: 12 $

# P"I .$

#D>
@# ( 2 %6
&$
$

)
M )* .
M 12 %

c: )

$

) g ) ": 83- 0

12 1
8:,
12 $

R:
?>' .#P,
?
12
8
_E =$ % J
W %(
%:
* .

A>-
: # .3 D
9 ?: ! 5 1!"

?
4# )O2 A
A
: .32
=$ 0
)

N
$

M2
# $ 1$&

8D,
12 .$

M2 A>-

9^
)&$:
5 0
+ 8D,
%@
=$ $

$

%5R #> 8 * .8D,

%
JF35 )(E

- %> !
^ G $
?&
=* 8$ bF"
%>
C #> * " )

. = J $

$ 9$#
( G' *H1 $, ""

?

# 5
M 42

D 8 =$
N =$ 1

M @
0.5 m ) K

/ % ,
#<
> +6 .8D,
) =$
) 2 .2.5 m 1.0 m ) A, ":0
/
+! 3.0 m
8 )- C 0 ): b 8@0
=$ )#<> 9: 9 gO2 $ 9
%R:
D - 0
D $
B m
):
D
%#
12 8D,
) ): )- ): .8
%
#: ::
23 15 ) 8 )- #<>$ ): :

%#
12
12 % 7
.?@
MF@d 8

C W .
12
"9 >6 M<

)U$ 0
%U<
G*

& 0U
F
A :$ &

G .12-11 %

%' :
)- :
+-& 3%2
%&- > .1

&
&
)- 350 gpm % & %5 0U [ 3 $1 ' "9
3A$' \4 -
&

&-
.1250 lb/m/hr
N
30U
"9 &

K8+ & &
6
-
12-%
"

&
:
+-
, .)< "9 >6
)I$ %' .:

&)
)I$
4) ) 311
"9 B
7 E+' N< %U<
"&+ &6G& 0+V 3* JW
&
0& )I$
4) B
U& A 6 .1&< \+
0
.B
C
F
A 9)+ &6G& 0+j "
42 >69& " ) :

M< )I$ :'
m )I$
:D E .($ :

0 N&
&+
B
[&
.&' Ge F

A 2 H ") T & 1 m > 0.5
7 "9- ") :
+-
3C
:
@& %F+
.B
C
8
&+

4 &2 "9

() *
+! , -! .& ' $ %&
"# :12-11

(lb/ton)

(%)
8 '( 3
30 '( 20

(gpm/m)

(%)
60 '( 40
6 '( 4

b

(lb/m/hr)
'( 1000
1600

!
" #$&
!
14 '( 8
26 '( 15
1000 '( 500
60 '( 40
5 '( 2
) #$&

* +
14 '( 8
18 '( 12
500 '( 200
45 '( 30
3 '( 1
10 '( 4
26 '( 18
1200 '( 800
50 '( 40
6 '( 3
8 '( 6
20 '( 14
1000 '( 800
50 '( 40
5 '( 3
14 '( 8
22 '( 12
600 '( 200
50 '( 30
3 '( 1
1.0 gpm/m= 0.225 m /m . h
1.0 lb/m/hr = 0.454 kg/m . h
1.0 lb/ton = 0.500 kg/tonne
, #$
! ,
) -. !
* +
* +
./
01
* +
>6 Bb & J^
+
3X J$ )I$
: &
8+ .")
:
+-& /0 *C

&+
>6 -
K
)I$ 3 8 & K& /0 :

)+
&+G
&+& :
>& . #
8
& &)

( 3>i !
J^
.8

18-
$ 1 1& *&
)I
$
, & %&
21-11
"9 B
7 & 31.5 m 4 %* K& :
M< )I$ :
n& &
6 ' .70gpm 4 "9 & 0U % & A
G $1
A 6
.50gpm %-U
:
+-
n& 3A %0.20 &- & 6.0gpm
n& 0U
"9 #
&

&- ' 3&+
%
>6

h
&

3%35
&

3%4.0
0U
% ,-
.1800 mg/l (%-I 3 && 0U 3<)

-
3 &
6 3&

% 31
.12-11 %

/& :
0 4 .&

:1

70 gpm/1.5 m = 47 gpm/m
(60-40 gpm/m 312-11 %)

:&

47 gpm/m . 60 min/hr 0.040 . 8.34 = 940 lb/m/hr
1000 lb/m/hr & * 12-11 %
&

G %
1600 lb/m/hr
&
6
= 8.5 lb/ton
.12-11 %& >)

8-3lb/ton % &' 0 &
6
.8+

& & %<&
&
S
B8 &
G 3
&

)
8 >6 %$C
&
B
.)& 1 >6
D
: ) ::$ 9

K# ) ,
: ! ):

:: 1
95
)O2 1.05 k$
!"
)- /
2 .
): :
! 12
$ 8 +> 41-11

V=
= 7.6 gpm = 8 gpm
:
: s "9 & 0U
= <
,-
70 - 8 = 62 gpm
:
+ && 0U + <
=
,-
62 + 6 + 50 = 118 gpm

&

= 71 lb/m/hr
:&

-
= 0.92 = 92%
7
&
N
3:+
N
B
7 (Centrifyges)
0&
:+-?
< - 1 ' :I& /0 3)<

N 3 $1
2'
0& .:
)- "U (

:

M< )I$
3"&
(

4
2' 1 3:

M< )I$& A A 8
"8
*?4 .7&-C
:' 5 " >6 :
6- 24 % @
J^ ? . +-!

0&
7
' 44-7 %<
$!6 30& <4 31-7
)- GY > 50gpm E G "U GY 3"2 :9&
0&
"& GY > G

A 3300gpm 150gpm & =
,-
G >
3%6 &
& A "*
0&
.500gpm L H !
.6
E &

& A$' "
%15

%& ' ( .!"#
$
%30
% ,
% -
%+ ' %80 *& %50 )

/0%1 2 .%95 %80

%

5, * 6 $7 8

0 .' 34 #
( ; : 3 0 2 7 .9 2
.2$ ' 3 <
7
:
*H1
$ 8 ,^2 , (Screw Press) &
)I$

=
: * \ &6 %-
6 ,
% : .%&I
%+ B 2' "9
7 )U$
" & 3"9
(- 6 :
+-& :
\ > %
: .X+ > )I$
)4 w% ,2 >6 %&U

5 .(66-11 %<
D
) )4
)
X n& $ %&I (! 3)U$

" J .:6
%1& ?
in.6

04 "9
S T*- &
.:6 1 in.
.%95 %88 & &

/- "B8 =
.%&U
&6 &
3&

:
*5'
# %-U
:+-? 3Z #
1 6
% .1
%
\ 3&U
* "B8 -
3A$'

B

3%&U
$ "9
B
0
^0 B
G U "
J&< X $ %&U

>6 &

A )I$ :
%
.
0&
1&)
4)
2& %4' A 4) "
,) ."0&
/0&

B
7 - 35+
%<&
+&
$
+&
: .A

&

6 > %
&
(-

+- %U<
6 $ 50 Psi > 30 Psi )U$&
H-? .
&

> "

% 3Z+
%+
& -

.1 $ "

6- "9
B
7 \+
$
.%40 > %30 &- & &
>6

5
% ., 263 0 ?! 8# '1 *!

G
% :66-11
?! 3 $ .263 K A L7 !M ' !9 $ ,;G ?! L7 ' ,# 263
0 ,3 ,'1 263 0%& !%' ,9!
7 0 .H1 ?! L7 !'G A% 0
(FKC Co., Ltd. / Fukoku Kogyo Co., Ltd. 0 ,9) .A

" )* 18-11
8
>6
>6
&

1
=^)

3(2
0 :
+-& .503 B
40 CFR 5#
*--C
& "*
J 3&
=^)
- %
& >
-C
67-11 %<
1D
6 "
&

* I :
+-
& =
=)
+
-- 3B
-
&

$' : 3" 2-
.B

&

:
+-G
"
.$
%&

4 8@ ! : A::
M
g _$
): 8 =* $

(Incineration)
8R
%35 =* $

8 b 3
M6
* .3 g #
C " @
) 2>* (- ) A
&: A $
): A!
) ":-

4 A .(

#>
(10
)$ (>
g @

R )&
%"- ! .=$0

3 @ 9 >3

@
( [E
[52 8:C ) )&
? .C
?& 12
.2! - + : 1@, 3 8 /
3> 42
) .:
=* 1 12 # 9;$!6 @
@ )
:: D
b"
@
=* " ) ?
#0
=* +26 b 1"
G
=* #! :
G
)$
)
W .:
=* G- +26 b
=$
A $

#0
G
4 1#
1@,

! .g # 8@
1$&
4#
R ) 12 1400F

3
) .#D>
C #
)
b& ?^
:
)
":- );' " 1$&
@
=*
) 9- )
4

g
!2
3
J ^ .)&
=$- =* "- 12 4
5
5
) $ $

3
9
)* . !

?& 12 J$3
%
< +

8! .
0
&: )
A": )R ' >
)

T 1$ 9#
D
8< 3 4
5
D
8< 3 ) !

)
82
A- .&
%
D
.1 82 3 #

3( :1 :!

1
"9

&

M) % -

&

:D =) : .KC
1 -G M %<&
Kj H 16&' 2F2 >
:+- 0 3$
C
(

&

2 .& :+-! ' 3KC
! 4&

%-
=^)
. - & H 6

$
C
>6
% - $ &
J4

J @ J< ' $1

&
340 CFP 5G

--C
:D &
"9 % -
:D : .&-

&

"9
J J& --C
:D
)U .503 B
$
C
+ % -F E+' *59& ' T9& 9&! ,- %<&
J4
&U
37

36

3%
$
9 36

) .( (
3Z 3(
) :
J T
J4
3=F-G
.
2' &) :D
G

0
12
F 3 #
> %> 1
,
%"R$
13-11 8
B
12 %"($ $ :

+ G!

%" ! .1>
0
.
A3, 12 2 12 '
b($
:

%5 ! .1>
0
=$ - %>&
9#
Y!#
8F
5

T
% (! :
+@

12 1 #
)
): )- 1D : .N$" L#D' - ( /
=* 2>* .G- (- - #
1>
0
8 )
+ J g L: '

1>
0
12
5
%5 ! )- 1D (E :
!
.+@
12 1

#D
%5 =$
+ Y
+@
- %D

()
:
!&W

%
(kg/hectare/yr) * -

E

mg/kg
@*
2.0
75
d
1.9
85
:
150
3000
:
75
4300
T
15
840
\
0.85
57
(&
75
: &
21
420
5.0
100
: -
140
7500
B

&

:
+-

:
4 &

&) -
%
A
G
:
+-F &- I "9
8 '

:+-
3KC

&) -
%
B
:
6
>6 4 : %+
G
%j &4 %
%
& &

&)

:
' U& % :
+-
+Y

%&4
A1< 38 X6 >$ 4
%j %&
B
%
KC
( %
:
' U& % :
+-
+Y

%&4
A1< 14 X6 >$ 4
:
%j %&
B
%
KC
%
#$% &

!' $* * +,- ./0 % 12
" :67-11 "
503 !40 CFP
%' 34

<
,0 4 $ !
K8+ J$ :
A >
&

-4 4 .&

.$ !
K8+ E >6
A 6
/0 3B
: 8
$
C
() A "9
:
+-

%<L
L1 U ) > B "9
.$ ! & 4 *5'
LU& 3L$ !
%
,&-& 3@
I
L
&L

G .

5<&
T
'
. %< >6 ' T' 7? ' 7&? ' B
:
J T

& & ( 4 $?

0U
%
,h) .B &
:+-?
C

&

:
+-
+Y 0
A1< 14 KC
(
B
1
,^) .KC
"
B
C

A1< 38 3B
V
' T F G
8
%
8
%

0U
%
%&4 A 30 "0

:
+-
+Y ' 3&
M)- %j &
T ^
' .:
+-G
& A 30 " 1

>6 G ' , .
,6F (

A& :
J T
%
-& *?4 :
J
%2 3:
KS
() > %& = -
& ."
.) A 30 >6 3+

37

4

"U
)
A&) 2' $1
"9 %-
=)

A "9

-G 3
G
$1& "
8
()

,
B
% %
& ' G 36 %
8 > .< %&4
.A 8 2' A&I R 7 & ' 8 &) >6 %-
6
<
* & "*1 & :
+-& M)-
>6 -
"9
% -

"9
< ? 4 .('68-11) 8- @
:
+-& KC
M)- 1 '
3(,68-11) % R5 :D " ' &2 &
& -
.%< & ,&- G

<
'

&
()
2' -
$1
"9 )-

FU
J 1- %r 3&
J "<& "9
' >
AD 3G
A &4
)-
& $1
"9
B
7 : 3"&
)
.5
.1 8 1 8+ :

M^< )I$
,;G $ . &7 N3 $%&!' "3 03 () ,1<!& 263 DE !& B :68-11
3 #!'#' !&!' ,1<!& ,
263 H & !& () 2E 1% C $ %' 263!'
" K' ( J$ < J4 >6 :

' "9
D8?

A& 2 8+ 4^8+& " " -' "< :
+-& &- 4'

)+? /0 & .8 &6 ' < >6 ,h (
Q &
.%
6
%&4 4 (
:
+-& &
J "9 &

b($ 8

1>
0
=$
K# 1E
4$!
;:
/
0
8!

8

b($ #
2

:
=$
8
A 6 .

,
$!"
)

&&
)
) C
32 $
: ! > %;:

_
8:
Y
:

1C $^>&
8
)O2 ,

.32 $:
8&
E
D
$$
12 8 5 1
&$
8
&$
9
&$
9,0
2 =$ !0

1 ! )- #, ! 9,0
.,
JF3F
&$
9
M
( 6 .

(
M 8@
8
=* $ $

"
: 1

%!
@
E @
) > .8
:
.1 #
)
2

) 8: 12 %"($
D
8@ ) _ 6 3- =*

A 4$!$ A %"R$
":- 1C $!"

C < ): .,

E
D
$$
=* 3 8
) 8
#
pH @ A E
b 5 : 9
Z ) %
_
)O2
%
12 :
% : :- .

C 12 3 %

M
0
>
8" E
D
%

%
4
- 12 &$

%

&$
8
)- .8 # :- %
V
Y: @
A ( . :

) C
/&5 # 8@- 8" 6 9
8

b$ 4$!
8" .3
5 K
8

12 )
G
.9,
42 #
b$ : %
2
3

T-' >6 "9
J >6 6

:
+-G
% %
50
C
.%

>6 8-8

G @&

> /0 0
() =

>6 1
>6
U< G 8-8
>6
J$ : .

Z& A 4 &
4
"
$ .& T-'

:- %F+ ZG
=
.6

G
K
IC
1200 3(8' 8') 8
3
% 3
-
(-8 100 lb/acre &
.
' & 400 lb/acre 3,<6j lb/acre
22-11
(F/M) E % 310 mgd 14)
)< "9 )
1 B
7 : 3%50 4 (VSS) L :) &- & :$ 0.25 4
= 34 lb/ton &
%30 5 > %
Z
J "0
6
J4
:+-
.P2O5 "& 8- 10 lb 3)
' > &

&+
< .250 lb/acre n& 8-8
%
.5 lb/acre 8-8
60 lb/acre n& 4

L
' K
& 3"9
&

Z # 50-11 %<
> "&

,-? 3%70 "*)
^
&

B n& 200 mg/l n& BOD
:e #
&
:&

(1020020.45)0.3 + (1020020.45)0.70.5 = 1170 lb/day

= 1170
= 214 ton/yr
:0U

21434 = 7300 lb
214140 = 30000 lb 8-
:%
Z
250 60 = 190 lb/acre

50 5 = 45 lb/acre 8-
:
>
A -
&)

7300/190 = 40 acres
:8-8
>
A -
&)

3000/45 = 670 acres
"9
J 6

:
+-G
,) 38-8
\
>6
A 6
.&
& B8p A&) $

' - &' >6
%& " % , " 6
8 : "8 ' 8 : , =) ' B
6 "9
$1 "9 1
=^)

' ."9 A+ !
3 %< %W2 1 >
AD .B
6 :+ "9 88
: .)-

@* J @& 8
: , J4
:* ?
, >
8
: ,
"9 &
2
A 1)U 1* 8

< --C

$ .
4
B
6 "9
& J4

2
: .8& +- &&
.
B)U
1)
0 *
1 19-11
&h
S 31
& %r < 1
M

i ?
. ' 3$6 & 3& /8
.E+' "+&' $
10 ppm E .0.005 ppm >6'

& 1
& <
.-8
1
-
29 X
8
< ? ) #

12 A > (,- WE

):
0
%@R
.

) %"
(),
8

. E
$ " #!
% ,
#
) > V>
%#
#> %
) > .
12 AE
C
A(D 20 6 ) 3
%5 K

G
9 .9#
D
8< - -

- E

%2
+ )3
: 9 8:X
8
1
1#
.1&$
B
JF: 8:X
!
) 90
:,
(( +&,
50
3&&!
)W<
:8
3
G
D C A6< )-C
2'
%&U
&&!
)-C&
#
: .$6F
$
&h

B
1
& .& '
+
%&4 =

' +
:+-? .
+
$
J-

M)-
- >6

1 &h
\
: 3)-C
&6
M

/0 & M<
& G 3&
J&<! 6 .&
"6 J8
&
- . "6 U&
0 31
.8 J&<
&
+&
.5
)<
&6 $6F
$
&h
E K8+
31
+ %+ > ,& 9&

X B
1
! )
K&
.

1 &h

# )<
"9
:D :+-!
C %N& )&
$
U& X ' G 3:D

0 :I&
+-
.^C
&)
D
0 %2 * ! I +
:D
. & ) 1
M

+
)
<
,& ' &<& " )h+

-
' )-'
&)

1
M

)-C
0 % .69-11 %<
& &^2 J
$ U& .&h
E K8+& 5
)<
:4 J 3B
1

B)&& )-C
/8 .5

:6 &) 1&# &)
> B
. '
- <6 % "A 6 *U?
. % B<! 0 ,' "3 ? ., ,3< '
,3 ,' :69-11
' P3 L1 "!!- 9!3 .J3 !!' $ 3 ##@!' , ,3<1 ,''& "!'O #5
J3 1 &!
6* (< H ($,

/&
T AE : AC 9#
D
8< 3-
pH @ /&
:C . E

3: %;:
3 .AE : %;:

G /&
$:C : )
# $ - n2) ? B ) )^: 9# < 8< 70-11 8:,
* %> ?

B M@ =$ # & E : D (:F
) >
=$
3
' .D
8< 3 @ =$ ]L
) A"
A 0
9$# .8$
F
A < 8&0
=*
#! 8D
3
?
>
) .
* 12 KF 0
:
+

.D
8< 3 #- ) %>

T A / 0
' L1 ? ' .,<! ,;G ,3 +#!G &* #! 9 ?1 >' 2 70-11
,3< , "!'O 2& ,';Q &R !M <! S! 2!7 ?! !& !' >'
I$
1. Recommended Standards for Wastewater Facilities: Policies for the
Design, Review, and Approval of Plans and Specifications for
Wastewater Collection and Treatment Facilities. A Report of the
Wastewater Committee of the Great Lakes-Upper Mississippi River.
Board of State and Provincial Public Health and Environmental
Managers. Albany, NY: Health Research, Inc., Health Education
Services Division, 1997.
2. Alternative Disinfectants and Oxidants Guidance Manual. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 815-R-99-014, April 1999.
3. Linden, Karl C., [et al.]. Effectiveness of UV Irradiation for Pathogen
Inactivation .in Surface Waters. 2002 Progress Report: Effectiveness
of UV Irradiation for Pathogen Inactivation in Surface Waters. Duke
University: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2002. EPA
Grant Number: R829012, 2002
4. CFR Title 40: Protection of Environment. Chapter 1. Subchapter O-Sewage

Sludge (Parts 501-503). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. <http://
www.epa.gov/epahome/cfr4o.htm>.
5. Control of Pathogens and Vectors in: Sewage Sludge.

Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 625/R-92/013 2003.
U.S.

L >L BOD %
8 1-11
4
#

.&
+2 > &
%L ZL+
(L
%+

(^ &

,- G
:
.1-11%<
"

<4
J (3-11 %<
) &

L
3&-L
L
$ "8
"
6 2-11
z&

3:
3 2

3C
>L4' 51< ,-
3 2mgd 4 > ' ,-

0 ) 3-11
L :+--
:
.8.5mgd 4 "0 ,-
4mgd 4

L
L 3:L
3 2

3C

3d$
) :
z
0 %$' >6
4) %W2 50
:4
z&
L 6
%&
U
&$
%&
I KU
4-11
z1 & F+G
X&<
X' z
z&U
" KU
5-11
6&) &$4 %&I
0 6.5mgd 16)-
) !
06-11
n&L- : 3%
n&- : 3(1 mm 6&) :6 %&I X& 3( in.
z 1 n&- : " % "< &I &

L +-!
"
C
z<+
%

KU
7-11
z/0
z%

0
# 1 <+
%
&
0 8-11
,-L

0 3930000 gpd L4 ,-
)- ) > 9-11
>6 U&
<+
%
,-
.1.2 mgd 4 "0 : ,) T)
."0 ,-
E 1 %

,-L
)L- 11-11 %<
1D ) > 10-11
"
X-8 :
+$ .18 mgd 4 "0 ,-
10 mgd 4
LD
EL %L
+$
6 3,& C
: ,-
. 6
1
.>)-
.$! ? 11-11 8:,

12 C
V>
# % ! 11-11
k$ .
B > + 60mgd 9# Y!# 12 E3
@#
k$
9
12 15mgd
G 32 mgd A #
12 95
%@
1D > : .%>
9 - .=0
95
12 6.2 mgd #
8 3 = %>
%:
* o)C

95
&5 9: )o=0
95 %>
G * 8 8C T
@#
) %50
850gpd L4 "0 ,-L & G
A 150 "U d$ ) :+ 12-11

0 +$L
4) ,-
.G
A 60 - C
-
.

%
+$L
' AL$8 3L&)
"8
%U< : ,-
3&2
6-
. 6
+$ > $ %U<
4 %&-
EL 28ft 38L ,-
E 34ft :e
\+
+$ 13-11
.2500 gpm ,-
E 18ft 31500 gpm ,-
E 25ft 3500gpm ,-
L&6
,- . 1020ft 4 A& &2 78
E &)
"8
%
100 = C :+L-
.7L8
>L6 JL ( > 540ft - 6ft )+
.%U<
) :2 3:D
)I$ ,- 8-4

.550ft 540ft & 78
>6 d$ ) &) "8 % 14-11
gpm ,-L
E 78ft 38 ,-
E 80ft :e
) & +$

5L .1200 gpm ,-L
E 50 ft 3800 gpm ,-
E 56 ft 3200
,L& ' %) n& .6 in. )4 50 ft X) u ,& ' >6 +$

= C ' K
L& . 570ft 78
>6 J ( & 1 120 ft

:-
.M*
+$
+$
:-
3100
+$
,-
n& : .140 = C 3100 = C L &)
"8 78
% E
z 4 E+' " ,& C &)
"8 >4C
> C
78G
E
>L6 %L .& +$ %U<
\+ e
%
1D 15-11
>L6 "B8
4)
%& %+

(
" B
,- C

."BL8
:L- X-8 &
%<
>6 2

:+-
.4<

L z4)
n& : 3 #
,-
%60 B
,- 6
z%70 &' "B8
1 +$
4) % *5'
(%) +$
"B8 LL4)
+$
(gpm)
(In) %+

(
" B
,-
45
60
12
54
120
16
63
240
23
68
360
28
71
480
32
73
600
35
74
720
38
75
960
43
75
1200
48
zX
3C
,-
KU
16-11
( 6 J 60 in. )4 --' 4* 2F2 ) 17-11
%L nL& .54 ft 1 >6 -
78
n& 39 ft n& 1 &
KL G ,-

.8.7mgd D6C
,- G
4.6 mgd
,- G
HL! %L 3&-

0 :
+-& .-
3D8G
3,- G
L L 6 ,- G
K G z,- %<& 4*
:'
z +
Z+

E
5L 1.2 mgd 4 "0 ,-
65 ft )4 --' (H > 18-11
>L6
AL 6
3,-L G
KL %L ,-
.(TSS) 250 mg/l >6
(
(TSS) (TSS)
&- ,-
\
"

L
#
nL& : 3C

#
- &
/
$'
0 .Z+
zZ+
(
(TSS) C
3 L %L LD& 2.5mgd JL % 5

(* :* ! 19-11
:L ,-L
3,- G
K )- :
+-& ."0
,-
E 5.5mgd
.EPA : ( 6 )- >6 D8G
(*
z 2
C
4*
& F+G
X&<
X' 20-11
,-L
% & 45ft )4 1 4H & ) % 21-11
L L ."0L
,-
E 5.2mgd 4 ,-
% & 3.4 mgd 4
EL +
" & % z&- % z,- G
K G
.,- G
%
1 % &' )- 1 4H 2 ) 22-11
>L6 -L #
%)
n& .16 ft n& & ( & 100ft 18ft
L4 "0 ,-
6 mgd 4 ,-
% %' .1 % 110 ft 1
%L .-L
L 3D8G
3,- G
K % ,-
325 mgd
z
0 3&- I z,- F ,- %<& 4H
:' +
215 mg/l 2.8 mgd @A2 A0 B)>

?0 ?$
= - 8
= 23-11
A %50 : B4 .- =
240 mg/l BOD
.5 ft 60 ft -6 * 6 # .BOD A %35 0 B) )

$-
EF 8 D7 C+ 87
9 #' .# ;%#
G # H
% /) 8 < ;+ I) .60 ft
' >

C

-
: 323-11 9-
> "& 24-11

L
L
" 1$ U&
C

. M^< > &!

L
&-L & %v' 4 BOD L
' ,-

&+
1D' .^
&
*U
5V- % z^<
>

.1-8 ^
&
z

%< \ >
R5+L )- 50

5' 5^) M^<
0 ) 9 25-11
L ML*$ ,-
))+ :
+-& 7 ft 1 6 160 ft )4
mg/l nL& BOD E & 3105 mgd :
,-
% n& .20-11 %<
BOD L
%25 C
(*
% .200 mg/l n& ^ &
205

BOD L
,-
.9000 gpm L& M<
"6 +$ %
BOD nL& : . 4.8 C > "

$W8+ M^<
<? .1
318.5C> "

<
)U
0 zZ+
(

zZ+
(

BOD n& :
5+L )L- 50
2 5^) M^<
0 ) % 26-11
3BOD 225 mg/l 5L 4.8 mgd L4 %+
(^& 321-11 %<
M$
.BOD LL
L %28 L' (* % .240 mg/l 4 ^ &

3X-L8 :
( % < ) )
2
>C

<
L
"6 +$ +$ % 6)-
n& 36.5 ft ( 6 120 ft )&
L /0L M< % E BOD L

3
,-
.2400 gpm
. 2
450 mg/l L4 BOD

0 4 6 ) 27-11
3^
&

280mg/l 3(250 mg/l n& 1 ,
*0
B
)

0 2
6 "< )-' (27-11 %<) 5
Z&&
6
"<L 6
-
n& .20 ft 78& 480 sq ft &' 3*$6 ,-
(*
Z+
(
n& . (gpm/ft2)0.5 0.0035= k20 30.5 = n 342 ft2/ft3
,-L
.1.0
"6 &- n& 318C "
E 0.8 mgd T
,-L
.L "
&-
M* :2 320C E ,
0!
BOD L
>L ,
0!
BOD L
&- ' K
& Z+
(

,
0!
BOD
.(

0 0.54 = ^
BOD L
(L L "-' ( + 2F2 9 - 1 ) 28-11
36.0 mgd 5 -
,- G
)- n& .2.0 mil gal ( + % : n& .'
EL MLSS B& : .240 mg/l n& BOD ' 37.8 mgd D6C
,- G

.(F/M) &- 3BOD 3% & D8G
,-
.1800 mg/l 4
.:- %<& ,-- "9

0 *& 30-11 %<
> J
L & BOD 5L 12 mgd 4 ,-

0 1 ) 29-11
L1
K
L' L&' .BOD L
%25 C
(*
% .190 mg/l
DL8G
L ,-L
3A 6 15 ft G
A ) 100 ft A$6 40 ft n& "<
3(2350 mg/l 4 MLSS 4 E) .(F/M) &- 3

% 3% &
20 = L*8
SS 3L
"9L 5330 lb/day 4 E) "9
6
.:- %<& ,- "9

0 30-11 %<
> J
.(mg/l
mgd L L "9L ) : >4C
,- G
n& 30-11
4H
*5)4 ,-
.205 mg/l
& SS 3195 mg/l 4 BOD
0 32.75
%U<L
L
G* :
+-& . 1 B &

*-
,-L
.L1

+ X& 50
:
32-11 %

L
"8
3(F/M) . 1 &

2
4*
*5)4
.1
z

"
W2V 31-11
zB
6 -C&
,6 - 32-11
.5
M<
D ' %& "9
1& :r
%U<
& 4 33-11
2.0 L4 %U<[& " 140 L J-

) :
: 34-11
L4 BOD L & 80 gpcd

,-
n& ." % \+<
-
1
K ,-
.190 mg/l 4 ^ &
3mg/l
K G D8G

:
:
+-& (33-11 %<
D
) (*

,-
.1000 mg/l 4 MLSS 4 :
+-& (F/M) )- ,-
.,- G
.4-11 %

/& :
4 3BOD
>L6 %+

(
E .11.5 mgd 4 ,-
0 "-' ( + 35-11
. 10mg/l >L6 Z+
(
5 & 3 ' 35 mg/l 3BOD 200 mg/l
L .16C "
L L EL :

>6
&
&<'
)L-
:L4 D 1 % % 3<

0 *1 &' 4 +
,-L
.4.0 &
DO L
n& .0.9 = 30.5 = F :+-
.(5-11 %)
."< % hp 4 3-C
% 3-C
Z
:4
(
5 321.5 mgd ,-
0 6
68& 1 K 36-11
>6 Z+
(
E & 3 ' 31 mg/l 3BOD 180 mg/l >6 %+

7&<G
> %
14.8C U&
B<
%F+ "

& G .10mg/l
DO LL& :^L
:L .
)
U< G 3
&
%L :L4 )- :+-
.4 15 2
( 6 n& . 2.0mg/l 4 6 X&#
Z
% :4 3
(2) :2 B<
(1) ,-
. F L -C
.B
1
,-
% 3hp 3-C
% 3-C
(L 6 >6 "& 68& A 1 3)< "9 ) :+-? 37-11
BOD 220 mg/l >L6 %+

(
5 @ .6.5mg/l ,- G
n& .15 ft
L L
/ 2 DO & 8' :4 .(%35 C
(*

n&)
B
1
,-
hp ,-
.16C
"
n& .10-11 %
.$

&
2
&
0! >6 &+ -
v' 38-11
Z 310 l 1
" : n& .8-11 "8
K R$ Z0
17
L .38 l/day % & & 0U

.68 W + )-
&
kl 3 kd 3Y :4 n& : 3%
D8
n& : .A %
! Z %
/U1 3U 3 rsu 3 1/c 3 c ,-L

&+
-- % &+
:
. ks 3
L&
2
L 340-11 %<
M*$ 3:
0 A & :-
./Se1
.
L ,- G 3A )< "9 ) : : 39-11

*! .&
*0 200 mg/l 1 225 mg/l BOD L
:4 n& .3.0 mgd 4
L #
BOD L
%70) 7mg/l L& Z+
(
BOD L
,^)
L 4 E :' 8 @
' , 3:C
.(10 mg/l n&
0.6 lb VSS/lb BOD =Y ' &+

1D' .2500 mg/l 4 MLSS
KL : ,-
.60mg/l = ks 3:
5.0 = k 3:
0.06 = kd
"9L %L ,-L
3(&-

2 n& ' % 6 :+-
) 1
.
L
L
.+

&

40-11
.)<
"9
1 %& "
*1

C
J

&
- n& : 325 lb BOD/day/acre 4 >
A -
41-11
,-
z165 mg/l 4 BOD E & 0.65 mgd 4 ,-
)- &)
.0.7 in./week n& "-+& : 90 4 D8

B > C
(
,-
3A 16 n& M)- - &
-
/& > 42-11
3BOD L ,-L
z230 mg/l 4 BOD E & 0.2 mgd 4
L L "-+ K
& 5 ft 2 ft 6 & =
B<
% +
.B<
1<' %F+ 0.05 in./week n& B
3175000 cu ft %L :L 10 ft ( 6 0 3E*1 |IG 6 43-11

=
L .450 mg/l nL& BOD
0 0.2 mgd
A)-
.30C - 10C L& L "
L1

4
"

>4'
g ' 3,- Z 9
A 6
.25 hp 1 % 6)-
*)- *1 &
k10 :e
\+

3&+

-
>6
lb -LC
:
+-
% 30.8 = 30.9 = 32.0 = Ct 3:
0.68 =
z&L- *1
% z,- %<& 1
: *! % .1.0 lb-'/BOD
z50 mg/l U&
BOD L
&) & 1
8 %
220 L4 BOD EL & :
0.375 mgd "
*1 & > 44-11
zX
+-
U& 10 hp n& 6)-

0 A*1 : zmg/l
,L
z
+
(
: T
,&-
45-11
L L+
(L
J
Z 6 @ 50

%68

L
L L z
%
A0V &

&
0 .
z&

:+-?

z$ ) K
' "
:
0 46-11
:L ,-
.14.6 mgd 4 >4' 51< ,-
) 47-11
3%5 L4 L L %' .1& >
&'
T
+
1 4 + >&-
:C
6 3:
+-!

&
6 ,-
.
+
)
z:
-8 &
( B$
48-11
/100 ml L 4 A+ A^ -8 &
( <C
:* 49-11
,-
34400 MPN/ml100 4
0 %+

(
3MPN2.2
T&L- o
&'

n& : .-8 &
( <C
6 log L

z.&
."8

=)
D ' 50-11
BOD E & 5.2 mgd 16)-
)< "9 ) 51-11
1 K 3' (* 3220 mg/l n& ^ &
200 mg/l n&
&L

L
%48 C
G
#
n& .5 2 (* (6- 8 = dt)
L4 MLSS LL 0U& 1
K % .BOD L
%32

@ ,- G
% "9
&

,-
.3000 mg/l
.%0.5 )<

"9 %5.5 &

C
EL & 120 gpcd 4

8 - :
+-& 52-11
&

,-
30.24 lb n& ^ &
0.2 lb n& BOD
5 M< ) :
+-&

8

"9 : "9
:e )
.8+ )< "9 )
5 M< . 1
4 "9
&
& BOD L
%50 C
(*
%
.30 mg/l Z+
(
&

0.31 M< k 4 n& .%5
* )< "9 ) . 2
BOD LL
L %30 &L

%50 % ' (* )
EL 6L- 8 L4 D8
"9
&

%5 &
"9L
.20mg/l Z+
(
&

n& .1500 mg/l 4 MLSS
+2 )< "9 &

%5 &-
0 ' "9 )+
.&

%4 &-
0
- 1 ) . 3
.1200mg/l 6L- 24 L4 D8
K .' (* G
.&
%1 >6 5 2
(*

"9
5
$1 ' "9

6-
,-
53-11
600 gpm > 8 ,-
*
A & %W2 .%5 n& &
E &
6-L
LH .800 ft X) 6 in. )4 ,& C 3100 gpm 4
&
.52-11 %<
& A 3

%L &
LF
:$1
> C
(
"9 d$ U& 54-11
W+2L
>L 5 2
(*
3&

%4.5 E & 500 gpm
:L$1
>L W+2
3&

%0.5 E & 500 gpm % &
:L$1
L 3&L

L
L %5 E & 100 gpm % &
F
)4 .&

%3.5 E & 350gpm % & B
7 >
F
:e F
-
.8 in. ,& C
%
T F 8 3J)4 8 3*- : 14 3850 ft C
"9
.90 -4 7 24 3,-
T F 3 3J)4 : 1 3*- : 8 3 420ft * 2 (* "9

.(100 = C :+-
) 90 -4 7 8 3,-
L T FL 9 3J)4 : 1 3*- : 14 31200 ft ^+2 "9

.90 -4 7 18 3,-
L T F 3 3J)4 : 1 3*- : 6 3520 ft $1 "9

.90 -4 7 14 3,-
F
,& C
*
,-
>6 D ^

&

215 mg/l 20 gpm
0 ) 55-11
(%22) &-L
$8
"9
&

%60 4 ' (*

EL L+2 L&)
#
-
: ,-
.&0 "9 W+2 >
.:
-

+
)4 ,-
.29 lb/sq ft n& % )-
BOD LL
E & 28 mgd ' ( F& "-' ( + > 56-11
.(6L- 24 = @L ) 200 mg/l 4 ^ &
185 mg/l 4
&

& 2500 mg/l & MLSS >6 D "9
)
,-L
3lb/day LL& )
&

,-
.&

%
8 %L 3250 gpm 6)-
E C
,) +2 " : .,- G
%

L
,-
.%95 n& /- J %4.5 >
W+2
0 z:
6.<
^+2
"9
,- G
&
&
> %
6 D
&)
57-11
z

0 :+-? ' zB
)-
n& .50 000 cu ft >
#
14)
$ 58-11
L 3%1.5 4 &

E & 32,000 mgd "9
,- G
3(VS) L % "9 & D8G

,-
.")
1 %63 X&-
.%15 E V8-
: 4 B
&)
0 H4
L
"9L :L n& ."-' ( + "9 A
G $! 59-11

L L1 %65 X&- %1.2 4 &

E & 5250 lb/day
3"9L
,-L
% ,-
.15.5C
"
n& .")
z
L1
:L$1 > C
:
.B
&) & 8 :$1
:
. A& :C
,-
)4)
G $ 2F2 > 180 gpm % & :+ "9 d$ 60-11

L 1 %65 X&- %5 1&- &
5 3(20 ft 1 6 340 ft

L :) &- >6 $1
D .,-? G ,- G "9
."*)
3L
%L 3% & D8G
,-
.%42 4 "*)
&
.&

*1

&-

BL)U& L' $
2
G $ 61-11
% ( & 35 ft )4
0 $1
% .:6 B)U& 2 $ 3&2
gpm % & "9
E^0U? .10 ft 4 %U< %
0 )
)IC
.22 4
&-L nL& 3&
%4.5 >6 "9
5 .6- % 5min " 3500
,L) "L*)
&L

%50 :) : .%62 1 ")

&L

L L
&-
3
% ,-
.+ 1<' 3 T)
z,- +
% .+
3i!
) %' 1 ! ' < G 8 &) ,^) 62-11

,-
n& 3100lb/day C
,- G
n& .5+ )- 50 5^) M^<
,-
z"9
8 &) X& 50
:
.400lb/day 2
"9
.\
")

&C
>6
A 6
&)
6
L L .)L+ - > "9
1& %*?

63-11
z$ !
6 K8+ > %
L6 KL8+ >L %

.
6 64-11
z$ !

> %
6 :D
&) 65-11
z
&

0 :
+-
> z
&

A
L
0
1
:$1
F
:$1 U<
F+G
& 4 66-11
z 1 6 & F+G
X&<
X' ."
,
"

BL8#
>L L 1 %L % :
) 67-11
zA 5
&

&) &
"L) L L&h :
M< )I$ &+
" +-
68-11
E "
% . $1 "9 A
G B
7 &+G 3H
A %0.2 >6 5 2 gpm 4 & 6 20 gpm 4 0U %

L
L 2000mg/l >6 E
17 gpm %-U
,-
n& . &
500 mg/l >6
19gpm 1&-
n& <
' 3^
&
Q > %3.5 U&

0U
&

&- W+2? .^
&

L6 3&L

L
31

,-
.%32 &
.&

-
&
gpm L4 "9 ,-

B
7 2.0 m X$6 :
)I$ 69-11
EL & 6.4 gpm L&
L6 n& .&

%4 E & 150
L &L

&- .60 gpm B
/F1-
n& .A &
%0.5
%L ,-L
.1400 mg/l %-U
^
&

3%24

L-
L&
6 3&

% 31

.&

>6 5 250 gpm % & 1& 0U

: "9 B
"0& 7 70-11
L&
) "9L
22 lb/ton )<
&
$ n& .&
%2.6
mg/l >6 "
5 %26
&

&- (%45 &- & )<
3
#
"B8 3 +-!
&

& ,-
.&

1720
L
0 .:+-L!
L& #

&
3)<
&

&
U
&
A && 0U
% n& : 39 lb/gal &
z6-
>L LV 7? "9 8000 lb/day ) 71-11

L) & =L >6 "9

.%26 4 1 &
&-
L6 L . 75lb/acre L4 & %
1D' .36 lb/ton 4
z&
&)

3L
L 2 + )-' 50 5) M< & ) 72-11
=L) .21-11 %<L
& 3 2 '
"9L "L6 &

.1 > g i !
+
(
"9
:$1? .&

# C
(*
> 5 2
)-
(*
.$' :
+-
> % ?
2
G :$1&
:%U<
D
,-
38.1 mgd = "0
,-
34 mgd = >4' 51< : ,-
1.8mgd = > '

185 mg/l= BOD
198 mg/l= ^ &

14.5C =
"

:Z+
(
&)
200 MPN/100 ml 330 mg/l = ^ &
330 mg/l = BOD
:

48 in. & +$ & %+

( d$ )
1 in. 8& &$4 %&I
%
G
7 ft 1 % & ( 6 345 ft )& 2
s ' 4*
7 ft 1 % & ( 6 335 ft )& 2
s )- 4*
8 ft 1 % & ( 6 350 ft )& 2

s 1 4*
1 % 6 ft ( & 360 ft )& 2

s >' ) <
1 % 6 ft ( & 360 ft )& 2
s 2 ) <
1 % K6 3100 ft 1)
&
3 s
J T K
10 ft ( & 10 ft
:L 3 6L
L 12ft 3 35ft )4 s>'
G :$
20 ft %U<
:L 3 6L

L 12 ft 335ft )4 s 2
G :$
6
( 10 ft %U<
: L G* & 1 4

%
Q %U<
\+ *
:\

"
6
:L' &)
"8
: F * 3%+

(
d$ ) %'
+$
&U E

#
* 3&$4 %&I %'
3-L
L 3,-L G
K G F * 34*
%'
.D8G
'
1

BOD L
( 3)
<
%'
& 0U
% 3D8G
* 3
J T ^
K %'
.A 30 " X&
p &)

3
&&
:9 1 "9
Z ,-
.+
3D8G
3
* 3
F
$1
%'
:
+L-& L&)
KC
-L * 3KC
:
+-G
%'
.-
"9
35mg/l
.Z+
(
&) &
8 %
2 ' 5 M<
0 ) 73-11
L .L1 >L g !
+
(
=) .27-11 %<
&
L
# C
(*
> 5 2
(*
"9 "6 &

3
$! 3B
1 7 ! :2 +
+ "9 & D8! .&

.8
: , > "9
:2 % ?
:%U<
D
30.32 mgd = "0L
,-
30.12 mgd = >4' 51< : ,-
0.05 mgd = > ' ,-
280 mg/l = SS 3360 mg/l = BOD

0.5
0.0035 (gpm/ft2) = k20 30.5 = n 316.5 C =
"

1lb &
. 0.7 = BOD 1lb
:Z+
(
&)
200 MPN/100 ml 320 mg/l = ^ &
320 mg/l = BOD
:

%U<
% 360 in. )
3&)
"8
&' %+

(^ d$ )
250 gpm +$ 34 ft
6 mm. 8& &$4 %&I
%
G
5 ft 1 % & ( 6 312 ft )&
s ' 4*
7 ft 1 % & ( 6 316 ft )& 2
s1 4*
1 % 15 ft ( & 316 ft )& 2
s <
2 3
46 ft /ft 4 6 - & $6 ,- & 2
6 "< )-'
175 gpm 4 "6 d$
%L K6 330 ft 1)
&

0
J T K
5 ft ( & 3 ft 1
%12.5 & +
+ &1& 0U
:
L %U<L
3 0.5 m 1 % K6 )I
$ 3 s :
M< )I$
L JL (
& 7&-C
:' 5 " 3
& 5 > A& 8 6-
."9
: L G* & 1 4

%
Q %U<
\+ *
:\

"
6
:' &)
"8
: BF * 3%+

(
d$ ) %'
^+$
&U E

#
* 3&$4 %&I %'
3-L
L 3,-L G
K G BF * 34*
%'
.D8G
'
1

BOD L
(^ 3)
<
%'
L0U
%L 3DL8G
L * 3
J T ^
K %'
.A 30 " 1&
p &)
&1
3
&& &1&
:9 1 "9
Z ,-
.0U
% 3
* 3:

M< )I$ %'
zB
&

&) & B8p

n& :
zZ+
(
&) &
) 8- %
2 &- "-' ( + ) 74-11
>L
+
(
=) .34-11 %<
& ' (*
(*L
>L 5 2
(*
"9 "6 &

.1
> :2 % ?
:Q $1& &

:$1? .&

# 3C
.8
: ,
:%U<
D
34.2 mgd = "0L
,-L
32.4 mgd = >L4' 51< : ,-
1.3 mgd = > ' ,-
325 mg/l = ' 3210 mg/l = SS 3260 mg/l = BOD
17.5C =
"

:Z+
(
&)
200 MPN/100 ml 310mg/l = ^ &
310 mg/l = BOD
:

ft %U<
% 3122015 &)
"8
&' %+

(^ d$ )
3000 gpm 1 % 6)-
+$ 5 38
in. 8& &$4 %&I
%
G
12 ft 1 % & ( 6 360 in. )& 2
s1 4*
% <

0 *1 &' 380000 cu ft :& &' s "-' ( +
: 15 = "9
6 32000 mg/l n& MLSS 3
+
1 % 300gpm 6)-& +$ 6 s "6 d$ )
ft 1 w% K6 3 20 ft 1)
&
4
J T K
10 ft ( &10
B
,- E 50 ft x 50 ft x 15 ft
4s
$
: L G* & 1 4

%
Q %U<
\+ *
:\
!
"
6
:L' &)
"8
: F * 3%+

(
d$ ) %'
^+$
&U E

#
* 3&$4 %&I %'
3-L
L 3,-L G
K G F * 34*
%'
.D8G
'
z %<& "9
,-- %
L (L 31

BOD L
( 3"-C
%'
1
6)-
& 0U

% 3D8G
* 3
J T ^
K %'
.A 30 " X&
p &)

3
&&
:9 1 "9
Z ,-
.+
3D8G
3
* 3
1
$1
%'
mg/l :
+L-& &)
KC
- * 3$C
:
+-G
%'
-
"9
30
zZ+
(
&) &
) 8- %
L ' &- )< "9 ) 75-11
L<C& AL +
(
=)! .('35-11) %<
& 2
"9 +2 &

.1
> X) %&4 -8 &
(
:$L1& "9L
:$L1? .:$1
> "<& C
"9
d$ 35 2
(*
.8
: , > 1 %&4 B
1 7 !
2
G
:%U<
D
319 mgd = "0L
,-L
310.3 mgd = >4' 51< : ,-
5 mgd = > ' ,-
322 mg/l = ' 3240 mg/l = ^ &

3210 mg/l = BOD
17.5C =
"

:Z+
(
&)
2.2 MPN /% 100 310mg/l = ^ &
310 mg/l = BOD
:

%L 312 x 25 x 15 ft L&)
"L8
&' %+

(^ d$ )
8+ 7- FU< & 16)-
4000gpm +$ 5 36 ft %U<
in. 8& &$4 %&I

12 ft x 40 ft %

7.5 ft 1 w% & ( 6 365 ft )& 2
s ' 4*
14 ft 1 w% & ( 6 390 ft )& 2

s 1 4*
L68
2 3B
( 6 80ft40ft19ft &9& 2 s 1 K
'
A 15 = "9
6 3MLSS 400 mg/ln& 318 ft ( 6 >6 6
1 % 3000 gpm 6)-& +$ 6s "6 d$ )

15 hp 3scfm 56,000 E + J&' s +
.5
& %
J&' s -8 &
( <C& :
^+2 &
%4.5 3&

/- %96 3&0 :
s +2
:L 3 6L
12 ft 340 ft )4 s >'
G :$
20 ft %U<
:L 3 6L

12 ft 340 ft )4 s 2
G :$
6
( 10 ft %U<
- + %U< 3:& 6- 20 31 % 300gpm 6)-& 0& s 0&
7&-C& :'
:e F
"9
d$ -
J)4 : 1 3- : 16 3 420 ft :' "9
L T F 6 3J)4 : 1 3*- : 16 3420 ft C
"9

Z+
%+ .90 -4 7 18 3,-
T FL 6 3JL)4 : L 1 3*- : 6 3 860 ft * 2 (* "9

Z+
%+ 90 -4 7 10 3,-

L T FL 8 3J)4 : 1 3*- : 12 3520 ft ^+2 "9

Z+
%+ .90 -4 7 22 3,-
L T F 6 3J)4 : 1 3*- : 4 3 1200 ft $1 "9

Z+
%+ .90 -4 7 16 3,-
: L G* & 1 4

% %U<
\+ *
:\

"
6
:' &)
"8
: BF * 3%+

(
d$ ) %'
+$
&U E

#
* 3&$
%&I %'
<+
% E

#
* 3<+
%
%'
3-L
L 3,-L G
K G BF * 34*
%'
.D8G
'
z %
Q <& "9
,-- %
1

BOD L
(^ 3)<
"9
%'
BL8p L&)
L4)
n& : 3-8 &
( <C& :
%'
.=^)
&) &
:9 1 "9
Z ,-
L 3DL8G
L 3L
* 3
F
$1
%'
.+
%U<
D 0U
% (^ 30&
)U$ %'
.*
,- G
3&

* 3"9
d$ %'
zZ+
(
&) &
) 8- %
12
)
! $+
%&

,

!"
#$
%

%

+$ ,-"
'(
) (* ( .&

%$
(National Pollutants Discharge

/0) 1 2)3) +
7) 2 %6 4 +5 Elimination System, NPDES)

'

)
$ 6 .,
8 9(
: 0&
23
<! .
,-"
) (Capacity)
8 (; 1)

>@
$ 0! =( >3 7)

% ? $
.
>@
$ =( ( 0
AB: 7)

>@
$ 75000 23000 =( EPA (
D" ,(
#?
C
=0) .
+
F +$ %0
6
!
! .E3 @

9(

EPA Region IV );: 0 ( . 63 F
6?
,-" 9(H I
: .
%

(( +$ G"
(Management, Operation, and Maintenance Program, MOM))

'( 0K
J ;

" )
" ;( @
; 9

. &

>@
$ >3
3

>@
$ ! ,B;N
3 (MOM) M(
0L (
+$

% G" 9(:
$
! 7)
,!" F0K O! &

,6$
(3
M(
6 .
%<
G" PJ
,-" 3
8 ( 9(H

?
% ( ,( ,5Q 9(
: 1BH ,) ((

. ;/ +

8 9J

)
) % 7) 9(H

<R!
9(
< F (# 3)

) ( (

J) ,) ( 4 (38 9( F$ %
8

3)
+$ 1 ( + ) ,
/8 (
I
'(?
#$
8 ( ) .(" < 5(
(
,-" 6 .
8 9(
<
+

,-" +$ -
8 ,!
" % ,
!
,
+$ "( &(
V '+" ,!" 7
) : .,(8
>
7: 9 (
,
$ ((!
M

(( W )!" (( X" ,; ( , 7:
%
!Y 8
0$

; 'Z ( @
;
6 .
0
&( ,5Q 9(
: 7:

58 % . [
7)
8

!
7:
0( 9Q" %6
+- .
) ) 7) F$
) 9(; ( +?

) .

(0(K ,(8 ,5Q 9(
: 1BH
+$ RLC + % +$ (3K
#B
#
3 \
$
7:
8 4"

"; ( ."
,
,-" @
) R)
?
) >
! .,3(
." &(
, +$ >
#6
# ! )3 (

+$ B
] ^;

.

