The international

TV standards.

Basic TV standards.
Standards

111
111

for monochrome

Basic standards
Broadcasting
Broadcasting

television.

for colour

. . . . . ..

television

Digital coding

114

standards

of special

115

services.

. . . . . . . . . ..

of video and sound signals

television

112
113

of TV programs

TV broadcasting

Satellite

. . . . . . . . . . . ..

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

....

and sound broadcasting.

115
116

..

116

D2/C-MAC packet standard

118

Table of countries

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

119

Group delay

.'.....

Test lines/colour
Waveform

bar signals

123

standards/weighting

Channel definitions

121

filter

. . . . . . . ..

(VHF, UHF)

124
125

Antiope

Acquisition

BBC

British

numerique

CATV

Cable Television

CBC
CCETT

Canadian Broadcasting
Corporation
Centre Commun d'etudes de Telediffusion

CCIR

Comite

Consultatif

International

des Radiocommunications

CCITT

Comite

Consultatif

International

de Telegraphique

CEPT

Conference

Broadcasting

Europeenne

Didon

Diffusion

DIN

Deutsches

EBU (UER)

European

EIA

Electronic

ERP

Effective

FCC

Federal

FDM,TDM

Frequencyrrime

GOST
GPO

et televisualisation

de donnees
Institut
Industries

et Telephonique

des Postes et des Telecommunications

(par paquets)
Union
Association

Power

Division

Commission
Multiplex

der UdSSR

IBA

General Post Office

Independent
Broadcasting

ITU (UIT)

International

Telecommunication

KtK

Kommission

fOr den Ausbau

MAC, (C-)

(Combined)

Multiplex

Authority
Union

des technischen

Analogue

NTSC

National

Organisation

PAL

Phase Alternating

SABC

South African

SECAM

Sequentielle

TDF

Telediffusion

UER (EBU)
UIT (ITU)

Union der Europaischen

Rundfunkorganisationen,
Union Internationale
des Telecommunications
World Administration
Radio Conference

Television

System

Internationale

Committee
de Radiodiffusion-Television

Line

Broadcasting

Kommunikationssystems

Component

OIRT

WARC

en pages d'ecriture

et Telecommunications

des Administrations

Communications

Normensystem

organisees

fOr Normung

Broadcasting
Radiated

d'images

Corporation

Corporation

memoire

de France
Union Europeenne

de Radiodiffusion

10 international TV standards exist at present, all based on

the same principles:

Physiology of vision

Line scanning

Field repetition

Colour transmission as separate luminance and chrominance components

Colour transmission

Vision characteristics
Mean resolution l' (angle of sight),
Optimum angle for picture observation without fatigue of eye
muscles 10,
Optimum line number = observation angle = 10 = 600 lines,
'angle of sight

1'

Field frequency without motion blurred> 12/ s.

Field frequency without flicker >50/s.
Number of lines per picture
Frames of 525 and 625 lines are still in use. Resolution
being too weak at 405 lines and the frequencies required
being too high at 819 lines, these values have been
superseded by 625 lines.
These apparently odd line numbers derive from the early
times of television and are due to the frequency divider and
multiplier techniques of the sync signal generators.
Field frequency
The crucial factors were the limit of flicker and the available
AC supply frequency (50 or 60 HZ), since the early scanners
(Nipkow disc, Weiller wheel and film scanner) were all driven
by AC supply-operated synchronous motors. Hum bars
resulting from inadequate filtering and other AC line-frequency pickup were thus negligible.
Field frequencies of 50 Hz and 60 Hz in conjunction with
500 to 600 lines per frame led to a video frequency band of
more than 10 kHz. This was not acceptable for the frequency channels available for TV transmitters and also because
of TV receiver technology and cost. An ingenious trick
(F. Schrbter, 1927) cut the required frequency band down to

Line
I----

3
Line

1
2

3
4

half: interlaced scanning of a first field consisting of the

odd lines and a second field consisting of the even lines
(illustration below). Thus a frequency of 50 field/s (flicker)
together with only 25 frames/s (frequeny band) was obtained.

