LECTURE I

INTRODUCTION TO AI:
WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE?

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a subdivision of computer science devoted to creating
computer software and hardware that imitates the human mind (Frenzel, 1987). The goal of AI
is to make computer smarter by creating software that allows a computer to mimic some of the
functions of human brain. The idea is not to replace human beings but to provide a more
powerful tool to assist us to do our job.
Another definition, AI is the art of creating machines that perform functions that require
intelligence when performed by people (Kurzweil, 1990). AI is the study of computations that
make it possible to perceive, reason, and act (Winston, 1992).

The history of AI
The first recognized work of AI was done by Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts (1943).
They proposed a model of artificial neurons in which each neuron is characterized as being
on or off. On occurs in response to stimulation by a sufficient number of neighboring
neurons.
Donald Hebb (1949) demonstrated a simple updating rule for modifying the connection
strengths between neurons, and the rule is called Hebbian learning. Marvin Minsky and Dean
Edmonds (1950) built the first neural network computer called SNARC using 3000 vacuum
tubes and an automatic pilot mechanism from a B-24 bomber to stimulate a network of 40
neurons.
Alan Turing (1950) who first articulated a complete vision of AI in an article Computing
Machinery and Intelligence. He introduced the Turing test, machine learning, genetic
algorithms, and reinforcement learning. A two-month workshop (1956) at Dartmouth
produced an agreement to adopt John McCarthys new name for a field called artificial
intelligence (not computational rationality or else). So, 1956 is the birth of AI. AI embraces the
idea of duplicating human faculties like creativity, self-improvement, and language use. AI
attempts to build machines that will function autonomously in complex and dynamic
environment.



The breakthroughs
1. Autonomous planning and scheduling
NASAs remote agent program was the first on-board autonomous planning program to
control scheduling of operations of a spacecraft (Johnson et al., 2000).
2. Game playing
IBMs Deep Blue was the first computer program to defeat the world champion (Garry
Kasparov) in a chess match in an exhibition match (Goodman and Keene, 1997).
3. Autonomous control
The ALVINN computer vision system was trained to steer a car in a computer controlled
minivan and used to navigate across the US totaling 2850 miles for 98% of the time.
4. Medical diagnosis
Medical diagnosis programs perform at the level of an expert physician in several areas
of medicine and are able to explain the diagnosis, the major factors that influence the decision
and the interactions between the symptoms.
5. Logistics planning
During Persian Gulf crisis 1991, US forces deployed Dynamic Analysis and Re-planning
Tool (DART) to do automated logistics planning and transportation scheduling that involved up
to 50,000 vehicles, cargo, and people at that time (Cross and Walker, 1994).
6. Robotics
HipNav is a system that uses computer vision to create three-dimensional model of
patients internal anatomy and uses robotic control to guide the surgery (DiGioia et al., 1996).







7. Language understanding and problem solving
PROVERB is a computer program that solves crossword puzzles better than most
humans using constrains on possible word fillers, a large database of pass puzzles, and a variety
of information sources including dictionary and online databases (Litmann et al., 1999).

AI vs. conventional computing
Conventional computing: we tell the computer how to solve the problem. The computer is
given the data and step-by-step program (algorithm) that specifies how the data is manipulated to
reach an answer analytical approach.
AI computing: we tell the computer what the problem is but not how to solve it. The computer
is given knowledge about the problem subject area and some inferencing capabilities. We do
not tell the computer specifically how to solve the problem and it determines itself the method of
reaching a solution meta-heuristic approach.

AI computing
AI software is not based on an algorithm. It is based on symbolic representation and
manipulation. AI uses a letter, word, or number to represent objects, processes, and their
relationship. Objects can be people, things, ideas, concepts, events, or statements of fact. Using
the symbols, it is possible to build a knowledge base that states the facts, concepts and the
relationships among them. The various processes are used for manipulating the symbols to
solve a problem.
The basic techniques are search and pattern matching. With an initial condition, the AI
software searches the knowledge base looking for specific conditions or patterns. It looks for
match-ups that satisfy the criteria to solve the problem and find the best answer expert
systems.

Classification of AI
1. Fuzzy Logic (FL),
2. Artificial Neural Network (ANN),
3. Expert System (ES),



4. Genetic Algorithm (GA), etc.

Applications in manufacturing

Examples of AI application (published >30 papers):
1. Forecasting (all titles in English)
Gracia, S., Sudiarso, A., 2012, Medium-Term Forecasting of Mineral Commodity Price
using Backpropagation Model of Artificial Neural Network, Proceeding of National Seminar on
Research and Technology Development in Industry 18, Yogyakarta
Pitoyo, Y.A., Sudiarso, A., 2010, Application of Artificial Neural Network with Multi-
Layers Back Propagation for Predicting of Stock Index Movement, Proceeding of National
Seminar on Simulation Technology VI, Yogyakarta
Soesilo, H., Sudiarso, A., 2010, Integration of Particle Swarm Organisation (PSO) and
Artificial Neural Network (ANN) for Predicting Stock Price Index, Proceeding of National
Seminar SMART 2010, Yogyakarta
Soesilo, H., Sudiarso, A., 2010, Application of Several Learning Algorithms of
Backpropagation Neural Network to Forecast Non-Linear Time Series Data, Proceeding of
National Seminar on Research and Technology Development in Industry 16, Yogyakarta
Pamela, R., Sudiarso, A., 2009, Network Optimisation in Neural Network and ARIMA
based Time Series Forecasting, Proceeding of National Seminar on Research and Technology
Development in Industry 15, Yogyakarta
Pamela, R., Sudiarso, A., 2009, Effects of Fuzzy Logic Integration into Neural Network-
based Time Series Forecasting, Journal of Machine and Industry, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 81-86
NEXT: causal forecasting using AI