% 7) ((" %
#

#)-"
#(:

1-12
I +

7) (; NPDES 23 %6
(
K 7:
5 ;Y +

9Q"
" F)
5<

7:
#; ? `) (; .
#;
9(
<
#
# 9(
_
#
9 (

6L ( F$( ((" /!
) '
8

.
+$ ?
#;
7: 9((

)

E( 7)
" +);H EPA ! 8)

! <
7) a ! ,(
J ; <
:
6 (#
<8
.) )/ ! : +$
PJ B P 3 2
8
8

; :
.`! [

;( F)
8 [
; 0K . @
+5
PJ
8 ,\(
0) [
; #$ 9
; , % 'H
8 [
! +! .
+
3 (
F

8 %10 6 , [
< 9' ! +-
7) +$ 9
B >L +- PJ 7: $
6: .
(5V9 9$) !
8 ': > .9
9
b/) ,;?

% %; ((
B \ !

,
/8 FY )
7) c (K ! 3 )
7) +- .

8
NPDES 23 6 ) )) 'H 9( 6 ':

. ;
( () 8W
3 PJ +$

,-" (
F$) B

/
((: B Pc 6
,
/8 ; .
((: )
B ,
;B

;( FY )
! ,;d
) '< 3L )
. 3
3
,
/8 E( FY 5
[@ (# :
8 +5 @

58
$ PJ . J ;) NPDES I

1e f
3 F$(
) 6 !(#
9( ,! )
3
`) .9Q +$ ) () )
3
: +$ ) <
: ! $ ,

#)-" ( PJ
# = ) 3 +5 <
H 7? 93 .

'
N
- ( +- .&(
,-"
)

( $
! (
((
/ 93 .(
C
'< %
6 2
8
'
+-
! .

[
; ( , J$
$ _$ . `! ,!" )/

B( ': J@( +- 6 @

8 $
!
8

; 3 .
#( - 9( 7) 9( ) R,! ,< 1
) @
<$
.9 'N
$
$ <
_ 3
5() COD ,) 9(0(
)
3
( +) (;
<
- ,
9
0 >
? ! )3 ,
!"
.TOC )/ (
& !? 2
9Q 4"
!:
+$ 5
" 9Q +$
) +
3 1
Fe$( ; `) . 7(? 0(
3 I
1-12 ,!"
> +$ \6L (; .pH SS BOD g)

3 f
3 ,3(
)! + <
((
3 %;
(( Kh + ( . )/ (
(
?
, 9Q
X< 3/ (# )3( \! @
! (

"
#$
( 9(
:

8 : .1)
3 9Q !!
)
8 +$ 9 /Q
+$
'<
.9 ;

:1-12

) ,! (# (1) :+Q

#$ 9( 9(
) 2$ )
(3) ,-")
'H (2)
)
3 +$
# 9(
. ; E
(
#$
$
! %; '(?
F/
3 )3(

8 $
!
`!
3
% 6
(; @
<$ ,
0& "! 9(
3 %
,-") )
.>K ,-" ( ,
g BOD g <!
8 +?

; 6
( +
H
5 9Q f
3 F$Y ( +$ SS

8 < (
8 >@
$ ,\(
!K . )
%6
#H 8W J5

<_ !

C +? 9'
! C
.
0<3 +$
# 9Q +$ ) ( E ! 8: SS g BOD g

<3 +$ 9Q) '7 3/ I ! .>K '(? [
!
# 5?
,
/ , 7)$ . @ ,-" ': !(5
:

jk6 80( \ J: ; 9Q ! Ih L
. 9Q F$ '

6 9(
<: j,! [
7)
/ #
3
F$ # V F @
+$ ) . R" 9Q 2@
3
+$ ) ( <!
( PJ SS g BOD g <:

,! 6 ! .& b(! 3/ ( ,5
9Q
3/ $ 9Q 1 " 9Q ( 9(
: ,( '#
((H
(( ! . $

F$Y ( 7) $
% !K 9Q
JK !l )3
E( ,-" ,B3 +J '(?

6V 'JC f< ,) +$ e) ) () <!
. ;( O) c "K
3 % #
)!) +$
! (38 (!Q)
;( B
) f
3 F$( )
>@
$ )! + ( '7 ,!" , + ( !
)3
)! + [
; ! . R) @
&
7: ,K

7) 3 2

#
)3
E(

< m! 9)!
W( .)! %
# [
e 9 +
> +$
n[
< O
+$ )! ,)

9( J-
! ( +) !
? ; ! .0(

.9(@<

C =( %

C 6
!"

!$+, +' ( $% )* . & # $%
! 3 2 " 01/ -
!( $% 3 , 456 06 " . ) !
* ;2 .%95 $7 ) 89:
(3 7 &#& 7 ) <+ = ,
!$% '@ $7 > 3 ?
- 85 ."#,
CD $, ! $: + + $% AB ( $7
* ,G < 91 F- . 3 A : B3 =E
( & 5B !B3 =E 9 $% <+ )
K=* < 9 L J >5 I ! , DE ( 4 H2 9
B3 =E 9
!+ )5
)* . ,G 7D
$ $: H2 MDN (3 85 +' $% "
I " .$ ( $% E < 91 O

P: !$E + M !$% B61 23 )N
R D
Q 2 .<9 + ) & !L
5
S, !, S, 026 P !23 D $% $ )
. ?&1 ! $%
6
( 9 (
9Q '
) +!
! X< ) )
@
! ,-" < (
;

#6 7:
(3K @
! ( ! ! 7: .9Q !! 1
7) 'Z

# '
) +6K X< ,0(K 9Q
J- +$ ) ( <!
'(?

C ; .9Q 3/

9( F
,-"
( P
: 9'
! >- !!) ) ( 9Q I
7)

: .)C? +$

#
! +
" )
. ,W! '< ) (
( 7:
8 ( +
$
! ,-" 7: K
@5B @#
6
# +$
'< 9Q
( (; .J

3/ +)
8
/
R3/
8 >@
$
! .-6
" <
3/
" J
9<
!

) ( ( 9(
_ 6@
`) ) ( 9(
) +$ $
! C \! @
! ( 6 J: B
/$ .
6
F$( 7:
5( ) ( 9 ! !
" , ($ '
X<
+$ B
9 ( ) ( ! 7: . 7: ,3(
. # +$
#!
: +?
#_$ C 9
.E3 9 '
X< 3/) " 9Q 7: PJ ( (

. ? $
! 6 (@< , 7: ) ( ( 9(
: ( !
f
,B3 ? 9Q 3 +$ 9 ,?
5(
!
. # +$ (< !?
!

" #
$
%
9Q 3/ ) ( P
: (
)# P
5
. )

+$ ) ( <! [
; +5 '
X< 9(
. 6 ]
;B
#$ ! 6$
9( 2-12 ,!"
:+]
! ) ( ,! < :
MS = MF + MC
(1-12)
9Q +$ ) ( = MS

" +$ ) ( = MF
!! +$ ) ( = MC
: ,)
<
QS = Q F + QC
(2-12)
9Q
= QS

"
= QF
!!
= QC

8 ,!
/ >$ ! ! Q3 ,
3(: (
&
.1.0
(
") , '

)@
9Q
QS, SS, M S

QF, SF, M F

( !!) e3/ 9Q
QC, SC, M C
"# S !
Q 4-12 1-12

2-12
%$! !
! M %$! !
!
( %10 O

9Q & ,
/ , 7)$)
/ (
1.02
5(; J
J ) 6
M =S Q
(3-12)
:+
8(
J5 I( +
) ( <: '< =
(4-12)
) ( <! = S =

.
! 7:
( , )# (
J5
+)
: ) ( !
: S ) ( <!
: .
" /!? 5 3? J5 (4") ,
; C +) SS (3
,
; +
< 4"
; 3
SS
3

@ '< JK ) ( ! (; . 3
e) +$ F)
g) >3 <!
" +$
'< +$ )! ) (
% E J

2$ O C .SS

SS ,
<L PJ .&3 4" ;( ) (
( <! 1 4\L / )! ) (
3 9Q
E ? ! Q3 =( 'H J5 8 .9\( JK )
.9Q
+$ )! ) ( %5 E( 8 " ) (
.
J5 ,
1-12 ,!" #
& $

,-" $
! ;( )
! B :
8
8 B 0
38 B ',

C
? `) : 0( )-" ,!
" +$ =( J: 8:
#6
: (# %W6 O\ (5 (

3 I
: . )

5 ,
0$
3
I
J : .O (# FR 8 ' ? (<
8
0

, ! .9
(
'
/ +$ ,!
" F
(( 9(
) $
! 7) 6 !(#
,B3 .,3(
8
1
"8

,-"
+$ ! 8
5H '
3? BL ! B ,) )
( %b +5

% +$ 0 F E(: : 3 2 ':
+$ Fe) ,) <H ((

) e) )

.+@
# 1e '
X< 3/
/ ? (

) '
X<
) 3/ 9'
! 9Q f
_ e)
:
! .@
; F$ % ,( ,m [(#)
-) 0; E3
. )
'(l [
! ; J f
3 F$(
1-12 '(
( (#
@58 6# 9Q
X< ) 9J
'( W;L
!! )@
9Q
L3 . e) ) ( <: P
: 9'
!
: 3 ,
I@
+Q
+$ . e) ) ( <! ((
200 gpm = 9J
J- ,(
%3.5 35000 mg/l = 9J
J- +$ ) (
280000 mg/l %28 = !! +$ ) (
%0.125 1200 mg/l = 9<
! +$ e) ) (
<H 9'
! =
= 97%

2-12
? ;
3 ,B3
,B3 \/L
2)
!
6$ ; 6 . (
6`3

23 4 ! .,3(
8 4") 03
`) .
+$ "3 , b )

8 /Q 7) (

> /( B
.
( )
'* + ) ,-)
.9((
F);
/
7:
3
,3( :
<- ,# $ ,B3 7)
$
6: B

? J5 6
F
5:
F$ 7) 9(@< ;?
6$ W

3 3

$
6:
! k6

,!
" I
L
! +6
+$ .
3
1

<
9(

'

C ,3()
8 (@< 1
"8
'H J5 `! ( . @
&
7: 9"

3 O ( < %95-90 E( 7)

? /0)
J5 (
#$ (#
.,6$? &(
;8
.9J $ '
/ +$ 7

`$
!
) &J
@0 B
3 $
,3( 1
"8

8 ! 1
"8 (
" &

+$ F"
K(d . $

#$ ! +
;? +$

/
+ 4? ! 9"
8
8 )3(

8
V 1
"8 ! .9; $ ,B3 @
$

8(
9J O

7;?
8
#Q ,3()
8
,B3 9J

; F 5 E3
)! .+
+)
.
[ [
U T1 , + ) ? )3 " 2
. D1 0)N ! =+ !< 91
! ) 0 91 ( & * ! ) ? 6% $: : 6 99I B
.<+ V"+ $5 0 9 ), ), = W 9 *

8 V 1
"B + ,)

-1
-2
-3
C
1
"
3 4 2"

5
!
!"
#$ 1
% & 2

" " 3
#!" '$ 4
("
! 6 ,%"

"& 7* "*

,5Q 9(
:
)" 1
) *+ ,-.
0 1% 0 "
+ "/"
! " # $%
& % '
( ) *!+ '
* :3-12

+$ (3K

3-12 ,!" +$ 3 >
. )!" (( ,) +5 PJ +$ 7? 93 .
8 V 1
"8

,/

7:
F
7:

K
.9J
(
8
3 PJ ( <L / .k6

[ ,! ,B3

;? +$

': 96 46
"! .& ,# 8
+$ $
X
;

.,m 5
8 1
"8
! J:

J5

8
#$ L + F
J5 +$ ) )
0 EL /
+$ # ) + @
< 4 )
( .
"!

C .&

? & 2 ( +$ $ ,!
! .X
"
+$ ( 46 8 ,
PJ
e3 C

6 B "!
9'
e;
- >3 -6
3( (3

)
4 ,B3 + ,3()

8 (
: .'
7:
6L
`) (; J# .9J
[) ,!"

C R3 +@
<
+ J5
3 2$ 3 . $
6:

; ?
2
<
) (3

8 1
"8 (
#Q (0(
9 !
() /! ( ( .0+@( O +- &J
(; .
+$ ;

+$ =( 1
"8
.
9(@

#!) C

#(8 ,( %6
d K
I

+) 4) +@
# ,/
,5Q 9(
:
L . )!")
(
;
PJ 5? ,5Q 9(
:
6 (; . )3(
3
% ,
)
F$ %
!
,
? & &0( 1B:
? 3 ,( 1B:
(( +- .?
9(
f
3
#;BC_
!
# .93 )
;B (
; /!? ,6$?
6 (; .
#)5Q 9(
:

((
4-12 ,!"
4$
! +$ OB: &

<

,5Q 9(
:
; < ,-" ( ? 6 ,
3(: .9
?
'# -6 (3

! +$ OB: & &J ,
3(: .?
( 9
? 4$ (3 .'
3
'# OB:
I\<
3 ( ? ! J8 [ K
! 3G ( ? , , +5 9
? 4$ 9< : .(
1B: F@ 6 .
5(< ?
7)
$

) )
; 9C /: +
)
'B -6 +
:
P)

,( 9 (
.4 7) (3L ! (
63

J5 )
! ,5Q 9(
: &(m .F
7)
.%90 7: 70 ,3()
8 1
"B
4, ( *+ (/) .

, -.
( $
/ .

0 , -. :4-12
($) .0 $ 8;- <;
89 )+9 ;, 5 6 '7

* 100
$@
,
$
#
5( >/ () . HDPE
$
/
?%
) $
# 5( >/ ;
(=)
7 8;- A7 "(

4; HDPE
5 .VCP
-

. /
.
90(
#B FY ) % ^ !

%; (( )# -6 >3
3( "! :
F)-L ( !L + (3 B! & B- % )

?

% 6 B
5
; ,
#) J 7: J

7: . e3 C
B

$ (( 9(
3(
3 _$ $ F$ $
F

3 +$
3( % '# ! k .> f
[!

3(

.
3( '5 k p PJ $ ,B3
7:
# ( $ 7: O 7

3( % '

8
3 O ; +$ .>? +$ 9( F" 3 4
C O!
3( < . B

3(
O C
l )3( '<? &Jm ! F
a 0& P 8

3 (( 7) ?
;
h 3K +-
3(
3 ,; .[ F6
'
7:
3( ,3( _$ .JH 9<# FB ,
,) O

,3( (( '
/ +$ '
) +)3( '< E\#K )C
" 7)3K +-
5 - ? +)3( '< ^ ,6$ : .O:
3(
7) / ($
! L
3 ($ . )- 9( <)
4 . (3
" +$ , 7: 9 9 e= ? 8<
> 9(
: ! & 6 %; (( n& 2 J5
.@( ,! O
8 0 F8 2 ( "
! .+<<) ^ 0( @ '<l

3 5-12 ,!" #
!

" ( 5-12) ,
!"? +$ 406 5
, 7:
! 0("L
8 %
8 7) ; +$ 9((
#; ;

# !Y

" +$ (
! ,-"
.B
O: X) O ( , < .
PJ!
+) 1BN ? b6 90(" F/ ,e-"

C
95

! : .1BH
,( +! O(" 6 %;)
% !
#63
#$ ! = ) 7) `! (( f5-12) ,!" +$
) ; -

! , 8(
4 .?
> , ! . -
PJ )
(

(g55-12) ,!" # .
( 7: B

! . J
! , ;
PB 0(" P)
( . $ () ,
C J8 P) (3

((H
" /!
! , 8(
7) `!
!
.
#
(

"! 7)
#( ) 93
!#
,
-
CCTV +# (() .##
"'! &#! :5-12 !
0 #0$ () .0! -

!% ##
! %( + 1 .##
! /
#$ (0<) .-/! !6 7 8 %9
;%$
-
!#
() (5) .!#
!
! 234
##
! #%8 2! !% " 8 %= #
!#
! 2
P)! F" 4 .X

" +$
6@
$ (6-12) ,!" #
b

? +$ ,3(
) ( 6-12) ,!" +$ 95

(; < % F$
.

)5 B
6 ?
! (f6-12) 9 # .9(0( B

!"
D) ?
#
(

+$
7:
$8 0 (; . +$ "
J F .&
(( 7: &(m (;
# 9! ,e!" "
) ( % !
"
0
8 (( 6-12) ,!" +$ P)!
+$ _$ 9!J 8
,! +$ . ((
+$
+$ ) ( ,3( 7: +6K

8 7: $

.O
6$ (( &

.'! 5# / ##

! (() .
##
! ##
+ ! >?' #$ :6-12
H(5) .! !! @A% B
"! -
% 7 ! C/! D
! E#% F
##
! / G ()
08 !0/ 0/ ( 0%J! 0/ G1! #%8 ##
! B
I
#6 () .##
! B
I +!
! -

##
! % %$! !
! #6! % B(

! B
3$!

* 0

7:
6 5 &

; [@ (# :
(( e) @
&

[
7: ,
6
6 .1+

(3 '
@
<) (

6 $ 7e

(3
+6
) )
"
6 (3 B '
":

C ,
2
3 1

':

+$
# 1
!

@< ( "
B
) , (
,)
. / " %;
; E3 (

#)$
) ) (38 :
4K 8 .,3()
8 ! ,B;H

+$ 0+

+$ .

(3 $ :
0<3 8 >
<3 (

'
F) F@
/
%6
c

$ ( ,

=0) (
6 PJ <
3 ? ;
#<
O# + %
/$ C
(
. $
! PJ
! 7e + ) f3 7:

7:

,3(

? <

PJ 6 .
)
.+
( (
0! (

P

P
5
7:
> ,
3(: ! 8
+$
# ! .
# (; ((

#; +- E3
: ]
?

8 6 ( (2)
8 3 !
(1)
7)
7) [
7) 3
/0) (3) . !(#
+
9(
(4) .
)
,@ 7) )/? .
#) + @
)
0( W

( 6 .
J <
(<) <
- ,
"B )

9( , (

(( ,R!" + <) )

(( /! ! .< " ` C
(
7:
#)) ! +
3 +$ J ) P) +5
"
((
! 9(\(
" X< ( 7) = 7(? (
+- +@
; '_! .
3 ; <

! (; F

! (
, ( F@ (3
. )!" J
#$
7)$ .
e! 0

! ; C +

& (;
= 9 (
!
! ! ,
/ ,
. W( ,!G 7: +

&(m P! > &! ,!Y "
!
! ,!" `3 ! : +! ,!G 6

( '
!
! (
? ! .

) % ,3(
# +$ &
" ;
: 7: &(m )); <! 6 @
!
) @) W ( JK 1B? $
@< ,<L .+@5B 6#
,/ ) @

O)$ !
,6$ _$ J . ()

+$
# 8
(
%; +$ , ,!"
#K 5 ( J5
) 9((" $<c K @
,
PJ 7) )/? .

! 9("

!
/ ., -?

F$ 7) ( 8 &(
0(
0<3 ! &6
.

_$ 3 ( - e! 7: $
6:
3 )

! Wm
6 ! ,(
. !(# ( 8 &(

8
0+

7: )3(

[
; :
.
(3 '
(
>$ &
)
; J
H
$ 1

!
,! h
L
!
!
J3? 9 (
, 6 7: 0 J3?
$
! ,3( B " % .
#) $
/ 6
)0 F/ 5
,!
3
8 [
; >C?
!)
.
1
&
)
; %6
-) 0

8 [
;
8 F$ :
6 (; 9- 9Q"K +$ .
'
9(
"H '
: +- PJ
( $
6:
(( ? `) (; .
B $ ! $
!
9(\<
&

>d L$ J_$
1
: .

+$ 1 63 f 0& PB#
#
f3 /! P) + P)
3 9!

) m

&

; P
# .
)
! (;

$
6: P
# ,! 7) 9 (

6 .

)

3
!)
2`3 C 4 +$ (3K ,"$ ( .'
(8
! 7:
<#

(3 ( 8 ( \3 9 (
! ( _$

23 '
-_ 9!
!
#8 (; .
5B! '

)
(0( (; .
3 J: 'H J5 &
q ) .+

# 6d L$ m (

$B38 +$ ! (# 9(
#") X
B
.

(3 7) R
? ,
;
6
6
,
R + F@
/ ) / +$ PJ %6

.
X
8
) +$ , ,!" 6
! =

%6 ( 23 O 7) 0)
J5 .
(: ,B3

[
7) % ! 8 O 7: 9(( ;
.
8
! ( 8:
#;
/
1

,-"
!

(@ 6
(@$
$( @
$(
E3? F$
%
)
8
$( PJ! [@ ,
[ ( ,
r(c ,\L + ,
[
$
6:
! (@ (
<B
%$(L + @
< F$)
;m 8(8 ,/

! ,!
8
(@
) 23 J3Q . 5 (@
%

< \(L + (3 !
! .
(3 (
, n+) ) ,(

, .9
) (@ (38
.(` X6
! J5 +$ #m
(3K (@
O; 7: ( +

(3 [!
7) (@ $
! '
: ! 9( ( 7:
) +) &(
(38
' F$ $ '
%$(
( <# !) 0& <) 8 (3 [

@B F$ $
9(@
$ J F$ , )
,
)

/ ( ,
Y - (3 )!
C
.

% ,
) @
< ( : . =( e 3
4
%W" J5 9; 7: 9( 5 +

% 6 B(
8 3 7)
.'
(3 9(
:
I ((
9(:
$
! (0 ,\( X
5 (
8 '

)! /! :
9(
< % 2;
,( ( >- (3K
'
(0( '; 7)
(3 ( ( /! +$ . !
(3L
! .7(? ( +$ ,< f
3 '
(3 !
( '
" ,B3

m 9-

( '
((
!) "
[

B B 9!

R! .

. (
+$

J5 (3K .
9 (3 )! +
/ W!

+$ 9( P) ! +5 +
/0) <! '
n+$
6: !
BOD +5 9 (
(3K
9; 80 : . )
`!
,)
5( +- + . e) ) (
5-12 (
: .
+$ 9(0( (
"H 3)
$

>@
F) +$
6H '< : . (3
J - +5
( .300 mg/l E( e) ) ( 250 mg/l <
BOD
.5-12 (
+$ (3 J5 (3

(3 = ) + 9) +$
6:
(5-12)
= VRv + V [(BOD 250)RB + (SS 300)RS] . 8.34
=

- B
= V
mg/l BOD = BOD
mg/l e) ) ( = SS

C ) ,! 8( 7:
,0( = Rv
(
,! 8( BOD g 7:
,0( = RB
(
,! 8( SS g 7:
,0( = RS

C . !) ,! 7(
#"
-)
,( "
( . !) 7: '
(3 (
(<
((< fW( `)
$ ( (0(K

6
@

- +5 9
) 7( ( ( '
?
V 7: F ,

( J5 7:
"K .(3L 7

<# (( '

6 ( +$ ! ! .(F
8 F) (3

= ,'
6 (; . ( &

7: (3 B

= /! PJ ! ( 7: % (; .$
)!
.&

% +$ 6 !)
2-12 '(
(
5-12 (
(3

%
(3 )!
SS ,0( 910 mg/l = BOD ,0( 150000 gal = +
8 :+] 7)
/lb
5(; $
6: )! $45.000/mil gal =
8 (3 )! 320 mg/l =
>@
SS g 1.38 /lb
5(; $
6: )! >@
BOD g 2.38
,
5-12 (
+$ >

SC = 0.15 450 + 0.15 [(910-250)0.0238 + (320-300)0.0183] 8.34
= 67.50 + 20.10 = 87.60 $/

0 % 3-12
( /! , .3p F$ ! ,!"
0m

03

9(: 8
!
%
9@( +$ )
,
(; . $- 0- ,)

,
-"? (# @( ,/ E3? @( 9!

)
(3 @
<
(3
? " ( '

.

(3

,-" B
F$ , 0
) 6

)-" ( . F@
/ '
"H '(? ; E
!" %
7) ("

3
7)
)

,
) 7) ,) %R ,; ( (3K (
!
+ #
3 #
7) %
$
.0(
)
F
_ (GIS) +$-
)
4 .

%; #L
,-" )
Q) (; .) !H 7:
,
)
# +
< 3 B
/ ((H

9(
; 7:

,B3
# \ +
93? #"? ,B3
#B:
+$
+)

9(: (
. (
#"?

(3 )

! @
; ;

!
) , %
(' ) 9 <<58 '; 7: ;
( (; .9(0(
+! +$ , m ! ,
/ , 7)$ . @
#! 90( ( +$
@
#!
, "! 9(? <<5 9(
< ,B3 (
) ,
+$
!
> . ) 9 +$ 9(
< [
;

>0 .'(? ,
f
3 9(? ,-" ,

(; B/$ .9(0( ,-"

(( '
6
(0( k
,)
: @
;

200 ,! #" 12 ,! PW < - ,
!
(

) 7) (
, Q
!
'(
) (3 (; .,-"
,
( ,3(L (; .&
!" % ,-" +)
,; 0
( @
; %
9(: (3L (; .
,;
#
; PJ 0( ,( , ; J
3 , 6
.
) ! )!
(Q ,-" +)

7) , +
; ! (

9( 0& ;
) &<!
,B3 ,
) ! .!Y ;
-6 ,@
+
H ,-" < ,-" (; (?
,
7) 0( JH

0( ,0L .E3? ,
9
.
# 7) ;
#C) 73 ( ; ,-" 9<#?
! .

# J `) + ,!
" (( )
)
) 4
,B3 < '(? - ; )
)
6
) 4
(? , b-
5
@
=(? 0-
.E3 ,$
!
,-" 9(H +$ !H F@
/ 9(: (

+$
) X
+$ 3] (3K (# (

) '
"H F@
/
,-"
! ! .F$
!" ,B3
#: , ! +!: ,!" F$ B
! .n+
! n&( 9(0( (5 7) MOM I
( B
/$ . )3(
F;( ^)
#: , ! )
)
B !
.

0 ' 2- 4-12
23 <

,

+$ )

) %6

,-" 6 . 8 ,; #
; (( @
! J- 6
#
# (3 +$
#( 9(

) + f
3 F$( ,!"
) !Y 9(0( ,-"

k6

,-" 6 .
#; NPDES 23
.&

6$ &(

8 ;

!Y
, ,-" 9( ,B3
"
/
) $
! 6
+$
265 9( +$
24 ( 7)

,B3 ,

) 7) , +
; ! (
.
(; .( %; +$ /( + JH
( () #;
)3 (
)
JH +!
,
<
# ;
6

+$
)

.,
9Q"
!
!
a
,
6

#! 0(
( "
,-" ,
(; .(
8

@
#!

m
)
.
# <
:
e"
W 7) "H e! ,!
" , ^ !

! B;

C
6

36 ," (; + (
,!
" , ;
,< @
#!
6 .90( (
(( ; #
" (

B:
$
. ;

3 0
5-12

C )! (
,!
" Q" !
+J
7) $
)
( $ : .D 'a
":

B
3 :
! .(( 7( +$
, 0+

"? J % ! . 1
"8 J F3 % &
$
, . )! 9W! ) !
3
7) + ?

# B 7: )3(
"H 9((
> 7: $
6: .n&
#
( E(
B ,!
;(
" '
7) 23 `) '
"H 7)
(3K C (3 3 (!Q
# .( 9(
: ,; (3
.9Q" (5 ( ) ,!" 9
e-K
n+3
)
7)
9(: 7) 4

,-"

%;
#H @3 (3L .
\$ B 7) $
)
B E3

) 0& (3 B " ,3(
$
) 9/ 3 7) n2
3 (!Q %
5<
: +
)
9(( !?
C
. /!

"
#)Y
f(K

"
) e) 8 (;
( 7)
. +$ 9 7: #" +$ 9 1 ,( +$ 3p >
J5 ,/ [) ,!" @

(( 8
(( 3 !
. @
; 'H
" ( , @ 9
(( =(
PJ!

6$ .
"? J 9
+
I
((8
? , 9(
< f
5 (6-12) ,!" +$ 406
,!Y " " <

#! =( 7: +6 &J ?
? F"
.(( 6-12 7: 6-12 ,
!"? +$ 6
# ,! )/) J ((
-6 +
=
e
+!(# P +5 @
"

te)K
( . @
! ( $
6: !
! (
)); @
/ 8
+$ .%; ((
^ (a ( a 3
a $ , +$ ,
PJ ( 7)

9 (

a $ +$ ,
'H J5 4 .((8 +) ( ,

a $

3 +$ ( 7)

(

-6 +
=
e +@

0 (3

! .9(( <: (
.7-12 ,!" +$ (
5
!
, % + 5$ F$ 3 9!h ! =
" ;
,3(K 3) OW! 6 ! % ) %6 ( .(
+$ / +$ 3] 7) -6 +
<
< % 3
.
EE 5
(1 $) .5; 5 (/) .C+ - D7B 6 5
:7-12
5
*
D F
.7-12 )
, .7; '( )
5

0 %
<H# G( 0 5
5# 89 < 4*E
77 ) EE (2 $) .7 0
)
") ') '
EE (4 $) .; '
5
0 % 5I EE (3 $) .
( ) 'J7 A =
E - EE (5 $) . ' 0 ") E
7;
5I '. E. / "

-BF (6 $) .7 89 K) J D7B 5
( 5 <7
*F 5I
EE (7 $) .( '+

E. L - C+ I !%
) H
- EE (8 $) .5
8;- 0%E% !( M; A . F# '
?7 G G +F
G )7; *+
$
# NF 8;-
< , ' + '
(Aquatech, Inc., Cleveland. OH * ()
) $H(%

400 ft $ % &
' 60 gpm !" !# 2000 Psi !"
760 5 ' 4 3,-
/0 120 .(7-12 !(*)
!-8
9 :;0 !0( 3 <- ./"
/" < /<0 2 - 1 '( ./<0 =0 /<
.
< !-> ?0

> 2 !0 '> '( < @ =0
8
8 (7-12) ,!" +$ 6 3) 9(0( << $
<< (3L J: .-6 +
=
e (3

+$
3
<< (4) << (3)
+$ (5 1)
"
J8$ ,B J << .
(0( F38 , 3

#
;
J <H (3L << (6) .,
-6 (L
.D 7) B
c
d L B F
+$ ? F3
5 ( #
= << ($ 9!
;? J
+$

.(8 7) ? X
;
, <H )3
(8-12 ,!") +$ p
/
. )
u
? '5 )3 ( 9(

5
(3
7e(K ((
+$ -6 +
<
< &J 3 %6 0
'

% .(manhole) ,3( $ 6 ,? '# )3

u
?

c L ,3( 7: =
e R
,!")
" 7) ( 850 gal g % + <3 7:

3 )
.( 8-12
"%"%! +1 (() .+! !"K L!A! M#' ,I! 8 D

N' +!% ##
@ :8-12
B
$'
!
R
! %$! !
! !"O N P7Q
% #'! A8 %$! !
! @#%
C

! %$! !
! J! B!"! ' B!" A ! () .L!< E# %% @#$! D
@ '$
@#$ D
% 9! B!"! ' .# $/ "A !% @#$! D
B
$'
!
(Aquatech. Inc., Cleveland, OH) :B
1/!
) ,I! 8 N'P +!% #

+)!
X0 ,
$ 1000 gal O
/ <3 7: '
,
J5 .
<3 7: ) ( 9(
:
PJ

<3 ! .-6 +
<
< '
( <3
<3
: X
n+!(5 4
a $ ,B3 A0K +?
.f
3 7: ! ) (

<: ! .
> +$
-) <
"? XJ :
<
< (3
3/ J <: -6 +
=
a
J
J <: +$
0$ ! @
! (

) ! .J) %a
;
J v, , @
! () 1
( .J ,3( 0! !Y
.+!(5
# ? A0K
@<
4

1. Management, Operations, and Maintenance Program. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Region 4. <http://www.epa.gov/region4/water/wpeb/
momproject/ index.html.>
2. Wastewater Collection Systems Management, MOP7. Alexandria, VA:
Water Environment Federation, 1999. <http://www.wef.org/Home>.
'1
.+
>@
MOM g I
>- 1-12
w )
) +5

(( ! ! 2-12
.+
9( , ]
) $ 3-12
M (.8.34 = lb)
S (mg/l)
V (mgd)
220 mg/l
1.2 mgd

121 mg/l
e3/ 9Q
1010 lb/day
,@
,3( Fe$(
.4-12 /# &0- =0 ,&0 0 /"

BC 3! !A (>
9'
! .+J
< e3/
9( , ]
) $ 4-12
.%90
5(; P
:
M (.8.34 = lb)
S (mg/l)
V (mgd)
250 mg/l
500 gpm
,@
,3( Fe$(
e3/ 9Q
4000 mg/l
(

(
.4-12 /# &0- $0 &0 D4 /"

BC 3! !(>
! ! . '
/ +$ X
" 7)
> 5-12
1B_ J3K ! w+

(
w1BN @
? +5
)

"
,
7:
+$
8 ; " 6-12
#(3 + +5

.

?
+
w
# J3? \ +

8
w()
w+
+$ < \

+5
7-12
wJ

w
8\( %6 +$

J3m +
8 +5
8-12
+5
w
7) $
) 6 ? +5
9-12
w
>
38 @
"
?
800 BOD 4200 mg/l E gpd 1200 +
I 10-12
$ 120
-) $ 0.35
t) e) ) ( mg/l
,5 .&#" F
8 .SS (
,! $ 180 BOD (
,!
w,
13
)
"
! "

)" *+ ,-/' ( . & # $%

. 5 % 6 4 % 0 ,1 23
&" < ;% ,8 :;
$ " " )" ,-/ 78
% > #> 2 & > 5 .;/= (
-D
C1 > @ AB/ ?$ .
.@ AB/ :7 3 #> E

$% &
(

") !"

# (
)
!"

2
34 5 6
-/
01 .(+,
) '

*
-/
'
8

,7

" ' 0
.'9
1
" '/

1-13
<=*

*

: ;
'

4 >?
'

@
,

' .'/

C *, !" .'
A

B
8
@,1 ; ,F

*

BOD E
@*, %85 D*
"
& ,F
*

30 mg/l BOD E
30 mg/l < @G
*

& IG +,
% I* +G .H 5& @5
,

; .
KG
J1
01 A *,

? @, D2"
L @G A@

G * +G

01 A

@
"

J%
01 .@ M *,
? *
>9
8

" 4<&
.C =* 8*
30/30 O*

0 N @8*

@
,$
*

BOD E
!
@= 7 & 5 3'
CF% 5
!" 1'" .
0 P,

%N
!
@
@* !,* *

>9

'

'
>O
Q1 M>

N
C% , 7

01 ?
R,

* +, @8* 4

*
H

!"
@T .,%
M 01 * 01 SG 0
7S
5 (TMDL)
R,
N
Q1 2 + 5 (NPDES) UG

.H * & * &
** :4 '
.A >O 1 2 %

01 :S
7V
"

01 4
0*
<$>O
2 *%

01
!"
.
XS9 & *
>9
* W ? Q1 *%

6
1= 4 CS* C% %

2 M>
M
X
& 6G
H Y8
J7*
6
01 C
>9

01 1 N .'
G
01 A4'
*
C=L 7 AO
@ >O 08'
C <'
Z=
6' C 0
A

7V & 1

6

>
H
H
* A

?
.*

H* 7V 0
H ,%* 0 =*

?
.RG
8

ML 4 A
[* pH U5 3 + ? +& !" #
" : 6
pH !
X
& !" 0.02 mg/l
M !" **
?
5

81 +,
>2 0.08 .mg/l
RG& M&
.0

! 8 [* pH 5 R 5.0 mg/l 0.5 mg/l [*
0B

01
U* @'& C4* & L
*
&
1.0 mg E @T .A

F5 .
!" # 4.6 mg 5 L @
C%

01 D H7
,*
-% 01
:
T 0*%
08'
C
7 1
/
!"
@T *%
>O
'
01 .
*
Z 0
8*
.1
&
01
2
01 '9* J
Z8
+2N
02

"
@ S'
+N
01 +G 0
%

01 %

99 * ,

.C=
* H
01 M> @
!" 1'" .+G

01 '9
H
'
%99.9
*
7 & & 1'" %99.99 61" KG
J1
A M>

I* 8
*N
" .8
*N

H
& +?* .
01 P =
0,*
F9
, %
,
IG

>" -% *,

I* *
@G KG
J1
*
+ 0O* 100 ml 01 200 !"
*
.,
'9
. *

'9
& !"
@T .,$
*

01
7V 0,F !G & *

07 1'" * A

" +G & 8
A +\
0,*
.
I81 /B *
&
>" .*
* '/
'
8

" "
A*
' * G] I* C*
* =* H'* C*
D @1
@
O* " ,
^
+
GN
3 8
;* *7* M> 2 %, 01 8

" #'9 .M>* +,
AS 8 = ,

*,
+G .,*

85 3 .A# *
G H*
*5

% , A4 * *G
*
.KG
J1
S %

*5

2-13
!( E > (F 5 G/ H( ,> E
<! + :(Particles) HI /

E 54E :=/= :# 5 BOD K L E JI
*' 4 E /= E $ A
"
)M ?& ,&%
" 1-13 $M #1 . *' AB3 E D
7
$ .H$* 6 :" !MI 6 > :# G/
5 > 05 7/ H$ H 6 '& )M , -/
7- H5) @ 5 -/' O #M -/' &M .N-
> >D :!= #6 "/ ! !MI )M .(7
:/= :$ E > 7( $ :"/3 /
( #&B/ , -/ H>6 H &D E . *'
)4 / $ :$ : 6 !MI , -/
.,/$ /$ % 2# )M $ ./$
.
R=- /= % /$ )4 $ $

:1-13

S& >D )M 1% , *-T % G
5 !M 8 + :
G/ )T D :L
2& "- "/% % U ,&5 "/% + ?4= &LM .@
$ G>/ % = & "/ 0"/ D . I / 3 ,&5
."/ )"/ / G/
5 H M- $
. O/6 $% / 5 )M "/3 H " )/
71 7>/ 7= W=$ /I G" .)LM @ % > "V G?/
> >3 & G/D :"/X C(W $#
( $ E
: O & % @ # O= F/& & 5 .7/ 7=1 5 D :"
,& 7 :"84 % * & &M $ ( .=1 O= 5
A .)M 4 )M / H$ 0 . "&
0 Y2 )M 2-13 $M 5 )?4 )M G/D ""-
> )M , -/ M )M E D

7 G/ :- :Y!$ $
H :)M B- 0T H7 > :)M - , .>3 E
$ )M &/ $ % G . G/D I G/D :IM
% /I - N- H& 0 :H* G/ A/ 5$
- 5 05 [/ /I @ 0' :)LM
C1' > .ABZ
)M $ . "& E - 5 E ' /
HI ! % 8 :(% % 4 mg/l E L R %
$ 0 M )M E .'& "/3 > \ # 4 #5
2- $M) !M )M > + :2- G
] / U - !$
5 H7 M !# G/ & 2 5 ,-/' .(G13
' 7 HI ! #5 :G! M 0? .'& "/3 &LM
H4 ,8 . /I )M "/% 5 1=& :@
30 E 0 &B $ V5 :-^ R- 2% % M 0/ N
5 7!$ H- ! <L $ _& .$ I' % (
( - >/$ H7 >
4' .)M '& "/3 5

;& '& ( ,1 *+ $% @ / .$ - 5 % HM )M
=- % @I6 - G$ , ;V5 :# % G/D I `
,$a & )/ 7/ < G/ ? > 15& E . G/6 "
>3 & G/ )M ,-/' ( . ( ?/& !$ *I
& =$ J=- &/ O* G/ $ D
7 M- "/T
7&% ;E M' 2* :>3 & G/D )M 2W .(N2-13$M)
R .H$ $ :" <L " K
:)LM @ % : &M > & E
:>3 & G/ )LM /I' .N- 5 5 $ JR=-
$a L F& " 0 @ # , -/ 7 B
7 /8
% !$ 54V )M 1% 5$ $ . /I G/ 5 # E
" )M "/ 7!5 =" J ! D /$
.$ 0 < > 5 )LM @ 5 /= $
*

+ , - (') .! " " #$%
& :2-13
(#) .($4
% - 5
' 6) / 0 #$ 12 1*$ 3
8

%7 2
#$
5 .#$ 12 1&
$ *
2 ; 7<
% #$%

&$
(3) .
6 /9
$%
6 $
4& .&

5 4& .

/ ;
* =
5+
6 ./

+

; 7 ,
%

>
.
@ /
@ ? C% ,*% *5 Y=
* H

%*
2.0) 5 gpm/sq ft !" 3 01 A@
Y= + N4
1 ! Y=

+T Y
+
.(3.3 l/m2 . s !"

@* ,
B
A6 & +?* .* ,*%
C4* .Y=
O= C* Y%
A@ O @ & N" H
;
6
M> %

* !"

O
6 I81
? * '

!
Y= [* . ? 6
V* Y=
T
*

CN T

6=B
+ ! ,$
*

4

B
.24 hr ,$
* 0G J1 '1& Q1 @ .

U8G
7 & ,* C?9 Q1 ,$
*

10 mg/l !" 5 [* H Y=
4O
*

* - 08 7G Y
_ =
J* & 2 C1
=
HT9 .5 mg/l !" KG
J1
01 ,
*

G
2-) = J*%
3
P, ZO1 ZN Y= 3 @
@T
R 3 mg/l !" @*, 30 mg/l

,* ,$
*

(13
`' + 77
7

* .99 mgd 5 + C

C .Y=
*5 _ +7 *
4*=* H
.%
!"
3 Z$
I
& $=
*

ft H' 28 ft H % [* 0
7/7
=

a <
12 in. HG7
,*% (1.0 mm)
B
24 in. < 18
C
[* .@'& (0.45mm) 12 in. HG7 !
,*% 3 (0.45mm)
C* =
.b08
2 b08 b ? 3 5 gpm/sq ft +
!
4 =
1 +4 %
* D* +$ 9 3
4 '* *7
+ d
+ c, b ? %" Y$= 30 in. %5 6
H
&4 .< C %
* 7/7
$=
O
*
10 H' 12 H, ,' %
5 !"
3 Z$
I
&
A>
C
R 20 min 5 T

4G 7/7 1 .500 ft H%
5 T
G]
G 1 * ZO1 ZN O !"
*5

4< 01 5% % 01 *
+
G
A" *5 min 90
24 hr A @ G
O
* TN

4G 4 .O
'
.G

J1
C
%7 $7
O
CN G V
G9

4<

O G' 1'B

4
'
.@8 @G 5% @%

@ 8*H
G
%
'
?@
8 13&
8
- -?

+ " "

# : 3-13
4% 1AB AC %

D2

%O'
0,7
Y=
01
4O
'
+
G/ 8/ 7 & %O'
= .!
!" CN

> =

%O'
& 01 **9
%
+
G
+ .AO

% 01
? Y=
+ U," 0* %& 6
& !& %O' J*%* Y
.!& @G' 7 &
& C% M> &
%& = 01 H7 %
+ 0
-=N
+ D*=
O
G' C** M>

= 49 , .,7
!" 10 J* ' C5& Y=

% J .
J1 H1/?
H%O ,1& 6
& !" Y=
%& +, .b O* Y 12 in.

> $=
+G .Y=
* * M>
O
6%O*
H* =G %& 3 ,7

= ,* !
!" CN
+ +
+ * 6

+ .4
A*
*

"
.JN +, D*, = +T 6 =

-% ! *

=,
%

> =

=* DT H 0 U5 ! A@ ;
CF 9 .081 H" * ;
# * O= 01 A @' @%, 4-13 =

HT .b
K
& *

4G 01 A
C .b ? Y=
+
O CN
!& + =
>H .>N
& 0
* 5/
5-13 =
HT .
%
=* @ , 5& 0"
& !" *
= .G Y= % KG
G

* J1
A
3 G

J1 'G N R =* 2 < =
J1 A ! @ T1 =,

%
!,* G

J1
A
= ,
,*%
S

&* 01 'G G

A

* !
!" CN

> **9
%
.Y=
KG
J1
01 *

" 5 >% / , !MI &M ,-/
!MI &M ,-/ .#&B/ :
, -/ H>6 :>
4 ( .'& )M .G/ - :$ :2 G/ D

7
b% .N- 5 5 & /= 6 H$
,& 7 !5 5 =R ( .1-13 5 #" M83 , ! (
)M5 :2$ 5 )M E :2$ )M A ,/
> !MI )M ./$ )4 D
7 :2
.& E :/= E :, :H$

=-$ : 8
.
5 2$ )M & 26-7 H= 1
#!"
()
:4-13
! ! (2) . . - #0 1 .$ %& ' *+, - #" . %&
&1! $>!. 3! 45 61 - 71 %8 25 9 ;< = 3 # 0 9
;" 5 # 61 ?
(7) .71 A0
%8 #. ;@ . " 3?&
0 " ,+ D #"&< E* #"5 #"&< > 5C () . 5B #"&< #>8
(Courtesy of Aqua-Aerobic. Rockford, IL. :- #0 ) 45
3 5 .2$ 5 )M 75? 7= 7= 7"- 6-13 $M #1
E 0.2 mm +( - 1.2 mm :(- " ) 0.8 mm &
?&' 5?
3 GC$ . H$ & 5 /B 0.4
$ % :- H& 4 M83
% GC$ ( .O/B %
5 + $ :"LM HT& J& 4 HM GC$' A= "E > L
@> $M > "- 12000 > & & $ ( .7-13 $M
.,$&V
3 # ,- $ /$E c # 0 8-in. ;4> "I4
[4 .150 d &5 , -/ *I 8 , :#$ &!
=-
&= & :"I4 & - I' & E
.& 5 L = "- $ @ # @B-E , _&
."N- U E - " % "- U E N-" E + M83 )LM
)"/ > )M _& C % - U E N- M8%
M8% , -/ $ ,$a & , % G .)M @MI -
L- /D % : & O* :N- U E -
& &M 5 :- U E N- M8% 5 % .@MI 5
$M > @ # ** >/ .5? @MI
% 4 @B-
1
e > O* :7 =1 M83 @E > *I 4 4
H>E 0 4 G/D 4 , -/ E $ .)LM
5 + $ :(H/ # ) / G/D )M 4 5 %
M G/ % 7$ 7/% L $ ,-/ .8-13 $M
7/ 7-% :< _ 6 O* :>3 7M 7/ , =/3
.= *I H$ 5 @% 5 % M83 _ @ 0 74>
@ @4 & @

F $' %< 3&
&

6 8
/7 E
' %- :5-13
(Aqua-Aerobic, Rockford, IL. ) >

:1-13

./
01

( )

$
%
&' 10
5 gpm/sq ft (12
m/d)
95-98
0.4-8 gpd/sq ft
(1-20 m/d)
95-98
150 Psi , - (*+)

() (1000 kPa)

!
"#

./
01
547 Psi) 5-40 psi
!
($
7 56
23
3

.86
+
!
0.2-4 gpd/sq ft
(0.5-10 m/d)
80-95
0.12-0.4 gpd/sq
ft (0.3-1 m/d)
70-90
80-200 Psi
0.16-0.33 pgd/sq
ft (0.4-0.8 m/d)
70-85
150-600 psi
15-60 psi
23
()
0 RO
8
9.
8
.6

.(TDS)
!
2
!
3:
8.0 ft/sec 25 ! @ I

CN
T1

O
.;
*

M1 (2.5m/s)
, . /G =?
! +
0
8

B <'
3, ? %= :*
%G 01 (8-13 =)
O
&
0* A

KG
! >O
%=
* .08H ?
01 ;
6

O
+G .
Y% ! 8
@81
0
Y%
01 6=O
8
0 ?

" 01 A (5-10 mg/l) * '9 5 .L <

R$>O9 .
+, A V* 3,
, Y .'

4<&
B M> D 5* 08H

O* <
0
Y%
.,* *

. " (2) .- 0.8

; " () .' A0 ; $ "F < :6-13
(Pail Advanced Separation Systems, Fast Ifills, NY :- #0 ) ;& < ;
) *

8

D :4

N
;

*

8

'

('?
.T 6
4*/1 D1 4
O
,1 Q1 .*

IG pH <> A" G

A
K
G" T
'
& J1 3 pH <> D*, (M$G
I @*?)
A
& 5 .=?
C

'

*
>B +
A
:* *
,
*G
9 .6

3
!" <
+
& & 4Q1 .
/ d V M> %G
KG
.C*
0H f G
01 & *,
? >N
AW
4 3'* D
5 #M( O

/$ )4 ;M
5 /& T/ : B(6
# / .27-7 H=
G/ #5 :/ > (%9-13) $M #1 ./$ )4
.$ )M :'& "/T )M :$ H>E :G/ :
' A0 ; ' %& #" () #GC ;H #" G" :7-13
D5 (7) .DJ A6C8 & ; (2) .(by U.S. Filter "
- #I< )
K! -! "5
9 D ;H #" () .# K - " 2 ;H 1
(Zenon Environmental, Inc., Oakville, Ontario. Canada :- #0 ) #
0
8
g 8

01 !
A%G
2
C "
C
h
.
% *
,*
,
+, H/G

*
A" +G .*

O '
+G .C *,
? *

B **9 %V* Y=
+G
*F
7

N %=
0**9
*
* C
, ' 1'" +G 5 .*%5/
'
& 0
Y'
01 /
@2 ;
6
.
+
; .,* 8 1'" 3 M> <

J1 Y=
01

P, '

*
@
.*
>9
*

O 7!1" ! .("71 O 1" ) , ; D15" 6

L M 25+ H 1 K :8-13
- B "
3-5 C A 9. - P" 3Q" "1
! 3-13
'9
+' 4
*
/'
*
I

7
,

8
*N
*

H
'
&
! 0 34 01 '9

X
& .%
.1-3
01 <=*

*
01 >
'9
.

.(6* ,
I

5-3 A,
i5)
4**9 %V* @=
@$7G @*

+, C%
01 *
5 01 41 A
& +?* . Z A D*,
,$
*

01 '9

%
" .(*

) A

B N
@ &
Y$= + " O

81
" K , %

I* 8
*N

& +?* .b08=? Y= & **9 %& Y= 1 b08 7G *
%

+, 2 # ? 77 *
+,
.H
> 02 '9

" j* & N" (15-7 A,
) C=
* H
Q1 1 !

,1 +
G
A" 01
V A4 ? N
A" 5 .* J5 A <=*
Z$
2 A & D1 H

%
3% H !" /
@ 7

U$G 0V 01 .*%
J%
*
4< 01
01
8

*5 H,*%

" H* 077
+,
!
.Z& Z %,
-$ & (') $7 5% -$ G

$ & :9-13

)
F 1(pH 5 ' 6) 6
$' %" 5 1
5
&$ 29%
& (#) 1$7 5% 1H 5 14=4 1(57
) 6 1(
$
5% -$ &$ =I
Z1
" D&
* A8
H&
# ,
% Z, ! A 77 T& 01

" A6 "*
3 5 mg/l 25 'G 4*= * =*
Y
_ =
;8
I .*
Y=
[* .Y=
*5 C
7G <, 0$%G K
5 5 0,* 3 C/ b
G 01 A
5 gpm/sq ft
01 ,
IG + , . H Z A1 * 10 mg/l !"
T

6 .100 ml 01 2.2 !" 077
KG
J1
*5
!" '& 0
%
= 1
" ! 77
5
% +T & 01
8
N
.
*

" 4*=
1'Q* Y=
& 01 +,
/G :
V* KN
!" 1'" .KG
J1
+, 3 G
0
,F
.KG
J1
01
01 A@ =* P7 0,*

K
.1 +W , !" +W
W =* A_
A +# & C
C
D :
3
%G V + & 3
! T1
+ . ,' % A5 A@ 2 Z

G *
Q1 .A
>O* + d 3 0,*
& *5
*

07 1'Q* M> Q1 KG
J1
A
" <'

.A_
A H *
&
10- =
01 * 2 =* Y= * 77 " + ,
Z i* [) Z& Z %, 01 8

% 01 13
5 X @ (1 M D * Z
%
* %= AV cV b<7 J
W 1 Y= + , .150 mgd
%
* % ZG 01 M> g
& # %&
* , Y= J % , .A
% 01 40**9 *
? T& H1 G

J1
C
%= * D* +$ 9 *7 Y=
08
7G
& .O

3 g 6
2 #
@*, ,5 90 Z
% [* .V ? * 4*=
1'"
" .-%
*5 D
" *# <>
5 mg/l !" 4 [* 08H 0,* 3
% 2 01 A
> KG
J1

+ @,1 M> 100 ml 01 5 2.2 N ,

5 23 N ,
!5& 4
*G
* 01 ,
& 2 NTU 5 @% N A b 4 4<& 01 100 ml 01
>H*
%

, 24-hr A1 %5 [* 01 5 NTU
A !
4

8' 8 * 3 8
,

!"
@
.
* 5 =
+ F5 .4
,
[*) 590 & A

10 A1 *
1 ! ($=

275 gal + %
.(Coxsackie B3 30* 0 )
" 4-13
A 'N & A ' 8
+ ,
0O* 74 HV* A . 4 74 H& ! ,7 @*?
& B
! & 8
A
! A%G
A
&
A

7V* " %* 49
5 .74

01 @1 2
<
+

* B
! & H '
!