Line

Three colour TV systems were developed independently of

each other regarding the number of lines and field frequency:
NTSC
1948,
PAL
1961,
SECAM
1957.
The luminance signal is necessary for compatibility with the
existing monochrome TV receivers. The three primary signals red/green/blue are transmitted in the form of colour
difference signals (with reduced bandwidth) relative to the
luminance signal. Only two colour difference signals are
necessary (the third being produced by electronic calculation
in the receiver).
The two colour difference signals modulate a colour subcarrier - simultaneously with AM in the NTSC and PAL systems
and successively with FM in the SECAM system. The modulation frequency spectrum of the colour subcarrier is inserted
in the frequency spectrum of the luminance signal at the
upper end of the video frequency band (half-line or quarterline offset).
Observation of international TV standards is necessary in
view of
international exchange of programs,
design of TV transmitters and transposers,
production of TV receivers,
design of video recorders,
development of measuring instruments and systems.

(tables on the following pages)

Two basic standards have been adopted for the international
exchange of TV programs:
Lines/frame
Fields/s . . . . . . . . ..
Colour system .. ..
Video bandwidth ..
Colour subcarrier .

FCC standard
525
60
NTSC
4.2 MHz
3.58 MHz

CCIR standard
625

50
PAUSECAM
5/5.5/6 MHz
4.43 MHz

The different video bandwidths of the CCIR standard are not

so much due to field and line scanning procedures, but rather
to the bandwidth available in the TV transmitter channels
(see broadcasting of TV programs, following next double
page).
The main problem of standards conversion is the conversion of field frequency from 50 Hz to 60 Hz and vice versa.
For this purpose, the picture information must be stored and
then scanned at the new frequency. The electro-optical
analog standards converter uses the screen of a high-resolution display tube of suitable persistence.

I\)

Standards

for monochrome

television

OJ

(J)
Standard

Frequency
Number

of lines

per frame

B/G

D/K

K11)

CCIR

OIRT

Belgium

UK

FOPTA')

France

FCC

South

VHF/UHF

UHF

VHF/UHF

VHF/UHF

VHF/UHF

VHF/UHF

VHF/UHF

625

625

625

625

625

525

625

Hz

50

50

50

50

50

50

60

50

Hz

15625

15625

15625

15 625

15 625

15 625

15750

15 625

Duration

of line sync pulse

lis

4.7

4.7

4.7

4.7

4.7

4.7

5 (4.7)2)

Duration

of line blanking

liS

12

12

12
1.5

12
1.5

10.9

1.5

12
1.5

10.8 (11)2)

lis

12
1.5

1.9 (1.75)2)

1.9

Field blanking
Video

interval

RF channel

width

Vision-sound

carrier

spacing

1.5

25

25

25

25

25

25

19 to 21

19 to 25

MHz

5.5

4.2

4.2

MHz

7(B)/8(G)

MHz

+5.5

+6.5

+5.5

+6

+6.5

6.5

+4.5

+4.5

0.75

1.25

1.25

1.25

1.25

0.75

0.75

Lines

bandwidth

+5.746)
Width

of vestigial

Spacing
nearest

of vision

sideband
carrier

edge of channel

RF white

Type of vision

modulation

Type of sound

modulation

+1.25

+1.25

+1.25

+1.25

+1.25

+ 1.25

+ 1.25

+1.25

100

100

100

100

100

<6

100

100

733)

75

75

76

75

30

75

75

10

12.5

10

20

10

100 (110)2)

10

10

C3F neg.

C3F neg.

C3F neg.

C3F neg.

C3F neg.

C3F pos.

C3F neg.

C3F neg.

F3E

F3E

F3E

F3E

F3E

A3E

F3E

F3E

MHz

level

level (residual

0.75

from

RF sync level
RF blanking

MHz

carrier)

F3EH6)
Frequency

deviation

kHz

Preemphasis
Vision/sound

liS
power

ratio

50

50

50

50

50

25

25

50

50

50

50

50

75

75

10:1 to

10:1 to

5:1 to

5:1

10:1

10:1

20:14)

5:1

10:1

20:1:0.26)

0)

Group of territories representedby the FrenchOverseasPost and TelecommunicationAgency.

') Also designated K'.

For colour transmission according to NTSCor SECAM.
') 73% instead of nominal 75% applies for TV transmitters of high linearity
also in the sync range (burst, chrominancesignal).
2)

(J)

VHF/UHF

Line frequency

Front porch

America

625

Field frequency

pulse

()

.) 20:1in the Federal Republic of Germanyas of April 1976for all TV transmissions of the three programs.
') 6.7:1and 2.9:1 in Japan.
') For dualsound or stereo sound in the FederalRepublic of Germany
(at present in 2nd program).

