ANTI-LOCK BRAKING SYSTEM 200

ABSTRACT
ANTILOCK BRAKING SYSTEM, which is commonly known as
ABS is used as an antiskid device in a vehicle. It used to
prevent skidding of wheels while braking when we want to
stop the vehicle or suddenly reduce its speed at any time. It
provides better stability and control over vehicle while
braking at high speed. Without ABS the vehicle may simply
skid and go out of control. Because of ABS we can control
the vehicle while braking and avoid possible accidents.
Today every vehicle is installed with ABS to assist the drivers
to have better control over the vehicle. This paper describes
working, construction, types, advantages, limitations of
Antilock Braking System.

Types of Brakes
 Mechanical brakes
 Hydraulic brakes
 Pneumatic brakes

There are some Problems In Conventional Brakes like

○ Wheel lock up
○ Slipping
○ Loss of control

○ Lose of stability

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There for there need arise to advance braking system

• ABS (Anti-Lock Braking System)
• TCS (Traction Control System)
• ESP (Electronic Stability Program)

KEYWORDS-

ABS Anti-Lock Braking System

EBCM Electronic Brake Control Module

HCU Hydraulic Control Unit (HCU)

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INTRODUCTION

ANTILOCK BRAKING SYSTEM is a computerized system

that keeps your wheels from locking up during hard brake
applications. It is commonly known as ABS. It is an addition
to your normal brakes. It does not decrease or increase your
normal braking capability but activates only when wheels
are about to lock up. ABS does not necessarily shorten your
stopping distance, BUT it does help you keep the vehicle
under control during hard braking. There are two basic types
of ABS. Rear Wheel ABS prevents only rear wheels from
locking and four Wheel ABS prevents all four wheels from
locking. Without ABS, too much force applied to the brake
pedal can cause a wheel to stop turning (lockup) and begin
skidding, greatly reducing the capability of the driver to
steer or maintain stability

Types of Anti-Lock Brakes

Anti-lock braking systems are of different types depending
on the type of brakes in use. We will refer to them by the
number of channels -- that is, how many valves that are
individually controlled -- and the number of speed sensors.

• One-channel, one-sensor ABS

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This system is commonly found on pickup trucks with

rear-wheel ABS. It has one valve, which controls both
rear wheels, and one speed sensor, located in the rear
axle.

• Three-channel, three-sensor ABS

In this type of ABS there is a speed sensor and a valve

for each of the front wheels, with one valve and one
sensor for both rear wheels. The speed sensor for the
rear wheels is located in the rear axle. This system
provides individual control of the front wheels, so they
can both achieve maximum braking force. The rear
wheels, however, are monitored together; they both
have to start to lock up before the ABS will activate on
the rear. With this system, it is possible that one of the
rear wheels will lock during a stop, reducing brake
effectiveness.

• Four-channel, four-sensor ABS

This is the best type. There is a speed sensor on all

four wheels and a separate valve for all four wheels.
With this setup, the controller monitors each wheel
individually to make sure it is achieving maximum
braking force.

ABS brake systems are also divided as:

○ Integrated

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 An integrated system has the master cylinder

and control valve assembly made together.

○ Nonintegrated

 A nonintegrated has the master cylinder and

control valve assembly made separate.

CONSTURCTION

The theory behind anti-lock brakes is simple. A skidding

wheel has less traction than a non-skidding wheel. If you
have been stuck on ice, you know that if your wheels are
spinning you have no traction. This is because the contact
patch is sliding relative to the ice. By keeping the wheels
from skidding while you slow down, anti-lock brakes benefit
you in two ways: You'll stop faster, and you'll be able to steer
while you stop.

There are four main components to an ABS system:

• Speed sensors

• Pump

• Valves

• Electronic Brake Control Module

• Hydraulic Control Unit (HCU)

Speed Sensors
The anti-lock braking system needs some way of knowing

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when a wheel is about to lock up this work is done by speed

sensors. The speed sensors, which are located at each
wheel.

Valves
There is a valve in the brake line of each brake controlled by
the ABS. On some systems, the valve has three positions:

• In position one, the valve is open; pressure from the

master cylinder is passed right through to the brake.

• In position two, the valve blocks the line, isolating that

brake from the master cylinder. This prevents the
pressure from rising further should the driver push the
brake pedal harder.

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• In position three, the valve releases some of the

pressure from the brake.

Pump
Since the valve is able to release pressure from the brakes,
there has to be some way to put that pressure back. That is

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what the pump does; when a valve reduces the pressure in a

line, the pump is there to get the pressure back up.