7V* &

* *%
01 74
6,* " .*
N V
01
I
* & %* " B
!" ** 49
%* 5 .@'& H
A 100 2

5
01 & 5 .74
M/HN
*

H& ! =* J7 H'* . 4 !
74
2**
8
8*
! H%G P A G] I* 1 *
.=*

%4 1A %' A -

=

1$4

+ " " & :10-13
01

C
%'

49
! 9
+T 01 4
-% !
@= M> * .

!
N
%N* @8 ,7

.
3
01 HT
>2
@6 & ? *

& *
+
+
I*
B 8
*
5 .KG
J1

"
@ 5 * 1 .%70 !"
U
Z

01 G] I* % @ H'* M 5 .
'
*F
% =* H 7

7V & G* & *
*

.

01 :* %,1

,* 3

+
H
"
IG +, .D2" W !" 4
74
-% G 2 4
6
& +, 02
2
.!
A%G
2 % 01 49
KG
J1
4* C* 0

C Y %
/
6
" >G

01 2 !" H* D1 4

.KG
J1
4 G *
+G U1 2 49
+, ,
*,
"
>" N"
@ @ M> & .A4
&
C ., !" G *5 2

V
%* %*

>H

*GN
&
>G &
C @

74
* .
+T* 4G
3
01 40

,* J*%* M> 85
6
"
>2 01
C
" .
% 01
*

6
02 8

*GN* $7

*,
.A1'

=
?
8
0
KG
J1
*5

* 49
+, 7
*,
+
49
, 8

.KG
J1
49* A@ H" =9
8* 01
KG
J1
!" A, 8 ' I *
01 KG
J1
3' + A
4 0
*GN
01 .*5
*G
A *5
8* 01
T U
' ' *G
' M> #' 6 01 *5
*G
" <
* + .24 hr
*GN
02 # < ,% M2 .D
6
" *GN
'
K% KG J1*
* *G

D/G + CN
*
! @ *F @ A@ KG
J1
. KG C
! 6,*B
3
X
& *GN 20C A
R H
HH H= + 24-hr R
X

* .(A*

' X
12C) l1

6
'
8=
81

' & 9 G9
,1/
,
.(1
) 6
:?* =5*
A$m
02
C%

! @& 6n
>? * 0
=5*
A
R>O
A* 1

.
3 5& A A* 50 mm 5 % % !"
A A* 6 mm !" 4 % !" C%
! R>O ,1
01
/
@1 20 !" 10 *G
+ .+ 60 !" 40 -

" pH DO G 17 *5
A
A4
:?
* =5*
A 8
C* *O
*G
;8 4*9 .b08
>?
.A
5 ! ,* 0
6
0G
J1
G %& *G

%5 8 R
!" H* !
*GN

1
49
01 2 A 01

*GN
01 24 hr G
0G
J1
* M> +& 7
5 .CN
67& 01 +
*G
01 =* &
-% %,
@* *,

= @2 & @2 G
(NOEC) T/ ? 7V

, + ;8
!"
@
.

K
*
*

>2 , .G
*GN
01
0

& C .*,

+ 01
0
.& i2 M 3 (NOEC) 5&

4

*5
0& & 0

,*

G Q1
* 02

7
!"
@T .H* + d

!
" .1 0& &
01 2

J1
01 +G

01 2 Q1 @
7V @' 5& 49
4>
8,
' .T9 & 5
% KG
13 A

0& * 2 15 @ 13
74
* N71 6 @& @* 21 N1 10 @& @*F
.=
* *
# $ %& '' 5-13

(PO4) 17
02 01 8=
=
"
.@' %* 1 (M
I
*) 1 0*

7& = !" 6
01 @ 1 H 1 0*
V
.17
@'& '
* < *
d
4 C
>9

*
9
Q1 *
4>
01 *F
*?&
UN
* _
7

.%*
C*

!" ** G

J1
01
& ? <
,

Q1 0* .08'
C
K
* & *

.G

J1
1 %40 !" 20 !
%,1

' ;

M> 2 <

'
A
$ 1 0*
17
; .G
X
& 7 & 17
" .
& 8

* H
"
& <
UN
*
D
" @
1
-/
+G 7 17& 02 1 0*
.08
C
Y'
.
C 01 38= =*
+L
RG
8
=
'
8
RG& 8=? 0
.@81

A=* -% 0

2
:4 0/

N
, .
*
!" C 0

& H

*
01
2.0 mg/l !" 0.1 -
G

J1
01 A4

*
.1.0 mg/l E*
N
7 4 * 1
>P ,1 M*= ;G I
& !T

*
01 %

% 526 & .2
J1
7
01

"
(1 * = /) M*= ;G I 01

.

Q* +, H 99 Q1

''
!
@
b0 >O
C 2-13
HT
C
4> =*
!"
G .(450 l/person . day) 120 gpcd 5
%*

01 <
%=
4 .* @' %*
.
!" +G

%*
C* C + 0
@'
% @* C
4> = !" A4
@' %*

.
T

A

mg/l !" 7

+,
!"
@
B

IG
UN
%
*
7

.C
*6
*

@*
<
A

< @ .(1-9 A,1) 08'
C '
%1 !

%=
AV

'8

!" 6 mg/l 7 &

IG M> !"
@
.
BOD E
01 7 mg/l [*

0B

IG M> * .5 mg/l C,
.@ ;
KG
J1
01 5 mg/l !"
l/person . ) 120 gpcd %& '(

) ! "
#$
:2-13
(450 day
;# <

(mg/l) 2
=#
30
120
240
SS
30
130
200
%+3' >#
(%+3 mg/l) %+

=#
24
22
22
2: %+
13
2: %+
26
30
35
+- %+
(663 mg/l) 66

=#
3
2: 6
2: 6
+- 6
1-13 ()
<'/

34* 2-13
01 A%
+,
+
G*

S .%= AV , % * 0B
<'

& I1
.%100 E <
G

J1
1 8 * 0B
%0.9 *

%50 BOD E %35 [* 0
J4

"
0.40 < (F/M) 5 R %=

AV +T .
%5 =
.%=

AV 01 1 %2.0 <
.G

J1
01
(
240 = SS & 2-13
(+G
) G

J1
+5 +
G*
3 <'

4 mg/l <'/

200 mg/l = BOD mg/l
SS
" R .30 mg/l KG
J1
01 BOD SS f 5 [* .mg/l
.G

J1
120 mg/l
*

%50 25
:<
AV
01
0.009 . 120 = 1.1 mg/l <'

!,* 130 mg/l = BOD 120 mg/l = SS 0

KG
J1

A" !" @ 1'" 4.0 mg/l R O /* <'/

& 1.9 mg/l !" <'

G 0.35 mg/l
,*
. 6.25 mg/l [* 0
KG
J1
01
:0.50 < K Q1 0.40 < (F/M) 5 R 50-11 =

Ws = 0.50 . 130 = 65 mg AV *

< AV *

01 *

1 R
0.02 . 65 = 1.3 mg = <'

I 01 6.25 mg/l 0

KG
J1
01 0B

[*
4.95 & (G

J1
C
W
!
@
) 1.3 mg/l D @% H

9 0
CN
01 1.3 mg/l & * .% KG
J1
01 mg/l
J1
01 3.05 mg/l @ G
V MH
<'/

mg/l SS = 0.6 mg % KG
J1
01 <'

[* .KG
A
01 R
n 1.3 mg/l 5 @1'" @'
@1 0.02 .30
J1
01 0B

.J4
01 D*h + + '
.G

J1
%70 !
& 4.95 mg/l % KG
+9 C9 & P SS BOD +5

Q1 *
>2
E* D5 5 0B

>" .11-13
01 @*
; <7
J1
01 %20 %15 0
J1
01
B
%100
h !"
@T .0
J1
1 %70 KG
J1
-% 01
01 %

* !" 9
I* Q1 8
2N T

O Q1 3*%* .(<'N) 1 7& A* =
A"

"
6 * C* & G

J8
%
U8G
@ ,

TV*

" !,* .'G &
.%40 !" 20 '
4$ %100 ' 6 .25

- 7
4$ * & :11-13
5@
/K

%30 1

J% %70 1&

8
1-13 "
N=% 6
- .LM 0%
* * + '' 6-13

" 01 1
+

7G +
G* 08
C
"
& N" @8 N" H ? A, 7dG
/ & +?* .
& .
3 17

D& * Z8

H& & H " * & 5 <'

* 1 0*
:0^

& 3 +
& .A
01
Al2(SO4)314.3H2O + 2PO =4 = 2AlPO4 + 3SO =4 + 14.3 H2O
(1-13)

*
1 2 !& 4*=
2 4*=
C% I81 6
1
/
& "
:0V @,1 *%
,
3
Al2(SO4)314.3H2O + 6HCO 3 = 2Al(OH)3 + 3SO =4 + 6CO3+ 4.3H2O (2-13)
C C% %95 %85 %75 C*

IG Q1 M>
.0

! 1 !" 22 1 !" 16 1 !" 13 [* 1 !" 4*=
10 mg/l < %85 ** 1
" !" /
@ 71
* & 02 16 . 10 = 160 mg/l [* *%
4*=
Q1 P E
.1-13
!
@
9.7 . 10 = 97 mg/l[* 0
4*= <
N
2
& 3 N
* 17

7G C
.1 !" 1 25 N * R 3-13
01 Y#'
FeCl3 6H2O + PO =4 = FePO4 + 3CI- + 6H2O
(3-13)
* &
0
$7G
01 +
3 %,1
C%
,
3 02 1
/
& .08

H* V* 0

:0^ *%
FeCl36H2O + 3HCO 3 = Fe(OH)3 + 3CO2 + 3Cl +6H2O
(4-13)

-/& C*1 1 *% 5
>
Q1
P !" Fe * R

Q* $7G
G9

150 mg/l +
G

B
>2 l1 .7 & & 1.0 !" 1.8 <
" : .P E
10 mg/l < 0
M
4,
I* &
4Q1 @* 60%* *%
4,
3 M

:0^ $7G H
V*
pH E
31 5
2FeCl36H2O + 3Ca(OH)2= 3Fe(OH)3 + 3CaCl2 + 6H2O
(5-13)
!" Fe E N * R 1 C

@'&
* $ =
.M
-/ 0
M H*= 1 !" 1 [* $7G P

* M
02 @ A1

-/& "
7 & @ Hd5& 2 G

>2 .>N
; 0'
J%
01
01 G9

P7G @=
" .

@* 0'

C * .
;

M*
I*

*

N 2 (M 2 U) 6
I*

R .
01 08H

B

8=
5 !& * -
I %10 !" 5 -
R !

+
GN
*5

B
' .%15 5 !& 4 %0.5
.+
2 &
1'Q* M> pH E
%*'

" 3 08
C

g 8

;
A=* 0
J
*5
-/& & 4*=
' '
A
% 83 = Y 01 .08H
J
*5 &

!"
" 2& O= 01

B -/& +
G*
*5 H 24
5S
!" 8 A 32 '& 1 *
+
GN
%, 1 & .08H
J4
!" H 27

A4
" !" M> H @*, 1'9
'
A

,F
*

" 0
J4
!" 1'B
S .
! .BOD E
%50 *

%75
Q* C#* BOD E

7 & @ 2 A#, & !"

5%
M>
!" * 8 M
* 4*=
' .BOD E* A#, H
8

r

q =

01 *

PG7
01 8
2N T R P =
H
* 3 ,1

.'H

K

!" 7G
'9 & %P=
AV
H 01
N" 5& 08
*

>

g 8
A
& +?* .H*
01 & 0'
Y=
01 .M>* @ 7V N BOD E

" A6 &
M>
KG
J1
3 A@ 7G
K9 A
4

4
01 *

d = Q1 P7G
@* .
@1 08H
C
*5
20 * -

,* 7 & A@ g 8 * AV
K" 01 A
>2 .8 1'" *

$ = %60
7dG
C** KG
J1 S9
J
@8 *

17
C** M> 8' ** AV
+
G] C .08
C% " M> @= 4*= 1'"

C% .
AV !
Z Y=

>2 H
" .1.0 mg/l 5& 1

%9
9

" * 01'B

C

" A'*
.Y$= 4*=
+G
A
01
2-13 ()
<, %P= AV +T 01 Z8

C

G 01 4*=
G
KG
J1
01 0B

IG M> (12-13 =
01 D%%G)
** 4*=
C
.90 mg/l
4*=
O* .1.3 mg/l !"
*

01
R G9
4*=
*
AV
01 *

d =
, C
.
!" 4*= N
!" *

" 0
J4
!" 4*=
1'" :0^
I
1*
KG
J1
% 0.4 (F/M) * O* .%55 !" BOD
" %75

+ .,$
*

10 mg/l BOD E
12 mg/l %

s,
* @ , AV
K"
(
:
!" +

!" 4*=
C "
90 mg/l = 4*=

= 8.1 mg/l
:+

90

A" @') 7.35 mg/l = 0
G

J1
01
(6-13 =
01 *
= 12.2 mg/l :

01
/G9
4*=
= 1.1
= P !" Al E N

*
:AV
01 *

K"
0.75 . 240 = 180 mg/l : 0

01
9
SS
01 BOD 5 0.4 = (F/M) & 0.5 < 50-11 =

K 5
E
Q1 M> (200 mg/l . 45% ,*) 90 mg/l < 0
KG
J1
<> KG J1 !"

@
0.4 . 90 = 36 mg/l %=

AV 01 SS
.SS 30 mg/l
SS 1'" 0.4(30 - 20) = 4 mg/l E* C* BOD E 1'"

"
30 - 20 = 10 mg/l :5 @ 1'"
@
, 08H J M
:%=

AV 01 B
SS E

36+4+10 = 50 mg/l
0.02 . 50 = < %=

AV 01 <'
P E
R "
1.0 mg/l
.0Q 1.3 mg/l 08H

KG
J1
01 P Gu&
> AV
01 1.0 mg B ? P 7
& !"
@T
[* 1 % * !

@
.<'
P E
R 01'"
01 <'
P E
1.0 mg/l @FG 0.3 mg/l KG
J1
01 P 7
0.9 mg/l 0

KG
J1
01 <'/
P E
, .KG
J1
.0" 2.6 mg/l <' 1.7 mg/l

180 . 0.009 = :0
J4 *

01
9

[*
1.6 mg/l
0
G

J1
1 2 4*=* C
%
*
9

3 %*
P E
@'& D @% 0
KG
J1
1 D @%
:< 0* 2
*

7.35 2.6 1.6 = 3.15 mg/l
1-13

ALPO4 C
=
=
= 12 mg/l

?

Q1 1-13

g
4*=
=
90 mg/l (3.15) (600) (2 . 31) = 59.5 mg/l
*%
,
3
C 01 + 0
4*=

& 2-13
A1(OH)3 C
AL(OH)3 C
=
= 15 mg/l
01 SS E

" X AV
01 4
*

K" <
A1PO4 E
0*
01 %=

AV 01 SS E
0
C
<
01 *

K" Q1 M> .Al(OH)3 E

180 + 55 + 3 + 15 = 253 mg/l G

J1
C
01
* *

K" " :AV
01 *

K" 01 A
2 %=
AV ,

!" **
g 8

0

253 185 = 68 mg/l < 12-13 =
01 Y4'
.%37 25 A P7
2@ @5 &$@O 7

4$ * & 12-13 "
N=% :12-13
@
@ @ @ J@% %18 1&

8
4$ %100 ' 6 .4$4

+ 2=
LM 0%
5
=
/K

%82 1
# $ %& -
, 7-13

<'

02 8=
=
"

'
A
d S .<O

*
8
2 T .6-13
!"
8-13 *

: .
!" +7 !"
+G (AH2) '
A
V &N & 8
2N T
.
?
@ H J

4<' *

NH3 + O2
NO3- + AH2

8
2

"

< *
NO 3 (
)
A + H2 O + N2

NH3 (&)
(6-13)
(7-13)
(8-13)
'
,
=*
G

01
;
*

" .>?
G*

01 <'

.=*

*
A
cV
01
01
I

**

I

*

; .
*
A
01 A RG& ' S

A (*
01 0
C
)
* < *
01

N A@ .
+T 01 <
%=
0V & . +/

!" ,1N
C** +G

> C=
& 0

2
.
*
%60 & A 01 2 G

J1
@ *, %40 "

2 3, .

H 3 '
A* %*

% [* (6 kg/person.y !" 4) 12 lb/capita/year 8 * B
.35 mg/l 4

01
& * H
" '
A
M
;
* & !" <'

02
.8
+'H
01
01 %=

>2 .8
2N T <
%=
8
2 T .<

01 /G
KB
+G .08
2/
+7 !" @

+G & A4=
& (C
4> & !" A,) &N T .
!"
+
G*
+7
? !" @

#
M>
? X * @8
& L .

"
2 M 01 J1
8=u& , .10 J1 !"
pH 31 *

!"
@T N
5 + & ? 21 +5 6
3
+
G* @'&

& .6
H
X 3 ,1

D
>2 O= . ? !"
M> N
%, A_ v
AO
T
01 .
+ 4H & 9
* +
& * 0
*
O +G &
8=? 0
Y'
.RG& V*

* & RG&
.@81

'
8
RG&
"
-
,
.
0

01
* 2-13
HT

9

Q1 ? *
>9 ' =V*
+T " :
U
Q1 _ 9
+,
!
@
.%15 R N 0
C*
Q1 @ .%,1 1'" %10 [* ,/

01

%P= AV

A
I81 01
%,1 %25 5 0" IG* .

BOD E
%4 !
<
2 mg/l H .
35 mg/l 26
mg/l KG
J1
<1
24 E
.KG
J1 ,$
*

* %* <' @ *,
@ .H
/G 7
>" N" & A* ,*
mg/l
3 %P= AV *
!"
6 V &
.'G BOD R 81

3-13 ()
<'

0,v * +5 2-13
01 A%
+,
+
G*
0B

S .%= AV , % * <'/

" & I1
.%100 < <>
G

J1
1 8 *
%4.2 R* *

%50 BOD E
%35 [* 0
J4
25 (F/M) ** %=

AV +T .<'

AV .%$=

AV 01
%6.2 ! < 0.40
%%G 01 .
UG9

I* S & +G
$ AS

08
2N +'H* AV

4+ >2
.=
'
% G

J1
!" AV
01 *

& & !" # AV

01 <'

%40 & I
1*
A" +G
.
% !" 2 u& 5
%25 E
%10
.(<'N ) V G

J1
%10 25
(
= G

J1
SS Q1 2-13
(+G
) G

J1
+5 +
G*
D$ ) 22 mg/l < <'/

200 mg/l = BOD mg/l 240
A" 2 49 Q1 .13 mg/l < <'

(& A*
3.5 9 & G

J1
%10 E* <'/

N 25.5 mg/l = (&) N 0
J4 G

J1
Q1 mg/l
.38.5 mg/l 5 X 13 mg/l = (<')

01 120 mg/l [*
*

Q1 %50 [* SS
" R

AV
01 <'

< .G

J1
C
0.042 . 120 = 5.0 mg <'

!,* 130 mg/l = BOD 120 mg/l = SS 0

KG
J1

.8 mg/l !" <'
NU5 25.5 mg/l 5 R O /* <'/
N
.0.50 K R 0.40 25 (F/M) R 50-11 =

Ws = 0.50 . 130 = 65 mg AV
01 *

< AV *

01 *

R
0.062 . 65 = 4 mg <'

% KG
J1 <'

<
0.062 . 30 = 2 mg of SS
.
1 *
01 <'/

!,*
+ 5 N SS BOD +5
C DQ1 *
>2
.13-13 =
01 H'
Q1 %100 E* G

J1
01 B

5 Q1
; <7
J1
01 %11 0
J1
01 %14 *
B

& .G

J1
%79 5 KG J1 D
.%
*
01 !,* & P = H1 G

J1
01 <'/
6
J8
%
01
R 01
O @*
-
,

TV*

" Q1 AV

.%40 !"
, , 8-13
@74 KG
J1
01
C4*
<
= !" DS H

N .*,
8

01
R G 0

" g
' .(7-13 )

.(8-13) 4<? !"

0B

%100 ' 6 .5

- 7
6% %' * & :13-13
5
/K

%15 1

J% %79 1&

8
%'
3-13 "
N=% 6
- .LM 0%
,
& +?* .,

0 A@ , 02
A H A 01 '
A

" 3 J1
* B

O= '

87 & N" l1
w 01
&
,

.
'G A
R J7
. C KG J1 KB
A & BOD
* &
IG
BOD R 3

R 1

O=*

>2 Y .>O
? !" **
**
4 & ' M> IG& A
%& AV *
01 O
* ,1 0
M I* Y !" @
*
K
*
01
%
Y= & +?* .% KG
J1
.J$ H 2 57 7

+T
& N"
&

0 38=

%%G 2 14-13 =
"
01
*
& * .'
A
R IG

*S* AW * W
& !
%=
AV
Q1 H

G
& AV .H

G !" +7 HB 08H
J4
01 C#
.+T
I8
< *

B M> @' M> " -%
C
= >GV
G
Q1 @*, 0$%G
A & # !"
@T
01 H
NS
" . !& !" CN
X%,
IG M> 4
.C
>9

pH A

02 *

'G A
R T !
4 U5
*5 >
pH .*

02 8C A

.1.0 mg/l * & C
>9

R & C 8.4
pH 5 IG* C*
H 0
,

+%
IG 4*=
C +G9 & % A
>
# ,
* 7.2 Q1 @T .,*

01
R
:
!" H & +
* *,
2NH4HCO3 + 4O2 + Ca(HCO3)2 = Ca(NO3)2 + 4CO2 + 6H2O
(9-13)
-% %/ +H1

* ,
+% C*

+
G
.J4
] M> 7
*
G9
>N
Y8
& +?* .,
! 6,*x

& N" +
GN
8= 7

54
01
+ .

8*
C**
0 0
54
01 +G
. TV* A@ J4 >N

^

4.6 lb H y#*
1.0 lb C%
@ & ' & C .9-13 ,

" &
C% .
01 @'& :
* BOD & @1'"
/5x M> 2 mg/l , N C

>9

!& A@
.C

G 01

C*
%= AV <7 J4 * AV
B
;

? %9 .J4
6
& 3
*
*

+*
.KG
J1
J1 Y%
!" % : A
01 AV

lb/100 cu !" 10 H

G 01

N [*
[* A

(320 g/m3 . d !" 160) 20 ft/day
H A1 +,
>2 P7 < % .0

! 20C !" 10
. 6 !" 4 -

2 - 8? % $

% 7 & :14-13
9 , .ZO1 ZN 3 @

@T 15-13 =
HT

21 mg/l) 18 mg/l
IG
46 [* C
* KG
J1
& 0.8 mg/l !" (0$
J1
A5 R <7 <%, Y= % KG
J1
49 .mgd
2100 mg/l 5 R H
I
& .H
I
& !" `'9 KG
C* +& 8 [* AV * 4 [* T

* MLSS
G1 :/7 %
* H
V + .%100 50 * -
AV
A"
!" 18300 cfm H +, *

7
!" @ 1'" 8*H A>*
140 ft 8H
54
%5 [* .
, & AO ,1 X4
6=Q* J4 0

=
Y .550 gpd/sq ft 5 C
I81 *
.8*H

C*
G'
! < @, = 8=

!"
>* 01 A
4H
4G 01 G

AV G7 4+
+'H
& 7

r
3 H *5 M> %6 *
4*=
+
G*

" 67& 01 ,1 0
,
I9 .08
2/
.100 mg/l 25 ,

*
54
01
4-13 ()
_ %$= AV 4<, +T H

I 01 AV A 4
IG M> (13-13 =
01 Y') H1 ,$
*

,
01 *

KB
C
2.0 mg/l !" KG
J1
01
J1
01 BOD % [* .0.40 < (F/M) * & I
1* AV

, .20 mg/l ,$
*

R 22 mg/l %
KG
s, %* @ , AV

K" A
(
J1
01 SS Q1 2-13
(+G
) G

J1
+5 +
G*
22 mg/l < <'/

200 mg/l = BOD 240 mg/l = G

SS
" R .13 mg/l < <'

(& A* H )
.G

J1
C
120 mg/l
*

%50 **
:<
AV
01 <'

<'

0.042 . 120 = 5.0 mg
130 mg/l = BOD 120 mg/l = SS

8 mg/l !" # $ %$
0.5 < K Q1 0.40 < (F/M) R 50-11 =

AV
01 *
Ws = 0.5 . 130 = 65 mg
7 0.5 (30 22) = 4 mg 25 1'" A

BOD E

" P7
.79 mg 5 0B 30 - 20 = 10 mg *

*

MB
AV *

' *

01
R [*
<'

0.062 . 79 = 5 mg
28.5 & 33.5 - 5 % KG
J1
01 0B

[*
0.062 . 20 mg/l % KG
J1
01 <'

< .mg/l
28.5 C* 2.0 mg/l KG
J1
& [* .SS = 1.2 mg
120 + 79 = 199 *

0$
KB
[* .
!"
mg/l
01 Y4' 2 T ! 7 & 14 mg

@
, & mg
.
1 *
01 <'/

!,* .13-13 =
N SS BOD E

+5
C DQ1 *
>2
J1 0B

5
>" .16-13 =
01 H'

<7
01 %14 0
01 %14 [*
B
Q1 %100 E* G

& ? .G

J1
%82 5 KG J1 -% D ; <>
.KG
J1
4 IG 0*
!" #
25 mg/l
,
!&
H KG
J1
& 4 IG*
C

" " .1
74 35

01 02 0

0* >O
? * +
G* ? !"

G* +,
2.86 lb

1'B
8

' .% KG
J1

3.0 lb

D
G
4+ <>

*

@
C% .D
G
+ <>

* ,
*
2 Y 4 (8-13
) AH2 01 *
& @ $ *5 ' A 4<& & +?* .<
C
1d C** M> +
GN
938= 7
& N" * +m G
7 .KG
J1
01 0,* BOD 4<& D + D
G
H
Q1 35

01 .@'& 7
T2* 71 * 8

? b05
?
@& >2
3

N
7
.
01 b0
@-
) .
@4% 1AB AC % D2 >
8 .8? % %
# :15-13
(
4% 1AB AC % :6
:

7
*
2 0^

5CH3OH + 6NO 3 = 3N2 + 5CO2 + 7H20 + 6OH-
(10-13)
Q1 DO @'& <

KG
J1
!"
@T
01 !
n %

" 01 H Y C%
0B
7
.< *
C +G 7
Q1 M> !" 1'" .10-13
Q1 C I81 7 @*, 30% C%

& !"
@

11-13
+
G* C9 & 7 0P
KN
CH3OH= 0.7 DO + 1.1NO2-N + 2.0N03-N
(11-13)
CH3OH = 0.9 DO + 1.5NO2-N + 2.5N03-N
(12-13)
:
mg/l 7 = CH3OH
mg/l DO = DO
mg/l = NO2-N
mg/l
= N03-N
!

2& 3 4 .(17-13 '/) "# $%& '( )* "+ ,- &
)6+7 82 $ +#
4& 82 9 & *5

4
; 3 =
. : ; "
4 "< $ : !
$ 4& ? 3 4 ,( & $ '74 3 '+& > &
.C( 8@"
) '+ '+& 4
; A
$ B
D )2 43 =:3 ! 8 ," $ 4& 9 4

G
H + (&F $= # .E A
# 3 &+
." & 4
& =7 9 ,# 4 2 & +& I

# ?2 =#
8+ 8
J2 ,'
K -; =

4
,7 G "4+ ?+ @ L
. < + ,10 mg/l '2 +4, .
? !"

M> (2
' A + NO 3
A ?
A ' A
(G BOD)
.
01 BOD E
+ N2
(13-13)
(BOD)
:7 $ D ,

+7 'E/ +
8
43F )

+ =@M = %$=
AV
+T K
G

J1
) *#
+G

3

CN
J%
01 & >2 0
K
A 01 .0 &N J% 01 (0
%=
AV
01
A
Q1
G
J'
%

? A@ L 2 9

+G 2
& K
C
>9

U
+

01 .

a IPG .
01

A
*5 =

0 &/
BOD J% 8
H

&/

" 01 08H
J4
+2 .C
>9

U
* 08
H
J%

I4V /G

L *
A
U/G
*
01 :

" +T & ? .C
67& 01 '
*

9 CN
4 *

" %*' + &/
A
!5
#
! H
G
0

.
A" .0 &/

J%
01

B
8
H

!" 0 &/
J%
*

267& 01 @

M2 .
I$G &
@ A5 H A D*= =*
01 BOD E
!" ** 0*
RG&

=
HT .
O= ,% 01 @'& $7 A

* % A
R *# , 18-13
J1
.

01 8 @*, [* 0" T
!" %35 %30 * D* 4 +,

>2 .%100 25 ,* G

= !

AV 01 HT %25 !" %20 ?

= ! % KG
J1
01 %50 !" 40 <'
50 *

" g
Q1
> 2 .& A*
>
J% *5

" 6
" " .G

J1
%60
* +G

01 BOD E
+
G
!"
@T 8
1

*

" +,
J% +/
L KN
D'G
.
/G A,
,
% %$'C 8? % 7 %

B & :17-13
%100 @' 6@ .5

, %
% G% 7
6% * & :18-13
/K@ ,5@7 6% %25 ;
20 16% I ; 7 J% %35 ;
30 1&

8
6%
2$$' /
% 6% ; 7 &
8
J% %50 ; 40 G 1%

+ , , ''

J% D 0 &N J% 3 *

"
&*
@
@ IS 08
2N J%*
6* " .

B 408
2

U
* C4* *
M O <'

49
<

Q*
>2 !" =9 .
H
/G
,* @ , %8 %6 * -
0

I81
" + .(EBPR)
!

B
.%$=

AV ' %2 O*
>
AV
*

" A6 * 0O=
+$
.
!"
A 4 0

((+ EBPR & E
(319-13 '/) "
.*
F 8+ $# I +?
* O .4

,I G P@ +#
43 @"
* 4&3 & 7
.+ $# '4 ,N 4B ,$ & 4 ,pH
." 4& %20 %10 & @M <
4& $= # &N
=
2 3 = ( N 4B <
43 <
'74 3 4
0.5 hr $= # Q 8M .4
;
+ & '*&+ =2
R ' (& *N < B M 8@" )
.(& 3.0 hr
KK (19-13) '/ 82 O*: 47 )2 " .24 hr 6
' (& ) ,
KK "+ ,(1 hr "
' (& ) @MF
*
8@M <
D .(6 hr (& ) 8@"
8@M ,(2.25 hr "

" . D : $ E S 72 4 8
43
; .'7+ +< 2
$ E #?2 " 8@" )

8@" )
3 F ,D+ : ; B 72 :
T' $ 9 ,1 ft/sec M <
# 4H =:3 "
="/ '/ *: " & 57 .4B '?

2& .$
? '& =< I G !2 ?23 *" ! $B )

' $# .5000 mg/l 2500 D '+& +#
'B 8@M I G ' .-B &
U*& 3
$%& W2 .VK 8@M "
8@MF $# ! DL
7 .$4 8
K 'B @M
+ ,$@7 6/

L .
H 'B $3 )

8
K $# '4

= K 1.5 1 R 3 M 7 $@7 /
$%& : 4&3
0.8 0.25 $3 <

+ D < Q .
F
' 4B D& +# " 5&3 -M + 7 .hp/1000 cu ft
.
B BOD R
(ORP)
GN
A
C
>9
L A
*5

"
01 /
4O .* + d
01

>
%L <
%=

{/ C
>9

8

AV
C
* M>

Q* + d
" .
4
.H
I !" >O
%,
A" C
A8
%=
,
%=
AV
3
2 A8
%=
AV
C* +$

A" C
%*' .AV
6%? J 08H
J4
6
& !
>O
%, 35
& .C
>9

!
6
& !
@
"

" J, .O=
A*G ! 1 CN
%=

+
G* M> %70 !" 50 [* "
" %80 !" 70 [*
. = 8
2 &N 8
2N 5%
*

"

" 01
*
C%
. 01 ! 1 ? 5 0
4% +W I
+ 7
+G9 ,1
87

" * J 01
8
2N T

" !" h
.'
17
* U 0
g m
_ 9 ' ** M>
/G A4%

I
,*
8
2/
8*
.*
>9
'

!" 17
* @ *S* '
A
d
A4%

IL <G
+
GN
8
2 8* 01 .GN
H1 * RG& ' CF% 17

U
01 @
7
1 .G
6* A4%

I

'
.A,

+ H
G
@ MG
I
G , & (') 16%

4$4

+
"P" 9B
7 19-13
D2 >
8 B
/% H
' (3) .E%+
> H
' (#) .%

#
4% 1AB AC %
;
MG
I
_
AV
& %=
AV 08
2/
4G
;
*N* G

G + >GV_ & C .A4% I& W *

O

H* A4%

I
%,
G +G9 & C . C !" 8
2N T *
>9
1'B
N
@ *
A9 %=
AV
&
AV
+%

B M> @8
C <'
5 .8
.C%
R
!" 0,*

5-13 ()
[* .
" g 4 H % A & JG 79
% &
m 9 H=& A# * !
@
.5600 m3 H

G +
300 SS BOD 260 mg/l ^
U8G* 4300 m3/d [*
C
KG
J1
% [* .31 mg/l NH3-N N 0" 51 mg/l mg/l
2 NO3-N 4 mg/l NH3-N N 0" 7 mg/l 8 mg/l SS 5 mg/l BOD
16 * A

4700 mg/l MLSS % [* .mg/l
E

" H
A1 (F/M) *
BOD C
.18C
.0B
N E

" SS E

" BOD
(
= BOD
=
= 200
F/M =
t=
= 0.042
24 = 31h
= BOD
"
100 = %98
100 = %97
100 = %86
= SS
"
= 0B

"
.

1. Pomona Virus Study. Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County,
California State Water Resources Control Board: Sacramento, CA,
1977.
2. Retrofitting POTWs for Phosphorus Removal in the Chesapeake Bay
Drainage Basin. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Research and Development. EPA, 625/6-87/017.
&!
Nitrogen Control. US. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Research and Development: Washington, DC, September 1993. EPA 625/
R-93/010.
Phosphorus Removal. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office
of Research and Development: Washington, DC, September 1987. EPA
625/1-87/001.
(

N 0
74* 85 3' s6
EPA 02 1-13
s

4 ;
08*
:4
2 .,
J%*

B *%
Y=
, 02 1-13 =
!" X* 2-13
s

B s'9
s
I

! 3-13
Y=
J8
% ;8 02 0,7
Y=
! ,
02 4-13
sG
3 J1
* Y= RG
%
0,7
C
7 5-13
s'9

" 01 +,
:^
5/* A| %
v 9 `'

A,
* 5/
6-13
0 %
* A,
.hp =

C
.kWh $0.15 5%
[* .(0.749 hp:< kWh)
_ 9 O= %O' 5& ! 6* 1-mgd H5% Y= AV= `'
.1-13
01
& C .9.6 mgd [* A> ,* 3 mgd C
[* 7-13
4 Y=
,*% + 4 .5 /* 2 9 *%* Y=
0
.G
KG A
A 3
+
> %
sZ, KG
J1
4 02 8-13

%%G 02 10-13 2-13 1-13 =
!" X* 9-13
& C
>

B 77

01

B *
s

B KG
J1
02 sY=
$7G
J*
*

* 5/
EPA *5 A=
*
& 10-13
!
* 85 3' 0^

01
*
,
,$
.-
4
!" *%

s7

01 >

" 02 11-13
100 ml
(MPN)

No./
mg/l
2.2
23
10
100
21
200
30

s77
7

01

"
mgd H5% % G

J1
01 7 mg/l

>" 12-13
s
x *%
M
& 4*=
>O [* + 10

B

, 0
J4
!" 100 mg/l * 4*=
'
m & 13-13
:T/) s,1

BOD E

"
, sD5d
*
8
.(2-13 7
!" 3

IG 12-mgd H5% % 01 4*=
G
14-13
C
.% $210 * 90 mg/l 4*=
1'" O* .0.5 mg/l !" 5 mg/l
.H G9
4*=
s49
IG KG
J1
4 +, J8
% -=
15-13
.6-13 =
01 '
M H*= 12 mgd 5%
> % 16-13
<>O G' + [* + .KG
J1
01 **
C
s5 lb Al/gal :! W 4*= < +

G* 4*=*

<'/
<'
&

, 2-13 7
+
G* 17-13
>" s6 mgd H%

% ** M> mg/l E* A, AV *
08
2/
+'H
(VSS) %75 ** 4 '
AV

s'H
8H
AV
01 *

, + (VSS) %50
%26 !

*

%95 %
6
X
>"
s%* AV C%

[* + *

s08

" 01 G9
8

02 18-13
s@

" G9
8

02
J1
2 7 mg/l G

J1
01
[*
>" 19-13
1 mg/l 5& KG
J1 - !" M> 0.75 mg/l 08H
Al * 5 !

4*=

>" sH1'" C

4*=
02 1
.G +& 10 A *%

G

G G'
+ O*
12- =
01 '
M H*= 6.3 mgd C

> % 20-13
.7 mg/l 5 1 280 mg/l 5 SS 320 mg/l 5 BOD

> 13
C
20 mg/l SS 22 mg/l BOD [*
D KG
J1
! T1*
D
@#* %$=

AV *4

1 AV
.(2-13 7
!" 3
)
** *
85 3' s
01

2 21-13
d =
>" .
G

J1
01

=V*

2 % 2 .120 gpcd [*
slb/capita/day

[* 8
2/
&/
8
H
T
-=
22-13
s
>
: T 4<& .
s,

* 5/
02 23-13

,
>" .ZO1 ZN 15-13 =
!" X* 24-13
<>

, 0.0154 lb O2/cu ft air ! @ 6
H
%6
sD
*5

32 mg/l ! 4.03 mgd H%
% < 25-13

>" sC%
7

, .
87

" g
H=

1.3 $/gal [* * %95 6, * <
7
s7
1'B
1 +
G* .18-13 = @ ,1 2.2 mgd H%
% 26-13
E
%40 5 C
4> 6 3 7 * 1 = C
>9
BOD E
*
BOD 01 5 +
G* MvHv 9
BOD E
[* + G

J1 0$
BOD
s
01 MvHv 9
BOD [* + 200 mg/l 25 G

J1
g @8

" +, %= *G AV +T +m G
27-13

@ = 7
+m G
.H
A 01 4*=
+
G* @
2000 5 ! 6,*B
+ 3.6 1. H H A 01 *7 * *4

250 ml !" 200 -%* M> MSLL H
G 01 mg/l
pH 5 24C !" 22 * A

.@ K
A5 H* >O

0
4*= .130 mg/l 90 * SVI 5
7.4
>O N4 R ^
*
.ml 01
4*=
10.0 mg
.G

(mg/l)
P (mg/l)
SS (mg/l)
350
10.3
94
350
10.9
340

!
(ml/day)

(l/day)
150
12
104
158
70
12
10.6
114
169
140
12
360
10.4
135
173
210
12
320
9.3
123
173
390
12
BOD
(mg/l)
"

(mg/l)
P (mg/l)
SS (mg/l)
230
7.9
200
5.4
160

!
(ml/day)

(l/day)
12
70
12
2.4
11
140
12
140
1.0
10
10
210
12
80
0.5
17
390
12
BOD
(mg/l)

!" G9
4*=
*

" C
8
C %%G +
.1
G

J1
01 0B
U
01 A%
4*=
+,
*
*,

B
.2-13
C* C*& 3'* -5

.SS BOD E

"
6 % C
+ 0
H
T

6
+5 X
SS BOD E
+5 IG
> .
% 0*%

Z,* O=* A@ H
s4*=

3 KG
J1
01 4,
U5
D' H I %

! ,
L * 28-13
@* +
.10 mgd CN
4 [* .168 ft D% 18 ft D, 100 ft
.1
*, @* H
k +5 C
.1
*, ,

+5
ln (
) = -k (MLSS)1.024T-20t
t=
(ft)
0
6
12
(mg/l) $
16.1
16.46
12
(mg/l) #
243
185
190
18
24
30
8
5.28
4.48
190
188
189
36
42
3.96
4.55
188
191
48
54
60
2.93
2.64
2.62
181
178
178
66
72
78
2.59
2.44
2.31
178
178
179
84
90
96
2.44
2.44
1.69
178
180
178
102
108
114
2.01
1.44
0.87
175
172
172
120
126
132
1.05
1.25
0.6
171
172
177
138
144
150
0.8
0.53
0.42
173
173
174
156
162
0.4
0.59
172
169
168
0.55
170
.4
(( 5&3 73 ,5 mgd "< & & 29-13
XH & : @ 8M
4 (160 g/m3/d) 10 lb/100 cu ft 25 & +

G* 30-13
.16-13 =
* +
G* M> 10 mgd H5% % I
+
s,
*

9 31-13
J4 ! < N % 16-13 =
4-13 7
& 32-13
.0&
14

(+
,

,- -!" + *% () !" #$% " & '
!" #$% - 0" . 0% 1" 2

. /
67 '$/ 67 5 4 !"&
9 ' 8" #$% '$ !"& #$% '
<"" .9
4 ' ,: ';4 )" &

= "" !" #$% 1 "
> *% ? $ , / /" .1" ==
.< 0+ $ 0+ 67 6
.
">& @
' , ( /$
1 B) !
. = B . .
+ )+ *<$ "1" D
0!
;4 "" " 0! E 67 "
G 0 *% !" 5 *% 9F" . E
+ 1" $ " B == H ' " 67 "
<"" . 05 B 1"
! 7-" <
/% I" *% ," 8" #$%
.1
,D $
" 5 I 0 J.

, () + ! " #$ % &' () *
% :34 ) 12 + #/$ 0) . - + #$
$ -

6
8 () + *- 5 6 7

)
.5 3< () =$ (
(2-
5 39
;% "- 1-
(
5 2)
* >
$ '+ =
? 6
- , >C- +$ * B $ () +$ () <A </
@ /
C#$ * $?
6 G5 5
@ AF 6 3E9
? D6 () . 6
(5 B2)
- 20:1 $ <<
2) 35
6 ? D6 (<) .H
, 20:1 !<
, . 6 - B
I !<
J$, "- !
- 5 6 7
K *-
) ) 329
;+ $
. 6 - &' ( 1- %L %
6

-<. ,D+ !" #$% ." D '< , .
67< !" #$% ) " " '(I= .@!+ ,G 67+ -<. +

$ ,.4 0< - " ' < '>I" $/
" 1 . " # #
*%
K "
1" -<. $ , . !" #$L 67 ) "
N . " -- /% *% " M1"
.> " " (4 I
( $ O1 : '1 # !
/ " (P/ > " 5 !" #$H / " "$ .
# !"Q" D . ? G !" ,I! < L
4 0L / " ." 2
'4 9 &
( "
4 G. .
" " '#" : + + -<. =.+ %
E =. / "
.@!+ !"&
" # "" '@!+ & < '/ + ' - .
/ "
' *% / "
/ " P/. ( !+
" '@!+ 6 B > U/""
$ G E1
" # !" ( .$ =V &+ 8 .4
" 0L + ' $ 7M" " + '
'
U! EW "
. + . . #

*<$ )
< 0 $ (X 1 ' Y
" 7 "
K ,+ <" "" . " *<$ G1
1 < - !"& . + . "5 # - !"& *<$
# < $ # 1 < Z 'X 1 : Y "
' 8 /L 0% <" (0 + EX" .
,D ' "
.#. 0> *<$ D (" '(TDS) 'I '
% 5
B-6
N N "- K (55 M N% #)

() .! O
$0 6 +5
" + %
%2 " , 983 mgd %
6 ! ( 5 P- 1995
$;
+<$ $ () 41000 mgd Q !
%0.25 %80.5 )5 %19.25 5L
mgd) $< (209 mgd) $, ? $ .
6
" , 696 mgd ( 5 4 (271 mgd) -) (216
" $, () .1995 ()
6 - ($ ( 5L %71
1-14 35 .
6 5 6 ! ) %37
, .1995 " 1950 '$ >@ R )5
T
$
() #6" , K (55 M N%
>C >C >C
.
>C #$, () U

.")5
) )5
9-!& '0 1 D< -" " 1

1 = .67 -<. # / .
?" '$/ "D& [. '6
5 $/ 1" X+ '0
#% ,6
" //$ ' *<$ < OD" *% ' *<$ /"
. *% U "
& #% *% / "

:1-14

!" #$%

150
34
1950
0.20
198
48
1955
0.60
221
50
1960
0.70
253
61
1965
0.50
303
69
1970
0.50
329
83
1975
0.50
361
84
1980
0.58
325
74
1985
0.75
325
81
1990
1.02
324
78
1995
G <

" () ;L V$ 76R ,
. 9>- 1 !<
!+ BN 9 () W6
" $>R $
.3 6
? 6 6 #$K " 3, $ 5L 5
$
""

+ . Z G > + 1
S < -" ,K<1" D .. $ / B /&
1 Y . < - ," *<$ )
< 4
!" B ?" # /" "$/ 67
("> #% ,.4 PI % .#" / " *<$ '$
. < G *D+ *% ," 0 ( /"
(1 !" #$% "
& " 1-14 ,.4 9
D " < "
.+ . 1 . < - .
. $ !"& ' / " '$/ 67 '
.
% %90 #
" & < $ $/ !"& \<"
$/ 67 ,]= .6 '
'

"
& !"Q" 1 %10 . G
% %40
.80 gpcd *% gpcd 75 " " ^ Q" /
. ]" " / < 9-!
+ :
# < > + &% ' " #5 . !" "
!"& #$% &" .+ % ." E< ( "
8" + '0!
7 '$/ 67 > - .
9+ $% ,= ' G
" '@! !"& 9 0"" .
!"" BXQ" ."& E B
< _ .
!" #$% ) "& E # . . <
8" '$/ 67 !"5 <" =.+ (
*<$ " *<$ <- !"& " . $ !"& '
"1 !"I
D *<$ ' -<."
D '2000 $ .< /I < <" *<$ ' <
( - (
_ < &
': 0 401 ' . .<" 103.660 ` I
( 1" -$0" 1 . " #5 *1Q" ' < 159 '1
385
.1995 $ < - . !" #$%

!" # () .

:1-14

$ %
$

(#) .12000
$

&'
).32005
$ %
$

() .22002
*& + ,
& , %
- ,
/ -
$
,0 !
!
1

Water ,2005
2" ! ,
2" 3 ,&

$ & ,

Facts: Water Recycling; Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Water
(Reuse Program, 2005 Reuse Inventory

1-14
,G"& )" $ '
EPA J) 1
+ : ' < O !" Z " (NPDES) "26< "<
D "$ " 1 . O !" Z + !" #$% 1 J.
""
: '#- & ,D^ ' ," #$% 1 " BT /M

' ," #$% 1 " <4 GD & ( =. +
D & Y+ &% ' <" + $ 1<"
' - . '/ + & #1 B4" .<"
&"& . 0""
) ])" D J" D ," #$% ?." 7> ' <
<$ + / $ <" & > 1 M
" .1 "

" ' $ *<$ )
'

0
" ' 'D ' /!" @!+ )" <" 0"" .G
.7
&6 + ', "

<" ' <$ ',"& #$% 1 " 2-14 , U^ 5
. D .#- & ,D MQ 5 $
c$/ c7 0 $ ,"& #$% + B
#$% '6 1 : c c7 '6 1 c c7 ' 1 : c$/ c7 'X 1
/ " !"5 G ,
8" #$% '$ !"
+ Y. $ *<$ 1 <$ "" D .
'1 $ (
<" (> S" $ <" S
( = <"" & ."D X" " 0 ]-! .
.#( .+ 0"" + K% '( +
BOD ` /% *<$ 1G- "1 #( $
" _ !"Q"
% < =!" *% G . 0Q" .<
,D+ #.$ Y S" 'Z4 S + 1 $ 5 gpm/sq ft *<$ / &
#. <" -" + G48 Z 4". 'T <$ *<$ .2 NTU
'<. B ?K" / . + .>/"" + ,. 1 /%
'450 mg/l $ d,1" & (1" <. / ." /+ ?" / U) CT D
=. < . & # @ 90 min $ ,1 & ?" / B

*<$ D B0 # < O !" "! &
)+ <$ 1"& ." . " <"
"
#6"
T B ' G"& . < - 9 /L # 8
. ,.4 / ". K-!Q" . .( 20 /"" )-"
/ I!
#$L # > ." . 25 >D )-"
#"- G
. $ !"& 9 $/ !"
<` ` G48 , /Q" '13 ,- Y
4 " (1
*`<$ P`1e - /L 1" <" D . . ". '1K<
$` ` *`<$ `.
`. . !" Z" E
T "
#`" I"! 2
" .#
*<$
,. ?+ *<$ @!+ + !"I
'7 ,D 1" & 9 Z" '(I= ' <" B0
P/. .#<. #.+ B = < *+ (
& ) "4" .
G`D 0`Q" '(2-14) ,` U6 : ' & ) <"
/!" '<
'% #/+ '( < ( D 0"" " ' D=
. . ""+ .W
" )+ 'f<
< ," 'D % ;1 1<" <" L #/+ 0""
)" / L #/+ E<" .Z 4" K=!" 1" <$

`" # 26<" 7-" f "
Q" + D
. $ *<$ )

:2-14
! "

(24- hr) 2 NTU >

"
5 NTU #
$
+A !

- #

$
*
8 7?7 6"
.23/100 ml> @
56 *
4
7 42 82
9
#; *

8
*( #;)
( &' ! :%

*)& *", - ' !
*. */
) 0 12
1
!
*"

3
10 mg/l > 0 ; 9

( .2 #"
)
%
$ 97 /
%
7
#

0 %
.

(67
7 F
.1
(24- hr) 2 NTU >
"
5 NTU #
$
- #

$
*
8 7-7 6"
23/100 ml> @
%
$ 97 /
%
7
#

0 %
.

(67
7 F
.1
24-) 0.2 NTU >
"
0.5 NTU #
$ (hr
*%
7 0 ! :0 !
82 91 0&
B "
7
*'' * 2 @4" * C7
/ 1 D"6 / E %
7
7
A !
56 *
4
7 42 82
8
*

/
)
22
@ "
(D
Q4 4

82
4
*%
" 56
*%
56
*%
" )
56
0" 51
7
9@H
. 97 / 1 9"7 G7

" 82 / IJ *
7

%
7
7

(
1 %
7
7 K

GF 0
M 6 :L27
5&
. 5 *$

*)& " *

*N * 3 *#
*0 ! O4 P!
*%
82

< 200/100 ml
B+ !
* ) * :%
8 7-7 6" - #

1 *12
> @ *

800/100 ml
10 > 0 ; 9

# 6 *
2
( .2
)mg/l

!
' 6 R#

0 *8

#; *
4
*( #;) 9

< 200/100 ml>
8
%
*%6 SK($ /
", !!2
12
./- (;
!
T
8 7-7 6" - #

> @ *

800/100 ml
B !

P1
9"
5 mg/l 9 D !
8 - 10 mg/l G;
8

4
6
D V $ *", - !

@ " /
)
*%
7 0 ! :0 !
7 WV $
* (6 R#V $
P D
4
D"6 / $ 0&

B "
7
Q ( N 47 0 (7

)
/ 1
QB . $
D 7 03
(Q6 4"7

U * ! '3 :L27

* 8D" *9
2 *
*R
6
. P . 9
!