10:1 to

10:1 to

5:15)

5:1

JJ
0

(J)

System

NTSC

SECAM

D,K,K1

Standard

Luminance

signal

Colour difference

E' y = 0.3 E'R + 0.59 E' G + 0.114 E's

E', = -0.27 (E' s-E' y)

signals

E' u = 0.493 (E' s-E' y)

+ 0.74 (E'R-E'y)

(chrominance

E'Q=0.41

signals)

D's = 1 .5 (E' s-E' y)

(E's-E'y)

+ 0.48 (E'R-E'y)

Correction

of colour

D""R = AD' R

1+J'-R
85

difference

signals

D""s = AD's

1+J'-s

255

Composite

colour

video signal

EM

= E'y +

EM= E'y+ E'u sin wsct E'vcos wsct

fH

15734.264

Field frequency
Chrominance
subcarrier

amplitude

15 6250.016

59.94 Hz

modulation

of two subcarriers

4433618.755

1 Hz

Hz

3582056.25

3575611.49 10Hz

between fscand fH

sc

= 455. f

f
H

Bandwidth 1deviation
of colour difference
signal

sc

= (1135
4

fsc + 5701
-1300 kHz

+ _1_).
625

f
H

fsc + 10661
-1300

sc

909
4

.f

f
H

fsc+6001-1300

kHz

50 Hz
5 Hz

fOR= 4 406 250 2000 Hz

fos = 4 250 000 2 000 Hz

1)
625

fsc + 6201-1300

9 1 cycles

(E's - E' y) axis

kHz

1800, relative to

(f = 4286 20 kHz)

of chromi-

Phase of burst

/1+j-16F
1 + j-1.26F

Mo= 11.5%of
luminance amplitude;

F=~-~
fo

10 1 cycles
+ 1350 for odd lines in 1st and 2nd fields
-1350

for even lines in 1st and 2nd fields

+ 1350 for even lines in 3rd and 4th fields

-1350

for odd lines in 3rd and 4th fields

by E'v component

subcarrier

kHz

nance subcarrier
Duration of burst

- (917
sc4+

of

chrominance

15625 0016 Hz

50 Hz

59.94 Hz

Hz 14433618.75

FM

15 6250.016

15734.264 005 Hz

Hz

50 Hz

10Hz

t or

of fa and fR,B; see Amplitude

in quadrature

freq. fsc

Relationship

Amplitude

G = Function

0.05 Hz

3579545

2rr(foR + D'*RLlfoR}'

E'y + G cos 2rr(f oB + D'*B Ll foB} . t

Suppressed-carrier

Type of modulation
Line frequency

EM = E'y + Gcos

E'I (cosOJsct+33)
+ E'Q (sin wsct + 330)

of burst

for lines D'R: + 350 kHz deviation

for lines D's: - 350 kHz deviation

at max. 540 mV
at max. 500 mV

fR.s

The display is picked up like an open scene in the new standard by a camera tube. A digital standards converter converts
the picture signal information from analog into digital form,
reads it into a digital memory, reads it out with a new scanning rate and reconverts it into analog form.
In the standards converter for colour television, the
incoming signal must be divided into its luminance and
chrominance components, decoded and remodulated onto
the other colour carrier. If only the colour system is to be
converted, e.g. PAL into SECAM, the number of lines and the
field frequency being equal, no picture memory is required. It
then suffices to separate and transcode the chrominance
signal and to modulate the new carrier as required (transcoder principle).

Broadcasting of TV programs
The public television service is operated by broadcasting
picture and sound from picture transmitters and associated
sound transmitters in three main frequency ranges in the
VHF and UHF bands. By international ruling of the UIT/ITU,
these ranges are exclusively allocated to television broadcasting. Subdivision into operating channels and their
assignment by location are also ruled by international regional agreement. The Stockholm Plan of 1961 is at present
valid in Europe:
Band

Frequency

Channel

Bandwidth

I
II

(41) 47 to 68 MHz
87.5 (88) to
108 MHz
174 to 223 (230) MHz
470 to 582 MHz
582 to 790 (860) MHz
11.7 to 12.5 GHz

2 to 4
VHF FM
sound
5 to 11 (12)
21 to 27
28 to 60 (69)
satellite TV

7 MHz

III
IV
V
VI
Special
channels 68 to 82 (89) MHz
Digital
sound
113 to 123 MHz
[125 to 174 MHz
CATV
230 to 300 MHz

7 MHz
8 MHz
8 MHz

2 (3)S channels 7 MHz

S 2/3
S 4 to S 10
S 11 to S 20

5 MHz
7 MHz
7 MHz

Types of modulation
Vision:

C3F (vestigial-sideband AM)

vestigial-sideband ratios:
0.75 MHz/4.2 MHz = 1:5.6,
0.75 MHz/5.0 MHz = 1:6.7,
1.25 MHz/5.5 MHz = 1:4.4.
The saving of frequency band is about 40%; polarity negative because of the susceptibility to interference of the synchronizing circuits of early TV receivers (exception: positive modulation); residual
carrier with negative modulation: 10% (exception:
20%).