Circuit diagram of ABS

Electronic Brake Control Module (EBCM)

The system monitors the speed of the wheels during braking.
The Electronic Brake Control Module (EBCM) processes these
values to produce command controls to prevent the wheels
from locking. The EBCM mounted on a bracket next to the
master cylinder, contains a microprocessor and software for
system operation.

Hydraulic Control Unit (HCU)

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It is a central unit which controls the flow of hydraulic fluid to

each valves located near to the wheels. This unit is to
regulate the pressure for each wheel independently.

WORKING OF ABS

Anti-lock Brake System (ABS) operates as follows:

• When the brakes are applied, fluid is forced from the

brake master cylinder outlet ports to the HCU inlet
ports. This pressure is transmitted through four
normally open solenoid valves contained inside the
HCU, then through the outlet ports of the HCU to each
wheel.

• The primary (rear) circuit of the brake master cylinder

feeds the front brakes.

• The secondary (front) circuit of the brake master

cylinder feeds the rear brakes.

If the EBCM senses a wheel is about to lock, based on speed

sensor data, it closes the normally open solenoid valve for
that circuit. This prevents any more fluid from entering that
circuit. The EBCM operates the anti lock pressure valve to
keep the wheels from locking up. To do this the EBCM uses a
three-step cycle:

• Pressure Maintain

• Pressure Decrease

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• Pressure Increase

• The EBCM then looks at the speed sensor signal from

the affected wheel again.

• If that wheel is still decelerating, it opens the solenoid

valve for that circuit.

The above figure shows how an ABS works.

• Once the affected wheel comes back up to speed, the

EBCM returns the solenoid valves to their normal
condition allowing fluid flow to the affected brake.

• Loss of hydraulic fluid in the brake master cylinder will

disable the anti-lock system.

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• The 4-wheel anti-lock brake system is self-monitoring.

When the ignition switch is turned to the RUN position,
the anti-lock brake control module will perform a
preliminary self-check on the anti-lock electrical system
indicated by a three second illumination of the yellow
ABS wanting indicator.

• Each time the vehicle is driven, as soon as vehicle

speed reaches approximately 20 km/h, the anti-lock
brake control module turns on the pump motor for
approximately one-half second. At this time, a
mechanical noise may be heard. This is a normal

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function of the self-check by the anti-lock brake control

module. When the vehicle speed goes below 20 km/h,
the ABS turns off.

• Wheel Slippage, is the wheel speed in relation to

vehicle speed.
• If vehicle speed is faster than the wheel speed slippage
is negative. And the wheel may become lock-up.

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• If vehicle speed is slower than wheel speed. Wheel

slippage is positive.
• Positive wheel slippage occurs when a wheel is
spinning.

Effect of slipping on stopping distance

• NOTE: Late model vehicles use the same ABS
components with traction control. Traction control
prevent a vehicle from spinning out of control.
• The best braking action occurs at between 10-20%
slippage.
• If vehicle speed and wheel speed is the same wheel
slippage is 0%
• A lock-up wheel will have a wheel slippage of 100%

ADVANTAGES

• Using the spare tire supplied with the vehicle will not
affect the performance of the ABS. Tire size can affect
the performance of the system. Replacement tires must

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be the same size, load range, and construction on all

four wheels.

• ABS provides the average driver with greater vehicle

stability and control during severe braking (lockup).

• It helps in avoiding potential accidents.

• ABS operates using the same hydraulic principal as

conventional brakes.

• A bussing noise and bakes pedal vibration is normal

during ABS operation.

DISADVANTAGES

• IT WON’T necessarily shorten stopping distance - ABS

will help maintain vehicle control.

• IT WON’T increase or decrease ultimate stopping power

ABS is an “add-on” to your normal brakes, not a
replacement of them.

• IT WON’T change the way you normally brake. Under

normal brake conditions, your truck will stop as it
always stopped. ABS only comes into play when a
wheel would normally have locked up because of over
braking.

• IT WON’T compensate for bad brakes or poor brake

maintenance.

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CONCLUSION

The results of several independent studies show a

consistent picture of the ABS with remarkable safety benefits
and proof the positive impact. The ABS helps the driver to
stay on the road and to avoid tripping obstacles.

So we conclude that ABS or Antilock Braking System is

necessary equipment in vehicles of all types. ABS is not an
independent system but it is an add on to our already
existing mechanical braking system in our vehicles which
assist the driver to avoid potential fatal accidents.

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REFERENCES

1. www.google.com

2. www.wikipedia.com

3. www.bosch.com

5. www.howstuffwork.com

6.www.sxc.hu

7.www.britanica.com

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