1000/100 ml> 9 0
4
8 7-7 6" - # 96 $ S
@ *

1 *-F G Q

4000/100 ml
9
9
7 P *
(
8
BOD Z
P1
9"
9 D !

@ " /
)
60 mg/l
40 mg/l (Y
4
$ ! 97 9"
H7 G
3 %
G
) 9" . %

8 9; 8 L27
! ''
% :
. $ T 8
"
9 :%
9
"X N#
4 ' 67 *
!
82V $ /
! *&'$
&' ! *%6 N'3"
P12
# 6 * 1
%
K) 6 R#
. ! ) Q
14
! 6 :L27
:7 9 G " . 7 G

%
0 ! !
0

7 %6 8 " 82
! %
7
7 %
: !

82 . 7 G
! G 2
M

!

Q
97 9 1
1 L

'[ $ P
1 L

82$ /

6
$ &

S ( /
1
&

7

!
7 5! 82
"F & "

*
1
* 6;
82 U.S.EPA
$
0 \K!$ ( 6 /
82 C

(6

#/ & 9 EM" '(2-14) , *% ;
*<$ + #4% ," . " # $ *<$ &< (C *% A )
'BOD !" #( $ $ ?1Q" ."" /% 0"" *%

? 1. 1 !"Q" . 1 '#. +/ '1K< <
9 !"" .05 - 0< , ? 1.
. L 1 @!+ & !"" ' / 1 &
1 =.+ % D U! EK" 7"

( & =.+ (64" =.+ L 1 H ' /
1 *<$ 1 ' 1" ' @ " '($ .*<$+
. < 6 9" /
*`% '` ." # GD '2= ,- '22 - . " 4
'(A ` h`.") K1 == .> " " +
# `4 `/% B` B h.") % D 2.2/100 ml K1 =
/% B B h.") % D 23/100 ml K1 = '( 1<
` == 4" .(C h.") K1 : = '( 1< # 4
`" $ >% > =!" " ( = ) #
_ .V *% K1
5 /" & , Z 4" + 1 $ + ',I!% 67+
^ "
M`
" ` 6`" , : Z4 2 gpm/sq ft /" & + 'gpm/sq ft
hr ,I! 2 NTU \< " D Z4 /" & + .. ""+
` D /" &+ '15 min # 5 NTU D Z4 /" & + '24
4`:+ `$ #` /"" & + .EIL *<$ NTU 10
NTU ` D . Z0" + '7 '7. E '7. Z 4"
1" <$ " + .0.5 NTU (1< /"" &+ '15 min =.0.2
?`K" / L <. 1" S") CT D Z 4" 1" " <.
/ B D ,. 450 mg/l $ ,1" & (- 1 ?1 _"i 4
j 5
+ ?1 " *% (" '90 min $ ,1 & "4 6?"

/+ +/ <J$ D 'Z 4" B 1" $ + )+ 1" <$ *<$
+ 'MS2 S ".` kF ` %99.999 1 ZG- 6.

. ,- ,<4 ?
". (7 ,+ $ 4) + 7 ` " /" &+ 8
. 2.2/100 ml (MPN) D 1 U! EK" L 1
23/100 ml (MPN) D L 1 ". $ /" &+ 8
/"" $ 67+ Z & .( =I= "" #" 67+ $ =.+
?K" / .240/100 ml (MPN) D L 1 ".
EK" P-1 8 1
/ ,- / <" > "4
.#
U! E" P-1< / ." *<$+ )
I / ,!
/% ' & 67+ " #$L $ <" 9"-" &
1<" / 9 "/L + : ' ,I! 8
O" " # 1 7< ," #$% 1 " % . $ 01
& "" /% !" Z" ' "< ,

- K <"
" D "
< ." -!" B+ 1 "

" $ " 5 $ "" /%
" D . . <
-- /% ]-!" .9-!+ #.$ " Y S" 'G E6 P+
.Y 8<" + # . /!" /!
"
" Y4 + E . ( DMV ( <.4
< ""
4< !" #$H
< /" . " # (> !""
. / " " Z< ." ( M" ' $/ 9:l
' #$ I / !" ' /" $/ U"L "

" . " # # /"
< ' !"5 G .
) #4
- . #$ /L ,.W 4" " J.
% 1 #"!5 G . "" .
IR <. > !" #<. " '(I= '
< # /
, " . - E 4 1" + /8 #<. I! *<$ '
I" *<$ "1" + " # I 9G- G / - /L
.. Z0" 0" -<.
1" & ) "4" ' + " 1". 1" !"
D '6 + # ) " # < O !" *<$ ,
<
. $ "" + 'O !" 4 "" GD G E <"
& 0 ," 67 ) #/ 1" & 9 Z"
<" 5 " ' 1" <" (/ 3-14 , U .0-!
. < '/ + ' - .
#$ %& 2-14
5 6 -
, " #$ N) '

$
$ 'Q C

!
6
+
' > !
*
) 5 6 B $
.
(% !
) 5 K () . +6 3+ 3 3W
" 3Q-Q
M
$
<
(
) .)
-
B<
'% .C U 1 U5
B $ " * $
, )5
.C< 12 U5=
1987 6 CWA <#$ 9 W6
U
6 # <
? )5 "
$ 3Q-Q
(% N X>-
3 =
.Y 3 > 5
; K
() -9
)
( #" ' $ :3-14
6
(, 5+ 4$* !

" 0
- !
9BZ 82Z$ *PZ )

P-
(H 2
M,
D 2 2$
*M,
Z Z- ZE
*/6
/6 E "
(" 9
]

82
MF
*Z@ ( 2Z
* (@!Z )
!

P-
9 (
(
7 (H / 2
Z- *Z "
" & #@ U& !2
$ $
8!
8 "
(
/

G; )
9 1Z@ $ Z Q1Z P-
N7 - 8

1
0 9

- 2
&
"

0

B^ 5
O 97 03 * P 6

0& 9#2 7 9

B ' !

)& Z4
Z
*0
9B 0 N ? ; O
* B
'3
*! U ! 9 )D L27
Z
Z
*\KF 9 ( \
"
*5
! P-
!
* 4

* Z$ $

*36 8

* !

! 0& ( 82$
* @

)D
7 *! \
*82$ ;
*9#2 2
* Z _ Z "
*/ .
*
! #; K2 C 2
01F 82 ) L27
H %
7
7 * D
01F ; 8 H
0Z Z& !Z 0 R
6 6 F
4X 8

Z Z" Z
Z
* L
0 3 :
P 0
3
*2 !
R
6
R
6 8

#Z"
*Z& " *Z& # : ! U& !2 8

R
6 8

N Z47 0Z GZ7 / *

' *
) / $ 7
*

"
B $
*

*(
8

Z #Z"
*(1Z@2 *
' *Z
) '3

1
Z GZ; Z

7 Z
G; 33 !
8D"
-
36
*
/6 MF # G; \D 9 $ 9#

0" 91 0 P 6
Z

*

*
0 4X
'3 ;
0Z Z" 2Z
*

*

. .67 ,+ U "

& / " / < /!"
' *<$ " 67 *<$ < H '(" / "
/!" 0 + . ! ) ',"& &6 ',

. ?1 + # P=+ 0 7< (!"

9 !""i . 4 D D+
.
B /" " .K B '05 /L ' 0% /! "

..M
" "= " +
4"&
1 67 . '%1 @" &
' 0 *<$
Z4 1= $ ! 2
. ! "
(" '0
4 E 67 !" _ .9 0
@ " .

" G4
^ m+ " /"
ft 20 ft Y0$ " 7 4 ,-+ *% '
< <
" .67/.
+ "= ." + " ) . .100
) !" .6 ft *% 2 ft 1 9 $ -" + "= / /
U ,
, " ; ( " / / 67/. 7
67
*<$ )
.< G$ 1K> ?H6 H/
3 ; + ?6 >

.--
.)5 3Q-Q
5
$
&<
U$ ;< 3W , ?
YK () 2.5 in " 2.0 in Z + ? D6 >
- C< 3Q-Q

*-
.YK () 4.0 in " 7 , ? J6)

*-
.M
$- [ 3 V
"-

)5
&' >C 3 $ >)5 $ <- K
"- ;6 ?H6
6
.7 ?H6 U; () -
H .
- -6 () N% !# "- #) - C =$ )
'Q ;
.50 lb/ac/day 7 COD ? 7

>R .> 3 6 5
$
6R X 5
$ << W
/
)5 &' 10 mg/l
$ 5
$
$ $ () 94

() C =$ - B6
.*=
"- 3
A R . $ C
*
, ( 5-
9 '5 ' $ G5, $ () (- +5L

7 %10 3\ 9\
-- 3

$ C
.BK
200 100 -- )+

1
.400 mg/l " 3

-
.-- 3

$- 600 mg/l 400 mg/l " 3
7/' mg/l
% #$ &

3, ' <- <-6 3 >C () 3 6
39

X =
5 6 -
"$\ M
9 C= ] 2
V)
-

. 6 3 "- D) B $ 5 "- #)
%K 5 6 ? () 3= $ -
5 6
;
5 6- "$, $< ? *-
.6
U $ 9 5 6 "
( ' ! , !-6 ( $ 23/100 ml) 6
U ,
O B)a
$ 6
U $ 9 5 6 -) *-
.*-- H =

0.5 mg/l - (
20 mg/l SS 20 mg/l BOD '
$ 9 5 6 ? #6 *-
200/100 ml % $-

(90 mg/l 10 1
SS 75 mg/l 20 BOD Z 1

)
B $ (36 B $ 6
2000/100 ml " 23/100 ml) $
) ; 5 6 & $% .= "$ +5
3
] , "-

.$- $ ( "- , 6
-

$
? D6 *-
. $ -

] , "- , # <
W "$K
45 1

) 7 , ? *-
() , 7 " 0
<
. ;R ) ; 5 6
/
(
150 "
% . #$ &

G8 ,
I
( . ,
< 1 : $/ 67 0"
1 *<$ ("$ < < $ B '(G ,.V 7 P8 5
*<$+ I" ( $ ( " 67 <" .,"&
" " ,
< < $ "" . .
7< < <"
: .4 *<$ = ,.W 4" ' ,
< 9 E
*% , . & D '4 9:
I ?
"
9 ; G8 ,
67 + : .Y J.
"5 BD
J) 1 .
(
?+ *<$ @!+ & J)5 Y+ &% ' &

67 !" &"& $ .+ 7> . $d64
" 'G : I" ' : ' " 67
*<$+ @!+ & <"" . I ,
'.
!" 05 /% < #_ <. B = ""
9 /L GI : #<. B = . 1" Z 4" K=!"
. < /!" - ' . ' < -
' G . 0% B = ( H 'G ,.VQ" " : ,+
2.2/100 ml (> S"" , )-"
#<. 'Z 4" 'K=!"
= ( ' : <"" .2 NTU #.$ / 1
.1000/100 ml 23/100 ml ""
/ 1<
B
(" '# .< <
/ " ,/$ D "
("$ 6
5 + '( 15 5 )-"
I < /!" " .!"I
,8<8" *<$
&6 "" .
7 , &6 *<$
/ ' 8< ,
O" '10 mg/l ,DR " "
.; 4.0 in. 0.5
< @1 & '
#,
/ %& 3-14
L !"& #$% # 8 . &" ,="
67 0" .@!+ ! "" & 2
@. E P="
'EG
';4 "" " 0! E '8 0
)-
Q" ' . -<! /
'E 9
" " U"
" D .7 B /" ) *% !0 #$L
<"5
*<$ )
< #<. '
/L 0% ' /!" P=+ " $
+ !" + ( #/X R .4 / " " .<. 1"
I .((0n ^ + (Dn5/ ." 4 +) < + . "I

9$ .E 0 E *<$ !"Q" @! I + '#)
0
+ '/ ,.4 "
<" 7" *<$ ,"
" 4%
."4" & '
<" " + *<$ ," 4% 67 ! E<
#, % &
0! E '1 '8 0. E 9 ,="
% , . *% () '
9
T " ! ';4 "" "
+ ' < G> 1 , < $ ,I! !"Q" % '

7" " E . E *%

+ '8 0 *<$ 7" " <" ,= ' # D 4 4
P ,D 9 ,8<8"" + 0G- < ' + " P8< Z5
X 1 : ,"& #$% *<$ (
& 9 9-" .4
.8 0 67
#<. B = 7> '. ' - . & <""
( < <"" .23/100 ml \ / 1
*% ,<
9 Z" .25/100 ml
*% 1" 'Z 4" 'K=!" B *<$+
< < 20-30 mg/l \<"
B0 B 1" &
/L ," 1 ( 0% ( <" D .1K<
.7 ) B #<. '/ / 6" + . " <
'7 $ " ,I! . / + )-"
& / *<$ /!" "
&6 . GI @!+ 9:
<" !" .
D"" . '; 2.5 in. ,D+ #( $ '#6
." $ '

.?1 ) " P8 *<$
#, % . 0 / %&

E '?
'$I 'EG
1 : 67 0"
'9
4. '@!+ &" 0"" . " E ' .
(.
" . D / + : .P ,$+ 'EG

.
+ &% '(I 1" D+ < 96"
' 1" DR
." + . > (G 4 ,- ," D 'BD" 9"
$ <" '05 ! 6 1 : ,.4 " 5
. 1"
)-"
/ B #<. Z 4" 'K=!" B = - . <""
,D+ #.$ '2.2/100 ml ,D+ / 1 (1 ',
.#X 1 : #X 1 &"& - <" <- .2 NTU
> /!" B ,D *<$ 1" B = ( @!+ & <""
.( 150 15 " )-"
/
%#1 21
/
4-14
]W ? 5
$ ! (% $ B $
3= +) Ub5
(

? =
? D,
, .d W5 D ! c3

*-
(
U$
- E
\
! " =
) $
>C () , U$
B) ; 3 6
? 35, 5 6 *-
? ,
B) 3) C; . - ; ; , 3
;R >( $ ! X>-
C <
$ -6
$
G5 3 6
W -
6
? .=
. "- #) T $ " * $ (-
L
" ' < L U "

& %6 !" ,].4"
*
\< < D " U "
L 6$ U "
& '(%47) D
. " 5 ,"Q" ($ . < L !"& %53
'41 ,].4" '
. 'E<D 2$ " 2
" U+ < "
" / " 67+ $ E<D #$ + > .#: ,].4" ,.o"
" .
0 G . k M G / 1 !" .W
"
'( U "
& *% 0%) -J-! !" I ." #
.
1<" <". $ &"I .. Z0" !" 1
("$ $ X! <" E E $ + S $
<" & 9 .< 5 I *<$ 1 !"& *<$
'(I= 7 .G4 $ 1 " " <
K=!" B = 0! " !"5 ." + <""
0% ]1 B / 1 2.2/100 ml *% #<. Z 4"
U"% X0" : $ 9: .I . I< < *<$ P01<
1<
*% ,< #<. = !"Q" ' G8
G . k G / ." + <$ , " .23/100 ml \< /
("$ .
<$ 0"" + . + : '(< /%)
'1K< < -!" <" D '" $ !" *<$
G48 Z 4" 1". <$ ,=" .< '5 <
<"" D ' ,. *<$ #I$ . !"5 " )
.B " "
P- e <! (/ $
67 ' <"" " &" 0""
-!" ', 8 '!0< .
L '0!

B1" .EG
D ' " U+ 7
, " '
6$ ,"& #$% <"
" o4
(P !" ,. <" "" . ,D
,

# 8
4 !"Q" D .@" $ 1" *% < /%

U! EW " <. B ?" 6/! !"Q" D '#4

."
0 G "
I
3! 0 , #, ,
'4 :4-14
4 . (4
0 ! (Rapid Rate) 5

5 TOC mg/l !"#$ % &3 mg/l TOC
0.3 mg/l TOC !"#$ % &0.2 mg/l TOX
'
( )*+
' ,
10 mg/l > - .

& &/ & * 0 , ( '
78 ! .,%

(TDS<3000 mg/l)
. !
$ 3 + ) 12 . 3 + * .
(5/
1
.,% 9 . % : .1 # ; '
12 1 / 0%/ -/

( ' )*+ 78 ! .,%
' , (TDS>3000 mg/l)
10 mg/l avg > - .

:# 7$ ,

12 mg/l >
0/
=" :,% ./ ? , " . 10mg/l > <
7% #
" @0 :

.$ -C
&%" + B
% , ! B
<D E
8% F 78 %, -*
@ A %$
A(
5 E -/ :C " =" :,%
7% -G :CC ! B :% 7 1 -C

0 $ # H
I:
. /3 % 8 < &( )
./ J# 5* K? & . % 8 @ &
" 0 H1 . LD
M8 &L*
.

F - ,
'
( )*+
10 mg/l > - .

'
( )*+
.' ,
10 mg/l avg > - .
@ ' A %$

G @
3 'N N
! 5"
%
' 03

!" #$ 2001

)
.(% & &"
7
80* 0 6 * 5-14

. /."" P ;D " 1 " B+ %
.L <! '67 '" 6O @! !"& 0"" '8
. B ?K" ,"
,"& 1 " <" ""
: +
" <" @!+ "$ 2-14 ,
#$L @!+ !" 0"" .4 ,.4 ," #$L ,
.E #6" ". & 9
4 ' ,"
, 84" ' - . '". S+ G % 1 D 1
) !"5 .($ 30 *<$ / @ *<$ !" #$% E
. ',
67 'P0!
' > "

" '# E #6" ". H ' O1
.> " !" 9
4 -$0
(4
$7 %,
9; / 6-14
/ " .4 1
+
4" $ 8" #$% S"" D
/ " !"Q"
*% ' 1
< &
*% K % .4-14 , > . 'B 4" '4
D ,/ ;0 '4 / " !""

. & =.
E$ *"
0% 6" 2
' " P, + *<$ 4"& ,
'" 1 "Q" .9 ,8<8" "5 (2 mm *% 1) 3-5 ft
1 !"Q" & .9
G ,.4. $/ 01 #6
]-! 7
/% ." c7 ,.4 . .
" " ',
$/ 4"&
' G N 0"" .4"& ,6 , <1" .
< 67+
' //" 67 ,> '
G . I$-" ' "
, 6 ft *<$+ /L ) 2
" ., " M+ ,D
.(<
0 E) "
'" I .4" '" ," *<$ ""
*"
2. / '" -!" ' < , E$ '" G .
". '4"& 9
G / - Z 4" , / . OI!"

$- )# E<!" 0
I$-"
" .

3+ 3 .(N 3 - -6 () U= B $ ()

$

6 . 6 << W

? ($
3
C
3Q=
32- .1 =
? ?6
!# "- ;R < G
T
$ $? V B
? !<5
$;
-
.*
- ( +5L
,1 - . ' .

G > 1
/ " 1 8" #$% 9
+
" 768
,1
) # . Z 4" 9
+ 'N *"
1961 1" .?<+ ? 1
' ,I! 0 & *% () . 8" #$H (4"
$ *% ," ( <" 'U! EK" <$ <8 , S"
, B > " U/"" .
,D '> "
. 1 .;4L )
" *% Z4""
" . "
<" P-D *<$ = > / "
.G ,
0
<" ;6/"
T 6. ? 1.
$ B - 3- <> / " " , <
" 4
#$% "" .4"& 9
+ ( 1 1 " N )
I
< .
( 1+ "" = 1 D+ 0 E$ *% 8"
/ " " B N .<<.< -" <"" .
1 .# ! -J-! G + + ',D+ ( '3- <>
$ 1" P=+
<" *<$ < 4V. - , <
" d,

" 7-log /% 2
*% / 0% 2
d, .
. ,1" @" (50 m)150 ft
B1 .(TDS) @" E 1Q" + $ .
. .500 mg/l 0 (TDS) ` 7= 4
*% (TDS) 9-! ' (TDS) >3000 mg/l ` . "
*% 4 B /" ,D < 0Q" .4< <D "
.1
,D <
(TDS) < 3000 mg/l 7
" *% 4 1
- +
. *<$ 0! " 4 /" +
' G / ' G . '

<$ <"" '4 $ p<
/% 0"" . 0 J. 05 /% I"&
.
< , <1" *% 0% '(TDS) / ." , <1" 0$I I .
B !"5 M1" <$ ! 9-14 ,.4 )
". < -. ' . 05 " . -. 21
J. & 0 . G . -
>/ ." > . ' ' 0$I

>/ ."
" ? - "! <" . . ,.4 -""
*<$ = . '400 l *"
100 *% ," " # .
*<$ "! " .
*%
'U! EK" / ." 1" . 2
'-J-! - $/"
$ "< 6 G . 0 !"Q" ."/% 1" .
<$ 1" L / 1 ? 1 !"Q" .
. == =
. / 1 !" ()-
" =.+ L 1 !" %
0 ! Y Y"1 . & D 0 > $ + :
*% () ' *<$ (4V 0 "" . - / ." +
( 1 (TOC) " . .
<" ". $
0$ J. 0" 6 0$ "R" .< L .<
(Total Organic
L 0 !"Q" .
.6 0 6. /L ? 1. (TOC) (TOX) Halides)

' 8" #$% B 4 0" - .
#G <""
' ?! @ *<$ %50 D
<" OI!"& *D+ ("
Z 6 D4 < 20 ft (6.5 m) D *+ (

q 8" 9
6 1 < (100 m) 300 ft D *+ (
'6
.)-"
& / (4 12 D *+ (
'OI!"&
01 1" 1996 $ ( (NRC) 2
l ?< ,J.4 1
. 1 .
<" $ 4 / " -$0 " 1<"

D !"& . F" #$ 1998 $ 4Q 1" 1
1
4 / " =.% " 0" .94 / "
B " E *% K + 4 ,

<" < 4
#4 : !" !"& > *1" .
-!"

<1
K . / ,- ' U/"
< 7- B /" 4 . 4 ,"& #$% + .4<
4 . 4 ,"& #$% % .4 B /" )
<"
.#
" & 16 :
. ']" ,0+ !" *<$ (NRC) 1" 6O
: " #
" & P/+ 9 .4
: ,.4 4 ," #$% R < + '#( '# $
"! '=6<< 1 D <4 D % 'E "< ( <D 'Y ! 4
M. 0"" " ' X D= 0D *<$ / ."

#$% .<"

=R" 1" ' . =6< ' G .
'4 / " 0 Y ! 4 : ,.4 ,"
9" ' *<$ )
+ E " /% 1 >"$
,"& d,
,
" 4< <D : ," #$% 1" ' < @!+
.4< <1 < >
& <* 1 7-14

,.4
X0 ." < > 67 ) Y * " %
$ ' OG!
" > " #! .2-14
EW " $ )"
m+ 1 .BD ) 'U! EW "
. < 6 9F" '
'
U!
"& "$ '67< < <1

1" ." < 0""
' /!"
' "
, ' .
,
' " 0 ' B /" ) D 1 + .,
"!
. G "$ $/ #L

+ .
% '7< < ,1

1" "
:DI /
" . "

+ 7 ,> = Z" +,8<8" +

(1-14)
4$ >D ." #" <X *D 6

D > , D %
,8<8" 1 ',
! ) *<$ ("$ Z" 15 .
#" 67 G /
DI > !"Q" ." )
. '4 ';+ #( $ ." ': /
` ` " 8 *%
<" " .R"
` <:+ ,/`Q" 'Z
` ,.4 , ) . " 67 P=+ + /!"
`) `
" .G0` ` ." ` <8<8" "
/`: *% M
" " 9 "" ,/Q" D '
T " R4 .+&
$ (0 + ,
Q" + " . .7 I8 B 0" "
. " >) ,"
'<8<8" " ,
:> " / DI$
!"5 " = ,

O" + "" /H 1
,8<8" 1
(2-14)
400 lb/ac/yr 200 (

3 5 () 5
$- V
, U
() 3<$ << <-6 3 - (450 kg/ha . y " 220)
3) ' 3 3 $ 3W .* =K
3 5 () U ' ' 9 3, 5
$ V

*6 .(190 kg/ha . y " 80) 170 lb/ac/yr 70 (

5
$ ) D
)
J$0) &' - !# ()

$
3Q-Q
< , *5 .36
5
$ %25 " 15
.*= () X>-- "K 7
% C' 10 mg/l
+5

() 3W
? * >C #$K
K *-

. $ !# 3 $ H 3 6
? 3>6 -

.DK H5
$ $ 3 +=, 6 >C U 3Q=

!
e $ ()
.N * =K , $ 3 - $ 3) $
< 3 HR
3>6 B<
3W *-
f) e $ () *R
O
? , 5
$ , +
6 3 6
?
5 '% ) ; += 3 5 , DN ) * 3W .(N
. DN ) "\ & g *-

" !
$
%+, -.*
%&
* '$
/0"* 1
"
7 +89
2
$:; / .$

+<
=>: A

=>: <@

Process

47 !

,2
) 5
4 6
2 :2-14
U.S. Environmental ,Design Manual for Land Treatment of Municipal Wastewater,
(EPA 625/1-77-008, 1977 ,Protection Agency
" + #) ]8 '7 " P8 , /

." ,]<1 '" - *<$ )
' (--
' " O" '
<i"5 $ $ ,
"! 1" "
*<$+ O" > ' " $ 4$ 67 . .

: .> # =. <"" & ',+ @ *<$ ]8<
"
# . 67 )+ ($ ,60-Q" #. <1
,
+
+ ," B 1 D *% U"
M _ + : '
. G/ "
1-14 =
120 Y"

67 BD ( ) /" 4 G /

'1.0 mgd
<" / " " \< ' "N *<$ ("$
,8<8" '6.0 in./mon ,
Z" \< 4 2.1 in. 7 ,
.10 mg/l ,8<8" "< / ." B 10 in./mon
'
/ "
1.0 mil gal/day . 31 day/mon .
= 9.5 in/mon
7-
9" 1-14 9 "

+ 10 in/mon = 6 in/mon + 2.1 in/mon

= 16 in/mon - 2.1 in/mon = 13.9 in/mon
: /!"

= 0.46 mgd
2-14 =
# G / < "< ,

O"

S" 1- <8<8" 10 mg/l / ." + 9" .1-14 ,=
.25 mg/l
<" < " @"
" .%20 "" /%
'
!"5 "
= 54 lb/ac/mon
"" /% S" 1-

020 . 54 = 11 lb/ac/mon
,8<8" S" 1-

=
= 23 lb/ac/mon
2-14 9 "
54 lb/ac/mon = ,
O" + 11 lb/ac/mon + 23 lb/ac/mon
< ,
O" = 20 lb/ac/mon
# 5$ <* 1 8-14
*% '67 #- &" )l !" <" ""
B /" )+ " <" .,"I #6" BD B <. B /" )+
.4 B /" ) ' /!" 'U "
& / " (1 " " #
.t0
>'! $7 ?

U "
& / " / ',"& # !" . <""
'" /!"
" # " $ " # ,"
+
. 'U "
I #$ R" '/ "
8" #$L " # (> '/ + '?. !""i '(I= .4
#( $ 0G- " 'P"4 .#X 4 9+ $
+ . # D G 7 ' 0 '0 BD 7K8"
' 8" E *1<"" 'Y" <$ < . ,D+ ""
.(G 4 *1<"" & + + < <D (> G 7 0
U, & $% .$ - D6 "- $
6
$ +<$
$ C 3+ 2) $ 2)
b
?
C> O
? +5

U . $ , ) 5 , ,

'0) .* ] () +5
! 5 ] 5
?

%$ ! <5 $ () C O
W ) - O
?
"-

6 $ ! <5 $ 3W
6 () ) & $%
G $9
"- "
6 +5
. $
V-
*5 $ 6 $ 3W .6
! <5 $
)5 () ( 1) 1- 7 , 3N ;N <
, *5 .
6 <- "-, 12 <-
.(U5
B $ ,
, ;N < 1
6
) ;
C; 3 ? .

6R $ 6 (<
? (
5 6
+5
3 3 6
"-

' . !# () $
(
"-, O
? , *5 %$ $ 3W
6
, *5 .! <5 $ 6 $ 3W
6 () 5 & $%
5 , 5
, [ (N +5
(N 56 >R
() 1 *- .H *= , $
R , (
NW
6R #$,
*5 .) h ?
D ;N < 1 3 >

' K U C< 12

6 3 6

. +5
5
<
+
6 +5
? D6 M
D K *-

.*= 5A 6R !6 )5
DN ) 1 >- $ ,
6 - 3 6
", 365
.
6
$0
' " # > ' . ""
(
2
" # , " .!q *% 4 !q *%
& ,I! I
( 2
" 67 *<$ < # , " 'uP
/ " / B /" ) $ =" 6 /!" !" ' "
!"5 <" 4 5 mil gal
6/! 6 U "
&
,I! .+ K1<" *%
. , " .4 /!"
D . ) *% 4"I ". P"4 4+
2
<" 24 hr #"- #( $ B " 7 , ,I! 67 B Y-
. ,I! ,
O" 1 67
" .-
6/! )-
Q" + P"4 ,I! Q" D
/!" B " + . .67 , > " . !"&
!" + ' " + ' < " !" ' G 9
+ +
> " 5 /!" 8 0 =. 0" .
+ " + 08 > " /!"
JQ" . G "D
*% @!+ 6. " #> 1 6
<
]=V " . % 1" #( $ < D . ,-+
9

. *<$ " /K. + . $
, 6
 " 1
Q" . / "
.E
& D # - 9: >"
B 6" *<$ ("$ /!" 6/! J"
@" *<$ ("$ "N /!" " # $ & J" 1 .
:!"&
+ ) L '> " 5 /!" B " E
!" <
, '$ " 4 . < " 9:
. /

. 2
> " 5 /!" #
" B " E
?" G " 4) (1 (!" 1 .
$ G S/". ,. ,4" " 4
.(7
. ;I" ,"
, <1"
/!" - . 6! #6 1 : " B " E

4 + 7 ?K" *<$ D 67+ 9- & 2
'> "
(K=!" (
4" 0"" = ( O !" > <" . G "
D 0% "! B 2.2 MPN/100 ml *% ,< ( 1"
.( " . '7 ' ) 0 0
3 () H /
, 5 6 - $ !#

6R
M J$
? (N 3 ()
#$ .)5
.
! <5 3W
W &' i(N 3 () ;N ) %
&' DK B) D, ()

G < 3, )5

$ $
)5 U +W
, O
? [ 5% 3
?
3 !
(;K

*-
.3 6
W - (
Q

.
?
6 %
6R $ Q
>(N
5$ < 1

.6 3< () j$ ) U
J = %
6 U

)<- $5, * $, () %
6 Y>
, $ #6 *-

, *5 .*= U (;6 +
C <
%
i($5, =
18 in. , *= ( ),) 3 ft 6 "- %
6 * $,
"- *- $ "- U
/3, * $K 5,

. +

5
G <g *- +5
+
9, %
6
Q; * $K 5 B-6
U
#$, 3-

.BN
.EPA NET10 39 5'$ T
*- Q

*<$+ R" ( I

( 84" 'B /" )+ " Z +
<" .# 8" &

" <$ )
" < .
!" $ . G. D D '-<"!
< %
/!" " + 8 >$ '6 D=< X /. D )-"
&
I! 6 . ." + 8 .,D *<$ 24-hr #"- ( G/
+ + ' G. D 7 /" $ K<1" % '" t0 6
'" ,.4 , E< 7 /!" 0" ., D #6/ ."
,. c" ,
" ."< @!+ '6 '+ '4"
# <$ DW " ,
/!" *% ( G/
., ZJ<5 + *% c" ;ID% #$% " 'E B0 *%
> " 5 $ c.$ ,.4 # . /!" 6/! =V" D

" .<- ,6
" " " 8 p<

+ : ."- 9
+ /! 67+ > "
+ &% '> . /" " '> " 5 <" -"
*% () ) )
< # /" @! <

> Z. + . . D = '/ / # 8
"- >6
+ /! Z 4" #<. + ,I! K8 /H
B G U/"" $ G 9
I1 2
.G 9

< < *% I1& , .7
E6" " # 1
67
4 /" 2
'*<$ *% G 9
;D K8
D '< # /
G ,K.4" " 7 . % /"
. " B 7
E6" <!<! P :0 = !"Q"
.> " $
" = '5
;@
, <1 *<$+ ." > " B /" ) , 84" 80 , "
K 8" 80 M
" . B /" )+ " )
" 80 " .(120 Psi) / #/ ) 80
1"" &
B" B '150 Psi *% ," + ) 80 . . '100 Psi 50

B1 + YH '(. . *K+ .90 Psi*% 80 /" $ 80< 7
'1= 80 *<$ )
]. ;-" *<$ /!"
> " )+ , " 'B-" /!" BD : Z"
*<$ J. $ # 8" .
,K<1" ." 80 ( 80 ."
.U "
& / " 1 $ D "
!0
@ A1
/ "< 6 "
. 4< <D ! !"Q" D
D. !"& 9 > " H *% 0% .> "
/ "
. / " /M/" + . '67 EG

5 < "
0 I ,/$ $ 26<"
2
+ 26<"< . ' D #/+ .4 > "
80 + OD" 80 > #6"5 i-i _ .OD" 80 + #6"5 i-i _
I% + ' *<$ . < S" 4 B /" ) 6<
) 2 <" *% 7V .! 1 9-!+ BD !
9-! 80
" ! > . $ '4 ) <"
.4 ) $ 80 + B /" ) 0-! 80
. " <"
*K+ .4 / " 26<" B " &
!"
G> # !" 8 '> " 0L 6$ ) ^ !Q"
6 (/ (6/! G #- ) <" .4 / " 26<" B
" < 7< E / " Y ." 2
'G$
#$L ( G> k ( G (/! !0 <" ./! ,! *%

5 ." $ .!" #$% *% L 80

'4< <1 ," <- R ;6/" > "

" . / " ! *<$ 9-! 80 " B !" . 1
P/. 0!
67 > " !" ,= ') 9
'U/ BD $ !" . 'U/ + ) #6/ 1
.
! #R4 . D O !"
, #"A #, #$ %&
>I" $/ 0 U! EK" !" 1
, . ( 16 "
" $/ 6m+ 1 .1966 $
" $ B1" #
26<" " 8 /L 0L
#" ,I! #6$ $/ M5 1 . # . >

67 #/+ !" 2000 *<$ *% 0 4
( !" 3-14 ,.4 ) . 23 mgd D 67/.
q '$/ ' /!" '6 ,1
< ( "
& .BD E4 *% 9l 0% " N "" .D
K.
" " .11
*% ].5 " 16 *% 14
,.4 )
'#
'7 , B"" c
T ) /.
.
K K.
" " . /!" ;-"
0"" .67 6 *<$ ].5 & 0-! / / !" EK<
; ) : '# '(t / U!"& !"Q" () &. ,

.(".
Q" + 4< <. !"Q") -<"! (4$+ '( 4< <.
,
2" 2; * #! 9 ,
5 2;
9 8 :3-14
$ , '<

'
2 "
SQ"
>D D .+ 2 " E .7 9: t0Q" ' 6/!Q"
Z 4" '
6 '
+ '27.5 mgd
!" III II "
G4+ 1 ' 0% BOD SS /% R" c<
9
+ ,D G>& 6/! R"" IV
+ .4 #R
<$
& ," . , <1" Z ."" /% R" "
X/!Q" .(
" . + $
2 " E " " .4.5 mgd >D " D BD
+ 1 .(4-14 ,.4 )) /
P4% $ I"&
%
!" (1
& M5 <
7
+ 7K1" ZK4
. I
"
"R" < 0% /!" BD B1 .102 mil gal D
.$/ E4 *% 48 mil gal D '
2
!

*$ ,$ , '<
,
=< - > *$
88 :4-14

5
4
C
B 7
D A ; ? @ ; / 8 A
*%
" B ' *<$ ,
67 *<$ )
""
)-
" 2

+ "! . = 1
2
'
'$/ ,I! 2
" " # 1 $1& ,I!
" ,
#% ,I! c" c7 *<$ )
5 . ' !
!q ,
= $/ ,
7G ,1
$/ 0""
'67/. 7
67 #G -
+ @5 .(5-14 ,.4 ))
,
" ,K<1 .!N $/ +
, .
.4
#60 4$
.. Y " ,.4
F% + G2 H

9 5
4 ; 5 5
4
@6 E .5
+
! :5-14
& +$) .(54 ha) 34 acre
&
L .
I F% ,# 2J K;
( %
, '<
, '<
!

. E<"" ,.4 "" 0G- + <1
)
I )"
&6 " \< .6 *% 8 B #60 4$
" '- " K ' (6 cm/week) 2.4 in./week ,"&
Y ,"& ,6 \< . 4$+ .
< , 'EG= $ 1 .(8 cm/week) 3.1 in./week
+ " ,D .<" D 8 =<= + . '" &M
"
+ 1993 '1988 '1984 '1980 $ " 1 4" . / 5
D 1" D ' ". ," ' 0 # / ." 'pH
. ,D Y" =" /& -- / ." " . < =I=
S " " '$ , + # " .

T
*% (-" @
u " 7
" . D B D
. . S <! *% G ,
B " " 8
+ $" / #, + ? #, 0 B ?C' &
32Q=
*= $< 6 >C N 2)
.* $K O $ B $ () U

#$ %
6 5 6 (

]N V
W6 ?

-
6 #$
.U
#$ 5 6 (
6-14 3= +# . 1W
?
'

A; 6 /- ,
" 5
4 & !
/ 8 :6-14
*&) %2 7 #
*8
M '

7 ,;
A9
1 9 G M " .( H
$ ) N
,2
,O
,*&
,
H
7 ,(%
&

G2 6 %
? $ =8
#8 mgd
1979 $ /< > %

I" +
(RWQCB) - . & <DL $ K.
" ?< 6 : $
" 2

" 1 &
( .
K <"
66-
9
P4% ! % 67 #G
'K <" P- L
: 0 > " . 2

vt0 ) B mil gal
+ *% ( G/ ! > B . <
4! #4 /< > %
.1977-1976 - #"- "< <! 1
<
=" ^ Di ' f
#G <$+ $ '1989 $
. 2
I" #. *<$ 1" 1 #G< *$
P ! 9+ D 3500 : 0 ,4 > '> "

2
" 1 *<$ 1990 $ #G D ..6
"
0" . 1 : ,"& #$% <" P- L ' .
'4 #R
"" '( + ( " '1996 $ *<$ #
"
< 22 - . " <" P- e 1" 'Z 4" ' /!"
.3.6 mgd >D D K1 ( == " #
1 . 1 .5 mgd ( 1" \<" # D " # ,1 )
*<$ 1.0 mgd <DL - . & ?<
(+ ',< (" ( V #
< . *<$ )
<
-<! EG
" #$% / .;0 1"
!" .@!+ !" *% 0L 4 5 !"
EG
" #$% ' " # ) !q <84
EG
67 .#R4 4%
" 67 D *<$ )
<
4" *65 !" , 6/5 ' -<!
. ' ', 84" V /"& V 0"" ."> "
.4
W <Q" .7 ) 8" (O
- ' ' ") P4L ,

9 Z E D P/ <" '< + + 4
# !" *<$ & + DI /" + <
6
< (
Pu 9 " )+ 67 D+ 6
" . "
67+ 1" 67 )+ ," D ' B > ?" ,"

" # ,6
"" + -$0 .4 "" . & .D
+ 4< <1 < . .0!
67 4< <D *%
P, U! ! ,I! ,! 1 !"Q"
0 7 [ "-" 6" .>- "

.( #G ,D 0 I
"
B /" )+ < ' " # ) " B
D " 't0
'( ( /!" 0" /< > % .
" 0! E 67 0L " # )+ !"Q" .80&
) B " #D "$& 0"" .8
. EG
';4 ""
' =" "> " '
) " #
. # / . < <" # / RWQCB 80
P4% " # < G ! 0"" ' " #
$ 22 " <" (1 *<$ 1< 0%
P"4 /!" ' /!"
# (> B /" ) " 0"" .- 67 , ,I! !"&
# ) $ .( 0% ( ( /!" '# P- e "
<D (> t0" / t0
G4+ 'f &
> "
/ "< / t0
!" . . " # ) 4<
- . " <" B E"" (>
S"" & $
"
& + '# 67 "
6< + /!" t0 ) . & '22
.) B /" D /" % L
, D #,
/
. . S <! " S <! # / Y4 *<$ p" B1"
' < & ,D 1972 $ *<$ J5 " 1 0
" 3 mg/l 'SS ` BOD ` v,. *<$ 5 mg/l >D ( D
,1
4< <1 Q" .L -- 1 mg/l 'L
/ " *<$ ?" . $ " '(I 60 *
" q
" 4
/L 8 /L ." 7-" .
"
"
2
" "! '67 "

& . B6" .+ > > . 1 : 67_ <
,=" > *% ," B < ,. ," #$% ." #
"
1 $ q $ 0G " # 1
6" '7 K" $ $ .7-
#$% B E"" " 0 + .
G ,

.
*% ( - (
(0 + '1
(0 + " ,"&
p" =6
' 1 : ," #$L & <" P- "&
EK"< 5
Z 4" !"

.67 /!" '05 /L ?" / #<. 'U!
) + .
<" 68.4 mgd >D % D

," #$% ) ! 7-14 ,.4 .1978 ,
<"
67 E ' .4 ," #$% 'B
BD )
' " .<" '8 0 'EG
67 E 0"" . G
< G ! D+ \<" . . E 67 I
*% >D + = ! B
36 in.*% 12 "
6" .300 mile \< % , + PVC "I 12 in./week
)+ , 84" .
T 80 < 85 Psi 50 G 80 *<$ )

) J. " & B + ' )+ , % . "
." 5 ) $ / " ,/" ',

3 *

$ 3 A ;! F G2 9
P / 17 8 :7-14
A9 , # ,Q
Q !
/ 8 A @6 6 .#H
$ !
(P / +$)

H
7 O
/ ,*&

U <"" ' /

*% q #( $ "" " '- 4+ ,I!
" . .30000 gal/mon *
+ 1.5 in./week #( $ 0!
<i5 YK+ *% > /" $ 4 .6000 gal/mon ,/ ,.
.
<" #
< . (> S"" + . I ?!
D . . E ,"

/ 80.000 1 %20 H
< <- 8"< " .
<" .+ . K1<" *<$
'67< !" " ( #"
<" %50 H '7 *<$
.1 N ) YK!0 " 1" 1
< & ,D $0
<" $ <" 0""
5 mg/l D 1K< < *D+ (
> !"&
/ ." '1 D 15 1" <.< 1 mg/l D *+ (

'( $ 67+ )
$ 67 8 &) %75 -4. @"
" / 1<
EK"< (
4" B
. !"Q" .(25/100 ml =.+ 7
" +
4".Q" ( '3 mg/l * 1 , 1K< < ,K<1" U!
U! @ 1" <.< 4.0 mg/l D *+ w
!"5 . / 1
., 84" . /!" /!
%#1 0! /
? /. > " 5 (> < "
V"
D
!" 0"" . - . 'U" D< ?
) (> . '7
"& 1 $ ! ] 9 " 8"
E U" "+ < "
*1<"" .!" "
'4! , /% '<: E R"" .."4 : @!+
' 1" 'c7= E " ']4 #R
' K1"
4 'c+ E "
9G U! EK" B 16.5 mgd " D \<" .#<. /%
.E $ cG ,I4 $ B1"
1200 gpm ` 6$ ,"I <$ M5 1
(
4" 0"" ." /% Y1 c.$ Z0" 500 gpm %
(
4" ' - E 4 ( 1" '7. E (
4" ' G=
,.W 4" G . # 0
_ Q" .(TOC) ` /L 5
K4 .
<"" .!" " !"5 & P/ *% 41
." /L . Z0" !" 0% ( ! K 9 "
Z0" << ',$ 80 !0 '. -1 ( -G- (
4 ) 0"
," " I /5 '71
. /% ) '6.$
'( + 8-14) ,.4 ) .. Z0" )" ) '<"! 1
) 0"" ." *<$ . Z0" 7. E Z 4"<

. > " )+ <D 0
8" ' -
" '#$
.(9-14 ,.4) I" )+ h." >
()

R

H
@

2 !
8-14

17
/ (#) .
17
+ !

+
5
*$
/
(Indeck. Wheeling, IL. : +$) .

,
' 9; F
EA1
- . " 'S+ 1 #G <84 '1976 $
" . 1
I" #$L 21 B

" '4 9: q 67 G

/$ 6 > 21 B % . ,! 5 mil *% ,"
P ( 1" < 2 >$ \ . %75 1 %
/5 .
" E
6. > ?"
.1
,D !q . #6 B
<"
2 A A
,3 8 + &
$!

R H 2" 6 88 :9-14
@ G2
+ G
" # 0 8
= ! A ;! A A
'c 5
Z 4" 'pH ` 0 ' " <$ 6.""
'<! ,D 1" '. /% 'c.$ Z0" 'K4 . //"
'(57000 m3/d) 15 mgd >D D B '(+ 9-13 ,.4) > .
.. Z0" (19000 m3/d) 5 mgd '. //" $
" 1" 11 >D pH D @ " ,
$1 t0Q" 'pH
" .. Z0"< 1 . '<
, . " 9
U! EK" *<$ T
/! . .+ =
D 1 B ?
T " / ,-l " K4 6 5
. $
COD ` O1 ' 0 B ;" //"& S" .1 D 30
2<= S5 .( G/ ?

.. < 1= ,/Q" .%60 *% 50
< /L . Z0" K4 . S5 U! EK"
1
5 '80 $ 8"
550 Psi ` Y80 .5
4D ,K.4" P48 #R<
, 5.5 $ pH D 0 " . 9
S" .*
'6+ ,.4 . " . . .
, %90 5 < 9-! ',
=I= . Z0"

< # 4 6" .%85 " 6 100 mg/l 1 *%
.Y Y

6 " *% #
$I" "! S+ 1 #G J- ' " ,I!
E= -!" 7. Z 4" !" '6- " 9$ ? 1 @!+
,.4) > . '. Z0" #
, 84" #" L
G
9- ,.4) 6 > . ' !" 1 S" .(9-13
*% 4 ,. (- )" <" 10 gpd/sq ft D . Z0"< , 84" ,6 '(+13
'1 ," " .ZG E=& /L B + 5
gpd/sq ft *% . Z0" U" # / (9-13 ,.4) Z60 > .
7. Z 4" <" .($ 22 *% 14

*% , 84" D # / '12
Y"""+ " ' G . " ')
<
,D+ (

4 *% ," # 7. E Z 4" 4:+ ," ',D+ *% Y"

.%95 85 " U" cG . )" *%

B +
9 " ( S+ 1
#G B S+ 1 !"
" B > /
B " '21 B ,
,

.q " *% = 0" 9 " S " '

>+ 8" #$% 9
+ *% + ! B /" 0
.(9-14 ,.4 )) 8" #$% 9
+ B "
*% (87.6 mil m3) 71000 ac-ft ,6 +" ,
$ ;4 R4
/ B E" (160 mil m3) 130000 ac-ft =.+
> D ?5 .> " *<$ < /
E , 'c"% I K 72-in. D 7& + ! P4%
,.o" B 0% "" . 8" #$% 9
+
!0 " $ (1172 kPa) 170 Psi 80 "" . I
8" #$% , 84" / .9
$ (27.5 kPa) 4 Psi *%
*<$ "$& ,]<1 - ) ,I! / " D=
m3/d) 65 mgd ` 4 > ,1
< #X1 D \<" .<
" # @"

.#6 !" *<$ ("$ (246025
/ "<
< 9-! 7 ,D+ 5 I
.#6 . ,
<

#G< 1 D
( = E *1<"
#R
!" ( 1" %80 S .S+ 1

BOD 20 mg/l 7
" 8" ( " c71" Z4 <$ %20 4
.SS
'- E 1" '6.$ Z0" '67. Z 4" E ."
< /L 67. Z 4" !"5 .(9-13 ,.4) Y4 ,.4
> " . ". ' G"& '1K<
Z 4" ,]<1 '1 . .(0.2 NTU ,D+ #.$) >+
Z0" <$ / , 84" #" ,
G 7.
. Z0" , / .%97 80 ." + BD" ..
@
u "

<" (> S" 5 0$I 0 J.
<< 15 * <
0"" .(TOC) 5 < 9-!
D EK" B ' G4: $ 7 *<$ 7"
" '80 P$ 150 B (
, )
1" " .(18925 m3/d) 5 mgd D L (0.5 m3/d/m2) 12 gpd/sq ft
/% ' - , " c0% /
B - E 4
L /L H ' 1" 6. Z0" S . - %99.99
.6-log /% %99.9999 *% ," ' -<
4 / "
<" < 4 : ,"& #$% %
? G % .K" . & 6 1
+ 4 ,1

" ,I! Y <$ 7 'q " > - . S+ 1
. *<$+ # 6"
' d,. -
(1
&
" ,-+ D ,8<8""
wU !"5 . 8" #$% ,8<8" 4 ,1
M
" .4
. 1
BD D 1"
*<$+ Y$-" < *<$ )

/
98 %
< " .G ,
,!
B " '
;-"
(37 m) 120 ft N E$+ "" . *% P"4 *<$

m3/day *% 3785 ) 2.4 mgd 1 "" D (207 m) 690 ft
.(9084
5
1. Estimated Use of Water in the United States in 2000, Water Resources of
the United States, U.S. Geological Survey, 2000, <http://water.usgs.
gov/watuse>.
2. Water Facts No. 23: Water Recycling,. California Department of Water
Resources, 2002, <http://www.wue.watcr.ca.gov/recycle/docs/WaterFact
23.pdf>.
3. 2005 Reuse Inventory Report. Florida Department of Environmental
Protection, 2005. <http://www.dep.state.fl.us/water/reuse/inventory.html>.
4. Arizona Administrative CODe, 2001, Title 18, Chapter 11, Article 3.
Reclaimed Water Quality Standards, State of Arizona, 2001.
5. California CODe of Regulations, 2001, Title 22, Division 4, Chapter 3,
Water Recycling Criteria, State of California, 2001.
6. Florida Administrative CODe, 2001, Chapter 62- 610. Reuse of Reclaimed
Water and Land Application, State of Florida, 2001.
7. Guidelines for the Treatment and Use of Reclaimed Water. Hawaii State
Department of Health, 22 November 1993.
8. Denitrification, Attenuation of Organic Compounds, and Colloid
Transport Beneath a Reclaimed-Water Artificial Recharge Basin. U.S.
Geological Survey, USGS Water Resources of California, 2000,
<http://ca.water.usgs.gov/projects00/ca498 html>.
9. Issues in Potable Reuse: The Viability of Augmenting Drinking Water
Supplies with Reclaimed Water. Washington, DC: National Academy
Press, 1998.
10. EPANET 2.0, Water Supply and Water Resources, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, 2002, <http://www.epa.gov/ORD/NRMRL/wswrd/
epanet.Html>.
" #,@/ 5

Water Reuse Association, <http://www.watereuse.org>.
C
!" ) &" "" . 1-14
x

!" Y4" . x " #5 < G &"& 2-14
x " . ' <
x ," #$H $ <" K.
"" . 3-14
$ 6 1 : ," #$L $ <" "" . 4-14
x G8 : ,
< 67 <"
S >+ > x " 1" $ 5-14
!"& 0% < *<$ ,
< 1-13 *% B) ';4 1"
.("%
x - . 1" Z 4"< < " GD > 6-14
5 6/"
"N 7-14
/
';4 "" " 0! E ': 0 67 > "
'30 ft d,. D
4 6
.E" /. + 0!+
'8 mg/l >D <. $ 'cu ft < 5.1 Y
<. B ?" 9

x" + . " ,.4 >
67 ,1 6 1 c$/ 67 $ <" D 8-14

.6 1 :
U! EK" 7"
.c$/ c7 (0+ M" + " 9-14
D ,
' " " 24 mg/l 'mgd 2.3 \
(
& 0 .380 lb/ac/yr 320 lb/ac/yr D " O"
"" /L 0 67+ 1" in./ week 4.0*<$
,"& &
x> " ,"& < $ ."
EK" 7"
.$/ 67 (0+ " + @!+ " 10-14
,
O" ' " " 24 mg/l '2.3 mgd \ U!