Sound:

F3E; FM for better separation from vision signal in

the receiver (exception: AM).
Sound carrier above vision carrier within RF channel,
inversion at IF (exception: standard L in band I).

System parameters (for standards BIG)

Channel 1
Channel 2
RF sound carrier
Frequency
fvision+5.5 MHz fvision+5.7421875
MHz (500 HZ),
(500 Hz),
eqvt. to 352 fH eqvt. to 367.5 fH
Vision/sound power
ratio
13 dB
20 dB
Modulation
FM
FM
::S50 kHz
Frequency deviation .. ::S50 kHz
Preemphasis
50 fls
50 fls
AF bandwidth
40 to 15000 Hz 40 to 15000 Hz
Sound modulation
Mono. . . . . . . . . . . . . . mono

L+ R

Stereo

-2-

Dual sound

mono

Identification
Pilot carrier frequency

= M

54.6875 kHz (5
Hz), eqvt. to 3.5 fH
AM (with identification frequency)
50%

Modulation degree . Identification frequency

mono
stereo
-

none
117.5 Hz eqvt to fHI
133
274.1 Hz eqvtto fH/57

dual sound
Frequency deviation of
transmitter carrier
(due to pilot tone)
Synchronization
-

(2.5 kHz 0.5 kHz)

pilot carrier and identification frequencies
phase-locked with fH

The two sound channels arrive from the studio via radio link
with 15 kHz bandwidth at the TV transmitter. There matrixing
is performed for compatibility; (L+ R)/2 for channel 1, R for
channel 2. An additional sound modulator is used to
modulate the second sound carrier with sound channel 2
and with the AM-modulated pilot carrier.
The mode identification is transmitted in (data) line 16 (329)
of a normal TV picture from the studio to the dual-sound
coder of the TV transmitter via the conventional TV lines (i.e.
not the sound lines). From the 13 usable words of this data
line the first two bits of word 5 are prOVided for mode
identification in bi-phase code as follows:
Identification

Bit 1

Bit 2

Stereo
Mono
Dual sound
Fau~

1
0
1
0

0
1
1
0

Typical characteristics of R&S TV transmitter

using the dual-sound-carrier technique:

systems

Spurious emissions

>70 dB down in the

adjacent channel
Crosstalk (selective measurement)
Stereo (with deemphasis),
40 Hz
deviation 15 kHz/30 kHz .....
43 dB
Channel (without deemphasis),
deviation 50 kHz
81 dB

500 Hz 15 kHz
50 dB
54 dB
90 dB

90 dB

Intercarrier

SIN ratio (with

deemphasis)

measured

to CCIR

Vol. X, Rec. 468-4

Vision

modulation

44 dB

Test picture

50 dB

Black picture

50 dB

Visionlsound

10 to 75%

power

3:1/4:1/5:1

ratio

110:1/20:1,

are conventionally

depending

its advantage

intermodulation

distortion

ters with common

being

energy

in TV transposers

vision-sound

Repub-

text communication

display

Country

Institute

Year

FRG

KtK
DIN-

1976 Videotext

Via TV channel

broadcasts

in cable

on standard;

in the FRG.

conventional

values

are 6/7/8 MHz;

values 5 MHz and 14 MHz are no longer

used.

line

Bildschirmtext
Leitungstext

Broadcast

Interactive

teletext

teletex

BBC

1972 Ceefax

IBA

1973 Oracle

GPO

1975

Viewdata/Prestel

TDF,

} Antiope,
Titan

} Antiope,
Didon

CCETT
Depending

Via telephone

designation

the previous

using television

1980 Teletext

UK

and TV transmitand

systems

are now on trial worldwide:

savifJg and low

amplification

20:1 :0.2 for dual-sound

screen

5:1 and 10:1

used; 20: 1 is used in the Federal

lic of Germany,

television;

on standard;

