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WORD copy of Review of Literature showing the images in the figures indicated
Grid Tied Inverter Proposa from !I"PI
Row #$
%1&' Review of Literature
#(
This inverter deveopment proposa wi focus primariy on the soar photovotaic energy
resource) " soar photovotaic modue performs sunight conversion to direct current
%D*') "n inverter converts this direct current to aternating current %"*') This provides
most aternating current e+uipment and appiances with the proper form, function, eve
and fre+uency needed -y these for proper energy compiance)
##
The input varia-iity from the soar resource, i)e, due to distur-ances of couds, causes
votages to swing from tens of vots to hundreds of vots) " direct current converter for
D* votage eve is needed to hande these wide votage swings is re+uired)
1&&
1&1
With a wide input range, a D*.D* converter set can -e arranged with a series stac/
rectified output) Thus two D*.D* converters can -e made to operate with their high
fre+uency transformer primaries in parae, with their rectified outputs feeding two
separate inverters) The two inverters can -e wired in series to have muti0eve, step
outputs)

Fig. 1. DC/DC voltage Link with DC/AC inverter [1]
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1&2
!ven more fe3i-e is the moduar muti0eve converter, which is intended for medium or
high votage power conversion without transformers
These re+uire more compe3 contro and votage0-aancing contro schemes for the
foating D* capacitors)
1&5

Fig. 2. Multi level DC/DC Converter with Series Inverters for ulti!level out"ut
wavefors [2]

Fig. #. # $hase! Multi!level DC/DC %onverter an& Multi!level DC/AC %onverter [#]
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1&$
5ystem integration with the ac oads can -e in the form of a D* -us or "* -us
interconnection) These are shown in 6igures 2 and 5)
1&(
1&#
11&
With the D* -us system, the energy from the various sources is contri-uted
asynchronousy) Power diode 7OR0ing7 gates attach each) With the "* -us system,
timing in fre+uency and phase are -oth essentia for system operation and sta-iity
among the sources) 6or stand0aone renewa-e energy systems that feed ac oads,

Fig. ' DC (us Mo&ular h)*ri& S)ste[2]

Fig. + AC *us Mo&ular S)ste [2]
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compati-iity with standard appiances is re+uired) The intermittent and varia-iity of
amost a renewa-e energy sources, incude energy storage that is commony -an/s of
ead0acid -atteries) 6or grid tied systems, a -attery -an/ storage is optiona) Its
operationa re+uirements pattern the re+uirement for the "* -us system) 8ormay,
current source topoogy D*."* converter is needed for proper operation) 6or proper
current in9ection, the inverter votages have to -e higher)
111
111
114
" step up converter is used for o-taining higher dc -us votages) 5un trac/ing of the
soar panes, aows the array to face the sun, thus ma3imi:ing the soar harvest) The
eectronics contro scheme foows through with ma3imum power point trac/ing for the
highest output eectrica power yied) The system does not empoy a -attery -an/
storage option) The fre+uency of the inverter has to trac/ cosey, the fre+uency of the
utiity grid for proper power transfer)

Fig. ,. -ri&!.ie& $/ s)ste *lo%k &iagra. [']
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112
115
The contro functions for a typica grid tied inverter are shown in 6ig $)
Reference 5 has a soar deveopment /it for soar inverters)

Fig. 0. A t)"i%al %ontrol %onfiguration for gri& 1 s)n%hroni2ation. [+]