67+ & B0" 2.3 in./mo. 7 , \< .400 lb/ac/yr
5.9 in./ac/mo \< Y+ "
Z" ? D " .,"& &
'EK" P/ "" /% 6" % .14 in./mo \< Y+ ,8<8" ? D^ . '

x< $ '1.0 mgd 10 mg/l > "
x> " ,"& <

. "N , *<$ 67 " " 11-14
9

:Z <") /!" <" > 4 <
.(,+ 4" 1 Y
" /!"
67 *<$ E" " <" $ > 12-14
> .#6 1 : #6 1 <"
< [D x: 0
x , 'S " '/ 1 "$
x " # I"!& > 13-14
7-14 G H0

No/100 ml
(NTU)
No./100 ml
(NTU)
280
15
21.2
2>
15.3
1.8
18.3
2>
15.4
2>
1.4
18.1
2>
17.2
2>
1.2
15.4
2.2
1.4
22.3
2>
1.2
15.3
1.8
31.5
2>
1.3
15.6
28
13.4

(mgd)

(mgd)
11-14 G H0

& $'%
(in./ac/wk)
(in./mo)#$%
"

(in./mo)
(mgd) !

3.05
* +
1.8
4.5
$
2.3
3.15
,-
2.5
2.46
+
2.51
.
10
1.87
+0
12
1.76
0
%
12
1.75
-
12
1.7
"'.
1.62
". +%
1.64
* +%
2.25
". +

1
$ <" > 14-14
0"& > xB 4"& $ <" "" . x
.(<
0 E :Z <") x" 0L < $0
/ " # / NRC ,D
"1 "
& > 15-14
x4
U "
& / " *<$ 6 67 ) " " 16-14
! *<$ U "
& / " ( ."N , 5
(: . /!" ;" + 9" :Z <") . /!" <"
.Y-
.(= 4"
. K"" & . ',"& #5 : 50 @5 17-14
/ " #( / / " <" 'q /" .
x 0 I 0
> .4
. 6+ . x "<.4 >I" K<
. 18-14
x( - (

x% 67 #G ." #5 &" > 19-14
D / "< 6$ ,"& #$L < > 20-14

(7> <" :)
I) x "
x 8" #$L !"5 > 21-14
<1 / " + 9" .<! P8 *% B 22-14
4 ' '
'(
) "R" D 4<
' " # '1" ' >+
#$% /!" #
$ >+ ." . I"
. E !"5 ]. x !"
16-14 G H0

'

$ 0%
(ac-ft/mo)
(mgd)
143.61
4.19
148.40

'

$ 0%
(ac-ft/mo)
(mgd)
0
%
6.38
* +
4.09
-
7.71
$
143.61
3.77
"'.
17.28
6.03
,-
107.71
3.59
". +%
35.90
5.32
+
3.89
* +%
71.81
4.95
.
4.31
". +
107.71
4.13
+0

-
acres
biochemical oxygen demand (5

day)

degrees Celsius
BOD

cubic feet per minute
cfm

Centimeters
cm

cubic feet
cu ft
Day
Diameter
dia.
dissolved oxygen
DO
! ""# degrees Fahrenheit
! $% &%' () food-to-microorganism ratio
F/M
* # feet per second
fps
Feet
+ grams
ft
!+ Gallons
gal
-, !+ gallons per capita per day

# + gallons per minute
Grains
ac
g
gpcd
gpm
gr
. Hour
h hr
/ Hectare
ha
0 1 horsepower
hp
2' Inches
in.
+, Kilogram
kg

, Kilometer
km
, kilonewton
kN
3, kilopascal
kP
, Kilowatt
kW
! Liters
! pounds
Ib

Meters
&04 5, 6

maximum contaminant level
7#
,
Milliequivalents
, 7#
,
milliequivalents per liter
# (8
,

29
:

parts per million ppm

pounds per
square inch
) ,
) ,
psi
, #
MCL
meq
meq/l
milligrams
Mg
milligrams
per liter
mg/l
,
*
second
s, sec
3
;0

million
% + gallons per
acre per day
ac
,
specific oxygen
uptake rate
sour
# +

million
gallons per
day
mgad
mgd
.
:

,0
<,
*>* *
"
square feet
sq ft
suspended soils
SS
trihalomethane
3

miles
mi
+
million
gallons
mil
gal
THM
=
minutes
min
total organic
carbon
(TOC)

,
millimeters
mm
volatile
suspended
solids
VSS
"?
months
mon
most
probable
number
MPN
,

$.

'
,0
1 <,

year
*4
y yr
A
@

142.9

43560

0.001 56

!
0.035 27

43560

0.002 21

325850

&&'
2.540
()
$%! &&'
76.0
" #

2.205

$%! ()
29.92
" #
,
33.90
" #
14.7
" #
+
*
-.
/
0.062 43
14.22
&
*

-.
/ &&'
/

0.6241
&
()
0.3937
&&'
&&'
1000
&
()
0.061 02
&&'

0.035 31
&
()
1728

0.2642
&

7.481

+
15.85
0 &
&
28.32

log e
2.303
log 10
1
0.6463

log 10
0.4343
+
448.8

&&'
100
log e (e =
2.7183)
&

35.31
&

3.281
&

264.2
&
()
39.37
&
&
1000
&
0
3.281
0 &

2120
&
&
0.001

2!"
&
$%
1440

0.0584
&
30
86400

8.345
&
&&'
30.84

7000

()
12

!&
0.3048

-.
0.4335
,
&&'
3785

453.6

-.
0.006 95
+
()
0.1550
&&'

0.1337

10.76
&
* ()
231

640

&
3.785

4 "

8.345

F =32+
9 /5

0.002 23
+
5 /9
F -32

8.021
+

2000
#
&
17.12

(
) SI

89: 3; &
!
4
7
&
#

&
0
!
kg
sec
K
<
4 #

& 4 "
mol

4 7
89: 3; &
rad

&' !
kg . m/s2
&
4
N/m2
Pa
'
#
N.m
"
>#
9
J/s
#
4

104 m2
ha
&?
'
10-3 m3
&
"
m2
/ &
'
m3
* &
"
m/s
0 &
#9 '
/ &
m/s
kg/m3
0
&
2':
+&(

4'
3#9 @'&
;0

a

# % &' +* ' , ( ! " # $ )
b
6(K) #5 1 4 (C) 4 " 1 1 2 #3 SI. -! # $. /!0
.4 57 % #5 273.15 ! " 57 4
SI

!
+'
< & <
7
&
1012
1000 000 000 000
"
109
1000 000 000

10
1000 000

10
1000
&?
10
100
da

10
10
3'
3&'
3

&;
&
10
-1
0.1
10
-2
0.01
10
-3
0.001
10
-6
0.000001
10
-9
0.000000001
10
-12
0.000000000001
10
-15
0.000000000000001
10
-18
0.000000000000000001
SI
!"
#

*
16.02

;0
&

* +
km >&
1.609
mi

m >&
0.9144
yd
BOD 3% C "' B&

m >&
0.3048
ft
&
1000

mm >& D
25.4
in -)
*
16.02
> .*

/ &

0.1121

.&?/
m2 >/ &
4047
m2 >/ &
0.8361
m2 >/ &
0.0929
&/
4.883

*
m3>* &
1234

m 3>* &
0.7649
m3 >* &
0.02832
*
d
*
cu ft
l >&
28.32
l >&
3.785
/ +

7F

/
0.9353
& * &
0
ft/sec
>0 &
m/sec
0.00508
+
ft/min
*'
* &
3785.0

3

mgpd
0.04075 + 3
> 0 &

sec/m3
43.81
* &
5.450
'
0.3048
d/m3>
/

>0 &
m/sec
9353
ha . d/m3
3
mgad
&F * &
/

/
d
sq /
f
2
in sq in

& * &
645.2
+

>/ &
mm2

*
sq /

mi
0.4047 acre ac
2.59
>
16.02
>/ &
km2
ha >&?

1.121
&
'

d . m 2/ m 3
/ & &
0.6790
0

& * &
0.1337
*
gal/sq ft/day
/3 >
+ 3
l/s > 0 &

0.02832

+ 3

*
!&

mg/l >&
0.1198

lib/mil gal
4.448
kPa >
'
0.04788
/ -.

psf
6.895
/ -.

psi
kW >
0.7457
cu ft/sec
&
2000 ) #
(1000 kg)
0.9072
kg
907.2
kg
0.4536
lb >
453.6
(lb
;0

+
16.02

*
F&
*
/* &
(2?)
0.06243

4+

lb 4
#
kPa >
'
4+
N >&
sec/ m3
0.06309
+ /

+
gpm
hp > 4
>K

!"
SI
#

$! % &
8

220.59
95.94

80
42
144.24
8

89
13
8

A
Hg
Mo
=8

B
26.9815
60
Nd

20.183
58.71
92.906
14.0067
190.2
10
93
28
41
7
102
76
Ne
Np
Ni
Nb
N
No
Os

3

B
121.75
39.948
74.9216

,

15.9994
106.4
30.9738
8
46
15
O
Pd
P
195.09
-
78
94
84
Pt
Pu
Po
39.102
140.907
19
59
K
Pr
61
91
Pm
pa
88
86
Ra
Rn
8

A
Ac
Al

95
Am

Sb
Ar
As
At
Ba
Bk
Be

+
C 8

B
9.0122
51
18
33
85
56
97
4

,
,

A
-#
208.980
10.811
97.904
83
5
35
Bi
B
Br
5
8

>
,

112.40
40.08
48
20
98
Cd
Ca
Cf

-
6
58
C
Ce

55
17
Cs
Cl
8
,
24
27
Cr
Co

!
B
137.34
B
12.01115

8 140.12
132.905
*

35.453

51.990
58.9332
186.2
102.905
85.47
75
45
37
Re
Rh
Rb

B
162.50
29
96
66
Cu
Cm
Dy
D

101.07
150.35
44.950
44
62
21
Ru
Sm
Sc
*

B
167.26
151.96
99
68
63
Es
Er
Eu
?

78.96
34
Se
,
100
Fm

#
14
47
11
38
16
Si
Ag
Na
Sr
S
,
$#
0

!
B
18.9984
28.86
107.868
22.998
87.62
32.064
B
157.25
69.72
72.59
9
87
64
31
32
F
Fr
Gpd
Ga
Ge
,#
#
+
+

189.948
127.60
73
43
52
Ta
Tc
Te

,,
196.967
178.49
4.0026
79
72
2
Au
Hf
He
/
#/
,/
158.924
204.37
65
81
Tb
Ti

*
164.930
1.00797
67
1
Ho
H

/
/
232.038
168.934
118.69
47.90
183.85
90
69
50
22
74
Th
Tm
Sn
Ti
W
114.82
126.9044
192.2
55.847
83.80
49
53
77
26
36
In
I
Ir
Fe
Kr
238.03
92
*
*
0

)

138.91
57
La
'

'

A
50.942
131.30
23
54
V
Xe
207.19
6.939
82
3
Pb
Li
173.04
70
Yb
<E#

174.97
71
Lu
88. 905
65.37
91.22
39
30
40
Y
Zn
Zr

24.312
54.9380
-
12
25
101
Mg
Mn
Md
63.546
(G8) (
8
;0
*

8)
8 )
-
!' * +
' , "
w x l =

2w + 2l =
w x l d x=
x r2 =

2 x x r =
x 2r x d =
r 12 = 1

d
( A1 + A2 + A1 A2 ) =
e
r 22 = 2
d
( A1 + 4 A2 + A3 ) =
e

= A1
= A2
= A3
= d
r2
=
360
! " #$
r
= #% &
180
=
'
4/3 r3 =
r
r 2 + h 2 =

2
r h =
3
abh
=
3
= = )
= *%
(
53.4 52.4 "+ & "% " ",' -
(0* 1,) #$ #*.

1
Abdominal
Absorption Absorbance
Access Ports
Access Walkway
Acronym
Activated Biological
Filtration (ABF)

!
" ! #
$! # % &'
() * + # $! # %
, * - $. *
"/! 0 *0 $ * )
!
1* 2
3 , -* + % : -*
Activated Sludge
4 # % (5 " 6

". + $,)!0
$/' 8/ / 679 77; :77
Adsorption
6! 77;
"7, $ <&, ='
/! /> 2) 7? @)# '
A B
Aerator
10
Aerobe
11
Agglomerates
$-/ 4 ">9 (> ! "

CB * . )!
$,)!0 ;# D ; * !
/, (/,* / "* +, =! %E!
);
12
Aggressive
13
Air Headers
14
Airloc Balls
15
American Water Works

Association
%/9 =)0 F*0 % 6

G HIJ
, * - + 6' " +
4/ "/ K, (> " 4 ",
"7 L) *
(!*/ (/ /!* "! :4 =* "!
<0 6' 4 <)
!0 "M
/! "A9 $ 0 <! :N0
16
Ammonification
/* "/* 8/*# $. 8*# $. 1,

,
/> K * 7 $* :6O %*
17
Amoebas
D/ ./!* $ K! P <B %!

6./ 7, 6'
"* %, Q
*7 C) $)R
18
Amylolysis
19
Anaerobiosis
20
Ancillary
21
Animal Viruses
22
Anion
23
Anoxic
24
Antibodies
25
Appendage
26
Appurtenance
27
Aquifer
28
Arterial Main
1./ 6/! %/* "!) # 4 %*

$,)! $ B; *
". 0 " C ' '.# >*
' ")'
* <) $ :$
,)!;
(), % ,)! %! "7, :. (),
9 ? ( 6' (), # *
$/. 4/ <)/ > : %*
)
$P ) 3 < : ) <
) 3 <
",*;
3/ 6/> / 3 :%5 (.

29
Assimilative Capacity
/. "5- T*# $ )

3/ $) $ * * .
>
30
Atmospheric Vacuum
Breaker
31
Atomic Absorption
Spectrometer
% %* + :4 4A# %H '

< 3 (U # <
/! (> => 1& ; =>
32
/ $/ / /, %0 %*

6)?!
7
5!#
Augmentation
K/' $/! C %> &;9 $ 4 :(*

33
Autoclave
"/) K/ $ ?. * ", V

6' "> 6'
34
Autothermal Thermophilic
Aerobic Digestion ATAD
35
Autotrophic
36
Back Beater
37
Back Pressure
?.
38
Backflooding
F'
39
Backwashing
%)
40
Bacterial Substrate
41
Bacteriophage
42
Baffle Plates
43
Balance
44
Bar Graph
45
Bar Screen
* <* * 6& 6B (.B

$/ &/ </! (> ". &? &
) "!
) -* W7 (> 9 9
D/ 1& 2) :1! 2)

! K 8&?
! (5, "A!O
(/ /!* /5 29 : 29
<); % (!* ,
$7
% .$7
P'!
S/' /* "/ F 6
CA5 $7! %*
! @A)0 $ ; $. $ Q %
+ B
46
Barrel And Socket
47
Basic Cost Functions
48
Batch
49
Beads
50
Bearing
51
Beaver
52
Bedding
53
Bedrock
54
Bell & Spigot joint
, S
(/ +/9 "& - > )) U
$!)
/' (/> " " $ , '
*
(,*0 9 ) "*
/!* 47/,0 $ % 9 :%* )
($) * >
6' ) 34 F> * :)
S0 $ 0 $ "* %,
C)) & 6 > >
7 "* 6- 1& :(0
"))0 K
/ +/ =-! %! K < %
) %! K O <
) %! @* @! $ (7* :% (7*
55
Belt Conveyor
/, "/* + / (, 6' ()

$! # $! $ 9 %> B
56
Belt Filter Press
-* $ 4 Q7 :(7* 2 .

)/! / (./ : 9 ")*
57
Beneficial Soil Amendment
/ "/ "/!9 $/ "7,

</ /, (, + $)*
>9
58
Benthic
59
Best Efficiency Point
60
Binary Division
Q D * "! :G "!

* "*
40 ' $! 7, Z %.'0 %? >
$,& @A)
$ # * K' ()> W7 ()>
$/* $/ $/! W& :$ (, W&

61
Bingham Plastic Model
%/5 (/> >5 %) <)

-* Z 9* %)
62
/B5- %* 7! = :* )>

* ,)0 A 6'
64
Biochemical Oxygen
Demand (BOD)
Biocide
65
Biological Bed
66
Biomass Decay Coefficient
67
Biota
( >* "* ") * "!
68
Blank
8* 7! 1 $ \%

(>
69
Blower
70
BOD Equivalent Population

Load
71
Body- And Non-BodyContact Recreation
72
Boom
73
Booster Pumps
74
Borehole
75
Bourdon Gauge
76
Brackets
A) $. 5 Z )
78
Brackish
* ) 4
79
Brine
80
Brush Aerators
81
Bubbler
63
Bioassay
(@*!) $,)![ 6! W*

* ". G)
* >
* ! %* %
9, 4B S :4 "'

$)
(@*!) / '! $!) *
$./ ; $./ ' ,)
4 + C), C)
+ F> + :% Q&
) K!' K# $ $! O L9
/. 7B, * ". 77 ".
. C'
9* ,
6/' %)/ ?/. => 7, :$ =>
($ 6)9 )) )0
& * 4

6' "& "
%! -* # 4 (> K! 7, ">'
)! +) $- ' 4 7 ">'
82
Bubbler Stone
83
Buffer
84
Bulking
85
Buoyant
86
88
Burner
Butterfly Control Vane
Assembly
Capability
89
Capture
87
K! 6' ]) & ">9 E

4 7 ">' %! 4 (> $
/ K/> 6! <! :(U %*
K# K'.# 6! %9 )
%! 6' , %* 6' "7, <&,# :%!
/, ! $ ! 9 :9 %
1* %* # ) .9 '5!
< %# $P O 6' :< (.
' (!* ,
7, O 4 49! :>
77;/ / $/0 ) :@)#
CA5 ;
5 $) <) % > :^Î)
_
90
Carcinogenicity
" F (), 6' 9 A (
S'/ ) W B ? T*
]
' F0 " ? +
91
92
%* 7
Carrier Gas
Cartridge Or Large Disk
Filter
99 "*

$/! K/9? , <) > :4)!#
93
Casing
94
Catalyctic
95
Categorical
96
Cation
97
Caulk Caulking
98
Cause-And-Effect
Relationship
<)/ +/. /) ,) K <)
Centrifugal Pumps
& ".
9* %) 6) $!

" $ C
K) 6! %9 # .
79*
2
G> :S
* 6,# $ :!
%/ 6/' () 4 7 !
"*A 4
% Q $ A :5- <) A
99
35- 8
100
101
( +
Check Float Element

Chemical Oxygen Demand
(COD)
6! $,)!0 W*

% ' * # > 6 %* >
101
Chromatography
/ / C %* 6' , "!

9 % $ 77A
L ( A? "*9 $ "* :=
102
Clam
%/ $/. D ( 1.2 # ( 0.1 $ B

*. * 3
103
Clarification Clarifier
104
Clean Water Act (CWA)
105
Clear Well
106
Clear-Well Storage
107
Clogging
109
Cluster
110
Coagulation
111
Code
112
Coefficient Of Rigidity
113
Colorimeter
114
Combustibility
115
Combustion
116
Compactor
117
Compactor
%* $ < % ' :S

9U 3 +
"*/ "* +. 4 :2 4 4
2 4 +,
2/ 4 $7 +, :* 3 $7
"* "* 6'
"*' ) <0 6' <); :)
"A.9 < (! +, , "*
%* "! $ $! +,
!
>
%/* 6/' (,* ? "7, <&, :5
"! %! B5
9/ (/U
9 )
$ , :7
2
3, % :A %
$ '5! => 7, :6 =>
/ S* ) => :S*A >
S* $' 6' L9 $! 6'
S*
]
/ S "! %) :*

118
Compartment
119
Compliance
120
Composite Sampling
O $ C47, %5 > :,*

U " $> %5 :(7
B7, ( * T ")
%/ 9 + $ +, :<! $
* %.' %5 #
%/* $/ , . $ ! :E )
121
Compost
%2 8* "& $)* () "

% 2 9)' %1a0.5
$,
122
Compression Joint
123
Compressive Strength
124
Concentrates
125
Concentric
126
Constriction
127
Control Console
128
Control Orifice
129
Corporation Stop
130
Corrosivity
131
Counterbalanced
132
Crossover
133
Crustacean
134
Cryogenic Air Separation
?. "A

S/ , )! > :?.; >
.
</) 47,
$ 7! 47, :7!
%* $ % 7!
/ = 0 ! )B %! :7! *
7! =9
F>
>
$/ / (!* * :(!* "
(!* *
- + , * "
) A $ 5- ( B_b' :(!* "*'
, * " $
-/ / (!*/ ) + :))P +
3 7,
F/*0 +/ %9 :H!
",' ! & "! ! =)0
=! c'! 5- :C)! $7
%*
(U 6? 6! 6)! Q + :"
(),
.9 * ", 4 % '
/) /* ,)0 ! Q7 :")
135
Culture
136
Culture Media
137
Culvert
138
Curb
139
Curb Stop
140
Current (Velocity) Meter
141
Cushion Chamber
!* 9 $ $! * "& ) ,*
142
Cyclone Separator
7* # !* % ' 7'

") )
S "* & 3 ,
S '*
7,*

2! +
<) )
()/, ,) $. $! ? =! :=!

143
Cyst
=! 1* .* @* K % 9

"/, /! / %* ]
!
" " %,)
144
Data-Logging
145
Dawning
,)
146
Dead-end
&' S ) S
147
Decantation
148
Declining Growth Phase
149
Decomposer
150
Deficiency
151
Deflection
152
Degradation
153
Degree Of Compaction
154
Dehydration
155
Demineralization
156
Deodorizing
<) S' $ 6' %) <!) :#

+,
". %* <) :%*
4 6' %
K# W*; "! * 6' >
( *
0 ) 6' *
) 6' *
! # @!9

49! 40 6' +,
6' +,
) "! ,
/ S/ /
$ 4 Q7 9,
,* ># 1, 1.
LA0 " 7#
! * 7#
157
Depletion
158
Desirability
159
Destabilize
160
Detention Time
161
Dewatering
$ ! 7* 7) :<.

+/ 6 7 $)* %, :49! ,

6' $,
(U >) 77 >
$7 *
/ /' > 6 7 9 :U9*; $7
"- %* 4 U9*
"/ $9/ 4 9, 4 Q7
!
$/ /> ? "7, % ' :6 7
162
Dialysis
";/ 6' $ %* 6' & "0

&9 4 () ;
163
Diastase
164
Differential Pressure Gauge
165
Diffuser
166
Diffusion
167
Dimer
168
Dimictic
169
171
Discharge
Disinfection/Disinfection by
product ( D/Dbp)
Dispense
172
Dispersion
173
Distillate
174
Diverging
175
Doctor Blade
170
/ 9 "7 !) # 4 %*

!) # * "B! @!9 6
6.9 ?. "
"5'
0 7! > $ %> :;
% 0 7! > #
$>/ $7/, $/ $! 67, > :W7
F . $
+ 6' <A>; 5
d9
S'
L

(> , ] # (> )
*
* # $ ! +7
B , BU 1 "
5! (5 $) > ] :e

K < % 0 $ ;
6/' -/* /! 29 :! ,
, "*

/ / /! B C. 1 ; :,B
176
Dormant
177
Dose-Step Method
178
Double Acting
179
Double Check Valve
180
Double Suction
181
Downspouts
<) "

<7
182
Downstream
8, 3, 6'

8, %9)
183
Dragline
184
Drain
185
Drainage Rate
186
Draw
) U 6'

a, >
9 65
W7 + (
W7 <*)
/) /9* ] %> . O :!) ',

@) > @* ! *

%)
2
$7 * 6' ! : %
, (> ,
9*/ (/> / :/9* 9* >
187
Drill Bit
<!
9 %! "& &;9 $
<>5 > 6'
188
Drinking Water Equivalent

Level (DWEL)
189
Drip Emitters
190
Drip Pan
191
Drive
192
Drive Assembly
193
Drive Chain
194
Driveways
195
Drop Structure
196
Durability
< 3 c'! 1)

()/
K (!* $! % 4 " "5'
5* 1 U 6' +) S
6' % %) $ ] 4 :% %) >)
3 , "*
/)
/O 6' %? $ %P) 47,

<)*
%? # %? ,
>5 O 6' @* 7,
9
% 2 ) >
B O
197
Duration
198
Dyes
199
Dynamic
200
Effective Yield
201
Effluent
202
Ejector
203
Elapsed Time
204
Elasticity Module
205
Elastomer
206
Electronic Access Devices
207
Elimination
208
Elm
209
Emulsion
210
Enactment
211
Encapsulate
212
Endogenous growth phase
213
Energy Gradient
214
Enforcement
215
Enumeration
216
Environmental Impairment
4>
)

$ 49. () 95! . "! :?
9
(9
@*
) 9 7
%'
6!
*
6
FH' <
W S'
' .
40 S?) $7
/# / CB (), 7 : %
KB ) > %7 60 K!
"9 + :6
! % "
%!/ 6! % ) 67' % )
%9 ) %A ! 41e7J, "& )
,! "? 6' U , :
7
B/* K' Q7 5! $) $ ]7
<*)
))* >
, "* , ">!
$ $)
*
$.*
?
* )) $. 6&
%/>* 6/' * Q 3, :6 W
1*
./ (!* # + $ F' &9fH#
>
BU $! 1 4 *#
/ / /0 , 6 B
7 9
217
218
Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA)
Epilimnion
!
> * ' *) >
/9 / <)/ "* 3 . :'
219
Eutrophication
%> * <) 6

"&? ' , "
$,)!0 , ( "*
220
Excretion
* ", "79
221
Exponentially
6. = S' Q) 5! :6)
222
Exposure
223
Extension
/! /7' U F !

. )
+/ '.#
7 ' '.# :
B! '.#
$/ )/) %* ,# :S5
224
Extrusion
$/ / K)! "*

K' . * "!
$/* $./ $/! $/5 $)0
225
Eytosine Thymine
$/5 %5 %5 , $! $,

DNA F* 0 "! *
226
Facility
227
Facultative
228
Feasible
229
Feast- And-Famine Cycle
230
Features
231
Fecal Oral Route
232
Feeder
233
Fertilization
",*; )) " (> (> S' -

KB' +, .
/ $ 5!- (> $!
1
* > $ $ 6*
%>
6
<)
(A
S>* $!
' >*
/U $ C)) C! C47, %5 )) "7
(
"/. %/> ) :19 17 S
6. 7,' (9 # C; 7 $ 9
6' # '
)0 '.g F0 )

6 6* 1 2> <

234
Filament
235
Fill And Discharge Basin
236
Filter Beds
237
Filtrate
238
Finished Water
239
Fire Flow
6/' / %! , "!

*
4% F*
C/>' </ 2/ /* > ")
,*0
2 $. 3 $ ] 4 :2
/* 6' , 6 ] : 3
,
",*; 7 3 "! :S* 4 <)
h S*
C S 6 <) : 7 $,
240
Firewalls And Router Packet
!) S "? $. < ) ;

S'/ +/ ]/ 6/' </)* ( 6'
Z <)* $ "
6' <0 " <! "7, "A
241
Fitting
"/); 6/' (!* B <! %7

3 9
242
Flagellated
%! )
243
Flanged
7 '* &
244
Flash Evaporator Chambers
245
Float-Operated Valve
246
Flocculation
247
Flocs
248
Floes
249
Flooding
/* /, +' K' ( +)

+) <) c,9 %!
( (
%/! "/7, @) % +, =! !
. # ?
"/7, @/) 9. ", "'
"!
. + ? %!
* 3 \ ,
6/ +/, <) Q9 :$.'
$'

K)
3 <) 6 6
/ S/ 6' 4) F0 2)
.',
250
Flow Meter
251
Fluctuation
252
Flume
$.9 3 <) =>

C/!
/ / (U B :2,-
C!
%)
3 %>
. * :($)0 D ) 9 $)0 ()
253
Fluorosis
, 6> # 9 0 $)0 ' $ 7

7 9 9 "! %
254
Flushing
255
Fomite
256
Food-To-Microorganism
Ratios F/M
/7 ' 6' 3 $ ! "! %) :

U* C* $! C,
%/> ) <) " :
F 8
(/& , ".a4& )
/ $/! <0 $ :?. =
%/ ?./ < 3 ' j. 0 !
256
Force Main
3/ ' j.

$!) + # > !
8 # j. * $ > ! ?.
, * # #
=/! / 3 !* 9 :)
257
Forced Vortex
5-/ "* %9)0 * ' ) <>

%9)[ <); B, .9
258
Forced-Air Ventilation
259
Foul
260
Frequency
261
Full-Scale
6B :> Q' 4

> K,
%*
$H9
)'
H&
K!
=/9 6/' / W0
!

$7 * %A >
6 =>
262
& ]B
Fuming
$/ / $ > >* : ",

263
Gaskets
8 O @* $. <) + 8

%! S# $-
264
Gastrointestinal
265
Gate
266
Gauge
267
Gear Reducer
268
Genera
270
General-Service Compound
Meter
Genetic
271
Gooch
269
Gooseneck
272
Grab Samples
273
Grade Line
1 1 7,

, 6' *' SA# 29 () % 9 7,*
! 0 "! &# > () 7, =>
, $ ?
) ") c
/ "* +> 1* 6' :=,
Q S'
<!
.@ % 0 "5 S :65
W,7
S %! K 6* < (70 S) *

%) 8) $ "* # ()> :W
%5 %) 4 6'
/,* / 6/' () , **)
274
Graduate Pipette
1&/ %* (,* U ", , U

6' ()
-/ 6/ (*' $ "* : 6* $!
275
Granular Activated Carbon

(GAC)
(/?'
77; K $)* C! ]
500 c'! 6 2) K ] $! $ *
+
276
Grated Cover
277
Gridiron
"/*' & < / /* $ 4 :6! 4

1, "*' "B' +.
() 7 $. $ %!B :@ *
6/' %/?! K/) $ F0
, "*

278
Grinder
279
Grout
280
Guide
281
Guideline
282
Gutter
/# / /7, () * *

*
0 * ")!
<) + 7 4A $>*
/ % <! 9! # R K, 4
O $. 8-
%/ <! 9! # R K, :%
O $. 8-
3 S <, >.
<7
2/9 / / /, : ( >*
283
Hand wheel
6! Q> %* 6' C ( SA#

% T*
284
Handrail
285
Hazardous waste
286
Head
287
Headers
288
Helical
289
Helix
290
Helminthes
, "5 <! $7 :-!

) "5 K @)
/, $ * , "9
)
Q9 6 (), , $ ?. :
$
< $P T* 9 "7 :")
67*
6
$7*
<
* $! : $
")/ F/ K F :! <
291
Hepatitis
T/ 4&? $ 9 8 S 9

T $>* 7
# "* $ +) :<0 ">
292
Herbivore
293
Heterophobic
? 3, ? B!
294
Heterotrophic
&?
>' <0 D 5 "*
?. 6 4B Q' (U
295
High Pressure Air Burst
296
High Service Pumps
".
297
High-Purity Oxygen
4> 6 $,)!
298
Hollow
299
Homophobic
300
Hood
301
Hookworm
G,
? # %
%, ? 6 % 4 %7 4
"!); 0 $ F*0
1 7, 6' D $ :' $
9 1* 4 :(= ) %! 6 4
302
Hopper
d9 *9 6 T* %9)0 3, S. )

K*
303
Horse Power Hp
304
Hot Plate
305
Hot-Air Sterilizing Oven
306
Hydrant
760 % @* > => : *

/
*)/ ! $)
$) S
'! 6' C)) C!
$) 4 (> $'
/) ( $! 77 6 S* B'
9*
6) !)
K 49
%/ K/A (/ 4 + 6! %9 :-*
307
Hydrolysis
C* B* $! %! &# 9U ",

OH Z H
308
Hydrophilic
4 <*
309
Hydrophobic
4 3!
310
Hydropneumatic
311
Hypolimnion
312
Immunize
313
Immunofluorescence Assay
(FA)
6B 6
/! $/! > * > >
!
2> $! 8 . $ *
(), S- = KA ( :6 S-
8 >
* 6, % 1& Q F

314
6)? 6 % '
Immunomagnetic Separation
. & . 6' 47, :QE'

315
Impeller

/O 6' %* %) @* (

%* 6' > ') ) =>
316
Impounded
7,*
317
Inadvertent
6.
> _
318
Incineration
S* @!9 :
319
Incubator
320
Indicator Organisms
321
Indigenous
322
Inert
323
Infective
324
Infiltration
325
Inflow
326
Influent
327
Ingestion
328
Inhibiting
329
In-Line Mixing
330
Inoculation
331
Insecticide
331
Installation
/ "& ' () 7, :.*

4. * , $,)!0 $ )
TG , ".
\%!/ T/* :
'
)
* $! 6' 6
!* > # >9 :
8 T*# :
()/ / 9 6, %??
<)
L
O ) # )
%/ /# <) !* :% # <)
O )
O S' + K ] S' :% S'
QA;/ /# ()/, # % $ >
;
%' 5
#
* 5# * %)) 6 W7

. 6' %G' % %# :2>
(
") ) 6' ". A %#
/ $/ ) , $ :1*
"* %> () !
] <
! " "7, <!
<)*
332
334
335
336
337
Insurance Service Office

(ISO)
Intake Capacity
Interconnections
Interest And Stipulated
Reserves
Interim Enhanced Surface
Water Treatment Rule
338
Interlock
339
Intermittence; Intermittency
340
Inversely Proportional
341
Iodometric Method
342
Jackson Turbidity Unit (JTU)
$- " <!

<*) ;
"* $ ) < $ "A
* > "*; 9
*) 3 )* , " P $>
$/ S) % O :@ :@
"! U
/ %) <) ) ( 9 :+>
+.
! > , $ ! 7 :C)! <)
8
/' ()/ ,* > : >
.%9 4 % !!
$)!, ! "*
/U /> > :W,;
343
Jar Test
/B (/
/ 3 3 , 5
W7 ") " , pH / (!*
344
Jet Nozzle
345
Joint
46
Junction
(/ < 6' >. *' :T9 77

4B 7 %) T9 > (!*
$ $ O 6' $! $ % 9

K
$ $ O 6' $! $ % >
K
/* 6' , 70 $ , 29 *
347
Keypad
6/! 7/, </)* M >* ?

" (!*
348
Knife Gate
349
Labeling
$!)
S/ $/ $ 7 ) :()
K * " 1* (), @)A

"& /B 3/ "& */. * :$;
B
350
Lagoon
7, 7,* 37,* * %

, 9
351
Laminar
352
Land Application
353
Landfill
354
Landing Brackets
U " 6' %! %) <) :6>

+/ $' F0 6' "9 ()
>
"9 ( <>
7/! /O 6' > 7 %! :); "
Z "! $ 8 # )
356
Lead Contamination Control

Act
Leak Detector
357
Lime Slurry
358
Limitations
359
Line Shaft
360
Lipolysis
362
Logarithmic Probability
Paper
363
Logger
364
Looped Or Grid System
6! 6>* (U
365
Low Lift Pumps
) +' ".
366
Malfunction
Management Operation And
Maintenance Program
(MOM)
355
367
T +

<) !
(/> %/> %) ]7
[Ca(OH)2] , <
4 CaO &# $ ]
C* 7, <) () F9
C>) .
O 6' !* %>
-* $B @!9 :6B %*
%* () S :6 * S
? ( "& "
" %,)
%? (U O 6' m%^^

J b
%? ]
6/' Q7/ / "& "*' :, "*'
368
Manholes
/# %/ $/ $! * " Q

,
6)9 % $ ". , :d

369
Manning Equation
<)* 1890 d 60 B 1867 !

5-/ /* 2) *9 6' <);
&,
370
Manometer
371
Manufacturing Tolerance
372
Manure
373
Maple
374
Master Meters
375
Matrix
376
Maturation Ponds
377
381
Maximum Average Month

Maximum Contaminant
Level Goal (MCLG)
Maximum Day
Maximum Geometric Mean
Concentration Test
Maximum Hourly Flow
382
Mean
383
Measuring Chamber
384
Membrane
385
Meningitis
386
Mesh
387
Metabolism
378
389
380
/ $/! %) () ?. => :

S7
+ 45 C!! K L) "9
%/ 7/ $ $! . :)
T
F0 ) () , "*
$7 Q7 ! , Q * :<>
Q S* W
) "
F . U "! :
%!B !
C, %* -* ' +, @ :W.# @
1 )
T 6U0 8) B
0 (
0 6,* 7! )
6U0 6) <);
6) <); 6)
(/,* "& =/ 3 O $ 7* := ,*
* <)* ' ( *
/* , * %5 > > :4

,* *
*) <
/ @A/) $/
% *'
!
/* A '! 6' T* ! "A9 :F
, <!

* " $-
388
Metal Finishing
",/ $ % * :$ A)

9 " 4>
( <. < F :(_ _
389
Methemoglobinemia
(/> /!; <. 5 )!P ? %!

,)[ A $,)!0
() ! - 2 :1! 2
390
Microfiltration MF
> "? 7 m (10a 0.05 )

* ! S 6'
391
392
393
394
W7 %*
Mixed Liquor
Mixed Liquor Suspended
Solids (MLSS)
Mixed Liquor Volatile
Suspended Solids (MLVSS)
Mixed Solution
W7 %* 6' >

W7 %* 6' >
"./ 1/* F* 6' S %*
W7 %* () ,
/) 6' () :% <
+/, / U0 '5! > >,
./9 ", C $!
"*
395
Modified Proctor Test
/ 5-/ 1/ < 6' T*

%A/ $ (
9 ") *
8* U0 ', '5! > ; ]
%50 6
396
Modular
397
Modulating Valve
398
Module
399
Mold
400
Molting
!
8
(U
% (
/ <) (U )B *
-
)/' $ , () $ *. %! :^b9J
"9 " %* (
47/,
(/> 3, $* L :1 L
, M K) (..
'U
$ )
401
Moratorium
- " P S
402
Mortar
"! $ , :A
403
Mortuary
404
Mottling
405
Mounding
506
Mount
Municipal Waste Water
System
407
T5, U9*
() 5# 9 () , $)0 $ :D
9 $ <) * 3
+9
7
6!
O 6' "5 ( +9 <
3 +, U
3/ * "* * :* 2
6/' / F
(() 15a5) (
408
Mussel
S / ./)O S * "; & 3

./ +/ +/, ()/,0 * 2 +
.% %* 6' )9 $'
F
409
> . <
Myocarditis
; / 2 :1 2

1/! S/' 2/ 6)! 2. $!
410
Nanofiltration
/, / % ' "> ' &#

%50
/7#
$/ /7#
$/ 7# %5 C
*
412
413
414
415
%) 2) ' 99 (),
Natant
National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System
(NPDES)
National Research Council
(NRC)
Needed Fire Flow (NFF)
Negative Air Pressure
(Vacuum) Test Prior
Backfill.
"5 L $ 6 (U

6 T* =,
1. S* 4 <)
( % 4 6) ?.
() ! "* :9 ! "*
416
Nephelometer Turbidity Unit

(NTU)
/ "/7, ! => 7, B

9
() 7 %) "? >
/ 90 7 % 6. ! 4. 7*

$/ =! 4. "7, ! .
! # '.#
! # "7,
.4. )! #
/* $/ => $ ) :) <
! %0 6' +. $ () T*
7!
?' B $ * ! +
417
Nessler tubes
6/5 <0 6' +.

> +,! ()
$/> (5 2 C, W7 B
6/, %0 </0 $/ '5! '5!
* "; () 7! <)*
6/' $0 , ) * 4?# :*
418
Neutralization
* * & <) K# '.g %*

) '.g %* .* *
*
419
Nitrification
420
422
Node
No-Observed-Adverse-Effect
Level NOAEL
Norm
423
Not-For-Profit
424
Nozzle
425
Nursery
426
O&M
427
Objectionable
428
Obligate
Occupational Safety And
Health Administration
(OSHA)
421
429
/* "/! 0 "! %* :

" " # $,
Q9 ' +> ! 6' >
6)! 5- U*A ( 8)
W& :
* ;
(!* ( < 6' >. *' :77
4B 7 %) T9 >
% =? K' ( $! :%
%?
F?
2
K!
<, (7
* F9 6* (7
* $0 #
%!/ / S/ 6' <!
430
Office High-Rises
431
Oligotrophic
432
On-Line
433
Oocyst
,. )! .
434
Oocyte
)> %* F 6' , .
435
Ordinances
436
Orifice
437
Osteoporoses
438
Outfall Sewer
439
Overdraft
440
Overfertilization
441
Overflow
442
Oxidation Reduction
Potential (ORP)
443
Oxygen Depletion
444
Oxygenation
445
Packed -Tower Decarbonator
446
Packing
447
Paddle
448
Paralytic
449
Parameter
450
Parshall Flume
. <!! ); 6))

C/ $/! " "&? C) >' 6 (),
S 7 $,)!0
1' :
$
(!*/ ?./ /9 B ( O 6' *'
Z %?
/'5! 6' ) () F :(U B
6!B . C) (U
6 (), 6' , < <
7 K 2) S9 ', 3 , <*)

W* S9 7 F0 , )
F9
$/ ] 6! , S' :Q, )!0 $!
Q,# )! , ,
$,)!0 7)
$,)!0 4# :,)!
"* 6, (*' %7
)
*
/* F* 6' %) @* ,
,
%90 %
6. 67' %*
6/' <! *9 : %
/ 3 <) ) <)* S
1 3 , * $ W S'

451
Pasteurization
452
Peak Hourly Rate
453
Peak Pumpage
454
Pelletization
> 30 63 * , <* (> )

. ". %> '!
6) & %
& j.
&/- C./ . + "* +, :!
" . ,* 95! "! %!
=/ / ) => :S; =
455
Penetrometer
5- # < <. S % S

*
456
Peristaltic Pumps
457
Permeablility
457
Pervious
458
Petresciblity
459
Photoamplyfier
, ".

7? %) L) :&9
K' , ()
KA $ "7? 4 2) :&9^
$9
6. (.
=/ / C/ 6! 6. 6 =>
460
Photoelectric Colorimeter
/, / $/ /> */ "),

#
461
Pili of Hair Cells
462
Pilot Studies
463
Pint
464
Pipette Container
/ "A / S/* 47, : A 6

C %, <)
A) , ")
c'! $ $5 d %) => *
C>
6' +) S () "**) *
6' %) <) ) => 7, :" =
465
Pitot Gauge
/# )/) / )0

% $ G (5 $5 $> 6' " 6)9
. ( +) $> 6)
466
Pitting
467
Plain Sedimentation
468
Plan View
6/' =./ ",' 9* %! <) :9*

2)
2. ) <)
1 U
$ 6B ($!A) "> # ) :>
469
Planktonic
/& 3/ 2/) 9 , ".

7/ " $ ) $!
> ">
470
*9
Plaque
"/7, / =/> :29 / %!/ *

471
Plaque Forming Unit
/* 6/' 29 %! > ")9!

CG ! K! $ 5! 69! => B
(,*0
/B 2/ &B ( : *9 2
; / " / 6' S 2
472
Plate-And-Frame Filter Press
4! "M 6'

%, &?
%) $ 2) * C9! F90 2 B
K* ( 1&
6
473
Plot
474
Plow
475
Plug Flow
) <)
476
Plug Valve
G ) (
477
Plumbing Stack
478
Plunger
479
Polishing Pond
480
Poly Vinyl Chloride PVC
T*
',
,
<0 ! 6' =9 <

@*
* 7 9 ' ! %* 9 @
$/ $/! 1./ :! %' 6
)! ! %' ,
@)A 9 +) %5 " :$5# 6
481
PolyEthelyne PE
/ 6/' 7 C, ) "> K 1&

$ +)
/ 6/ ! 6' , :*

482
Poplar
" 6' ()

C)
S
483
Porosity
484
Positive-Displacement Water
Meter
# 6' "9 (,* ) :)

6! ,*
, *7 3
-/ 6 (*' S*) : $! S*)
485
Powdered Activated Carbon

PAC
(/?'
77; K $)* C! ]
500 c'! 6 2) K ] $! $ *
+
486
Prechlorination
487
Precipitate
488
Predator Prey
489
Premature
490
Preparation Utensils
491
Presence-Absence Technique
492
Pressure Gauge
493
Pressure tight
494
Pressure Vacuum Breaker
495
Progressing Cavity Pumps
496
Progressive
497
Propelling
498
Proportional meters
499
Proteolysis
500
Psychoda
501
Pump Bowl
>) !
%* $ %! <)
/ 8&/? "! 2 :*. =9
8 "!
!
]
K %
.* S
"./ , () > :<?a, >
T , CP * -
?. => " * :?. =
?. %7 :?. (!
# 5 3 + :?. 4A# %H '
< 3
(> G! ".
1
WG
\%
(0 # ) (0 # +'
) "
) "! # 6 %*
!)
2 <&
. ,
502
Pumper
503
Pumping
504
Pumping Capacity
$ 7 4 4 j. (> :n.

O # <) $ O # $!
/# <) $ %) +' ?. :j.
O # $! $ > O
* "! j. . ) :j.
%) $
) 72 , $ 4 j. :j. ,
505
Pumping Test
6' 4 6!) <) B A

506
Pumps Peristaltic
507
Pumps Pneumatic Ejector
508
Punch Card
509
Purification
510
Quanti-Tray
511
Quarantine
512
Radical
513
Rainfall Duration
514
Rainfall Intensity
515
Raking Assembly
, ".

7? ' ".
/, $ < S' >5 " :>5
> <)*
"5 < 7# :>
4 * > ) ) > :6!
6! "
K "* 0 7,* :6
G*
o H ,*
K (B $ "5 * \ F ( g
@/ /5! $ $ $G ! 41e7J, :&,
% 0 C* C!
1/ % ) :1 %
") C S =>
1/ %/ 7 :1 % '5!

=>
, (> " $ , :, ,
, "* 6' F*0 $ $ <)
$ \) 2) ' <) " :",,
516
Rammers
!/)
! %! <. 6)> *
,
517
Rational method
518
Reagents
519
Recessed End
520
Reciprocating Pumps
Recirculation And Transfer
Pumps
521
522
Reclamation
523
Recovery
524
Recycling
525
Reduced-Pressure-Principle
Device
) * >

6! %9 # . :6! !
K # ?
< ! 6' 7
".
%> ! # ".
5)/ F /# \F %* :LA )
C7
& "A.' $ 9 ) ) :
& ) 4 + # : #
C> B)
F9 ?. 6)) 7,
$ > 8 > , :, ,
526
Reference Dose RFD
/ /, />
(9 (), % )
* " %)
* 5- @!9 ? :G
527
Refractory
" / 6/'

$' 6' ()
7 6'

/ T* () ! :"
528
Refrigerant
529
Refuse Piles
530
Regulated Limit
531
Regulation
$
(U
"

532
Regulatory
6U
533
Rehabilitate
534
Rejected Water
535
Release
536
Relief Valve
# $ *

"9 (!
$> " * G> *
/ /# / - # :%B- #

S)
@A)A & 3
*
SA#
9 (
537
Reproduction
538
Reservoir
/! ". B (> " :

5!
B); C. &
)/ > $ $! 6 %*
F*
4 $7 $ ! &9
/ 3 K' > 1& $7 :T! $7
539
Residence Time
"/* $/ /* ()/ 6' %* 1 -*

,
540
Resilient
541
Restrained Joint
/ 60 +. # 9 :6

$
?. 5
!* >
3 K' > 1& $7 :7,*; $7
542
Retention Time
"/* $/ /* ()/ 6' %* 1 -*

,
"!* " B ") : ")
543
Revenue Bonds
"/ S/' T*g .9 B "))P

3 "M!
?/. "* % C P9! > :6)! 2.
7! 1& %* $ "0 %> K, ( %
544
Reverse Osmosis RO
&/9 4 \% 7! 1& %* # F9

* " 6' +) S ()
9
3
@/ 6/' () * A :7
()
8> $ %)
545
Reynolds Number Re
K/ $! 6> <); 69'

<);
/, +/ <./ <); 6' .9
9 K $!' "
546
Ridge-And-Furrow method
547
Rinse
548
Rollers
0 $

%)?
"* !* T* >5 :*
B % " *

549
Rotating Table
550
Rotavirus

C) +.
_ K < 1 =' :='
.* %)g
<&/! /, & 6' 1, $* :6;

3 6' ( 0.5 # 0.1 $ K L
551
Rotifer
($/!A) S/ "! *-! .&

/# '/.# CB C& C %5
& 3
./ @!9 6' 8 =, + KB)
6' ,
/' 4 <); Q > : %
552
Roughness Coefficient
0.020 /# 6,,7 2) 0.010 $ K L

6'
n/ K 7
$5! "& >* Q>
d
%7 S (!* >* *
553
Rubber Ring Gasket
554
Run
555
Runoff

6*) $,
556
Runtime
)
%? '
" ))
, ! $ <* Q * :,

557
Rye
7 () ! )O #

C9 @&!
9 "
558
Safe Drinking Water Act

SDWA
559
Saline
560
Sampling
561
Sanitation Districts Of Los

Angeles County
562
Saturation zone
Z < 3 +

/! ( 6)) %! 1* 2 4
(7? LA
"& 6 5 ? ! & :$
%!! ] ( ) *
=, = > 6' *
'! K' $! $ 1 S :Q S
1 , 4 4 ()
()/! LA * 3 :> ) 3

563
Scale-Forming Water
/ %! # ) 1P & (7?

<0 "A
D "> "&? ( "A.' $ T*
564
Scavenger
"/7, %7 %9 6B C!

* &,
%> U @' )
565
Scouring Velocity
566
Scrape
@'
D

!
567
Screen
%
568
Screw Cap
67* 4
569
Screw Press
6 .
570
Screw Pump
.
571
Scroll
572
Scrubber
573
Scum
574
Seawater Intrusion
575
Seeded
576
Seepage
577
Self-Priming Pumps
578
Self-Propelled Transport
579
Semi permeable
580
Sensor
581
Sept
67*
%/* 4/ ()/ 7, :7? %) 7,
0 "7? > 8
%) 2) 9 n)0 7 $ > :7
%*
%* # * * 3 % :* 3 (*
= 6
(/
C/, 1* " 6' :Q7)
"&? C B#
/ / > $ %) L <)
F* $ 7
QA & ".
+' 6& %
%/) 2) 4 :&9
3 * "7
* 7' => ! :)
6*
2) F0 "* $! $7 : $7

582
Septic Tank
1/! K. %* , 3

K K' %
583
Septic Tank Drainage Field
584
Septum
585
Serological
586
Settling
587
Sewer Ordinance
588
Sewers
589
Shaft
590
Sheath
591
Shell
K/' +, 1& + :* 9* %>*

* 9* $ $ > 3
K/5
$/,* $ % 9 4 :7,* 4
<> ",* $ % 9 4? C*
% 6 *9 ) :6
(
%9/)0 # & % 9 :<)
) ' 8
$
/ 3/ %/> F0 "/* :,
"9
! O 6' )
@*
</5! $/ * * ,)0 6' :=!

8
Q'/ K $P 1 $* < 47, :
7,
%!B
=9 $
* # % $ ! ! : ";*
592
Shock Loads
/9 ) <) , M 6'

!
593
Short-Circuiting
594
Shredder
595
Shutoff head
596
Sight well
6/ W7 %* <) +> :<); Q>

9 CA! CA! K> 45 ,7
?/ +/ /# +> (> O :'A

S5 A# 6' ) +)
/) / 1&/ Q9; :>
K# % *
/) / /A $ ( 9* :QA 9*
, * - "* 8*# 6'

597
Sill cock
598
Single-acing sequence valve
/># /) K/' $/! :1!

47, <, + !
%) <)
9 1* 6)) (
$7/ $/ 0 * < 6' %) %> :9)
599
Siphon
# K) U'*

? )
"/ 8 9 ?. , F9 <)
<0
600
Skid
601
Skim
602
Slag
603
Slaker Slake
604
Sleeves
605
Slime
606
Slope
607
Sloughed
608
Sludge Bulking
609
Slurry
610
Soil Moisture
611
Solenoid
612
Solid Bowl
613
Solvent
%> ( % %! +. 6 L : ;7

,;7
K >5 "
K/ 2) S' S;7
7 7#
)
S/* $ " 6, ] :T
< , ,
/, "/9 $) <)
, c9
3
* <0 "A <! + :(!
S7 1 $ %*
+/ / 2) 6 7 :* %
6B 6>' 1)
* ,
& %* -*
K/ ]/ / ! 7 %*
-* (.
P9! %?
(> S %*
A
()/ 6/' , 6 1* :
C C $ B
(
O $. " ,
/ ' <& C ) ! :"&
C;* %! 8

614
Somatic
1),
616
Spalling
(,*0 9 + # 6U
617
Spargers
4 "&&
618
Specific Retention
7,* S 6 7,*
619
Specific Substrate
6 "); 2)

6' 4. '5! => 7, :6. =>
620
Spectrophotometer
%/) 4./ $ * 47,

$ S5
"!)
621
Spillage
622
Spiral Wound Module
623
Split-Coupling
624
Splitter Box
625
Sporozoite
626
Spreader
CA5 )!
627
Spring-Loaded Check Valve
F %* + (
628
Sprocket
629
Stabilization Stabilizing
630
Stacking
631
Stage
632
Staggering
633
Staining
634
Stainless Steel Closure Slip

On
635
Stand Pipes
636
Standard Coliform Counts
67? 9 *

> $ $ $ : 9
* ') 9
%/) K/' %/ O $ 47,
+7 S
9 "); $ # Q7 T* %*
"7)/ /* />* $ : 4*
V[
O 6' $E)J = , $

G H)
7
>)
"5
=!