2. Production Planning and Inventory Control
Sudiarso, A., Yusuf, D.M., 2012, Production Scheduling using Genetic Algorithm to
Minimise Makespan, The 2012 International Conference on Economics, Financial, and Industrial
Systems (ICEFIS), Venice
Lesono, N.B., Sudiarso, A., 2010, Integration of Genetic Algorithm for Determining the
Order Quantity and Safety Stock to Minimise Inventory Cost of Fuzzy Logic Based Inventory
Model, Proceeding of National Seminar on Simulation Technology VI, Yogyakarta



Sudiarso, A., Putranto, R.A., 2010, Lead Time Estimation of a Production System using
Fuzzy Logic Approach for Various Batch Sizes, The 2010 International Conference of
Manufacturing Engineering and Engineering Management (ICMEEM), The World Congress on
Engineering (WCE), London
Sujanadi, A., Sudiarso, A., 2009, Job Shop Scheduling using Genetic Algorithm Method
to Minimize Makespan, Proceeding of National Seminar on Simulation Technology V,
Yogyakarta
Lestari, W.P., Sudiarso, A., 2009, Effects of Fuzzy Logic Integration to Safety Stock and
Order Quantity to Minimize Inventory Cost, Proceeding of National Seminar SMART 2009,
Yogyakarta
Sudiarso, A., Labib, A.W., 2002, A Fuzzy Logic Approach to an Integrated
Maintenance/Production Scheduling Algorithm, International Journal of Production Research
(IJPR), Vol. 40, No. 13, pp. 3121-3138
Sudiarso, A., 2002, Fuzzy Logic Integration Into Scheduling Algorithm of Batch
Production System, Proceeding of National Seminar on Manufacturing System Development at
Information Technology Era, Yogyakarta
NEXT: inventory control using AI

3. Product Design and Development
Diraga, E., Sudiarso, A., 2012, Analysis of Best Silver Handicraft Product Selection
using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (FAHP),
Proceeding of National Seminar on Research and Technology Development in Industry 18,
Yogyakarta
Iswahyuni, A.D., Sudiarso, A., 2010, Best Product Selection of Online CDMA Mobile
Phones using Analytical Hierarchy Process and Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process, Proceeding
of National Seminar on Simulation Technology VI, Yogyakarta
Sudiarso, A., Nugraheni, W.F., 2010, Product Benchmarking using Analytical Hierarchy
Process and Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process: A Case Study, The 2010 International
Conference on Industrial Engineering (ICINDE), The International MultiConference of
Engineers and Computer Scientists (IMECS), Hong Kong



Biringkanae, S., Sudiarso, A., 2009, Comparison between Quality Function Deployment
and Fuzzy Quality Function Deployment in Selecting Strategies of Products Quality
Improvement: A Case Study, Proceeding of National Seminar on Simulation Technology V,
Yogyakarta
Nugraheni, W.F., Sudiarso, A., 2009, Analysis of Best Product Selection using
Analytical Hierarchy Process and Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process: A Case Study of
Selecting MP4 Player, Proceeding of National Seminar on Machine and Industry V, Jakarta
NEXT: integration FAHP and FQFD

4. Price Calculation
Pradnyardhi, D.A., Sudiarso, A., 2009, Deciding Price using Fuzzy Logic Method Based
on Income Projection from the Producer and Customer Perception, Proceeding of National
Seminar on Simulation Technology V, Yogyakarta
Arismunandar, I.R, Sudiarso. A., 2009, Programming and Simulation of Selling Price
Calculation of Food Products using Fuzzy Logic Approach and Customer Perception, Journal of
Machine and Industry, Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 139-142
NEXT: integrating competitors prices

5. Supply Chain Management
Pariantho, A., Sudiarso, A., 2009, Optimization of Product Distribution Allocation using
Mamdani Fuzzy Inference Method to Maximize Gross Profit, Proceeding of National Seminar on
Simulation Technology V, Yogyakarta
NEXT: supplier selection, chain-store distr. using AI

6. Other Applications
Sunaryo, H., Sudiarso, A., Nugraheny, D., 2010, Daily Meal Menu Arrangement Based
on Calorie Needs and Prices using Genetic Algorithm Approach, Proceeding of National
Seminar on Simulation Technology VI, Yogyakarta
Sudiarso, A., 2004, Modeling and Simulation of Batch Production System using Optimal
Control Limit and Fuzzy Logic, Journal of Machine and Industry, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 33-41



Sudiarso, A., 2000, Parameter Estimation of Identification System Using Hopfield Network
Identifier, ASCRB Proceeding, Yogyakarta
and several articles in-print/published soon.