> !! $
!P * % 6' )
+> 4
9! %) B7 ? $
/B' S7 %> &;9 $ 4
<0
<
" " *#
637
639
Standards Of Water Works

State Of California Regional
Water Quality Control Board
(RWQCB)
State Regulatory Agency
640
Static Level
671
Static-Renewal Tests
642
Stationary Phase
643
Stator
644
Stator Baffles
645
Statute
638
"M

9! ; 3 (!* =,
; !
6!) 1)
/ /* " :,a!) "
8 ,
>)
T9 @* $ "5 47,
%/) <) 2! () 5 :!) "
* , K, ' 7
6)) (U
6)) $
, 7 * A %* @) :! @)
646
Stickleback
/* & 3 6' D

3U @
6 ! 6'
647
Stilling Well
648
Stock And Sod Farms
B !)

6 7
$7 / <)/* :1 *; = (
649
Stoichiometry
+ "! >' %9 6 "7,

F .

650
Stop Gate
651
Storm Runoff
652
Strainer
%
9 H
653
Strands
%,
654
Stringy
WH7^
G69 .
G6
655
Stripping
656
Strom Drain
Surface Water Treatment
Rule
Surfactant
657
658
3 6*) $,
O @'
+, $ Q7
3
*) 3 , $
L) 6' 5P
659
Surging
n9
7
$,
660
Surveillance

#
661
Susceptibility
662
Suspended Propeller
))*
5-
> ' *
"> '! 6' , :6? <
7,
663
Sycamore
"/ /9 +

A 7
(4
664
Symbiotic Cycle
666
Synthetic Organic
Compounds (SOCS)
Tank
667
Tapping
668
Tees
669
Teratgenic
670
Tetanus Toxoid Injections.
671
Texture
672
Threading Tool
673
Three Way Valve
674
Threshold
675
Throttling Valve
675
Thrust
676
Tilling
677
Time Delay
678
Time Zero
679
Titration
665
1) "! $ ' D >* :'! >*

p %! '
. !
$7
]
. + <0 % "5 6 $) <>5
T * %! < "A
6B
)! = $>*
^. . ) "! < :])
O <- K < 6' $) 2'
") ". 65A5 (
/ /. 7' > * : ,

37, 2) ; C>) * K
S (
.
/ 9* < : T*
5* '
BU T* 4 $ S?) $7 :- $7
B5O U*A U*A
T* $7 4
* $7 :9 $7
BU
/! / $/ . (,* > :
%9 4 * %9 # .

6/' $! 7 4
Jfm0 H$)q
680
Tongue-And-Groove
/ $- 8 6' , O

(!* 2* %! F .
681
Torque
682
Total Coliforn Rule
6 K, (), > % : (7

$ * # ) C 3* (

! "> $
S' )* $, ! :6! %! $,
/ 6/ / (> 6 %! ( >
)/! . @!9 @9) F*
683
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen

(TKN)
%* 0 @)# (5 (0 *

$, ! <)* 6
# (0
F/* (/) /, ) 6!
"! ( @
685
Total Maximum Daily Load

(TMDL)
Totalizer
686
Transducer
687
Trash Rack Rake
688
Travel Time
689
Travelling Rake
O # $! $ %> % @* <
690
Travelling Screens
O # $! $ %> % @* %
691
Treatment Technology (TT)
692
Trespassing
693
Trickling Filtration
684
! 8 > *

+, O
/# %! $ %* (> O : %*
O
< ! 9
"9 6 <
B79 "9 6
/> $ %> S?) $7 : $7
(U $. 8 #
, 7, > , >

/* 7, ! * @ :7,
@
") % $ . (
/) $/. %* %) :1> 2
" %! K K, 4 2
%9 # . , > F9
694
Trim
695
Trophozite
696
Trunk Sewer
697
Tuberculation
698
Turbidity
699
Turbine Pumps
59 ".
700
Turnover Time
$ 6,# $ % $7
6),A 5! $ 60 6' ",

6 % ,
</[ L) " %! :$
* C).
/ /' , <) 4 ! :!
( 0.002 %* B L
"/* /> 2 :1! S' 2

701
Ultrafiltration (UF)
"* () (10) / % ?.

C, ? "*' "&
S'
702
Ultrasonic
703
Under drain
704
Underfed
705
Unidirectional
706
Upgrading
) O 4 $)*
707
Upstream
+ 3,
6
708
Uptake
709
US Weather Bureau
710
Utility
F/* 6' K, 4 L :69) L;

2 "* ,
&? > <
/) 6/' @* 6 <) :3,; *
* * 3, S'
8 "&?

6!0 => <!
/ 3/ "M/ % $ ( +9 -
6*
1&/ $!
0 K' , ; $! :4A
711
Vacuum
"/7, +) ; T* C9. ?. K' $!

.K' , " 6' 5- ,
712
Valve Altitude
713
Valve Blow Off
F0 2) $ ( Q9

%? (
+ (
714
Valve Controlled Check
715
Valve Diaphragm
716
Valve Gate
(
717
Valve Globe
1! (
718
Valve Pilot
K, (
719
Valve Rotary
6 (
720
Valve Shutoff
(
721
Valve Sleeve
(! & 6 (
722
Valve Sphere
6, (
723
Valve Stop
(
724
Valve Surge Relief
725
Valve Swing
726
Valve Vertical Lift Disk
727
Valving
728
Vaporization
729
Vectors
730
Vee Screen
731
Velocity Loss Coefficient
732
Vent Fittings
733
Vertical Turbine Pumps
734
Viability
735
Visualizing
736
Vitrified Clay
737
Volatile Fatty Acid (VFA)
738
Volatility
739
Volatilization
6 17,*
$, 9 (
77B (
6 +' (
" SA# 2'
</ %) $ %* :
$? 1 17 #
F 8 ) ! =9 *
/* %! @A) $ Q % V%
V
) >' %
=9 "*' "!
6 T9 ".
S
*
] U#
],7 % '
6 $/ )) 1* 6B F* : () F*
% $! "&

740
Volute
67*
741
Vortex

742
Vulnerability
6, 67' 5P 5- > :5-

<)/; ,# , ?. $, :
743
Water hammer
( SA# <) -,' KB, ?

# 1P 1& 0
c,9 \@ <0 6'
<0 6' ?. ,
6 (), , $ ?. :4
744
Water head
745
Water Pollution Control Act
3 T +
746
Water- Supply Management
4 7, #
747
Water tight
748
Water Utility
749
Waterborne
750
Water-Demand Management
751
Watershed
752
Watertable
753
Waterworks
$ Q9
3 %7
3/ % /# $- (> - : -
"9 S # 9U
4 %>
3 W*; #
/9 "/B, 3 3 <) 6 % ' *
) S 6' +,
4 2)
4 <)
4 8)
3/ % /# $- (> - : -
"9 S # 9U
4/ / 7 % * =' .
754
Weed
# 6' S 6'

4. "&?
' < ) <
755
Weir
756
Well Pumps
757
Wet-Weather Design Flow
/ (> , * "* $ * 6' )

, , -* %* <)
/# 3/ <*) 6' +. : ".
0
< n ( <)
758
5! * <; "& : ,
760
Wheelbarrows
Whole Effluent Toxicity
(Wet)
Willow
761
Wire Attachment
1) S*
762
Wire Fabric
6!) %!B
763
Wire Inoculating Loop
764
Workmanship
765
Wound
766
Wrap
767
Yield Stress
768
Zero Kinetics
769
Zirconium Dye Lake
759
! < )

9
!) (

% ,
9

E
6q?
So
] ,
%/ /' $! 6 * :9 < !*
3 6 > 6' 37! $ CA>) (70 %9
(!7 ? 17
(1, 0*) #$ #*.

Specific Retention
Chemical Oxygen Demand
(COD)
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
(BOD)
7,* S 6 7,*
6! $,)!0 W*
(@*!) $,)![ 6! W*
/U /> / > :W,;

Jar Test
/B (/
/ 3 3 , 5
W7 ") " , pH/ (!*

Negative Air Pressure
(Vacuum) Test Prior Backfill.
( % 4 6) ?.
/) 6/' () :% <

+/, / U0 '5! > >,
./9 ", C $!
"*
Modified Proctor Test
5- 1 < 6' T*
]/ %A/ $/ (

9 ") *
8/* /U0 /', '5! > ;
%50 6
(), S- = KA ( :6 S-
Immunofluorescence Assay
(FA)
8/ >
* 6, % 1& Q F
Maximum Geometric Mean

Concentration Test
0 6,* 7! )

Static-Renewal Tests
Facultative
Infiltration
/ /* " :,a!) "

8 ,
/ $ 5!- (> $!
1
* > $ $ 6*
) () 9 6, %??
<)
L
O ) #
Valve Altitude
Dawning
Land Application
Metal Finishing
Reclamation
Culture
Elimination
Composite Sampling
Sampling
Seawater Intrusion
Under drain
Diffusion
,)
14
",/ $ % * :$ A)

9 " 4>
5)/ F /# \F %* :LA )
C7
/) /* ,)/0 ! Q7 :")

$,)!0 7)
%!/ / 6! % ) 67' % )
%9 ) %A ! 48e7J, "& )
%/ 9 + $ +, :<! $
* %.' %5 #
"& 6 5 ? ! & :$
%!! ] ( ) *
%* # * * 3 % :* 3 (*
= 6
K < % 0 $ ;
F/* 6/' K, 4 L :69) L;
2 "* ,
0 7! > $ %> :;
12
13
>
Diverging
11
F0 2) $ ( Q9

+/ $' F0 6' "9 ()
Oxygen Depletion
10
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
% 0 7! > #

6U0 6) <);
Maximum Hourly Flow
27
$/
/* $./
/ $/
/! $/
/5 $/
/)0
Eytosine Thymine
$/5 %5 %5 , $! $,
28
DNA F* 0 "! *

L/ ( A? "*9 $ "* :=
Clam
3 % $. D ( 1.2 # ( 0.1 $ B
29
*. *
Poly Vinyl Chloride PVC
Compliance
$/ $/! 1./ :! %' 6

)! ! %' ,
U " $> %5 :(7
B7, ( * T ")
%?
O&M
Shredder
+)
? + # +> (> O :'A
S5 A# 6' )
30
31
32
33
?. "* % C 49! > :6)! 2.

7! 1& %* $ "0 %> K, ( %
Reverse Osmosis RO
&/9 4 \% 7! 1& %* # F9
34
* " 6' +) S ()

9
3
Meningitis
Myocarditis
*) <
35
> . <
36
")/ F/ / K F :! <

Hepatitis
T/ 4&? $ 9 8 S 9
37
T $>* 7

/ $ > 8 > , :, ,
Reference Dose RFD
/ /, />
(9 (), % )
38
* " %)

T9 @* $ "5 47,
Stator
39
Gastrointestinal
1 1 7,
40
Regulated Limit
$> " * G> *
41
%/ K/A (/ 4 + 6! %9 :-*

Hydrolysis
\/* B/* $! %! &# 9U ",
42
OH Z H

Total Maximum Daily Load
(TMDL)
Sanitation Districts Of Los
Angeles County
Elapsed Time
! 8 > *
43
=, = > 6' *
44
40 S?) $7
45
/5 $) <) % > :^Î)

_
Carcinogenicity
" F (), 6' 9 A (
S'/ ) W B ? T*
]
46
' F0 " ? +

Filter Beds
Epilimnion
Hypolimnion
C/>' </ 2/ /* > ")

,*0
> * ' *) >
/! $/! /> * > >
!
C)) & 6 > >
Bedding
Fecal Oral Route
Interest And Stipulated
Reserves
Combustibility
Interim Enhanced Surface
Water Treatment Rule
Biota
"/. %/> ) :19 17 S

6. 7,' (9 # C; 7 $ 9
* > "*; 9
6' S* ) => :S*A >
S* $' 6' L9 $!
48
49
50
51
52
53
*) 3 )* , " P $>
54
( >* "* ") * "!
55
>) !
56
Prechlorination
Tongue-And-Groove
47
6/' $! 7 4

Jfm0 H$)q
/ $-/ 8 6' , O
57
(!* 2* %! C. .

Refrigerant
/ T* () ! :"

# $ *
58
Ridge-And-Furrow method
0 $
59
Effective Yield
Drinking Water Equivalent
Level (DWEL)
Reciprocating Pumps
6
60
< 3 c'! 1)
61
".
62
, ".
63
7? ' ".
64
9
65
Pumps Peristaltic
Pumps Pneumatic Ejector
Driveways
Titration
Predator Prey
Synthetic Organic Compounds
(SOCS)
Homophobic
National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES)
State Regulatory Agency
/! / $/ . (,* > :

%9 4 * %9 # .
/ 8&/? "/! 2 :*. =9
8 "!
66
67
. !
68
? # %
69
"5 L $ 6 (U
70
; !
71
0 (
72
Maximum Day
=' $' 8 679 77; :77

Adsorption
/' 6/! 77;

"7, $ <&,
/ ! > 2) 7? @)#
73
A B

8 "&?
Uptake
Absorption Absorbance
Extrusion

!
$/ )/) %* ,# :S5
$/ / / C K)! "*
74
75
76
K' . * "!

<0 ! 6' =9 <
Plumbing Stack
Trespassing
Deflection
Clogging
/* 7, ! * @ :7,

@
") % $ . (
0 ) 6' *
) 6' *
"/*' ) <0 6' <); :)
"A.9 < (! +, , "*
"!)
Spillage
Inflow
%/ /# <) !* :% # <)

O )
Wet-Weather Design Flow

Plug Flow
Needed Fire Flow (NFF)
Fire Flow
Binary Division
Short-Circuiting
Corrosivity
Enforcement
Decantation
79
80
81
82
83
< n ( <)
84
) <)
85
1. S* 4 <)
86
",*; 7 3 "! :S* 4 <)

h S*
$ # * K' ()> W7 ()>
6/ W7 %* <) +> :<); Q>
9 CA! CA! K> 45 ,7
F/*0 +/ %/9 :H!
",' ! & "! ! =)0
./ (!* # + $ F' &9fH#
>
87
88
89
90
91
<) S' $ 6' %) <!) :#
92
" " *#
93
3 W*; #
94
* $0 #
95
4 7, #
96
LA0 " 7#
97
! * 7#
98
Standard Coliform Counts

Water-Demand Management
Occupational Safety And
Health Administration (OSHA)
Water- Supply Management
Demineralization
Deodorizing
78
Skim
K/ 2)/ S' S;7

7 7#
)
99

#
100
Release
*
SA#
101
Visualizing
] U#
101
Surveillance
Rehabilitate
Recycling
/ /# / - # :%B- #

S)
& ) 4 + # : #
C> B)
Inhibiting
Augmentation
Casing
Capture
102
103
%' 5

#
104
7
5!#
105
$/! K/9? , <) > :4)!#

9* %) 6) $! " $ C
77;/ / $/0 / ) :@)#
CA5 ;
106
107
/9 / <)/ "* 3 . :'

Eutrophication
%> * <) 6

"&? ' , "
109
$,)!0 , ( "*

%) 2) ' 99 (),
Natant
Antibodies
Sporozoite
Staggering
Split-Coupling
()/, % ,)! %! "7, :. (),

9 ? ( 6' (), # <
"7) * >* $ : 4*
V[
!P * % 6' )
+> 4
> $ $ $ : 9
* ') 9
112
113
114
115
O <- K < 6' $) 2'
116
CA5 )!
117
Spreader
111
]
Compactor
Threading Tool
110
Aerator
Downstream
$-/ 4/ ">9 (> ! "

CB * . )!
8, 3, 6'
8, %9)
119
6. = S' Q) 5! :6)
120
Exponentially
Dyes
$/ 49. () 95! . "! :?

9
122
+ 3,
6
123
1 )
124
$,)!0 4# :,)!
125
4> 6 $,)!
126
* <0 "A <! + :(!
127
"9 (!
128
Upstream
Maximum Average Month
Oxygenation
High-Purity Oxygen
Refuse Piles
Matrix
Arterial Main
121
.* S
Preparation Utensils
Sleeves
118
F . U "! :

%!B !
$P ) 3 < : ) <
) 3 <
",*;
<
Stand Pipes
129
130
131
/* $/ =/> $ ) :) <

! %0 6' +. $ () T*
7!
?' B $ * ! +
Nessler tubes
6/5 <0 6' +.

> +,! ()
132
$/> (5 2 C, W7 B

<)* 6, %0 <0 $ '5! '5!
* "; () 7!
Body- And Non-Body-Contact
Recreation
C) $. ; $. ' ,)

4 + C),
Wire Inoculating Loop

Municipal Waste Water
System
133
!) (
134
3 +, U
135
Anion
Culture Media
Fomite
Metabolism
* <) $ :$
136
") )
137
%/> /) <) " :

F 8
/* A '! 6' T* ! "A9 :F
, <!
* " $-
Bacteriophage
Totalizer
138
139
! (5, "A!O
140
+, O
141
D/ "> "&? ( "A.' $ T*

Scavenger
"/7, %/7 %9 6B C!

142
* &,
6 =>
143
Maturation Ponds
C, %* -* ' +, @ :W.# @
144
Polishing Pond
Management Operation And
Maintenance Program (MOM)
* 7 9 ' ! %* 9 @
145
%? ]
146
Full-Scale
Jet Nozzle
Nozzle
Pasteurization
Punch Card
(/ < 6' >. *' :T9 77

4B 7 %) T9 > (!*
(!*/ ( < 6' >. *' :77
4B 7 %) T9 >
> 30 63 * , <* (> )
. ". %> '!
/, $ < S' >5 " :>5
> <)*
Mussel
148
149
150

151
$,)!0 ;# D ; * !

3/ /* "* * :* 2
6/' / F
(() 15 a5) (
S / ./)O S * "; & 3
C. . + +, (),0 * 2 +

.% %* 6' )9 $'
152
Abdominal
Aerobe
147
153
% 2 ) >
154
Stop Gate

155
Knife Gate
$!)
156
Drop Structure
@/)A 9 +) %5 " :$5# 6

PolyEthelyne PE
6' 7 C, ) "> K 1&
157
$ +)
Pili of Hair Cells
<) "A S* 47, : A 6

C %,
158
Stilling Well
B !)
159
Vulnerability
6, 67' 5P 5- > :5-
160
Susceptibility
))*
5-
161
Fluctuation
Vaporization
Mottling
Tapping
C/!
/ / (U B :2,-
C!
# < %) $ %* :
$? 1 17
() 5# 9 () , $)0 $ :D
9 $ <) * 3
./ + <0 % "5 6 $) <>5
F
162
163
164
165
72 / /, $ 4 j. :j. ,

Pumping Test
6!)/ <)/ B A )
166
6' 4

Dehydration
/ S/ /
$ 4 Q7 9,
,* ># 1, 1.
167
. ,
168
9* ,
169
Solid Bowl
O $. " ,
170
Upgrading
) O 4 $)*
171
Immunize
2> $! 8 . $ *
172
Pump Bowl
Borehole
Proteolysis
Lipolysis
Diastase
Amylolysis
) "! # 6 %*
173
-* $B @!9 :6B %*
174
/ /9 "7 !) # 4 %*

!) # * "B! @!9 6
1./ 6/! %/* "!/) # 4 %*

175
176
6/' $0 , ) * 4?# :*

Neutralization
* * & <) K# '.g %*

) '.g %* .* *
177
*
Coagulation
Clear-Well Storage
Trim
Bacterial Substrate
Energy Gradient
Tuberculation
%/* 6/' (/,* ? "7, <&, :5

"! %! B5
6' 2 4 $7 +, :* 3 $7
"* "*
%9 # . , > F9
D/ 1& 2) :1! 2)
! K 8&?
%/>* 6/' * Q 3, :6 W
1*
</[ / L) " %! :$
* =.
178
179
180
181
182
183
Effluent
FH' <

W S'
184
Influent
O S' + K ] S' :% S'
185
Environmental Impairment
Degradation
/ / /0 /, 6 B

7 9
! # @!9

49! 40 6' +,
6' +,
Mounding
Plain Sedimentation
186
187
+9
7
6!
188
2. ) <)
189
Settling
%9/)0 # & % 9 :<)

) ' 8
Activated Biological Filtration

(ABF)
1* 2
190
191
"/* /> 2/ :1! S' 2

Ultrafiltration (UF)
(/) / (10) // % /
?.
192
C, ? "*' "& "*

() ! - 2 :1! 2
Microfiltration MF
> "? 7 m 10)a 0.05 (
193
* ! S 6'

; / / 2 :1 2
Nanofiltration
1! S' 2 6)! 2. $!

C / , % ' "> ' &#
%50
194
* 7#
$ 7#
$ 7# %5
Installation
Vent Fittings
] <
! " "7, <!
<)*
=9 "*' "!
196
S* @!9 :
197
%* $ < % ' :S
198
" " %,)
199
Incineration
Clarification Clarifier
Data-Logging
Seepage
195
/ / > $ %) L <)

F* $ 7
200
/. * :($)0 D ) 9 $)0 ()

Fluorosis
, 6> # 9 0 $)0 ' $ 7
201
7 9 9 "! %

Acronym
Fertilization
Overfertilization
"/! 0 *0 $ * )

!
/ )0 '.g F0 )

6 6* 1 2> <
W* S9 7 F0 , )
202
203
204
Interlock
$/ S)/ % O :@ :@

"! U
205
B , BU 1 "
206
9U 3 +
207
3 T +
208
T +
209
Z < 3 +
210
(,*0 9 + # 6U
211
Teratgenic
6B
212
Discharge
d9
S'
L

213
Dispersion
Clean Water Act (CWA)
Water Pollution Control Act
Lead Contamination Control
Act
Safe Drinking Water Act
SDWA
Spalling
Sludge Bulking
K/ ]/ / ! 7 %*

-* (.
P9! %?

Volatilization
Inoculation

./ 6' %G' % %# :2>
(
") ) 6' ". A %#
Intermittence; Intermittency
Treatment Technology (TT)

Reproduction
+ 45 C!! K L) "9
218
/ %) <) ) ( 9 :+>

+.
F>
>
"./ , () > :<?a, >
T , CP * -
, 7, > , >
/! ". B (> " :
5!
B); C. &
$7
% .$7
P'!
Balance
Agglomerates
Bulking
216
217
Constriction
Presence-Absence Technique
215
- " P S
Moratorium
Manufacturing Tolerance
214
/, (/,* / "* +, =! %E!

);
%! 6' , %* 6' "7, <&, :%!
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
Flocculation
%/! "/7, @/) % +, =! !

. # ?
=!
Stacking
Exposure
Pelletization
Staining
Extension
/! /7' /U F !

. )
&/- C./ . + "* +, :!
" . ,* 95! "! %!
9! %) B7 ? $
+/ '/.#
7 ' '.# :
B! '.#
227
228
229
230
231
232
Regulatory
6U
233
Purification
"5 < 7# :>
234
Forced-Air Ventilation
Frequency
Dispense
6/B :> Q' 4

> K,
> =9 6' W0
!

$7 * %A
*
* # $ ! +7
235
236
237
6/' <0 " <! "7, "A

Fitting
"/); 6/' (!* B <! %7
238
3 9
/! "A9 $ 0 <! :N0
Ammonification
/* "/* 8/*# $/. 8*# $. 1,
239
,
Stabilization Stabilizing
Double Acting
Dimictic
7
>)
"5
240
9 65
241
+ 6' <A>; 5
242
, ! $ <* Q * :,

Rye
7/ () ! )O #

C9 @&!
9 "
243
Desirability
+ 6 7 $)* %, :49! ,

%,
Strands
244
245
C S 6 <) : 7 $,

Firewalls And Router Packet
!) S "? $. < ) ;

" S' + ] 6' <)* ( 6'
246
Z <)* $
Radical
Dragline
@/ /5! $ / $ $! h7, :&,

% 0 C* C!
/) /9* ] %> . O :!) ',
@) > @* ! *
Plow
Storm Runoff
Runoff
Somatic
Oligotrophic
248
T*
',
,
249
3 6*) $,
250

6*) $,
251
1),
252
C/ $/! "/ "&? C) >' 6 (),

S 7 $,)!0
* 3 \ ,
Floes
247
253
254
"/> '! 6' , :6? <

7,
Sycamore
"/ /9 +

A 7
255
(4
>5 O 6' @* 7,
Drive Chain
Genera
/ "/* +> 1* 6' :=,
Q S'
Reduced-Pressure-Principle
Device
Scrubber
F9 ?. 6)) 7,
%/* 4/ ()/ 7, :7? %) 7,
0 "7? > 8
256
257
258
] ,
259
$ $ > >* : ",
260
Yield Stress
Gaskets
256
8/ /O @/* $. <) + 8

%! S# $-

% ,
261
n9
7
$,
262
, 6' *' SA# 29 () % 9 7,*
263
6 17,*
264
Workmanship
Surging
Gate
Valve Diaphragm
Incubator
Pipette Container
/ "& ' () 7, :.*

4. * , $,)!0 $ )
6' +) S () "**) *
266
(,*0 9 ) "*
267
Beads
Quarantine
Cushion Chamber
Measuring Chamber
K "* 0 7,* :6

G*
o H ,*
K (B $ "5 * \ F ( g
!* 9 $ $! * "& ) ,*
* (,* "& = 3 O $ 7* := ,*
* <)* ' (
268
269
270
O $ C47, %5 > :,*
Compartment
Watershed
265
/9 "/B, 3 3 <) 6 % ' *
271
) S 6' +,

() 7 $. $ %!B :@ *
Gridiron
6/' %/?! K/) $ F0
272
, "*

Tilling
' 9* < : T*

5*
S*
Combustion
Zero Kinetics
%/ /' $! 6 * :9 < !*

3 6 > 6' 37! $ %>) (70 %9
273
274
275
) %! @* @! $ (7* :% (7*

Belt Conveyor
/, "/* + / (, 6' ()

$! # $! $ 9 %> B
276
Vectors
Rubber Ring Gasket
F 8 ) ! =9 *
277
%7 S (!* >* *
278
)
*
279
K) 6! %9 # .

79*
280
Packing
Catalyctic
Pitting
Sight well
Septic Tank Drainage Field
6/' =./ ",' 9* %! <) :9*

2)
) A $ ( 9* :QA 9*
, * - "* 8*# 6'
K/' +/, 1& + :* 9* %>*
* 9* $ $ > 3
281
282
283
)! = $>*
284
<) + 7 4A $>*
285
Volute
67*
286
Scroll
67*
287
Tetanus Toxoid Injections.

Grout
SA# 29 , : ( >*

Hand wheel
6/! / Q/> %* 6' C (
288
% T*
' >*
Feast- And-Famine Cycle

Symbiotic Cycle
1) "! $ ' D >* :'! >*

p %! '
289
290
3/ , -* + % : -*

Activated Sludge
4/ # % (5 " 6
291
". + $,)!0

* ,
& %* -*
Sloughed
Volatile Fatty Acid (VFA)
6 $/ )) 1* 6B F* : () F*

% $! "&
292
293
* # % $ ! ! : ";*

Shock Loads
/9 ) <) , M 6'

!
294
BOD Equivalent Population

Load
Aquifer
Poplar
(@*!) / '! $!) *

) $. 4 <) > : %*

6 ! 6' , :*
S " 6' ()
C)
4% F*
Fill And Discharge Basin

Reservoir
)/ > $ $! 6 %*

F*
4 $7 $ ! &9
Anaerobiosis
Inert
Slag
295
296
297
298
299
$,)! $ B; *
300
!* > # >9 :
301
S/* $ " 6, ] :T

< , ,
302
2) F0 "* $! $7 : $7

Septic Tank
% 1! K. %* , 3
303
K K'

Grade Line
%) 8) $ "* # ()> :W

%5 %) 4 6'
304
! $! <0 $ :?. =

> ! % ?. < 3 ' j. 0
Force Main
/ 3/ ' j.

$!) + #
305
# 8 # j. * $ > ! ?.

, * #
On-Line
Crossover
Back Beater
1' :
306
%*
307
) -* W7 (> 9 9
308
1&/ $/!
0 K' , ; $! :4A
Vacuum
"/7, +) ; T* C9. ?. K' $!
309
.K' , " 6' 5- ,

Oocyte
)> %* F 6' , .

310
Stringy
Pilot Studies
Degree Of Compaction
Elm
Landing Brackets
Brackets
WH7^
G69 .
G6
311
A) , ")
312
) "! ,
313
,! "? 6' U , :

7
7/! /O 6/' > 7 %! :); "
Z "! $ 8 )
A) $. 5 Z )
314
315
316
/ . & . 6' 47, :QE'

Impeller

/O 6/' %* %) @* (

317
%* 6' > ') ) =>

(0 # ) (0 # +'
Propelling
Batch
Guideline
/' (/> "/ " $ , '

*
%/ </! 9! # R K, :%
O $. 8 +

Vortex
318
319
320
321
=/! / 3 !* 9 :)

Forced Vortex
5-/ "* %9)0 * ' ) <>
322
%9)[ <); B, .9
<&/! /, & 6'/ 1, $* :6;

3/ 6' ( 0.5 # 0.1 $ K L
($/!A) S/ "! *-! .&
/# '/.# C/B C& C %5
& 3
./ @!9 6' 8 =, + KB)
6' ,
323
Hookworm
1 7, 6' D $ :' $
324
Helminthes
* $! : $
325
Rotifer
Dynamic
(9
@*
) 9 7
%'
6!
*
326
Autotrophic
$/ &/ </! (/> ". &? &

) "!
!)
2 <&
Psychoda
Boom
+ F> + :% Q&

) K!' K# $ $! O L9
327
328
329
7 '* &
330
B 5! C,* ! (), S* %&
331
!0 "M
331
%* $ %! <)
332
Filtrate
2 $. 3 $ ] 4 :2
334
Feeder
6' # '
335
Flanged
Appendage
American Water Works
Association
Precipitate
Lime Slurry
Headers
/&# $/ ]/ (> %> %) ]7

[CaO]
4 , < Ca(OH)2
< $P T* 9 "7 :")
336
337
$/ \) 2) ' <) " :",,

Rammers
!/)
! %! <. 6)> *
338
,
Trickling Filtration
Soil Moisture
Laminar
Concentrates
Code
/) $/. %* %) :1> 2

" %! K K, 4 2
()/ 6/' /, 6 1* :
C C $ B
U " 6' %! %) <) :6>
</) 47/,
$ 7! 47, :7!
%* $ % 7!
9/ (/U
9 )
$ , :7
2
(> S %*
A
Slurry
Rotavirus
C)/ +.
_ K < 1 =' :='
.* %)g
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
Manure
Scum
%/ 7/ $ $! . :)

T
F0 ) () , "*
%/) 2) 9 n)0 7 $ > :7
%*
W,7
Gooch
Skid
%> ( % %! +. 6 L : ;7

,;7
K >5 "
346
347
348
349
/ 3 K' > 1& $7 :7,*; $7

Retention Time
"/* $/ /* ()/ 6' %* 1 -*
350
,
Detention Time
Time Zero
Travel Time
/ /' > 6 7 9 :U9*; $7

"- %* 4 U9*
T/* $7 4
* $7 :9 $7
BU
/> $ %> S?) $7 : $7
(U $. 8 #
351
352
353
/ 3 K' > 1& $7 :T! $7

Residence Time
"/* $/ /* ()/ 6' %* 1 -*
354
,
Time Delay
BU T* 4 $ S?) $7 :- $7

B5O U*A U*A
$ 6,# $ % $7
Turnover Time
Dimer
$>/ $7/, $/ $! 67, > :W7

F . $
O 6' $E)J = , $
G H)
Sprocket
355
356
357
358
U ,* 6' () , **)

Graduate Pipette
() 1& %* (,* U ", ,
359
6'

Overdraft
/7 K 2) S9 ', 3 , <*)
360

W7 <*)
Double Suction
Weir
/ (/> , * "* $ * 6' )

, , -* %* <)
362
363
Scouring Velocity
%> U @' )
364
Specific Substrate
6 "); 2)
365
" ))
366
Run
%/* $/ , . $ ! :E )

Compost
8/* "& $)* () % "
367
2 9)' %1a0.5
$, %2
, 7 * A %* @) :! @)
Stickleback
/* /& 3 6' D

3U @
368
6 ! 6'

Beaver
6/' ) 34 F> * :)

S0 $ 0 $ "* %,
Whole Effluent Toxicity (Wet)

Enactment
369
! < )
370
$ $)
371
"!* " B ") : ")

Revenue Bonds
"/ S/' T/*g .9 B "))P
372
3 "M!

%! )
Flagellated
373
$7/ $/ 0 * < 6' %) %> :9)

Siphon
/# K) U'*

? )
"/ 8 9 ?. , F9 <)
374
<0
&? > <
Underfed
Flushing
/7 ' 6' 3 $ ! "! %) :

U* C* $! C,
%90 %
Paralytic
375
376
377
Bedrock
Bubbler Stone
7 "* 6- 1& :(0

"))0 K
K/! 6' ]) & ">9 E
4 7 ">' %! 4 (> $
Sept
Strom Drain
Baffle Plates
378
389
6*
380
3
381
(/ /!* /5 29 : 29

<); % (!* ,
382
Willow
9
383
Plaque
*9
384
Valve Sleeve
(! & 6 (
385
Valve Gate
(
386
Relief Valve
9 (
387
$, 9 (
388
9 1* 6)) (
389
Valve Blow Off
%? (
390
Modulating Valve
% (
391
Valve Shutoff
(
392
Valve Stop
(
393
") ". 65A5 (
394
S (
395
6 (
396
Plug Valve
G ) (
397
Float-Operated Valve
( (
398
Valve Controlled Check
+ (
399
Valve Vertical Lift Disk
6 +' (
400
F %* + (
401
W7 + (
402
1! (
403
Valve Surge Relief

Single-acing sequence valve
Three Way Valve

Throttling Valve
Valve Rotary
Spring-Loaded Check Valve

Double Check Valve
Valve Globe
(
404
Valve Pilot
K, (
405
Valve Sphere
6, (
506
Valve Swing
77B (
407
Solenoid
Sill cock
Splitter Box
/># /) K/' $/! :1!

47, <, + !
%) <)
%* %) K' % O $ 47,
+7 S
9 "); $ # Q7 T*
$7
]
Tank
Quanti-Tray
6 .
412
-* $ 4 Q7 :(7* 2 .
413
.
414
& j.
415
Peak Pumpage
Pumper
/# <) $ %) +' ?. :j.

O # $! $ > O
$ 7 4 4 j. (> :n.
O # <) $ O # $!
?.
Back Pressure
Hot Plate
/
*)/ ! $)
$) S
'! 6' C)) C!
* >
Biological Bed
Molting
410
6! "
Thrust
Pumping
409
4 /* > ) ) > :6!
Screw Press
Belt Filter Press
408
47/,
(/> 3, $* L :1 L
, M K) (..
'U
$ )
&' S ) S
Dead-end
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
% /' * # > 6 %* >

Chromatography
/ / C/ %* 6' , "!

9 % $ 77A
423
) * >
Rational method
Iodometric Method
' () ,* > : >

.%9 4 % !!
426
* )) $. 6&
427
+,
428
>)
429
, S
430
Declining Growth Phase

Stationary Phase
Barrel And Socket
Aggressive
Mold
%/9 =)0 F*0 % 6

G HIJ
, * - + 6' " +
)/' $/ , () $ *. %! :^b9J
"9 " %* (
3 %7
Water tight
Threshold
Wheelbarrows
Enumeration
425
a, >
Dose-Step Method
Endogenous growth phase
424
K . 7' > * : ,

37, 2) ; C>) *
431
432
433
434
5! * <; "& : ,
435
BU $! 1 4 *#
436
<!
437
<) )
438
, *7 3
439
) "
440
6.9 ?. "
441
) "
442
General-Service Compound
Meter
Current (Velocity) Meter
Positive-Displacement Water
Meter
Master Meters
Differential Pressure Gauge
Proportional meters
@/ 6/' ()/ * A :7

/ ()
8> $ %)
Reynolds Number Re
K/ $! 6> <); 69'

<);
/, +/ <./ <); 6'
.9
9 K $!' "
443
Torque
6 K, (), > % : (7

$ * # ) C 3* (

444
4/ / 7 % * =' .

Weed
# 6' S 6'

4. "&?
445
' < ) <

* 5- @!9 ? :G
Refractory
" / 6/'

$' 6' ()
446
7 6'

TG , ".
447
8* 7! 1 $ \%

(>
448
Indicator Organisms
Blank
Turbidity
/ /' , <) 4 ! :!

0.002 mm %* B L
449
%/ Q $ A :5- <) A

Cause-And-Effect Relationship
8 <) +. ) ,) K <)
450
35-
$7 / <)/* :1 / *; = (
Stoichiometry
+ "! >' %9 6 "7,
451
F .
Shutoff head
Water head
Head
Shaft
) 1& Q9; :>

K# % *
/ 6 (), , $ ?. :4
$ Q9
Q9 6 (), , $ ?. :
$
454
455
O 6' !* %>
456

> !! $
457
%* "! $ $! +,

!
>
457

458
Stage
Grab Samples
453
! O 6' )

@*
Line Shaft
Cluster
452
%* 7
459
%
460
O # $! $ %> % @* %
461
Carrier Gas
Screen
Travelling Screens
Vee Screen
Bar Screen
Flash Evaporator Chambers
/* %! @A) $ Q % V %

V
! @A)0 $ ; $. $ Q %
+ B
%! * , +' K' ( +)
+) <) c,9
%)
Backwashing
Septum
Membrane
K/5
$/,* $ % 9 4 :7,* 4
<> ",* $ % 9 4? C*
/* , * %5 > > :4

,* *
67* 4
Screw Cap
Grated Cover
Stainless Steel Closure Slip On
Sheath
"/*' & < / /* $ 4 :6! 4

1, "*' "B' +.
/B' S7 %> &;9 $ 4
<0
</5! $/ * * ,)0 6' :=!

8
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
6/ +/, <) Q9 :$.'

$'

Flooding
K)/
3 <) 6 6
/ S/ 6/' 4) F0 2)
472
.',

6.
> _
473
&?
474
7* # !* % ' 7'
475
Inadvertent
Heterotrophic
Cyclone Separator
Atmospheric Vacuum Breaker
% %* + :4 4A# %H '

< 3 (U # <
476
Pressure Vacuum Breaker
# 5 3 + :?. 4A# %H '

< 3
" SA# 2'
Valving
477
478
6/' Q7/ / "& "*' :, "*'
Manholes
/# %/ $/ $! * " Q
479
,
Control Orifice
Mesh
Orifice
/ ) A $ 5- ( B_b' :(!* "*'

, * " $
/ @A/) $/
% *'
!
(!*/ ?./ /9 B ( O 6' *'
Z %?
480
481
482
)
%? '
483
],7 % '
484
Hot-Air Sterilizing Oven
$) 4 (> $'
485
Cryogenic Air Separation
.9 * ", 4 % '
486
6)? 6 % '
487
S'
488
Runtime
Vitrified Clay
Immunomagnetic Separation
Ultrasonic
Hydrant
/) ( $! 77 6 S* B'

9*
6) !)
K 49
Animal Viruses
Backflooding
Malfunction
Buoyant
489
' ")'
490
F'
491
%? (U O 6' m%^^

J b
492
/, /! $ ! 9 :9 %

1* %* # ) .9 '5!
493
Volatility

494
Viability
S
*
495
$9
496
-/ / (!*/ ) + :))P +
497
Petresciblity
Corporation Stop
3 7,
Check Float Element
( +
498
Curb Stop
2! +
499
T5, U9*
500
$
501
! "> $
502
6)) (U
6)) $
503
*) 3 , $
504
Mortuary
Sewer Ordinance
Total Coliforn Rule
Statute
Surface Water Treatment Rule
S = ) => :S; =

Penetrometer
/ 5-/ /# < <. S %
505
*
?. => " * :?. =
Pressure Gauge
506
6/' %) <) ) => 7, :" =

Pitot Gauge
/# )/) / / )0

% $ G (5 $5 $> 6' " 6)9
507
.( +) $> 6)

Hood
%/, ? 6 % 4 %7 4

"!); 0 $ F*0
!
]
K %
Premature
Pumping Capacity
* "! j. . ) :j.

%) $
508
509
510
3 6> 3 :%5 (.

Assimilative Capacity
. . "5- T*# $ )
511
> 3 $) $ * *

Horse Power Hp
760 % @* > => : *
512
<*) ;
513
(!7 ? 17
514
Intake Capacity
Zirconium Dye Lake
Crustacean
(U 6? 6! 6)! Q + :"

(),
515
Distillate
Destabilize
/5! (5 $) > ] :e

6/' $,
(U >) 77 >
$7 *
516
517
6/' <! *9 : %

Parshall Flume
/ 3 <) ) <)* S
518
1 3 , * $ W S'

%)
3 %>
519
Regulation
$
(U
"

520
Ordinances
$
521
Flume
Shell
Maple
Limitations
Q'/ K $P 1 $* < 47, :

7,
%!B
=9 $
$7/ Q7 ! , Q * :<>
Q S* W
C* 7, <) () F9
C>) .
Pressure tight
Cation
Hydrophobic
Leak Detector
Reagents
Benthic
Rainfall Intensity
Flocs
Airloc Balls
523
524
?. %7 :?. (!
525
* 6,# $ :!
526
4 3!
527
<) !
528
/ 6! %9 # . :6! !

K # ?
Q D * "! :G "!
* "*
1/ %/ 7/ :1 % '5!

=>
%! "7, @) 9. ", "'
"!
. + ?
(!*/ (/ /!* "! :4 =* "!
522
529
530
531
532
533
<0 6' 4 <)

? 3, ? B!
Heterophobic
534
-/ 6/ (*' $ "* : 6* $!

Granular Activated Carbon
(GAC)
(/?'
/77; K $)* C! ]
500 c'! 6 2) K ] $! $ *
535
+
Objectionable
Foul
Scrape
Oxidation Reduction Potential
(ORP)
F?
2
K!
536
%*
$H9
)'
H&
K!
537
@'
D

!
538
$/ ] 6! , S' :Q, )!0 $!

Q,# )! , ,
539
(), ,) $. $! ? =! :=!

Cyst
] =! 1* .* @* K % 9
540
! ", ! %*

Not-For-Profit
Anoxic
* ;
541
,)!;
542
9* (> :9* 9* >

Drill Bit
> 6' <!

9 %! "& &;9 $
543
<>5
Control Console
$/ / (/!* * :(!* "

(!* *
- + , * "
544
/* 6' , 70 $ , 29 *

Keypad
6/! 7/, </)* M >* ?
545
" (!*

Helix
Helical
$7*
<
546
67*
6
547
Strainer
Brine
Saline
551
* ". G)
552
/ $/! %/) () ?. => :

S7
553
554
6B 6
555
) ") c
556
/ $/ /) , $ :1*

"* %> () !
B O
Durability
550
* ) 4
"*A
Gear Reducer
Concentric
549
4 % 6' () 4 7 !
Hydropneumatic
Insecticide
& * 4

(7? LA
Biocide
Manometer
548
/! ( 6)) %! 1* 2 4
Brackish
Caulk Caulking
%
9 H
/ = 0 ! )B %! :7! *

7! =9
557
558
559
/> K * 7 $* :6O %*

Amoebas
D .!* $ K! P , $ ! 7 :C)! <)
8
1
WG
\%
Progressive
Sewers
/ 3/ %/> F0 "/* :,

"9
561
562
563
564
565
Trophozite
Doctor Blade
Paddle
6),A 5! $ 60 6' ",

"* 6' -* ! 29 :! ,
,
/* F* 6' %) @* ,
,
568
569
S "* & 3 ,
570
6 T* =,
571
9! ; 3 (!* =,
572
%? # %? ,
573
Culvert
Drive Assembly
Raking Assembly
567
6 % ,
Trunk Sewer
National Research Council

(NRC)
State Of California Regional
Water Quality Control Board
(RWQCB)
566
, (> " $ , :, ,

, "* 6' F*0 $ $ <)
Butterfly Control Vane

Assembly
574
' (!* ,
575
G,
576
Hydrophilic
4 <*
577
Impounded
7,*
578
Plunger
@*
579
Hollow
)/! / (./ : 9 ")*

Beneficial Soil Amendment
" "!9 $ "7,
580
>9 < , (, + $)*

". %* <) :%*
Decomposer
Mixed Solution
"./ 1/* / F* 6' S %*

W7 %* () ,
W7 %*
Mixed Liquor
Buffer
/ K/> 6! <! :(U %*

K# K'.# 6! %9 )
581
582
583
584
K/' $/! C %> &;9 $ 4 :(*

Autoclave
"/) K/ $ ?. * ", V
585
6' "> 6'

Transducer
Bar Graph
/# %! $ %* (> : %*

O
S/' /* "/ F 6
CA5 $7! %*
6
Plot
Rainfall Duration
1/ % ) :1 %

") C S =>
4>
)

Duration
Compactor
Rollers
Drive
Solvent
Recovery
/ S "! %) :*

/ "* !* T* >5 :*
B % " *
/)
/O 6' %? $ %P) 47,

<)*
/ /' <& C ) ! :"&
C;* %! 8
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
& "A.' $ 9 ) ) :
595
4 "&&
596
Spargers
/B 2/ &B ( : *9 2

; / " / 6/' S 2
Plate-And-Frame Filter Press
4/! "M 6'

%, &?
597
%)/ $ 2) * C9! F90 2 B

K* ( 1&
99 "*
Cartridge Or Large Disk Filter

Resilient
/ 60 +. # 9 :6

$
?. 5
598
599
> ' *
600
* 5# * %)) 6 W7
601
6 7
602
"* 6, (*' %7
603
Suspended Propeller
In-Line Mixing
Stock And Sod Farms
Packed -Tower Decarbonator
Porosity
Emulsion
Seeded
Sensor
Drip Pan
Indigenous
# 6' "9 (,* ) :)

6! ,*
B/* K' Q7 5! $) $ ]7
<*)
))* >
, "* , ">!
(/
C/, 1/* " 6' :Q7)
"&? C B#
* 7' => ! :)
6' % %) $ ] 4 :% %) >)
3 , "*
\%!/ T/* / :
'
)
* $! 6' 6
No-Observed-Adverse-Effect
Level NOAEL
604
605
606
607
608
609
6)! 5- U*A ( 8)
610
4 2)
4 <)
4 1)
611
Static Level
6!) 1)
612
Logger
" %,)
613
Watertable
-/ 6 (*' S*) : $! S*)

Powdered Activated Carbon
PAC
(/?'
/77; K $)* C! ]
500 c'! 6 2) K ] $! $ *
614
+
Bearing
Nursery
Outfall Sewer
/!* 47/,0 $ % 9 :%* )

($) * >
615
% =? K' ( $! :%
616
6 (), 6' , < <
617
S '*
7,*

Curb
Stator Baffles
Serological
%) <) 2! () 5 :!) "

* , K, ' 7
% 6 *9 ) :6
(
Progressing Cavity Pumps

High Service Pumps
Vertical Turbine Pumps
Recirculation And Transfer
Pumps
Well Pumps
Low Lift Pumps

Booster Pumps
620
621
".
622
6 T9 ".
623
%> ! # ".
624
0
Self-Priming Pumps
619
(> G! ".
/# 3/ <*) 6' +. : ".
Peristaltic Pumps
618
625
, ".
626
QA & ".
627
) +' ".
628
/. 7B/, * ". 77 ".

. C'
629
Centrifugal Pumps
& ".
630
Turbine Pumps
59 ".
631
Screw Pump
.
632
Ejector
' .
633
Photoamplyfier
6. (.
634
< %# $P O 6' :< (.
635
"9 + :6
636
Burner
Elastomer
Grinder
/# / /7, () * *

*
0 * ")!
637
<)/; /,# , ?. $, :

Water hammer
( SA# <) -,' KB, ?

/# 1P 1& 0
c,9 \@ <0 6'
<0 6' ?. ,
638
Slaker Slake
/, "/9 $) <)

, c9
3
2
G> :S
Categorical
639
640
6)9 % $ ". , :d

Manning Equation
<)* 1890 d 60 B 1867 !

5-/ /* 2) *9 6' <);
641
&,
/' 4 <); Q > : %

Roughness Coefficient
0.020 /# 6,,7 2) 0.010 $ K L

6/' n/ K 7
$5! "& >* Q>
642
d
Coefficient Of Rigidity
3, % :A %
643
* ! %* %
644
) >' %
645
Biomass Decay Coefficient

Velocity Loss Coefficient
Elasticity Module
/# / CB (), 7 : %

KB ) > %7 60 K!
646
Standards Of Water Works
"M
647
Electronic Access Devices
! % "
648
$7 * 6' ! : %
649
6) & %
650
8 T*# :
651
Drainage Rate
Peak Hourly Rate
Infective
$ 6B ($!A) "> # ) :>

Planktonic
/& 3/ 2/) 9 , ".

7/ " $ ) $!
652
> ">

W& :
653
Excretion
* ", "79
654
Overflow
F9
655
Norm
Compressive Strength
Bioassay
Herbivore
Ingestion
S , )! > :?.; >

.
/B5- %* 7! = :* )>
* ,)0 A 6'
# "* $ +) :<0 ">
>' <0 D 5 "*
QA;/ /# ()/, # % $ >
;
Capability
Landfill
656
657
658
659
7, O 4 49! :>
660
"9 ( <>
661
6/' 4. '5! => 7, :6. =>

Spectrophotometer
%/) 4./ $ * 47,
662
$ S5
$.9 3 <) =>
Flow Meter
Bourdon Gauge
Gauge
6/' %)/ ?/. => 7, :$ =>

($ 6)9 )) )0
/! 0 "! &# > () 7, =>
, $ ?
663
664
665
/! (/> => 1& ; =>

Atomic Absorption
Spectrometer
/ $/ / /, %/0 %*
666
6)?!
=/ / C/ 6! 6. 6 =>
Photoelectric Colorimeter
/, / $/ /> */ "),
667
#

$ '5! => 7, :6 =>
Colorimeter
Office High-Rises
%!/ / S/ 6' <!

. <!! ); 6))
Us Weather Bureau
Insurance Service Office (ISO)
668
669
6!0 => <!
670
$- " <!
671
Filament
6' %! , "!

*
"! $ , :A
673
1) S*
674
"
' ">*
675
". 0 " C ' '.# >*
675
9
676
Mortar
Wire Attachment
Appurtenance
Ancillary
Wound
Access Walkway
Feasible
Access Ports
()/ * + # $! # %

, * - $. *
Water Utility
Waterworks
Utility
Travelling Rake
Mount
Trash Rack Rake
678
" ! #

$! # % &'
679
!
8
(U
680
"/,*; )) " (> (> S' -

KB' +, .
3/ % /# $- (> - : -
"9 S # 9U
3/ % /# $- (> - : -
"9 S # 9U
682
683
684
O # $! $ %> % @* <
685
O 6' "5 ( +9 <
686
< /! 9

"9 6 <
B79 "9 6
687

688
1 U
689
4 %>
690
6' "& "
691
W7 %* 6' >
692
W7 %* 6' >
693
Plan View
Waterborne
681
6* 3 "M % $ ( +9 -
Rotating Table
Brush Aerators
Mixed Liquor Volatile
Suspended Solids (MLVSS)
Mixed Liquor Suspended
Solids (MLSS)
677
%>
6
<)
(A
S>* $!
Modular
Facility
672
L) 6' 5P
694
=! c'! 5- :C)! $7
695
Surfactant
Counterbalanced
Air Headers
Genetic
Bubbler
* 4 " K, (> " 4 ",

"7 L)
.@ % 0 "5 S :65
%! -* # 4 (> K! 7, ">'
)! +) $- ' 4 7 ">'
<) "
<7
Downspouts
696
697
698
699
()/! LA * 3 :> ) 3

Scale-Forming Water
/ / %! # ) 1P & (7?
700
<0 "A

@A)A & 3
Rejected Water
Finished Water
/* 6' , 6 ] : 3

,
701
702
( <. < F :(_ _

Methemoglobinemia
(/> /! ; <. 5 )!P ? %!
703
,)[ A $,)!0

$/ /> /? "7, % ' :6 7
Dialysis
";/ 6/' $ %* 6' & "0
704
&9 4 () ;

Gutter
Features
Slope
3 S <, >.

<7
/U $ C)) C! C47, %5 )) "7
(
+/ / 2/) 6 7 :* %
6B 6>' 8)
705
706
707
Pervious
KA $ "7? 4 2) :&9^
708
Diffuser
"5'
709
Drip Emitters
()/
K (!* $! % 4 " "5'
5* 1 U 6' +) S
710
Blower
/9, 4B S :4 "'

$)
+' 6& %
Self-Propelled Transport
Nitrification
* "! 0 "! %* :
" " # $,
711
712
713
S' )* $, ! :6! %! $,

F* 6 (> 6 %! ( >
/ )/! . @!9 @9)
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN)
%/* / /0 @)/# (5 (0 *
714
$,/ ! <)* 6

# (0
@ F* () , ) 6!
"! (
Guide
Dewatering
Stripping
Disinfection/Disinfection by
product ( D/Dbp)
Food-To-Microorganism
Ratios F/M
Texture
Semi permeable
+ % <! 9! # R K, 4

O $. 8
"/ $9/ 4/ 9, 4 Q7
!
716
O @'
+, $ Q7
717
(> , ] # (> )
718
(/& , ".a4& )
719
^. . ) "! < :])
720
%/) / 2) 4 :&9

3 * "7
$ ! 7* 7) :<.
Depletion
Saturation zone
715
'! K' $! $ 1 S :Q S

1 , 4 4 ()
721
722
723
High Pressure Air Burst
?. 6 4B Q' (U
724
Looped Or Grid System
6! 6>* (U
725
Hazardous waste
/, $ * , "9

)
726
Permeablility
Junction
Deficiency
Best Efficiency Point

Node
7? %) L) :&9

K' , ()
$ $ O 6' $! $ % >
K
4 6' %
K# W*; "! * 6' >
( *
40 /' $! 7, Z %.'0 %? >
$,& @A)
Q9 ' +> ! 6' >
727
728
729
730
731
$/* $/ $/! W& :$ (, W&

Bingham Plastic Model
%/5 (/> >5 %) <)
732
-* Z 9* %)

< ! 6' 7
Recessed End
Dormant
/ / /! B C. 1 ; :,B

) U 6'
Fuming
Maximum Contaminant Level
Goal (MCLG)
Osteoporoses
Autothermal Thermophilic
Aerobic Digestion ATAD
733
734
& ]B
735
T 6U0 8) B
736
/'5! 6/' ) () F :(U B

6!B . C) (U
* <* * 6& 6B (.B
737
738
"& /B 3/ "& */. * :$;

B
Lagoon
/7, 7,* 37,* * %
739
, 9
Wire Fabric
Jackson Turbidity Unit (JTU)
6!) %!B
740
$)!, ! "*
741
(/) ! "* :9 ! "*

Nephelometer Turbidity Unit
(NTU)
/ "/7, /! => 7, B

9
() 7 %) "? >
/ 90 7 % 6. ! 4. 7*
742
$/ =!/ 4. "7, ! .

/ ! # '.#
! # "7,
.4. )! #
67? 9 *
Spiral Wound Module
743
"/7, / =/> :29 / %!/ *

Plaque Forming Unit
/* 6/' 29 %! > ")9!
744
C! K! $ 5! 69! => B

(,*0
Pint
Module
/ c'! $ $5 d %) => *

C>
<) (U )B *
-
S7 1 $ %*
Slime
Unidirectional
Logarithmic Probability Paper
S' ) 6' @* 6 <) :3,; *

* * 3,
%* () S :6 * S
? ( "& "
6) <); 6)
Mean
Labeling
S/ $/ $ 7 ) :()

K * " 1* (), @)A
Joint
748
749
750
751
T * %! < "A
753
"* $ ) < $ "A
754
/ +/ =-! %! K < %

) %! K O <
!* >
Restrained Joint
Gooseneck
747
752
Tees
Bell & Spigot joint
746
?. "A
Compression Joint
Interconnections
745
S %! K 6* < (70 S) *

$ $ O 6' $! $ % 9

K
755
757
758
759
Basic Cost Functions
Clear Well
(/ +/9 "& -/ > )) U

$!)
"*/ "/* +. 4 :2 4 4
2 4 +,
760
761
/9 1* 4 :(= ) %! 6 4

Hopper
d9 *9 6 T* %9)0 3, S. )
762
K*
Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA)
Draw
!
763
, (> ,
764
Drain

%)
2
766
Rinse
%)?
767
Wrap

E
6q?
So
768
*
$.*
?
769
<, (7
* F9 6* (7
770
,. )! .
771
Encapsulate
Obligate
Oocyst
dvvvvS6
256 : H
115 :
9+T!}
G J
xA+ AS}
75 ,73 :
?+"+|}
114 ,75 ,70 :
?+ " $ O y
G V
G V
G V
vvvvvv vvvvvv G V vvvvvv
vvvvvv
9} I
vvvvv
,475 -473 :
{+ Tv( < Qw y
9}I}
9}I}
vvvvvv
G V
652 :
> + SQ A y
vvvvvv vvvvvv
vvvvvv vvvvvv G V G
O=zAy
? *( % A y
,839 ,201 : vvvvvvvv
vvvvvvvv vvvvvvvv vvvvvvvv G VG
9 + O A <:
475 :
Q aty OTy
G
38 :
?+_(Ty
966 :
(IC
>+ SQA y { =s 9 |
G
91 -89 :M
161 :
9G@ :
Q
?*Q+Aw =y
VG
G JGQ
G JGQ
(IC
(IC
9=A L
9=A L:
G J
?+ \ Q A p :
G
9+ O A < :
FG
G JG O
465 :
G R
255 :
858 :
)! O}G
,873 -871
vwyz
,108
9+A I:
L
9 wA I:
# + G T v }G
,vvvvvF9vvvvv+vvvvv}vvvvv+vvvvvwvvvvvyG #vvvvv+vvvvvGvvvvvTvvvvvv}G
?pQ@}
I
232 ,228 : c
9J@:
>_Q y 9 jy {Ti R %F
(vvvvvvvvIC
G VG
vvvvvvv vvvvvvv
200 ,158
864 ,851 ,849
485 :j
(vvvvvvIC
G VG
9<6
>tDy QqI ?y
,147 ,143 ,133 :J vvvvvvv vvvvvvvFG
777
469 :
, = y (z y G
134 :
9} I
vvvvv
450 : Q
876 ,526 ,115
71 ,69 :
9 } I}
? *( ] g y
,70 -69 : vvvvvv
9F9+A I
9+A I
9+AI
L vvvvv vvvvv vvvvv
:(COD)
1134 ,1099
252 :
, F9 } y G
9+A I:
9 T : O@
442 :H +
G OG
1107 ,999 ,883 : M
9W@ :
Q
zqTy 9W@ :
,492 ,488 : ,vvvvv vvvvv vvvvv
vvvvv G M vvvvv
vvvvv Q
9}y
408 :fh
G H(
9 y qy
668 :J +!( (
RM}y h s | 9q@
(
vvvvvvvvv+vvvvvvvvv
vvvvvvvvv vvvvvvvvv G ,vvvvvvvvv
,837 -835 ,822 : j(vvvvvvvvv+vvvvvvvvv
QD M Ay Q=f
IQ (
784 :
? < Qw y ? y
1134 : "
348 :J
? 9 } wy
344 : +F +
602 :
782 :
,vvv
G J
9C z } y ? y
(
9C z } y ? y
(
QJ=y 9 | ?I z| ?y
G g +
?F Rz y ? = z Z y
G
G OG(
vvv G
}y ?y
vvv G OG (vvv
vvv vvv vvv
vvv G
q
h
807 : + h}G J
990 ,989 :
754 :J G
vvvv G g vvvv+vvvv
vvvv
vvvv
vvvv vvvv
GR E
vvvv
vv
vv vv
G h UG
vv
G Q
9=A L
QAy 9=A L
G Q
9LOy 9=A L
G Q
J vv
vv vv vv G Q vv vv vv
FG
$(
9 y ty 9=A L
G J +!( (
9 9 Gy
-156 : vvv*OQ vvv+vvv
G Q
9T v 9=AL
vvv+vvv+vvv
vvv G J vvv
Q vvv vvv vvv
157
758 : Qh
QG}y 9=A L
G Q
y 9=A L
760 :AG (% G Q
GR E
43 :dG
GR E
468 : ,!(
vvv GRE
vvvv vvvv
u QJy ? p 9=A L
? z wy
GR E
9 }y ;ZA S
G M
G eG
163 : +
vvvvvv+vvvvvv"vvvvvv%vvvvvv
vvvvvv G
vvvvvv
G L
G IG O C
9|
749 :(OSHA)
1012 :a
QZy 9 | ?}d
G g +
? p Gy 9 }y ? f
vwy{
vvvvvv Gh f vvvvvv }G I QG OE
vvvvvv
352 : + (
RA L:
wTy R }y
}y ?JZy
991
1133 :g +
GR E
vvvv
O g}y
658 :
GR E
? f9 aA S:
9Mzy 9W@ : 9=A L
1004 : f
GR E
Q Z y 9 | ? G y9 g | ? f9 a A S
:a vvvv
Q vvvv vvvv vvvv
Q vv vv vv
p ?tzg}y ?=zZy }y ?y
?y
9s Q } y
vvv vvv vvv vvv
G (vvvv
vvvv
761 :AG (% G A
w gy ?y
9=A L
9 = A L O M A S9 < 9 J A q y 9 = A L
y ;L
vvvvvvvvv G
+ G
vvvv
761 : H( !}G Q
vvvvvvvvv GRE
? } f9 y { < Q jy ? y
" G
vvvv vvvv G
QG
865
63 :
vvvv
759 : LQ
QG
p BOD y ? y
Jy
v vv vvvvvvvv G
G JGQ
9=A L
Q G | O g y ? a S < 9 = A L:
K 9qZzy
j vvvv%vvvv
50 : S(+ "+$QC
K VQ A y
JGQ
154 :
T | 9q@
"
G g +
FG
581 -580 ,496 -494
734 :A
u QJ y 9 | up O @
w
653 :
QG
G g +
? a= }y ? 9}Jy
405 : +
!C I QG O E
( ! I QG O E
G JG h O C
,895
,1123
,892
,1094
,882 -881
,1089
1133 : a
,1011
QZ y 9 | ;ZA S
G g +
938 :
1129
850 ,849 :A
9t y y9f G Tv
}G
GTv
}G
,289
G #+
" G ,
#+
P}y
vvvvvv
vvvvvv G #vvvvvv+vvvvvv
vvvvvv
,105 -101
vvvvvv
vvvvv
vvvvv+vvvvv
vvvvv vvvvv
94 : #+
518 :
887 :#+
9j 9 | O T v
" G
+% G
hQ
9 < y O= wy
( G
87 : A
Zy
G f(
? g}y
143 : A
9 } y 9< ? y t } y
( "
,1085 -1084
+$
vvvv
p ?gV
vvvv vvvv
vvvv vvvv
,1083
}G
9f
G IO vvvv
,362
C
773 :
vvvvv!
vvvvv*h
vvvvv
I O vvvvv
}Jy Q O@ 9f
*h
?a J}y ~ }Z@
+
IO
J GQ
9=Af
9 Af:
738 ,704 ,172 :f +
9 }y
666 :g +
}G
RG
9 T : Q O@ 9f
Q}zy
vvvvv G H vvvvv+vvvvv
915 :I z
fG( }G
G VG
}G
q
819 : bh
172 :H
9 |y
G VG
vvvv G e G
9 Ay
O Oy
zqTy
,vvvvv vvvvv vvvvv

C
< Q wy9 < R A|:
147 : *(
}G
9 }y OMAS
G J "+ ( C
G ,
vvvvv
vvvv vvvv"vvvv vvvv G b(vvvv
vvvv
,24 -20 :g vvvv+vvvv
G H %
9} y p
"
F O y O Tv
500 ,498 : e(*O(
bW }y
B QA y O Tv
69 :J G
1134 :
1136 ,1131 ,1106 ,1088
S { p O Tv
103 :R(!
152 :, F
}G
G vvvvv
+ "+
891 ,889 -887 ,885
G I
QC
vvvvv"vvvvv vvvvv G
? GTq =y
O OJy OT v
9=AL :
vvvvv+vvvvv
316 : K(
,531 : vvvv+vvvv
710 :Q
vv%vv vv
AT}zy ? } d Ay US
z}zy }df
i(vvvvv vvvvv
994 ,883 -876
vv G g vv+vv
O Tv
G c
317
,866 ,860 ,857 ,838 ,564
563 :
G QG
QWy 9 | ; AS
,263 -262 :H vv
,84
43 : I
9 }y ; A S
}G
,81 ,53 :H G
,291
{ 9T y
Q G y Q tA S
675 :g +
G Tv
849 :
Q|
}G
Q|
}G
G QO
9Z| 9 Af
f +
QWy 9 | 9 Af
G g +
9 } wy
,104
vvvv G j (vvvv+vvvv
Jy
vvvv G #vvvv+vvvv
,102 -101
}G
GTv
}G
vvvv
vvvv
:(BOD)
,816
,710
,853
,851 -850
,841
,839
,878
,874 -871
,864
,858
vwy|
,183
G Tv
116 ,103 -102 ,51 : #+
,vvvvF vvvv+vvvv vvvv+vvvv
f +
,179 -178
131 :A
377 :
9} y G > + <9 ! C
144 :J
? T + FQ y G A 9} y G > + <9 ! C
Q 9G } y G > + <9 ! C
741 ,740 ,719 : *Q
732 :JG
O*O}Ay G
9ShQ+qyG
1051 :
O* OJyG
9Z|C
;|C
|
,857 ,97 ,95 ,93 : vvvvvvvvvv+vvvvvvvvvv!(vvvvvvvvvv }G

-1060
,1058 -1057
,864
vvvvv
1061
259 :
? 8p 9 wA } yG > +<9 ! } G
PE
>+ <9 ! C
PVC
>+ <9 ! C
744 :
9 f9vtvqvzvy IOvy(v}vyG >v+v<9v!}G
,737 :J v
744 :
738
? S 9J " y G > + <9 ! } G
,400 -399 :
327 : +
xvvvvv+vvvvvAvvvvvS;vvvvv=vvvvvyG >vvvvv+vvvvv<9vvvvv!C
744
401 :
ABS
> + <9 ! C
PE
>+ <9 ! C
401 :
137 :
9w +A+y (AT$ 9=*(|9A!
Q } M A yG >+ <9 ! C
162 : +
G
166 :
150 :VG
291 :jQG
Q|}G
QJ y G
QG
194 :J
9tA!G
Q J= yG
264 :,
9 T!:G
y9tDyG
H +
9 T!:G
OGyG
9 T!G
H +
266 :,F
RGyG
H +
9 T!:G
277 :
QJyG
H +
9 T!:G
vwy}
Q qJ y G > + <9 ! C
? Q O yG > +<9 ! } G
266 ,264 : * FG
327 ,325 :U
9 T! G
H +
292 ,284 :dhG
383 :
H +
9AyG
267 :e
746
9 } * R! } G
,tp}G H 9+T! :G
292 :JG +
OvzvyG Ov*OvJvyG >v+v<9v!C
OJ!:G
9 T!:G
t 9 s QyG
~+ gaAy G Q +} M @ >+ <9 ! C
,398 ,395 :f
286 :)!O}G H +
296 :, F
A = yG > +<9 ! } G
402 : +!( +
790 :
810 :Iz
742 :
9 YQ yG >+ <9 ! C
>J T yG >+ <9 ! C
} J y G >J S >+ <9 ! C
HFR }yG
9 ]j yG >+ <9 ! C
403 :P
: ( q yG >+ <9 ! C
A p >+ <9 ! C
276 :jQ( "+
? A Qw !( w yG > +<9 ! } G
745 : + *
? Ay ?}d
199 : * (%
9 }y h
,449 ,131 : g vvv+vvv
vvv*R(vvv
vvv G
@ ?}d
vvv!C
vvv
vvv
9 RMy
292 :J !G
!C
,697 -696 :
671
648 :
9=AL :
E zAy
*(
796 :Y
G vvvvv
G Y
? Q qy ? yR }y Q ay ?}d
891 : *O
"
G M
? Jy ?}d
965 : *(+
290 : ,
g <Q y
395 :
G H
> <9
+
? Ay
883 ,881 : IG (%
882 :a
!G
:Q vvv%vvv!}G h dhG
9gy
z gy
OGy
vvv G ,vvv
vvv
9 T:
vvv!
9T:
G H +
9T:
G H +
p 9 T:
{ | 9w y
!}G
275 :,
G
698 :
H vvv+vvv
vvv!
274 :
G QG ( $ } G
469 : H
QG ( $ C
9qS p C
( ( QhC
zwy
9T:
G H +
9T:
Q 9G}y
*Q
O@Q}y
274 :
hq@Q}y
Q a] }y
^ qM } y
"
,513
,465
9T
G H +
9T:
G H +
9T:
G H +
9T:
G H +
9T
vv G H vv+vv
,243
!G
9T:
G H +
9 }y
-231 ,228 ,224 :g vv+vv
G H +
G QG ( $ C
G ( Qh}G
vv!G
,232
1018 ,1016
G f GR h } G
K V Q} y
G W
< Q wy O Tv
G
vvv G H vvv+vvv
vvv vvv
267 :
-375 ,366 :
116 :f(
f9 g W y
!C
887 ,538 ,533 ,513 : fhRh}G
489 :
284
? A<9 D y @
?8 p 9 wA } y
H +
1130 :
G g +
100 -99 :J
487 :j (
!C
;t :
QZy 9 |
99 :
32 :
}y
vvvvvv!
9q@ :9< {L Ozy 9 T :
! } G Y G( ! C
883 : *(%
H vvvvvv+vvvvvv
vvvvvv vvvvvv
445 :j O
!}G
9 T : 9 at
!
474
469 :H +
vvvvvv
,297 ,295 : ,vvv
? Jy ?Gy9g}y ?}d
193 : *(+
{LOzy 9 T :
G vvvvv
? Dy9Dy ?}d
1040 : +
!G
1007 ,1000 ,700
-670 ,664 ,656 ,649 ,451
653 :Q
9T
G H +
291 : f(+ "
9S
+ + *
vFG v
v G g v +v
H v+v
v!G
374 ,453 ,376

hC
QZy 9 | 9 T
,684 -683 : a vvv
C dhC
}z=
u QJy 9 | 9 T
vwy~
v v G g v v+vvv
H v v+v v
v v!G
814 ,810 ,729 ,705
965 :RG
RA| : ? } d
G
!C
+(
890 : Uz A<
76 : f
y 9i f
:>vvvgvvvwvvv| eOvvvs f
(+
S S
68 :
199 : aQZ yG g 9 | J9
vvvp Ovvv h9vvv=vvvyG
175 : ?
+ !} +
G { Ti H |GQ <
+ (
319 : J; Y
314 :g 9 }yG K
y9t@Q<
97 -96 : e
]f ^ C
; yG ^
553 ,41 :e
}y
(+!( } (*
|
77 ,39 :
#+
} yG c Q= yG
41 :J9
""
S9@ =y G J9 j |Q<
(+
(*
T y9 wyG f
zv =
yG f
!(
541 ,93 : Q
(*
(*
+%
yG f
(*
(+
yG f
(*
FhQ O
81 :I QT gyG J 9
!+
vv C
(*
103 ,93 : O
662 :J 9JVQ}yG ?G|Q<
:?v 9v vZvyG h {v vjvWvAvy Gh I QG O
(*
**
519 ,52 :B Q
(+ (
G f
* ( ( +%
G cQ<
881 :? D y9DyG c Q= yG
887 ,43 : e
G f
109 : J9|hQwyG f
+
q
(*
(+" } (*
566 : x O OJyG f
G cQ<
881 : ? qZAyG cQ<
(%
562
875 ,772
881 :I G
zqyG f
*}
,500 ,109 ,43 : RhOvv OvvJvvy G f
,142 :aQvvvZvvvyG g9vvv vvv| QGQvvvtvvvAvvvSG c Qvvv<
881 :L 9]
* +
9D
876 : ? Q9 AL:G c Q= yG
875 :I OTv
(! *
] g y G I O 9} y G ^ C
499 : e
z@ ? Jp9 w | H |GQ <
++
*(
FG
92 -91 : Q
AyG ? =sG Q | H | GQ <
80 ,58 : { A }yG
*(
+ , ($
q
129 : O t|
gyG g9 | I QG O E H | GQ <
650 :> <9
f9 Zy G d
76
723 : rYG
, "
139 :? zMy G ^ C
p O h 9= y G
vvv vvvzvvv}vvvy G
z v 9= y G
, !
z}yG
(+
(+
!(*
< Qw yG J 9
!(*
!(*
zw yG J9
G Hv|9v Qv<
vvvvv
vvvvv
989
g 9vvv vvv}vvvy ?vvvtvvv=vvvTvvv}vvvyG ?vvvGvvvy9vvvgvvv}vvvyG Hvvv|9vvv Qvvv<

347 :
, "
+ !(
I Qvv vvZvvs ?vv vv
+%
"+
vv<QvvvhQOvv vv vvyG J 9vv vv vvpGQ9vv=vvyG

66 :?zTzT yG
f 9 ZyG a QZ yG
vwzu
466 :?+= +vQAyG JG Q+}+y(= yG
66 :f9<hQ= yG
502 : ?+!(+ @9wyG JG Q+}+y(= yG
115 :x+!(+<hQ= yG
83 :J 9A*Q=vQ+= yG
95 ,75 ,73 : J9"+ @hQ= yG
56 -55 :J 9!(<Qw+= yG
942 : IQAT= yG
151 :fG O*OyG V(+<
772 ,143 ,125 : 9*Q+ Aw= yG
131 :?+a +MyG 9*Q+ Aw= yG

vvvvv
vvvvv
129 :?+z +qayG 9*Q+ Aw= yG

337 :> +<9!}G { v5@
,159 -158 :?vvvv+vvvv!(vvvvy (vvvvtvvvvy G 9vvvv*Qvvvv+vvvvAvvvvwvvvv=vvvvyG

170 ,162
:{v vf9v vqv vAv vyG dOv vgv v| ,v vp I QG Qv vJv vyG Qv v+v vC zv v@
50
131 -130 : B*Q=wy G 9*Q+Aw <
335 ,52 ,40 ,31 :#*zA yG
579 ,576 : ,!(*}G dO9=A yG
127 :?+FG($;y G J 9*Q+ Aw= yG
:A9v}vy9v< ?vy (vtv"v}vyG ?v\Qv}v}vyG 9v*Qv+vAvwv=vyG

133
510 : f9"S }G XsQ=@
130 : ?@QA"yG 9*Q+ Aw= yG
103 :J 9!(+C GQA@
129 : ?+ FG (%yG 9*Q+ Aw= yG
912 :P=" y9< #+MDA yG
87 :#+@;= yG
908 :I z}Jy G #+MD@
66 : #*R"= yG
908 :?y 9tD y9< vvvvv
104 : #+ z+D*E ,y(= yG
:?vvvavvvWvvv"vvv}vvvy G aQvvvZvvvyG Izvvv}vvvI #vvv+vvvMvvvDvvv@

909
503 ,99 : J9qS(p ,y(= yG
#v v+v v"v vTv vAvvv< ?v v+v vTv v+vvvFQv vyG W(v vav vMv vyG >v v+vvvtv vDv v@
950 ,947 :Q+}+y(= yG
651 :, =y(y
948 :x +!9| Q+}+ y(<
1003 : #+ a=A yG
:?vv+vv!(vv+vv!(vv"vvyG h ?vv+vv!(vv*}G J GQvv+vv}vv+vvy (vv=vvyG
940 : IQGQJy9< r+qGA yG
vwzv
502
408 : uFG QJy G g 9+| H9+T!G #*RM@
934 : AG (%y9< r+qGA yG
,1098 ,403 : A9vvvvvvvvvv}vvvvvvvvvvyG #vvvvvvvvvv*RvvvvvvvvvvMvvvvvvvvvv@
717 : aQZy G g 9+| h+}G@
1119 -1118 ,1115
452 : Q9<69< R+%GA yG
406 : ?+p9ZyG Q8 =yG #*RM@
353 :A9}y9< ?f 9"Zy G R+%G@
408 -407 : h*R(AyG #*RM@
364 :>+<9!}G JG R+%G@
318 : aQZyG g 9+| K (z @ ^+qM@
928 :~\ 9% yG ~ GI O*OJ@
75 : jQ+Aw =yG Q}MA yG
895 : j(+Jy G {zJA yG

127 :, JZyG Q}MA yG
1003 :Q*Q9G}yG #f j QJA yG
132 :, f9" ZyG Q+}MA yG
70 : ,FG($;y G {zJA yG
132 :,FG (% yG Q+}MA yG
115 : ,FG(%y G {zJA yG
226 :, s9a yG L QOA yG
:>v +v <9v !}G ?vwv=v Wv y ,v <(v S9vJv yG {v+v zv Jv@
-249 ,226 : ,v wv +v yhQOv +v %v yG L QOv Av yG
262 ,260
,296 ,292 ,266 ,261 ,251

112 :,!(zyG {+zJA yG
451
37 ,31 :g 9+}yG {+zJ@
676 :g 9+ }yG J 9<9TI u+ sO@
v
936 : bzM| O9}S )yE {*(JA yG
348 :Q*hOA yG
1101 ,514 ,63 ,60 :QDMA yG
342 :aQZyG g9+| MQa y [+L QA yG
500 :?=W yG QDM@
686 :>S QA yG
692 :aQZyG g9+| >S Q@
,89 ,64 ,62 :,vvF9vv+vv}vv+vvwvvyG QvvDvvMvvAvvyG

1052 ,772 ,497 ,486 ,149
,489 ,485 ,472 :>vvvvvvvvvv+vvvvvvvvvvSQvvvvvvvvvvAvvvvvvvvvvyG

,514
,509 -508
,502
,529 -528 ,509 ,498 :Qvvvv+vvvvDvvvvMvvvvAvvvvyG
,497
604 ,554 ,533

,772 ,769 ,554 ,551 ,528
611 ,160 : ,F9+}+w yG Q+DMA yG
799
497 : b+T=y G >+S QA yG
vwzw
467 ,91 : g9+}y G Q+DM@
592 ,587 :jhQw+} yG K+V QA yG
1026 : ,y9tDy G >+S QA yG
,749 :Qvvvv*Q9vvvvGvvvv}vvvvyG >vvvv+vvvv<9vvvv!C >vvvv+vvvvvQvvvv@
1134 : Q+Gy 9< >+S QA yG
751
668 :K+V QA yG
673 :?+ JZyG J G O*O}Ay G >+v Q@
o
1134 :, =+= JyG K+V QA yG
142 :, F(]y G >+v QA yG
q
835 : bW"}y G j(+ JyG K+V QA yG
36 : A9}z y ,F9+ }+wy G >+v QA yG

944 : bj]y G K+V Q@
752 : QR+zy G >+v Q@
1132 :j hQw +}yG b(p K+V QA yG
998 :?=zZ yG OG (}yG R+v Q@
1136 ,1134 :jhQw+} yG K+V QA yG
956 :O+ |QA yG
486 :K+ VQAzy u<9Ty G >+S QA yG
419 :ShQA yG
1049 : ,F9+ }+wy G >+S QA yG
74 :O* Q+ T+zj* QA yG
485 :, a+J}y G >+S QA yG
93 : #+ |CQ(zw* QA yG
769 : J9*9q"y G >+S Q@
284 :?+Ja TyG g9+}y G J ;+GT@
-508 ,497 ,490 ,487 :Kv+vV QvAvyG
651 -650 :J 9<QTA yG
,574
,572 -571
,529
,509
1101 ,1030 ,586 -585
99 :QF9GyG O+}TA yG
494 :, w+y hQO+ %yG { ++TA yG
834 ,813 :j(+Jy G LQ=y G K+V Q@
476 : H9+T !:G BAW@
835 :jQatA yG K+V QA yG
87 : A(] yG B+ AW@
1031 ,1027 :,y 9tD yG K+V QA yG
700 : r*QZA yG
,835 :bv vWv v"v v}v vy G j(v v+v vJv vyG Kv v+v vVQv vAv vyG
297 -296 :Q8= yG Q+qZ@
651 : >+<9!}G K+zZ@
:a Qv Zv yG g9v +vv| hvv}vvF ?vv}v dv !C ~v +v }v Zv @
837
1090 :, F9Wj yG K+V QA yG
480 : QV9=} yG K+V QA yG
587 :j hQw +}yG b(p K+V QA yG
725
vwzx
385 :{$ 9" }yG ) "< ~ +}Z@
J 9vvvvvvvv!RG (vvvvvvvvAvvvvvvvvyG J9vvvvvvvv$ 9vvvvvvvvGvvvvvvvv@ G Qvvvvvvvv+vvvvvvvv+vvvvvvvvjvvvvvvvv@

42 :?+F9+}+w yG
:Kv +v VQv Av yG e9v dv "v y Kv +v Jv Zv yG ~v +v }v Zv Av yG
56 :?FO%AyG {f 9q@
43 :ydGRAL G- IOT vCz J ;f 9q@
1029
:,vvJvvZvvyG aQvvZvvyG j Q9vvGvv| ~vv+vv}vvZvv@

720
56 : ?+ F(y(+= yG J ;f 9qA yG
842 :I z}JyG ~M]@
42 :>+S QA yG J ;f 9q@
844 ,291 ,289 :jQG QJy G u=aA yG
44 : yI Of 9s- ^}Iz J ;f 9q@
948 :u+AgA yG
46 : ?S (wg}y G Q+i J ;f 9qA yG
102 : O*GR}G { *Og@
-42 ,39 :?vvv+vvvF9vvv+vvv}vvv+vvvwvvvy G J ;vvvf9vvvqvvvAvvvyG
1101 ,668 : ~+tgA yG
56 ,50 ,43
48 -47 : )yh}G ?= @Q} yG J ;f 9q@
:L 9vvvAvvv!
G J9vvv!G RvvvLh >vvv+vvv<9vvv!C ~vvv+vvvtvvvgvvv@

185
49 : ?+!9DyG ?= @Q} yG J ;f 9q@

:?vv+vvGvvTvvqvv"vv=vvyG b(vvp ?vvgvvV}9vv< ~vv+vvtvvgvvAvvyG
47 : ?*QqZyG ?= @Q} yG J ;f 9q@
1136 ,887
44 :R9jzy ?GA" }yG J ;f 9qA yG
149 :?+ JaTy G g 9+ }yG R+%G@ ~+tg@
w
876 :,FG ($;yG xw qA yG
884 :L Q9My G upOAyG ~+tg@
w
876 ,75 :,FG (%yG xw qA yG
320 :, F9+}+ wyG ~+tgA yG

603 :h* QT yG Q+a tA yG
-1038 ,542 ,518 :g 9vv+vv}vvyG ~vv+vvtvvgvv@
98 : ?+!(zyG S9+tyG J 9+"t@
1039
164 :Q+}MAy G ?+"t@
884 :a QZy G g 9+ | ~+tg@
:H (vvvv=vvvv!}G OOvvvvgvvvvAvvvv| Qvvvv+vvvv}vvvvMvvvvAvvvvy G ?vvvv+vvvv"vvvvtvvvv@
909 : HG P}yG AG (%y9< ~*(gA yG
174 -173 ,165 ,162 -161
503 :Q+Gy 9< ?*PjA yG
161 : ,F9WjyG K+VQAy G ?+"t@
,23 -22 :?vvvv+vvvvp(vvvvGvvvvyG g9vvvv+vvvv}vvvvy G ?vvvv*Pvvvvjvvvv@
174 :, F9Wj yG KV Q}y G ?+"t@
vwzy
1136 -1135 ,1133
,4 9 0
:y
,5 9 9
vvF G
(%y
vv
vv
G-
, 9}y
vvF
,5 9 7 -5 9 4
vv
vv
r+d"Ay
Gz
vv
vv
vv
vv
vv
,1 6 1
:yH
9+jy
vvv
vvv
vvv
vvvvv
( F( y
,493 -492
vvv
vvv
321
?+"t@
Gz
vvv
vvv
vvv
vvv
,170
1104
320
4 9 3 -492
,4 9 0
, (%y
FG
r+ d"A y
:Q h
QG}y
eG
OMAS
?+p(Gy
9+}y
?Gy9g| ?+"t@
1006
, w + @9 |( @ }
v
P* QAy
?}d!
~+ d"@
? *( % A y
,7 7 2
,732
,7 1 2
,131
vvv
vvv
,8 4 2
,839
,8 3 6
,8 3 4
,824
,8 5 5
,852
,8 5 0
,8 4 9
,847
vvv
vvv
~ *( t @
373
28
,5 0 2
,498
,4 8 7
:Q
vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv
|p9 wA y
vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv
vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv
1037
,8 6 6
,864
,858
,861 -860
480
895
,8 8 3
845
,8 7 3
?*O+ztAy
?*(%A y
,8 3 7
,S9}A y
OwA y
481
?*(+Jy
?*(%A y
{tD }y
OwA y
785
893
,871
?" I9 ay
)I Qy
Gh
9p;A y
148
q
853
?*(+Jy
IQ Gh
Oy
?*(%A y
:K
(zA y
327
851
?gS(}y
?*(%A y
:U
9Y Qy 9 <
(zA y
668
201
:a
QZy
:j
(+Jy
(zA y
9+| ?*(%@
q
,8 5 8 -857
? + w + !9 w + } y
vvv
vvv
vvv
vvv
vvv
vvv
vvv
vvv
? *( % A y
vvv
vvv
vvv
vvv
9 + } y
,2 8 4
,221
,1 0 1
:g
vvvv
vvvv
vvvv
,6 7 0
,609
,5 7 3
,4 6 5
( z @
vvvv
vvvv
,286
861
1090
39
, 9+}+w y
F
fRG
(Ay
,8 7 8
U !9 G A } y
vvvv
vvvv
vvvv
vvvv
vvvv
, 9+}+wy
vvvvF
vvvv
vvvv
vvvv
vvvv
vvvv
fRG
(Ay
vvvv
vvvv
,332
? + p( G y
vv
vv
vv
vv
9+}y
vv
vv
vv
(z@
vv
vv
1007
40
5 0 9 -5 0 8
41
? T !9 G A| ;y
9!
RG
(A y
?T !9 G A } y
9!
RG
(Ay
?+!O}y
:A
9} y
?|OMy
QZ y
?+ F (}"y
P
h* (@
9+|
(z@
9+|
(z@
JG
O*O}A y
,1134
392
392
407
QW y
1023
40
:H
;+Y(@
vwzz
,1 1 3 2
,Twgy
vv
vv
vv
vv
K \9 " A y
vv
1136
vv
vv
vv
30
151
vvvvvv
vvvvvv
T = y
vvvvvv
vvvvvv
:a
b j ] y
vvvvvv
vvvvvv
vvvvvv
223
,27
QZ y
:)
,135
vvvvv
vvvvvv
vvvvvv
+ z = |: 9 *
vvvvv
vvvvv
vvvvv
vvvvv
533
,5 5 4
,552
,5 0 0
,7 9
>
+ <9 ! }
vvvv
vvvv
vvvv
vvvvvv
>
vvvvvvvvvv
vvvvvv
vvvvvvvvvv
<9
vvvvvvvvvv
!}
,955
,9 4 3
467
,6 0 7
:I
OQ
786
,7 8 6
OQ
vvvvv
+Gy
vvvvv
vvvvv
vvvvvvvvv
vvvvvvvvv
#WMy
vvvvv
vvvvv
vvvvv
( y 9j y , p
G
vvvvv
vvvvv
vvvvv
G y
vvvvvvvvv
* 9+g}y
147
684
778
:J
:a
?G y 9 g } y
QZ y
9T
JG
(+ Gy
?= Jy
QGJy
JG
JG
++ wy
JG
,8 4
#+F
886
,5 4
:f
469
:dh
vvvv
"
vvvvvvvvvv
vvvvvvvvvv
vvvvvvvvvv
? Y9YQy
; }Jy
vvvvvvvvvv
J GQ
:f
9 @
(zq+A y
vvvvv
"
QA y
* (zv
Ey9C
B Q =wy
( <Q w y
vvvv
vvvv
vvvvv
vvvv
+ T v , !9 C
vvvv
vvvv
vvvv
vvvv
,6 9
,500
,291
876
-5 2 9
,526
:Q
(zwy
vvv
vvv
vvv
O Tv
vvv
vvv
,5 3 8 -5 3 6
vvv
, !9 C
vvv
vvv
,530
vvvvv
QGJy
70
871
~GI
O OJy
* *
vvvvv
Q Z y
vvvvvvvv
vvvvvvvv
vvvvvvvv
vvvvvvvv
:J
#* zAy
? v QJ y
103
~GI
x O OJy
vvvv
,549
> @QAy
, !9 C
Q G I
O Tv
,8 0 -7 9
9 | ~GI
OI
,8 1
82
vvvv
87
:f
787
786
104
887
{ |Q y
vvvv
? S 9J y
+ Y( @
,1 1 6 -115
+ }
,598
O v Qy
? y
vvvvv
:f
vvvv
290
9 Gy
,8 5 0 -849
76
JG P
328
,5 6
vvvvv
vvvv
G(
518
1037
vvvv
328
,148
? |O M y
J GP
PGy
9 | h}F
QA | R =y
155
-1 4 7
:Q h
vvvvvvvv
" +
vvvvvvvv
? vQI
vwz{
:d
158
150
B<
B<
9A Q=v
(C
(Dy
(+D y
vvvvv
738
vvvvvvvv
f h |9 F
vvvvvvvv
(} J } y
:J
: ih
+ (
vvvvvvvv
9 | CQGy
Ogy
? fQ F
900 :
? F Rz y ? y9 f } J y
h
Iz
? MD}y }Jy
910 : "
915 :
G Iz
*Q
,864
vvvvv"vvvvv
vvvvv
,845 -843
,881
,839
,874 -872
}Jy
vvvvv
655 :
vvvvv G
g vvv+vvv
vvv
rvvv
vvv
% G Iz
vvv
385 :
901 :
> <9
+
vv+vv
vv
100 :
x@
+ h R} G
vv* vv
383 :,
QA @ |9
G v v
#v+v
v+v
xTzS
vvv+vvv
vvv+vvv vvv+vvv
+ +
897 :
961 :
vvv
vvv
q S
99 : , (!h
vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv
+ ( hO !
vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv
G #
G J
5}I
898 : e
9My
Q i?aW }y
vvvvvv+vvvvvv
vvvvvv
vvvvvv
vvvvvv"vvvvvv
?z 9Ty }Jy
G Iz
G a
vwz|
vv vv
vv G
vv
vv
vv"vv
QZy } I
G Iz
QZy } I
G Iz
QZy }I
? MD }y
vvvvvv G I zvvvvvv
vvvvvv G a vvvvvv
? MD}y ?aW }y
: vv"vv
G )
G Iz
898 : "
q y ^ } I
| O= y | 9 9qy
(vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv G
?=_Q y }Jy
918 -917 ,773 : a
513
Q(vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv
? q A y }Jy
zqy ^}I
Oy QqJy
G g +
133 : + +
hQ(vvv vvv vvv G
+% G ,! G Qh
909 : *(%
x Tz S ^} I
+
9 <6 Qq I
? Ay
^} I
v+v$(v v
115 :
G Q
? p Gy 9 }y tI
x QA Ty ^} I
92 :
-511 :
+ hQ
1136 ,1133 : + (
z Tw zw S ^}I
xAS
v*O #v+v v+v
RzJy 9qJy
wy O y
vv
* Q(
9 M y Qq I
x z vQ < ^} I
890 :
749 : bO "
vv G
9< 9 T I
9\Q}}y ? 9]I
383 :Q
344
100 :
788 : ,!h
@9 wy ? 9 }I
vv G g vv+vv
vv
vvv
+ h-fR $ J
9TI
QW y
vvv G H vvv
? p Gy ? JaTy 9 }y ? 9}I
vv Gh
R|9 y
?w = V ? 9 } I
567 :O(
: vv+vv (vv
vvv
!} G
AT}y
vvv G i (vvv vvv
150 :J
? | 9g y ? J Z y ? 9 } I
G
9}S ? 9}I
}G
317 :H
?}\9 y }Jy
385 : c
,869 -867
893 :
r QZA y ? }v 9TI
1136 -1135
1025 :
9 } y p9 w } y
,835
9 T : ? }v 9TI
733 :H +
G Iz
vvvvv G Izvvvvv
? 9 } wy ? vQ Jy
46 : +F +
Q 9G } y } I
?aW }y
,770 ,711 : vvvvv
9 z}gy ? vQI
47 :J +
vvvvvv
QZy }I
vv G a vv
vv G Izvv
898
vv
vvvvv
127 :
890 :
vvvvv
?* ( + J y
245 :
659 :g
G JG
801 ,471 :
? s9 ay Q L
vvvvv vvvvv
(%}*E
O +=zAy
>+SQAy
G J
vvvvv G
RL
,855
9! RL
438 :
,516 ,93 : RhQ
93 ,52 :
377 :
?*PjAy
G W
224 : A
126 : IO
vv
vv
vv vv
vv
hQ
Q+ } M y
vv
774 :
1109 :
9+! (q+y9v ?JY Q

Q
245 :
?+] }Jy
JG
vv
F GO
vwz}
vv G
OTy ?y(}I
G
O I( y ? *( ] g y ? y( } J y
? G y 9g } y
vvvvvv
vvvvvv
vvvvvv
vvvvvv
vvvvvv vvvvvv G
vvvvvv
vvvvvv
vvvvvv
778 :
vv
475 ,472 :
F GO
?s 9 ay { L
vv
~ +}ZAy ?y(}I
RG
133 :
9T y
?+zMy
bj ]y { | (I
G
293 :
885 : O
vvvvvv G
?* (@ : {| (Jy
vvvvv
? + J Z y 9 ! (| ( < Q
vv
G W
293 :
1040 :
^}I
vv vv G J
817 :
293 :
vvvvv
(vvzvvv(vv=vv+vv%vvyG
x * ( z v O + %y ^} I
(aL
Qq}y 9*; My
132 :I
9 J VQ } y ? + F ( } " y :( } J y
?* QJ = y 9 S }
J vv
(aL
; My
^} I
x +| ( %y ^} I
80 -79 ,78 :
9! RL
G W
(z w y G
519
r *QZAy
112 :
,853
G J
x+ !( < Q wy ^} I
52 :RhQ
9 !R L
QZy
872 ,868
893 -892 :a
x +y( < Q wy ^} I
54 :
vvvvvvv vvvvvvv vvvvvvv G J vvvvvvv G vvvvvvv
,859
x +A* Q= wy ^} I
G
69 -68 :
9!RL
? *( % A y
,841 ,201 : vvvvvvv
vvvvv vvvvv G J vvvvv G vvvvv
vvvvv vvvvv
x +q y( q y ^} I
R vQ } y x +A* Q= wy ^} I
G fG
102 :
9! RL
808
,865 -864
100 :
G L
? a S( A } y > + SQ A y
vvvvv
112 :
469 :
9 +}y h* (@ 9 d! ?a*Q L
769 : a
: vvvvv
QD M y
x* ( q S( q y ^} I
G H
?+ 9| {| (I
F
9+T!:
G V
(I
Og A| 9! (+ Jy
q
G IO
52 :#+GTv}G
? + ! 9 < hP
51 :R9jyG
? + ! 9 < hP
uv vFGQv vJv vyG
g9v v+v v| H9v v+v vTv v!G Qv v*Ov vtv v@
{v v+v vyO
365 :jQhQ]yG
114 ,75-74 :f($OyG
vvvvv
vvvvv
19 :?+F9}yG IQhOyG
:?v+vwv*Qv|}G ?v+vF9v}vyG JGA9vWv! G ?vav<GQ

668
667 :g9+}yG
20 ,19 :?+g"ZyG
?+F9}yG
IQhOyG
200 ,137 :J9+<:hOyG
?J FG Q
748-747 :J9+|OQyG
442 :>WgyG jQ JGPGPQ
160 ,150 :fGO*OyG

149 ,143 :?+z+qayG fGO*OyG
149 :?*(g}yG
?+ z+qayG
f GO* OyG
1010 :aQZyG g9+| J9|OL e(SQ
73 :RO*Qv9T*O
700 ,698 ,696 :KVQyG
109 :J9|hQw*OyG
,555 ,552-551 :GO(v v v v Zv v v v yG O9v v v v |Q
94-93 :#+|CQ(zw*O
598
790 ,786 :#WMyG
565 :Q]L}G
Q +i b<G h Q yG
66 :IOOgA}yG
b<G h Q yG
Q+ i >SG h Q yG
503 :,F9+}+wyG OGO| G
{ +A+}* OyG
{|QyG
R+"j "}yG {|Q
66 :?g=W}yG
q
42 :?<GhPyG
69 :)f(A+S}G( f(A+v
OpGhQ
vvvvv
vvvvv
66 ,64 :f(<QwyG JGQP

68 ,66 :#+FhQO+%yG JGQP
31 :x*O*OJyG IQP
30 :e(*O(ZyG IQP
q
1114 :H9Wf}G jQ
30 :Q(zwyG IQP
q
1100 ,1083 :P*PQAy9< jQyG
30 :#+FhQA"yG IQP
q
,1087 ,1083 :,v v v v v vfGQRv v v v v vyG jQv v v v v vyG
30 :#+FhQO+%yG IQP
292 :L(zDyG f9<hP
1122 ,1100 ,1096
vwz~
+ ( s 9W y G
474 : ? y
408 :fhRM}y G ?gS

q
574 ,445 ,439 : IO @Q} yG ?
(J}yG
q
jQ yG
,! O}yG
q
jQyG
1086 :j Rv Q}y G jQ
? f QT yG
1083 :
" + qT y G
q
1087 :Q]MyG J9Ja T}yG j Q
q
75 : ?<G hP J 9 QwS
vvvvv
73 :R
16 :~
+"
+$ G Q< E # <
:?vv vv vvtvvAvvyG h e
vvvvv
(z+zT yG
O}J| ,{
(vvzvvgvvzvvy ?vv+vv"vv_(vvyG
584 -582 :N
*(T yG
+
?vvS9vv vvTvvyG
+ !Q R yG
#v|R
,892 ,885 ,878 :X9vqvAvI:G
1102 ,472
16 ,15
503 :e
-511 :e
(vvv*O(vvvZvvvyG
+ !
#|R
282 -281 :R v QAy G
#|R
q
518 : S9}Ay G
#|R
++
281 :H 9 T :G
* ( ( + +
(*O(Z yG
c9w z S
Ovvv Q vvvzvvvp vvvwvvv vvvzvvv vvvS

512
837 :(Psychoda) G O
(w+S
282 :d
(LOy G # |R
476 : K
vvvvv
vvvvv
(wy G # |R
114 :J
(*RyG
18 :J Q<hQ ,H Q9V
662 :K V QA y9< ~w JAyG J9V9V
vvvvv
,606 ,556 ,514 ,503 :?vvvvvvv=vvvvvvvWvvvvvvvyG

610
vvvvv
383 :QqJyG { F9S
225 :W9j] ;y {<9tyG Q i {F9T yG

498 :9
+!(|}G
?=V
(=y G
?=V
498 : S9@
164 : ?}tg| J9I9JS

q
264 -262 : A9} yG J 9<
"
+ !
:?vvv vvvS 9vvvJv v vvvyG g 9v v vvv}v vyG >vvv vvv<9vvv C J 9vvvwvvv=v vV
(JS
q
760 ,743 :e 9w I
G J G OGOS
327
+ !}G
,398 ,392 ,389 :>v v<9v
?vwv=vV
+ }G
472 : ? tp
+ !
? f QT yG
296 :H 9 T :G ?f QS
648 ,449
vw{u
420 :
r s Ay
G J
9| 9 } Y
419 :
? V Qq y
G J
9| 9 } Y
haty
G J
9| 9 } Y
423 :
R}y haty
-443 :LhO vvv vvv G
vvv
390 :
170 :
*R(
? =v w y
(
G J
*R(
v v vvv
658 :g
(v v v v G
v v+v v v v (v v v v G
vv
9 | 9} Z y
J vv
G e
Q jZy ? F } y
G
G J
9 A Q= v C
104 :J + *
(+
~JW y
9 G@: O I r aW y
9 y9G W y
vvvvv
390 :
> <9
+
9 | 9} Z y
e(*O(
!} G
434 :
" h
?9Y
! +
G jO
619 :j
C Y
437 ,430 :Y
= y z y b i 9] y
951 ,949 :eG
649 :,
\Qg y 9 Z@ : b=\
G
G e
G J
9 | 9} Z y
9 | 9} Z y
G J
9| 9 } Y
?< =y
G J
9| 9 } Y
G(
v v v v v G RG v%v G
? w @9 | @
: vv+vv
9 |9 } Y
v G(v v G J v
v v
vv+vv
vv (vv h}G
~wJAy
vv
vv
9 |9 } Y
vv vv G J vv
vv vv
426
,424 :
9 T : b=\
!
ha ty 9}Y
y Q Q J @ 9| 9 } Y
487 :H +
G e
9q@ :
438 -437 :AG(% G
RJ y K VQ | bi9 \
G d
{Zq}A}y R y ?< =y
v
9}Y
419
R F9 J y b i 9] y
955 :,
QG e
?V Qqy 9}Y
? Q<
419 : *
vvvvvv G
vvvvv
u z a} y Q qZ y
9I 9q@
419 :
647 ,418 ,365 :J
! +
vvvvvv! vvvvvv+vvvvvv
G g +
1013 ,990
vvvvv
QZy 9 | > =Y
791 ,443 -442 :
? 9s y ? 9 Zy
,672 ,647 : vvvvvv+vvvvvvF vvvvvv (vvvvvv G
vvvvv
422 :
! +
*Q
{g qy
9 q d @ Q 9G}y ? 9 Y
1015 : % +
224 :
?w= V ? 9 Y
!}G
354 :a
? 9 Zy
> <9
!C
vv vv
1016 ,992 ,990 ,725 : ! +
132 :
435
424 :I +
!C
888 : +
? F } y ? = y z y r y 9 |9 } Y
: v v%v v
h Ay 9 d > < 9 ?w=V
444
419 : +
114 :
9 |9 } Y
vvv vvv G J vvv
h Ay > < 9 ?w=V
vw{v
b j ] y r q M @ 9 |9 } Y
vv vv
vv G
vv+vv vv
vv
J vv
vv vv
437 ,429
? Of9ty ?t=a y
> y9 J a y
746 : *
,142 ,134 ,125 :
vvvvvvvvv
vvvvvvvvv
vvvvvvvvv
upOAy b=\
? 9}y 5W }y { jW@ b=\
487 :
vvvvvvvvv G
: vvv+vvvF vvv
vvv"vvv
vvv G J vvv
vvv+vvv vvv
vvv G
vvv
660
203 ,157
? PjA y ? @ >y9Ja y
9} y ? f R | } J y Q _
? J y ? =z Zy 9} y Q _
QZy 9 | Q_
141 : *
620 : A
956 : *(+
+ GP
"
Iz
G M
G IO
G M
506 :
660 : A
,v F v
v %v
v G
92 : Q(
161 : * RG
vvv+vvv
vvv
S vvv+vvv
G f(*C
vvv+vvv!(vvv vvv G
92 : Q(
: v*
v *Q(v v
v v G
vvv vvv* vvv
v v* v
vvv G
G QO
375 :
hQ
*R(
445 ,263 : ,!(
v G
9 }y ~g_
* R(
224 -223 :j(
99
667 :g +
255 -254 ,253 :
G f(*C
v +v !(v v G
52 :j
Gh
403 :
G J +!( (
,vvv
v v* v
v v G
FG
FG
384 :
9 s p 9 <Q w y > a t y ? t Q _
zqy
R v Q@
? Q=y 9 y ty ?t Q_
R vQ @ 9 s p ? z y ? t Q a y
zqy
Q OZty O zwy ? zy ?t Qay
,v
723 : K(
M vvvvvvv
1130 ,1083
S v +v
? Qw y ? J Qy b=\
?J Q y ~ gay b=\
9} y ? G y 9 g | ? z } f b = \
zA y 9Z| b=\
N] y
h A y N\
QA | 9 =y bj] y
r QZAy bj\
Gy bj] y
wTy bj] y
h Ay 9d p bj] y
9}y bj\
964 : %*
vvvvvvv G g vvvvvvv+vvvvvvv
,110 ,20 : a vvvvvvv
vvv vvv
! ,
G e
,250 ,223 ,221 :A vvvvvv
vvvvvv G
vvvvvv vvvvvv
419
vvvvv
vvvvv
O @ Q} y bj] y
u za}y bj] y
9 t}y bj\
? s9 ay 9 \
445 :
h \ p O M A T } y 9 | { |9 f
QWy 9 | Q 9g|
? < 9G ? I O f
> vQ } y ? |9 g y ? |O M y O f
vv
h ,v v
vv
vv vv
vv
331 : H
274 : +
vvvvv
vvvvv
vvvvv G
vvvvv
vvvvv vvvvv G
v v G f v v }G
G g +
vv
+*
*E
vvvvv
vv
224 :
224 -223 : S +
GRE OG
vvvvv
vvvvv G OG
226 :
G Y +
vvvvv
vvvvv
vvvvv
274
274 :,
Y Qt y O g y
G OG
vw{w
? v QJ y ? s9 a y
242 : +
-543 ,534 ,466 ,79 :I Q(vvvv
? < 9G *
wvvvvgvvvvyG
272 : +
1090 ,604 ,586 ,544
9}yG
IQ(
wf
Q W y G A 9|
IQ(
wf
p9ZyG A9}yG
IQ(
wf
{I(}yG A9}yG
IQ(
wf
90 ,88 -87 : A
88 : H
88 : ,
88 :
z g y ? fQvTvyG-bvjv]vyGz
:y(v v v G - v
?IG R
9 | OGOf
G g +
737 ,735 :H +
9 T!:G
J GOG
Of
? QZ= yG
9 T!:G
J GOG
Of
9 Ay G
J GOG
Of
z\9qAyG bj]y G
J GOG
Of
9 }y G
J GO G
Of
523 : *
H +
274 :Q +
276 : ,
650 : g +
9 s;vf
? = T"yG
J v
275 : +
224
40 -39 :y
274 :JGPG P
{g p-?zAv z ?s ;f
249 :c
226 :
225 :
225 :,
? < Q v;yG IQ Tg yG
9 }vvvvvvyG IQvvvvvvTvvvvvvf
-79 ,42 ,38 -37 :A vvvvvv

,597
? 9 }+w yG
9j V
QY9"g yG
OG(
? Q%G}yG
9 z}f
,81
}yG IQTf
9 ]g yG
200 : *
J *(
? q wvvvAvvv| Qvvv+vvvi ?vvv*Qvvv%vvvGvvv|
9 ]vvvf
: vvv vvv+vvv
J vvv*(vvv
189
{|G (f
;vvyG ?vv*Qvv%vvGvv}vvyG
9 ]vvgvvyG
J v v*(v v
129
vvvvv
9 |
52 ,30 : +!( }G R
,467
485 -484 : +F +
: v v+v vFG (v v$
vvvvv
,551
1096
J +
28 -27 :
367 : d
,556
bj]yG (zf
Q}MAy G
QTg yG
37 : +!(
w+y h QO + %yG ( z g yG
65 :
9< Q f
9 < Qw yG I Q Tf
? fQ TyG ( z f
wTyG (zf
Og yG
37 : J !(
9 q @ Q :G ( z f
249 : f(
Qy G
576 ,84 ,80 : I
9 w A I :G ( z f
225 : Y
JG O G
9i
Bvvv<9vvvDvvvyGh cQvvvJvvvAvvv}vvvyG {vvv|9vvvJvvvyG R9vvvjvvvyG
y ?*Q%G}yG
128 : +FG (% G
201 :a
9 ]g yG
J *(
Q ZyG g9 +|
9 ]f
J *(
132 : #
113
vw{x
qg y G
73 :R(AvGQqyG
523 -522 :Q(zwyG R9i
605 :QDMAyG J;]p
51 :f9D+}yG R9i
132 ,125 :J9*QaqyG
?v gv "v Zv | J9v Jv Av qv yG IQv +v jv Zv yG {v +v <GQv jv yG

782 :x+AS;=yG #|
909 :AG(%yG J9f9tp

,259 ,234 ,232 :(v v v vzv v v vgv v v vyG Ov v v vtv v v vp
904 ,901 ,496 ,277 ,264
649 :g9+}yG Otp
J9v v vZv v v"v v v| JGP f9v v v=v v v]v v vtv v vyG {v v v+v v v<GQv v vi
o
782 :{S;Ty9< cQv J@
k
JGP 9v v+v vwv v+v v!9v vwv v+v v| ?v vqv v+v vdv v"v vyG {v v+v v<GQv vjv vyG
781 :9%!9=]s #+< J9JAp
228 :?*(!9DyG JGO(tqyG

,260 ,233 ,228 :(v zv gv yG JGO(v tv p
262
228 :?+zwyG JGO(tqyG
,511-510 ,466 ,91 :Q(v v v v v zv v v v v qv v v v v yG
585 ,513
61-60 :J9*hQjyG
:Qv dv !G
,g9v +v }v zv y ?v $Q9v wv yG J9v *hQv jv yG
63 ,61 :?+<(phQO+%yG J9*hQjyG
61 :?+z+phQO+%yG J9*hQjyG
,494 ,492-490 :Ov @Qv }v yG {v +v Tv jv yG
591 -588 ,582-581 ,496
18 :.,p .QC r*R(F ,GQ(zp

,550 ,525 ,512 ,510 :IQ(v vzv vqv vyG
q
743 ,741 :HFR}yG Q9]jyG
73 :R(v(zjyG
585
514 :A9}yG IQ(zp
513 ,511 :e(*O(ZyG O*Q(zp
69 :O+%*Oy9|Q(qyG
,866 ,101-99 ,95 :Q(v v qv v S(v v qv v yG
,1046 -1045
,993
,876
vvvvv
vvvvv
443-441 :bj]yG A;LE {Y9p

441 :AG(%yG A;LE {Y9p
440 :?+FG(%yG I(GqyG {Y9p
761 ,731 ,729 :J9JAqyG
,1095 ,1084 ,1072 ,1049
489 :B+SGQA!}G ~Jp
1129
100 :J9=+=JyG u+sO Q(qS(qyG
vw{y
440 :?+FG(%yG J9iGQqyG
452 : RF 9I fG RMy ?
+"*RMAy G
QOtyG
100 : j
276 :R9<R=y G J 9
376 :N]y G J GQOs
376 :g 9 }y9< R
+% GAyG
IQOs
(]g yG Q(qS(qyG
-645 ,447 : uvvvvvvvFG QvvvvvvvJvvvvvvvy G J9vvvvvvv
367 : bG QAI;y ? z<9tyG J98p
452 :? JaTy G g 9 }yG >JS I QOs
454 -453 : N]yG I QOs
$(vvvvvvvp
653 ,646
453 :> JTyG I QOs
$(p
,140 -138 ,125 : J9vvvvvvvvS hQvvvvvvvv vvvvvvvvqvvvvvvvvyG

155 ,151 ,144 -143
273 :J G OGOgy G I AGQs

154 -152 :?
,471 :g 9vvvv vvvv}vvvvy9vvvv< {vvvv}vvvvgvvvvy G e9vvvvdvvvv
*(g }yG
J9ShQ qyG
QG Qvvvvs
82 :
475
92 : e
( +! ( vQR yG
80 ,59 -58 :
?j=Y jR|Qs
166 -165 :
MPN
"*Qs
vvvvv
138 : ?t s OyG J 9 QWtyG
(vvvZvvvtvvvyG ?vvv+vvv|(vvv+vvvyG
*(ztyG
57 :A9}yG ?
*(zs
++
*(zs
+ "
"
,277 -276 : ?v v v vgv v v vZv vy G d9v vVQ9v v< I9v v v vs
"
294 :
(!
, S Q G O f( ! 9 s
+ !(vvvy(vvvtvvvyG f(vvv!9vvvs
,315 :?vvv vvvzvvvwvvvy G J9vvv vvv
320
318 : ? JaT yG g 9 }yG ?Gy 9g | f
(!9s
334 :J 9}tg}yG f
(!9s
"
(!
?v vTvJv}vyG ?vGvy9vgv}vzvy Bvs v}vyG f v 9vtvyG
533 :? Ja TyG g 9 }zy
740
( A q } y G ?+ g " Z y G
?vvvy vvv}vvvJvvvyG f vvv 9vvvs
780 ,740
,734 ,277 : Rvvvvvyh9vvvvv<-Q9vvvvv}vvvvvy9vvvvv ]tyG
58 :
vvvvv
+ !
79 -78 ,59 ,55 : ?
#+y9Dqy(" +qyG
842 :I }JyG > SQ@ ? z<9s
469 :H 9 T :G QZs
# + y hQ D ! 9 " + p
"
I9 tyG
vw{z
+ !
706 : H9 T :G UF9s
102 :O*RC-O*O(*C rV9v
686 :aQZyG g9+| I(s
108 :x+A*Q=wyG ^}I rV9v
,160 -159 ,125 :J9v v v v+v v v v!(v v v vy(v v v vtv v v vyG

1095 ,888
102 :A9W! rV9v

:e(v v *O(v v Zv v yG Ov v +v v Tv v vhQOv v +v v $ rv v V9v v v
,163 -162 :?v v *RGQv v =v v yG J9v v +v v !(v v y(v v tv v yG

345
97
162 :?+zwyG J9+!(y(tyG
52 :#+FhQO+%yG O+A*Q=v B*Q=v
164 :?*RGQ<;yG J9+!(y(tyG
876 :#+FhQO+%yG B*Q=v
758 :LQ9Mzy M9W@Q:G S9+s
500 -498 :e(+"}y}G J9A*Q=v
780 :H9+T!:G S9+s
,93 :RhOv *Ov Jv yG e(v +v !(v |C J9v Av *Qv =v v

109
-500 ,498 :RhOv v*Ov vJv vyG J9v vAv v*Qv v=v vv
503 ,501
-500 ,498 :xv *Ov *Ov Jv yG J9v Av *Qv =v v
501
272 :>+<9!}G
,p
vvvvv
276 :A9}yG ?}d!C
,p
vvvvv
276 :?I(Aq}yG JG("tyG
,p
vvvvv
736 ,733 :Q*Q9G}yG
,p
vvvvv
82 :A9}yG
108 :?]qyG J9A*Q=v
S9+s
57 :?*(ztyG S9+s
:RhOv v*Ov vJv vyG Ov v+v vAv v+v v"v v*Q(v vzv vv J9v vAv v*Qv v=v vv
102 :O(+yG S9+s
498
261 :?!(WMyG ~+s
291 ,115 :#+FhQO+%yG O+A*Q=v

868 :?*(+JyG ?zAwyG
68 ,65 :,z+D*
,p O*OJy G
,v vp 9v v%v v< )v vY(v v* ,v vAv vyG
364 :h*R(AyG e9d!
G d(Jw yG
68 :J:(Jv
67 :?+S9SC J:(Jv
bv vjv v]v vyG ?v v}v v+v vs
vvvvv
vvvvv
:|v p9v wv Av yG IOOv gv Av | ?v +v !Ov gv | J9v !(v +v @9v v
110 :j(]gyG f(<QwyG
vw{{
80
-521 ,516 -515 : {v vF9v vTv vyG Q
(vvzvvwvvyG
522
87 : By9<
,1110
G j
,111
(vvvvvv]vvvvvvgvvvvvvyG f(vvvvvv<QvvvvvvwvvvvvvyG
:(TOC)
,109
1132
(w y G Q( z v
93 : b=@Q}yG Q
(zw yG
526 :J G Q
(zw yG
887 :
,vvvvvvy9vvvvvv}vvvvvvF
# +| C Q( z w yG
* *
531 :
, zwyG
( ]gy G f ( < Qw yG
110 :
,z wy G f ( < Qw yG
"
,510 ,507 : bvvvvvWvvvvv vvvvv}vvvvvyG f
(vvvvv<QvvvvvwvvvvvyG
605
* (zv
501 : x O OJyG O G Q
,528 ,519 -518 ,515 :I Q

,570
,563 -562
,1102
,550
,1040
59 : J9
(vvvvzvvvvwvvvvyG
-606 ,41 : e
,535
(vvv+vvvTvvvy9vvvwvvvyG
* (AyG
(+ S 9 @ ( = y G
J9
529 -528 : eQ
526 :e
hQ
(zw yG
75 ,72 : JG QO
,156 -155 :e
* (
B Q zv
135 :e
( p Q 9 < e ( *O * Q( = S( A=* Qw yG
z
961 ,943 ,937 :I }JyG ?wgv
* (zv
264 :? s9ay G I A9qw yG
( *O ( Z yG O * Q( z v
245 :?M]}y G I A9qv
503 ,498 :x O OJyG O Q
30 :e
501 : SG Q<
278 :
( w yG O + A+"* Q( z v
, qZgyG
f 9 QG y G ? } v
, !O g } yG
,501 ,466 ,93 ,52 :Q

-528
,995 -993
B y9< w yG
418 :
,521
,518
(vvvvvvvvvzvvvvvvvvvwvvvvvvvvvyG
,516 -515
,564 ,544 ,539 ,531 ,529
697 :A9}yG KV Q ? }v
87 :
+$ ( < Qw yG
887 ,533
( +S9 @( = yG O * Q( z v
* *
+! ( < Qw yG
(vvv*Ovvv*Q(vvv=vvvS(vvvAvvv=vvv*QvvvwvvvyG
( p h Q( z w yG
(*O(Z yG
104 : e
69 : {
?}d C IQ zv
"+ @;<
!(vvv<Qvvvv
607
1104
87 :e
J 9vvv
,886 -885
520 :h R
! ( < Qw yG
, =v(w yG
vw{|
,885
,574
,571
1105 ,1094
574 ,94 -93 :QJyG Q
(zw yG
,524 ,518 ,84 : Q
(vvvzvvvwvvvyG ,vvvtvvv=vvvAvvv|
+ (w yG
152 ,133 : GQ y
886 -885
69 : J9
"
910 :?y9tDy G eG RI J9 MD|
+ +
27 :A9 } w yG
474 : ?a V9v r O9G}yG
65 : ?
*(]gy G
739 ,731 ,199 :Q Q9G}yG
,697 :
,vvvvJvvvvZvvvvyG
!(A+w yG
+ +
A9 } w yG
147 :U
++w yG
aQvvvvZvvvvyG jQ9vvvvGvvvv|
160 ,151 : J9 FG OA<:G J 9T
721 ,700
537 ,148 : 9 OQ9 Gy G J 9T
721 ,720 : rZg yG g 9 | jQ9G|
++
611 : 9 z =|;y G J 9T
+!
++v
++v
++v
724 : ? = 9Gy G Q Q9G}yG
vvvvv
vvvvv
724 : ?T FQy G Q Q9G}yG
73 :R
724 :? \ Qgy G Q Q9G}yG
336 : HQWy G g 9 | f
725 :? JZy G Q Q9G}yG
741 :
, JZyG
a Q Z y G Q Q 9G |
"
(Av; yG
vvvvv
(y
vvvvv
731 :dR }y G Q Q9G|

80 :I QTgy G A9}yG
:(NRC)
,vv"vv_(vvvyG
(vvJvv=vvyG
Uvvvzv vGv v|
207 : ~ g aAzy ?g\ 9M yG I O9}yG

822 ,820
161 :J 9
+ !( y (t y G
+ !
,439 -438 : H9vv vvTvv :G OGOvv@QG hvv 9v |
?f }G|
444
673 :A9}yG
)zf
?d p9J}yG
"
+ #v|
(v]vgvyG
777 : ?
+ +! 9 w+ }yG
76 : ? |9d y G { y 9J}yG
aQvZvyG g 9v v|
H 9vvvvvvvvvvv vvvvvvvvvvvTvvvvvvvvvvv :G OGOvvvvvvvvvvv@QG J9vvvvvvvvvvvgvvvvvvvvvvv 9vvvvvvvvvvv|
440 : ? w
(vAvJv}vyG
+!O}yG
82 :x
470 : J9f QTyG Q j A| cQJ}yG
1008 : f9 A f:G J9aJ|
vw{}
(vvAvvJvv}vvzvvy &vvzvvyG
+!9j!9}yG
Ov v=v vf xv vzv v}v vyG IQO9v v=v v|
16 ,15 :
,< Qg yG
+
549 :? QWJyG JG O = }yG
41
102
h=W }y Q+i
G
R+"j "}y
41
56
9A*Q=v
h= W}y
~d "}y
(z J } y
QZy
vvvvvv
vvvvvv
vvvvvv
vvvvvv
(zJ|
(z J } y
(z J } y
vvvvvv
vvvvvv
Af
vvvvvv
738
8 5 3 -8 5 2
:jQ
9G}y
LQ
,6 3
vvvvvvv
vvvvvvv
| h } F
vvvvvvv
vvvvvvv
,376
vvvvvvv
:J G
QD M } y
G
388
480
?*Q+}+ y(<
JG
p h p
vvvvvvv
x*O* OJy
JG
? +!O g} y
JG
QDM|
900
498
QD M } y
? +w+ !9 w +} y
JG
QD M } y
vvvvvvvvv
vvvvvvvvv
,7 6 3
?=_Q y
?"MD}y
:f h
RM}y
718
:A
9}y
vvv
vvv
:H G
vvv
vvv
vvv
vvv
:g
vvv
vvv
O}y
vvv
vvv
255
(zgzy
vvv
vvv
vvv
vvv
:a
:I
vvv
vvv
16
507
:g
9+} zy
vvv
vvv
vv
vv
vv
,7 4 6
vv
vv
vv
,1 5
1009
,420
6 6 5 -6 6 4
9 < Q% wy
9M]|
vv
{+ jWAy
vv
vv
? G y9 g } y
vvvv
vvvv
vvv
vvv
vvv
? + " tA y
G
vvv
:g
vvv
664
9 +A f: u p Q|
G
vvvv
vvvv
9 aJ|
9 aJ|
9 aJ|
vvvvv
9 aJ|
9aJ|
vv
vv
vv
9aJ|
vvvv
vvvv
vvvv
,991
,< (S9Jy
vw{~
#|}
Q Y 9 + | ? G y9 g } y 9 t A " |
v
108
, S 9+ ty
503
Q+Gy >
9 aJ|
vvvvv
vvvvv
:f
9| Qw *Oy
G
~ wJAy
349
P}y
9 aJ|
9 + } y ?G y 9 g |
Gh
bG
vvvv
679
9TAT}y
:f
1014
9f Q T y Q * O |
vvv
vvvvvvvvv
R *R g y O = f x z } y ? " *O |
vvv
b + T = y h pQ y
:A
vvvvvvvvv
,726
Q Zy OZ| {LO|
Q+ jA} y
387
375
718
vvvvvvvvv
9+}y N\
R +}y {LO|
vvv
vvvvvvv
9 a J |
9 + T !: ? <( z a } y
vvv
Q* 9G}y O|
Q
vvvvvvv
QZ y
N\
9 aJ|
vvvvvvv
726
N]y
z}Jy
Q* 9 G } y baM |
Q
vvvvvv
9 a J |
679
726
,7 4 6
645
376
QqJy N\
656
149
:a
N ] y
? + w+ @ 9| ( @
QDM|
764
501
vvvvvv
G
791 -790
42
vvvvvv
, f9 "Z y
? g S (| ? * ( % @
9M |
9 +} + wy QD M } y
9aJ|
,4 2 0
481
763
719
9aJ|
v
O}y
FG Q
(zJ|
(zJ|
? = z ZvvyG
: vv vv vv
OG
(vv}vvyG #vv|
q
bh vv
9 }vvAvvyG
Q|
S vv
454 :
1028
664 :
+y }
,803 ,801 : vvvvvv vvvvvv h
q
G J vvvvvv h vvvvvv
9 s Q }vvvvvvyG
N ]yG u p G Q|
h * R ( A y 9< ~ w J A y G ? = sG Q|
758 :
{LG O z y K VQ yG ? = sG Q|
865 ,853
809 :
787 :
?* ( !9 D y G
#W M yG { | QyG
808 :
?a S ( A } y G
1034 ,1032 :J
q
h
9s Q } y G
,w+ !9 w +} yG
R}yG
,F G (%yG
R}yG
, w+ yh QO + %yG
R}yG
1027 :
9 S h} G
W v
?+=+ =I
9S h C
?v*QvavtvAvyG
JG P
836 ,815 :
496 :
145 :
QD M AyG
Q A L:G rvvvvvWvvvvvv
JG
O f9 T|
40 :
9 JvVQv}vyG
J v
?*QGJyG
9 J VQ|
bj]y G
9 J VQ|
O=w yG
9%AyG
J G vvvvv vvvvv
(vvTvv"vv}vvyG
9 +ay G
9= v Q } y G
? *(v ]v gv yG
Q g WvvvAvvvTvvv|
1136 :
(z}zy , }df }G
669 :
509 :
bW"} yG
889 :
890 :
9 = vQv }v yG
J v v
200 ,109 ,100
437
316 :K
9= v Q } y G
9= v Q } y G
112 : IQ
JG vvv vvv
Q|
,72 ,66 -64 : v
? + z C9v v}v vAv vyG
#* z A y G ? q+ g \
680
: v v vvv v v
9 J VQ|
27 :J
Q g WvvvvvAvvvvvTvvvvv|
:bG vvvvv vvvvv
{+A +} yG Q} I C
502 -501 ,63 :
9JVQ}yG
? y 9t D y G
497 :
(vvvvTvvvv*QvvvvS(vvvv|hQvvvv=vvvvyG Qvvvv]vvvvLC Hvvvv*Rvvvv|

59 -58 :
,vvvvp A9vvvv}vvvvyG ?vvvv=vvvvsGQvvvv|

320
9 s Q|
R}yG
488 :
hvvvv*R(vvvvAvvvvyG e9vvvvdvvvv!
q
h
467 :
468 :
:
q
9s h Q } y G
, !( w TyG
468 :
-d
(AT }yG
? < GP}yG ? *( ]gy G
9= v Q } y G
? J F G Qy G ? %*Q v
9= v Q } y G
? *( ] f;y G
9= v Q } y G
966 :
,JZ yG KT }yG
( < Qw yG
(JT|
65 ,31 :
? < Pvvvv}vvvvyG ?vvvv*(vvvv]vvvvf;vvvvyG
: vvvv G
,y 9g y G b j ] y G K + <9 Z |
b S( A } yG b j ]yG K + <9 Z|
vw|u
9 = vQvvvv}vvvvyG
J vvvv vvvv
1136
468 :
?t z g } y G ? g p GO y G ? I h Q } y G
# + A A <9 C # + A fQ S
vv
vv
vv
vv
vv
vv
vv
vv
vv
J Gh P
9M]|
vv
vv
vv
-8 8 9
^ q M " } y b j ] y K + <9 Z |
vv
vv
vv
vv
vv
vv
vv
vv
vv
,240
453
,403
241
b+T= y hp Qy
G
,y9g y
, (%y
FG
764
hp Qy
hp Qy
?Y (jy
G
9M]|
:A
9 } y9 < ? " * O } y R + % G @
vvvv
vvvv
vvvv
vvvv
vvvv
vvvv
vvvv
vvvv
vvvv
vvvv
vvvv
?+=y(zy
:J
9 fQ T y
vv
vv
vv
Q+jA|
vv
vv
vv
vv
352
9M]|
9M ] } y
9M ] } y
352
:K
vv
:K
(zAz y
(zAzy
?+ at " y
? + a t! ; y
QO
QO
:J G
9M ] } y
,241
:I
P <9 " y
vvvv
vvvv
vvvv
9M]}y
vvvv
vvvv
9Z } y
OZ }y
,385
,2 4 0
:J
9 M ] } y
vvvvvvv
vvvvvvv
vvvv
vvvv
vvvvvvv
vvvvvvv
,717
,2 4 3
9Z } y
? | 9 g y ?J Z y ? J z Z |
795
Rg}y
vvvv
vv
,6 6 4
:I R
vvvv
795
240
9Z|
9M]|
vv
vv
361
313
,2 5 3
QO
9M]|
469
799 -798
vv
890
252
388
vv
{t"y
vvv
vvv
vvv
Q *Q w A y
Gh
vvv
vvv
vvv
vvv
IO
9f
vvv
9M]|
vvv
vvv
vvv
240
793
,791
,7 6 4
,4 0 4
,248
240
241
?* 9jy ?*
R
(p9"y
9M ] } y
241
,3 8 4
? + y( s9 W y ? C9 q " y ? M ] } y
vv
vv
vv
vv
vv
vv
vv
vv
vv
vv
vv
vv
vv
?*Q8=y
9M ] } y
:a
(GAy
9M]|
241
?*
OO
QAy
9M ] } y
388
388
:A
9}y {%!
G
9M]|
? = s9 g A } y ? + F( } A y
vvv
vvv
vvv
vvv
vvv
vvv
vvv
vvv
vvv
vvv
vvv
9M]}y
vvv
vvv
vvv
vvv
241
503
Q+Gy
rqa|
241
225
? * Q} AS: ? y 9 g|
QG
43 -42
282
( zgy
v
9+}+w y
fRG
(Ay
vvv
vvv
vvv
vvv
vvv
vvv
vvv
vvv
vvv
(Ay
,2 5 0
vvv
vvv
? fQ T y ? A <9 C
vvvvv
vvvvv
vvvvv
vvvvv
9 = T *9 p ? y 9 g |
v
(Ay
403
9M ] } y
9M]}y
vvv
vvv
vvv
vvv
vvvvv
vvvvv
,241
793
9M]|
vvvvv
vvvvv
vvvvv
,252
231
2 6 6 -2 6 5
? + y( s9 W y ? + " + <
9TJy
?+"+ <
?y 9g|
? * 9 TA} y [Z J y ? y 9 g|
Ot p
v
900
k " ! 9| ? y 9 g |
O
vw|v
240
,8 0 3
:I
z}Jy
? + y 9g y ? | O M y
G
9M]|
9M]|
GQv vAv v@
#v v+v v|C
jO
#v v+v vzv v+v vDv v*
9v v< IQv v*9v vgv v}v vyG
234-232 :R|9+yh fR9$ ?yO9g|
81 :B+A+SC
85 :QC}G fO9g|
55 :A9}yG ?*(zs S9+s IQ*9g|

:jQv v vzv v vy LQ9v v vMv v vyG uv v vpOv v vAv v vyG Qv v v+v v v*9v v vgv v v|
:aQv Zv yG g9v +v }v y ?v *Ov +v zv tv Av yG ?v Gv y9v gv }v yG

1024
774
788 :#WMyG {|QyG ?Gy9g|
469 :g9+}zy ?+F9+}+wyG Q+*9g}yG

:HQv Wv yG g9v +v }v y ?v +v F9v +v }v +v wv yG Qv +v *9v gv }v yG
322
800 :,JaTyG >+SQAyG dOg|
255 :r*QZAyG dOg|
485 :?+F9+}+wyG ?Gy9g}yG

:aQv Zv yG g9v +v }v y ?v |Ov tv Av }v yG ?v Gv y9v gv }v yG
1023
,516 ,512 ,465 :g9v +v }v yG ?v Gv y9v gv |
,539 ,534 ,532 ,530 ,526
281 :,}dfC f9*QF dOg|

255 :N]yG dOg|
51 -50 :{f9qAyG dOg|
472 :^+q}yG dOg|
677 :g9+}yG J:Og|
318 :OOgA}yG RF9JyG e(%q|
750 :>+<9!}G h_9t|
670 ,610 -609

,487 :?v v +v v p(v v Gv v yG g9v v +v v }v v yG ?v v Gv v y9v v gv v |
-711 ,583 ,549 ,507 ,497
712
,507 :?v v+v vJv vav vTv vyG g9v v+v v}v vyG ?v vGv vy9v vgv v|
605 ,528 ,519
,351 ,134 :aQv Zv yG g9v +v | ?v Gv y9v gv |
,989 ,779 ,772 ,770 -769
267 :c9wAI:G ?|h9t|
1104
248 :f9*QGyG ?|h9t|
507 :?+!O}yG g9+}yG ?Gy9g|
469 :?+zLGO ?|h9t|
280 :f9*QGyG {|9g|
964 :eOQyG >zt|
265 :?!(WMyG {|9g|
223 :fhOQ(< S9+t|
50 :IQGQJyG ?FQO {|9g|
286 :,y(s9WyG S9+t}yG
296 ,294 :?*P(q"yG {|9g|
vw|w
738 :aQZyG g9+| H9+T!G dOg|
,253-250 :rv *Qv Zv @-(v zv f ,v "v Jv "v |

262 ,255
:?vMv]v}vzvy
rv*QvZvAvyG-(vzvgvyG
,"
v vJv"v|
242
286 :QGQwyG
,"
J"|
262 :N]yG J9+"J"|

q
rv v *Qv v Zv v Av v yG-(v v zv v gv v yG J9v v +v v "v v Jv v "v v |
794 :?M]}zy
796 :N]yG dOg|

:)QvAv|(v!9v}vyG( ,vtv=vFRvyG bvjv]vyG S9v+vtv|
223
:jQPv yG U9v Zv Av |:G
rv +v _
S9v +v tv |
85
-92 ,83 :,vF(v]vyG
rv +v av yG
S9v+vtv|
93
85-84 :,!(zyG
r +ay G
S 9+ t|
:?v vMv ]v }v vzv y ?v vyOv vgv v}v yG J9v v+v v"v Jv v"v v}v yG
795
93 ,84-83 :,!(zyG S9+t}yG
407 :#*RMAyG J5W"|
366 :uFGQJyG
QO9v Zv }v yG JGP ?v }v Mv ]v yG J5v Wv "v }v yG

158 :?+JaTyG ?+F9}yG
365 :#+|zAyG J9|OL

280 :,w*Q|}G
648 ,645 :?+F9}yG J5W"}yG

15 :?}FQAzy
87 ,84-81 :R+"j"}yG
x
1041 :?|9TyG OG(}yG

130 :?=zZyG OG(}yG
>Aw|
U tayG >Aw|
470 :?+pGOG}yG JGO=z}yG
?+ <Q g y G ? } d" } y G
853 :?+w+!9w+}yG J9*(%}yG
?Jp9w|
139 :9*Q+Aw=yG J9}%Az|

1038 ,143 :J9\Q}}o yG
RGQv v =v v yG ,v v p IRQv v qv v }v v yG J9v v \Qv v }v v }o v v yG

144 :jQW=yG
145 :?+FP(}"yG J9\Q}}o yG
107 :?A<9DyG
?=zZy G
OG (}yG
385 :?+JaTyG g9+}yG
107 :IQ9+ayG
?=zZy G
OG(}yG
255-254 :(zgyG-L9+AI:G
,"
J"|
106-105 :?<GP}yG
?=zZy G
OG (}yG
255 :r*QZAyG
,"
J"|
710 ,106 :?tzg}yG
?=zZy G
OG (}yG
,"
J"|
vw|x
284 :cQJA}yG
OTyG
{$9"|
178 :?C
188 :
z }yG r q MAyG g9 |
, "
+(
vp ?vtvzvgv}vyG ?v=vzvZvyG OG
,1002
,1000
,543
,588
}yG
*(
]gy G OG
}yG
+ + +
}yG
+ + +
185 :?|9TyG ? F9 } wy G OG
,574
,1099
,1087
,1085
,1015
,1119
,1111
,1108
,1105
,331 :?vv
*(
vv]vvgvvyG ?vv vvF9vv vv}vv vvwvvyG OG
+"
*(
:?v vgv vZvy G ?v
+ + +
v]vgvy G ?v vF9v v}v vwvyG OG
387 :e9My G g 9 }yG
1103 : ? O9|Qy G g 9 }yG
,497
+ + +
*(
:I Q9v v avy G ?v
,466 -465
v ]vgv yG ?v vF9v v }v v wv yG OG
325 :?
*(
+ + +
33 :?
1111 ,1107 ,1084
,588
,585
,1117
,532 -531
,1110
,1107
*(
] f;y G O G
1130 : 9
v v|
|GOMA SG O9 g}y G g 9 }yG
784 : ?z<Qj}y G OG
386 :{
vvvvvf9vvvvv vvvvvZvvvvvy G aQvvvvvZvvvvvyG g9vvvvv vvvvv|

30 : )
1044 ,1042
}yG
1130 -1130 : ?Jz ZAT}y G g 9 }yG
1130 :aQZyG g9 |
349 :> = Y g9 |
QhPvvvv<
}yG
,1084
, "
15 :)V9 QyG
1128 ,1121
,1008 :
v}v yG
,2007 :19 ( ?v v v v<Qv vgv vyG ?v v}v vtv vyG Qv v}v v@
,521
]f ;yG ? F 9 } wy G OG
,612 ,588 ,582 ,570 ,543
v}vyG
332
,339
,511 -510 ,331 : HQvvvvvvvWvvvvvvvyG g9vvvvvvv vvvvvvv|
332
,329 ,162 : ?vvvvvv vvvvvvJvvvvvvavvvvvvTvvvvvvy G g 9vvvvvv vvvvvv}vvvvvvyG

,520
vv}vvyG
508
1126
]gy G OG
++
,535
*(
128 ,112 :?
,293
333 :? g =ay G ?
,566
F9}yG
748 : ? Of 9ty G ?t=ay G OG
-534 ,519 ,466 ,382 ,329

,571 -570
(v}vyG
vvvGvvvyG g 9vvv vvv}vvvyG
,296 -295
vzvJv}vyG
874 :(MLSS) LhR}}yG
f9 Z yG r Q ZAyG g9 |
-292 ,111 ,81 : ?vvv vvvp

,320 -319
vvvvzvvvvf ?vvvv h9vvvvJvvvvyG aQvvvvZvvvvyG g 9vvvv vvvv|

187 :YQRyG
,*
$"
}yG
9 }y G hs G |
(!(
#+ ( (!(
8 RGyG fR yG ( d }yG
73 : O Q9v9S
94 -93 :
vw|y
|CQ
zv
611 :{+TjyG g9+|

349 :?C(z|
Q +i g9 +|
790 ,196 :e9MyG aQZyG g9+|

,185 -184 :,vf9v"vZvyG aQvZvyG g9v+v|
711 ,694 ,683
1097 :Q*hOAyG IO9g| g9+|

116 -115 :f9D+}yG
:?v v+v vf9v v"v vZv vyG
?v v*(v v]v vgv vyG aQv vZv vyG g9v v+v v|

174
886 :e(*O(ZyG J9A*Q=w+<9A+|

112 :Q(zwyG
,112 :#v v+v vF(v vy9v v%v vyG
,C;C
,v vC;v vC
f9D+ }yG
J9v v tv v zv v gv v }v v y9v v <
:A9v v}v vy9v v< LRv v}v vyG
190
68 :d(!9D+}yG
76 ,36 ,32 :QAzyG
,p
?v v=v vgv vY ?v v=v vzv vZv vyG
f9v vDv v+v v}v vyG
887 ,530
76 :QAzyG
?v v +v v "v v jv v yG aQv v Zv v yG g9v v +v v |
e GQ j+z+ }yG
,p r p 9w } + z + |
159 :?Gy9g}yG
Q +i aQ ZyG g9 +|
313 :~d"}yG
Q +i aQ ZyG g9 +|
353 :b+J}yG
:?v vGv vy9v vgv v|
,p
a Q ZyG g9 +|
Qv v+v vi ?v v}v v*Ov vs aQv vY g9v v+v v|

187
vvvvv
vvvvv
196 :?+FG($: aQY g9+|

954 :JGP<9"yG
617 :B}Z}yG
,343 ,174 :?v +v !Ov }v yG aQv Zv yG g9v +v |
r *( G A= y IP < 9 !
711 ,700
864 ,330 ,98 ,95 :JGQA"yG
773 ,162 :?Gy9g}yG aQZyG g9+|
-1060 ,189 ,178 ,130 :?v @Qv Av "v yG
,144 ,127 :?v+vyRv"v}vyG aQvZvyG g9v+v|
,1068 -1067
,1065
,1062
198 ,179
1072 ,1070
1025 :9+!(|}G
?v vGv vy9v vgv v|
?@QA!
,517 ,95 ,51 :#v v v v v +v v v v v FhQv v v v v Av v v v v "v v v v v yG

,876 ,866 -865 ,850 ,849
,1095
,1084
#v v|
?v vGv v@9v v"v vyG aQv vZv vyG g9v v+v v|

193 :e(JzyG
325 :Q(="ZyG g9+|
488 :?JVQ}yG g9+}yG
,1058 -1056
q
187 ,159 :?C(z}yG g9+}yG
1111
vw|z
517 ,98-96 :9+!(|}G
751 :QR+zyG e9d!

724 :?+JZyG jQ9G}yG e9d!
?= s Q |
517
95 :jR9i
#+ F
hQA!
98 :JGQA"yG
#+ F
hQA!
98 :B*QA"yG
#+ F
hQA!
e 9d !
1013 :,pGQjGyG J9|(zg}yG e9d!

391 :IOhOT}yG J9*9%"yG e9d!
MQv v v vav v v vyG ?v v v vyGR
98 ,95 :B*QA"yG
v v v v G e9v v v vdv v v v"v v v vyG
vvvv vvvv
, " _( y
339 :K(z}yG
vvv
vvv vvv vvv vvv vvv
vvv vvv
956 :A9}yG YR!
v v v G e9v v vdv v v"v v vyG
944 :Iz}JyG A9| YR!
# | [ z M A z y , " _( y
(NPDES)
K(v vzv v}v vyG
vv vv vv vv G
r *Q Z A y
J9v v v *(v v v ]v v v gv v v yG
,114 :)IOv v vJv v vAv v v}v v vyG J9v v v*:(v v vyG(
v v v E AGPv v v jv v v yG ?v v v =v v v Tv v v !
) y
839 :?*Q%G}yG
,351 ,349-347 ,342-340
103 :HGP}yG A9W"yG
1014 ,774 ,989
198 :^*}G W9W!
702 :J9*9q"yG
73 :xwqAzy
,858 ,855 :#v v v v+v v v vGv v v vTv v v vv}G {v v v vtv v v v!

882 ,861
:IQv vav v+v vTv vyG #v v+v v|zv vAv vy
795 :{+jWAyG ?at!

q
847 :jOTyG H9+T!:G b}!
?z <9 t y
G J9 *( W" yG
v v v v v v G e9v vdv v!
> + <9 !}
362
:?v v !9v v +v v Y {v v FC #v v |
v v v v v v G e9v v dv v !
> + <9 !}
362
335-334 :?gW}yG i("yG

356 :>+=ZyG
hQA!
,98-97 ,95 :j(v v ]v v f #v v+v vFhQv vAv v!
718 :rZgyG jQ9G| e9d!

679 :?+F9}yG J5W"}yG
#+ F
?+f(!
,671 ,665 ,466 :g9v v +v v }v v yG ?v v +v v f(v v !
447 :A9}yG
378 :J9|9}ZyG
#| h * (Ay
361 :?"*O}yG g9+|
1094 ,1091 ,1089

1108 ,361 :?+p(GyG g9+}yG
?+f(!
314 :jQ9G}yG g9+|
?+f(!
vw|{
P * Q@
390 :x=W}yG
453 :A9}yG
G e 9d !
h* (@
O* OJy
e 9d !
e 9d !
G e 9d !
>JS
e 9d !
+ * }G ,vF(vy(v+vGvyG
+$
:?v vwv Qv|
KvTv}vyG ?v8v v
vvvvv
vv
vvvvv
1108 ,1087 ,1085
114 ,68 ,65 :f
66 :
, G*Q}G
66 : h=W}y G f
( < Qvh Q O +% yG
:Bvvvv<9vvvvDvvvvyG A9vvvvavvvvjvvvvyG JG P J9vvvv}vvvv\9vvvv vvvvyG

925
( < Qvh Q O +% yG
+ (%y G
853 ,194 : ? FG
(< QvhQ O+% yG
:?vv vv|9vvTvv}vvyG OG
67 :?g =W| J9
(vv}vvyG
+% yG
+% yG
68 : { TvhQO
752
66 :?F QO
% yG
418 :RG R
% yG
925 : ~]
% yG
+ (yhQO+% yG
221 : 9 F
% yG
Qvv=vvf A9vv}vvyG IQvvGvv
! ( < Qvh Q O +$
610 ,59 : O TvhQO
J9 } \ 9
+ (vyhQOv+v$
:J 9v G RvMvyG h JG Qv vJv=vyG 9v vF
,F 9"C
vvvvv
,F G( $;y G
vvvvv
,F G( %y G
vvvvv
927 -926 :?zI Q}y G
289
+ (GyG
292 : ? p
929 ,920 :
+ (yhQO+% yG
g9 }y G 9 F
221 :x yhQO
917 :
+% yG
941 :I QGQJzy >J}y G vvvvv vvvvv

vvvvv
vvvvv
923 :?zIQ}yG O Ih vvvvv

:U9vvvYQvvvy9vvv< K
(vvvzvvvAvvvyG
?vvv=vvvsGQvvv| ?vvvtvvv vvvCh
128 :I }Jy G ~]
315
-314 :g 9vvv vvv}vvvyG K
(vvvzvvv@
148 : J9T
75 :
315
"
,314 :?vvv vvv|6G HQvvvWvvvy G g 9vvv vvv| ?vvvtvvv vvvC h
+ "
~]
+ !
469 :O9S H 9 T G J GOI h
IQ
(wf
~] yG
(vvvvvvvavvvvvvv%vvvvvvvyG
1002 ,465 ,292
338 : ?q d y G g 9 }yG ?t C h
(T v 9 F
,F G( $;y G
,281 -280 : jQvvvvvvvavvvvvvv}vvvvvvvy G d
570
88 : f
+ +wy G
?vvv=vvvsGQvvv| ?vvvtvvv vvvCh
J GOI h
vw||
(*O(ZyG
B Q
(+T y9 wyG
B Q
592 : e
522 :e
* (zv(=+$
291 :f
* (zv(=+$
(+"}+ y(=+$
398 :?A=D}yG
? w 9w } y G J; Y y G
+
+!
88 :?*QA+|(z+q+! IQ(wf JGOIh
488 :,!GQhOyG
365 :?*9s(yG
154 :KF9qZzy
:>v +v <9v !~v y ?v +v zv LGOv yG fGQOv Gv yG ?v *9v sh

131
114 :?+8+=yG
? 9}JyG ?y9v h
*
338 :EPA
?y9v h
? zwW} yG J GOI yG
(
28 :jQPyG fR(yG
d(v v v }v v v yG Qv v v dv v v !G ,,v v v 8v v v *Rv v v Gv v v yG fR(v v v yG
30 :),8*RGyG fR(yG(
615 :P="yG
261 :fR9$ ,R|9+z*h

vvvvv
{ Tjy G J GOI h
618 :bj]yG
vvvvv
536 :,y(j"}yG g(<Q+yG

103 :QJy O(+yG
K VQ @ rY h
+
396 :>+<9!}G
115 :x*Q(+A+yG
rY h
{Y h
325 :J;Y(yG
:IRQ9v v v=v v vyG ?v v vp9v v vJv v vyG JGP J;v v vY(v v vyG
95 :QQJA}yG O(+yG
vw|}
398
398 :?+w+!9w+}yG J;Y(yG
?=QAzy ?+<Qgy ?}d"C

G
?+"tAy
Gh e(
ZTRN)h AXQ9G
adG9G gXT:
zgzy R*Rgy O=f xzC ?"*O|

G
)*(
>Awy
v v
v G
OI
v
? } FQ @ ? z T z T y
v
,<Qgy #_(y 9%+y

e 9 t y ) y ? pQ g 3
v
d:X< .L cQX:
v G
v E
v v E
* ,Ay
{ t ! Q *( a A y
L
9AJ
v h
v v
v v G
$ ~]@
9+"tAy #f
EJ=y Q
.,<Qgy
v v v
v v Gh
v v G
:?zTzTyG
v v G
Q ? + S9 S} e 9 = 3 9 A w y P $ Q g *
O f9 t y Q p ( *
9 + 3 ? G y9 g | 9 G |
9 + " t A y9 < ? t z g A 3
9 |( z g 3 # | ? * Q ] y
xy
? yP A = 3
9+3
? + q + w < ? Y9 M y
9 + } + w y
( z f # | 9 pN ; L # |
.9$Q+i
9+y O+%y
9+F(y(+=y
v v
v v
v G
:H9AwyG
vvv
vvv
vvv
vvv
vvv
v v
Ph
vvv
vvv
v v
v v
vvv
vvv
vvv
v v
,g
vvv
vvv
vvv
vvv
v v
vvv
vvv
IO
vvv
IQGOE
vvv vvv
vvv
hQ
vvv
vvv
Qh
vvv
vvv
Gh
g9
Gh
+C #| ,!9Dy
% + ( 3 P $ ) y 9 VN O G @
e 9 t y W w } @ ) y O % @ ? t * Q a < B G y( f
#|
O I( y W < ? z L O A 3 ? s; g y ? *
. 9f {wW< 9%z|9w@ ~d! ?zf9qA3
9 zv h \
v
v v
JG
v v
vv
vv G
vv
vv
vv
vv
vv
fC
vv E
vv
v E
vv vv
vv
vv vv
IQ
vv
vv
vv
vv
vv
vv
vv
vvv
vvv
vvv
vvv
v G
IO
vv
vv
vv
9 A S
vvv
v v
vvv vvv
DQ
?F
v
QO
.I
vv
9w S Q=
?g|9F
v v
vF
v v
O JA
v v
v v
vvv
vvv vvv
vvv
* (
9 : y
vvv vvv vvv
vvv
Z=uTC9G ZTRN@9G .5
JX:uPKQ9G
J
vvv
vvv
fG
:~FQA
&I9Gh AXHM9G
Gh
G J
9+"tAy >Av ?zTzS

G
.8
Z7XI9G .9
G
Z:bN@Q9G OGuQ9G .10
v v v v
vv
vv
vv
v v G
v v
vv vv G
vv
v v
vv G
v G
vv
GQ
vv G
vv
vv
v v
vv
Z^T?9G .11
vv
.uW|O
?|OtAC ?+G+@ QAS:
.7
JXTFuH9Gh
ZTRN) .6
EXG)EGh JXT;h)O9FG
.3
u;XR9G .4
.2
+ = a @ Q Q + A T F9 | fGuvvHQ nvv0uvv=
?+=+vQAy 9+F(y(+Gy Q Og< #f 9gWAS:
9 S O y u *Q p ( ] f
? g |9 F
? + y R yR y
9t
|C
+ !O 3
OJA3
:ry
( $ ? SO " % y Q
#y(w"y 9wS Q=!
v
)?9G
AXTQT8h)?9G
RXL9Gh dh
9WAT|
gXTQ9G .1
QuTv;uv- ,dv:Xv< .L cQXv:
R 9I
? g |9 G y { t A T |
v
vv
.I
HDR
vv
dvv:Xvv< .L cQXvv:
G H9AwyG )*(
v h
"%y 9|
9*:(y
# y( w " y
? SO
:XQc L. <X:d, -u;TuQ
n0u=
v G
:XQc L. <X:d
fGu Q
v G
ZQ-d)
v G
v v
)2 v v 1(
?}FQAzy ?+<QgyG ?}d"}yG
GQ:hO 56 :
9vvvvvvvvvvv
vvvvvvvvvvvv}vvvvvvvvvvvvDvvvvvvvvvvvvyG
vvvvvvvvvvvyO9vvvvvvvvvvvgvvvvvvvvvvv
*9
vvvvvvvvvvv| hC
SzTz? vA> GyAt"+9J G:SAQG@+G+? hGCAtOq |?
adG9G gXT: ZTRN)h AXQ9G
:TXg G9Gda
G9QXA h)NRTZ
QuT;u- ,d:X< .L cQX:
v v

الماء وتقنية مياه الصرف

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

الماء وتقنية مياه الصرف

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

?=QAzy ?+<Qgy ?

zgzy R*Rgy O=f xzC ?"*O|

,<Qgy #_(y 9%+y

vvv vvv vvv

9+"tAy >Av ?zTzS

Z:bN@Q9G OGuQ9G .10

?|OtAC ?+G+@ QAS:

QuTv;uv- ,dv:Xv< .L cQXv:

:XQc L. <X:d, -u;TuQ

?}FQAzy ?+<QgyG ?}d"}yG

SzTz? vA> GyAt"+9J G:SAQG@+G+? hGCAtOq |?

adG9G gXT: ZTRN)h AXQ9G

QuT;u- ,d:X< .L cQX:

& '(  )

#$  + # H$

$ H * J 

 $ &>2+ $ &!$ &O( 

IN ? >

+ J</  D* )- *   *

 .#$ 

> "  ) >

D     %"C

5 " / )  "  +   0

)" 7  

   0 @ )

/  + J $ B" &  "  

" 4    1  %

      

J / + ) P  )  $0@      @ % $0 

 @" .  1  A+   A >

 H      + 1G H"

 /+   "%

    

*  ) +()

 )  (   %&'

*--'   &  (-'.

  #   ')

11     

-  ')

*--'   &  (-'.

? & 7 #4 > '&

 = /6    6'

 &   

*  ) +()

6     < '  

8   & 6'

  < '  

6 ?'  %&'

9% 6' 9'-B      *-

7   

     

    

 % 0(   %&'

13     -1' 

7  - 9 7  < '

%' :B 3B    

0(   7< '

   %' :B 3B  

14   ,-)'# *-

   %' :B 3B  

%' :B 3B    

   %' :B 3B  

 )  (   &'

   -1' 

zgzy RRgy O=f xzC ?"O|

& '( )

#$ + # H$

$ H * J

$ &>2+ $ &!$ &O(

IN ? >

+ J</ D )- *

.#$

> " )>

D %"C

5 " / ) " + 0

)" 7

0 @ )

/ +J $ B" & "

" 4 1 %

J / +) P) $0@ @ % $0

@" . 1 A+ A>

H + 1GH"

/+ "%

* ) +()

) ( %&'

*--' & (-'.

# ')

11

- ')

*--' & (-'.

? & 7 #4 > '&

= /6 6'

&

* ) +()

6 <'

8 & 6'

<'

6 ?' %&'

9% 6' 9'-B *-

7

% 0( %&'

13 -1'

7 - 9 7 < '

%' :B 3B

0( 7<'

%' :B 3B

14 ,-)'# *-

%' :B 3B

%' :B 3B

%' :B 3B

) ( &'

-1'

4 0 H GJ $%

J> / 1 "%

R D1 > 6 + "

*# 6

S ] * / .(NH3)

400 g 4 399.9 g = >+ >

G 2 N PG 3+ 15 _

66.7 g = b >

"4 >

G+ 4 " > 0

G+ " >8

7 - 9 <'

<'

&( 9

, 4 '

, 4 '

&( 9

5& '

H - -& '

<- -& '

& - -'

-' - ' *-

#3' #;

& - -'

& - -'

H ' 8&

"* 2 #5 " :4-2

& (pH -&)

L % -

7 9 02!2 72

(

@4 + "a &