The following

CON

CBC

Telidon

(UIT/

CCITT,

ITU)

CEPT

] Broadcast
videotext

VideotextlTeletext
systems
Clock

Preliminary

B/G (Federal

] Interactive
videotex

standard

Republic

for

of Germany)

the

625-line

and I:

frequency

Half-amplitude
144.14 ns per bit

duration
Four broadcasting
standards

standards

are in use at present

table for monochrome

(see also

L: 0 V (blanking

television):

FCC

CCIR

British

OIRT

525

625

625

625

Field frequency

60 Hz

50 Hz

50 Hz

50 Hz

Standard

code

Channel

width

BIG
I
7/8 MHz 8 MHz

Standard
Number

of lines

6 MHz

H: 0.462 Vpp = 66% picture

Data signal

Code
Words per line

1 for framing
Transmission

D/K

(TV line without

carier spacing

4.5 MHz

5.5 MHz,

6 MHz

5.74MHz
sideband

0.75 MHz

0.75 MHz 1.25 MHz 0.75 MHz

(1.25 MHz)

45.75 MHz 38.9 MHz 39.5 MHz 38.9 MHz

(38 MHz)
Visionl sound

10:1,

ratio

20:1,

modification

adopted,

CCIR

represents

75 text

max.

average
Lines

pages

25

Text format

1 page of 24 lines of 40 characters

Coding

10 bits/character

optimum

increase of vestigial sideband from 0.75 MHz to 1.25

MHz, as a result broadening
of Nyquist slope from 1.5

Data flow
Transm ission

MHz to 2.5 MHz and reduction

time
Modulation

carrier

to about

width,

60 ns (half-correction);

the TV transmitter

is thus not necessary

error near

precorrection

in

in this part of the

video band,

bandwidth of upper sideband of chrominance

signal increased from 0.57 MHz to 1.07 MHz, thus no "second"
vestigial-sideband

system

is necessary

for colour

trans-

mission,

increase of residual carrier from 10% to 20% so that

highly saturated colours (yellow) with modulation
of the
TV transmitter
volving,

to ultra-white

however,

which can only be compensated

transmitter

are better

a loss in useful-signal

reproduced,

in-

level of 1.5 dB,

for by a 40% increase

power (eg from 10 kW to 14 kW).

333/334

today the

of group-delay

x 0.24 s = 18 s

start

(word),

and stop

of

incl. 1 ea.

bit

24 lines x 40 characters
channel

52/1s)

= 024 s

standard,

best compromise:
of 8-MHz

2. s

TV receiver:

parity,

utilization

interval:

approx. 9 s
1st field: 20/21, 2nd field:

occupied

on domestic

I of the 625-line

being one of the last systems

time,

= 6x

BildschirmtextlViewdata
Preliminary
standard
with text
page dialled from subscriber's
telephone
set and displayed

10:1

20:1 :0.2
The British

blanking

24 text lines
4 TV lines/picture

6.5 MHz
Wait

code

x 8 bits x 0.144 /1s = 51.89/1s

45 words

Visionl sound

Vestigial

code, 2 for address

time

per line

8 MHz

level)

8 bits/word
incl. 1 parity bit
NRZ (non return to zero)
45; incl. 2 for clock run-in,

Coding

x 10 bits

9600 bits/page

1200 bitls
9600 bits/page
1200 bits/s
.

_ 8 /
s page

F1 B (FSK)

in data channel

H: 1300 Hz, L: 2100 Hz,

in return channel

H:

390 Hz, L:

450 Hz

Satellite

Digital coding of colour TV video signals and

of sound signals
National

and

present

international

to establish

least an optimal

organizations

a uniform

compromise

digital

standard

for the following

Communication

services

1.

Point-to-point

transmissions

or at

2.

Program

fields:
3.

the following

Component
signals);

Sampling

coding

coding

standard

(Y signal

frequencies

European)

EBU has

for video

MHz (3xfchrominance) for the luminance

component
6.75 MHz for each chrominance
component;

Quantization

q is 8 bits/amplitude

Data flow/channel
13.5x 106 values/sx8

2 (6.75x106

108 Mbits/s.

108 Mbits/ s

Frequency

11.7 to 12.1 GHz

10.95 to 11.7 GHz

downlink

12.1 to 12.5 GHz

bandwidth

capacity

is approximately

number
spacing

2 x 6

19.18 MHz

83.33 MHz

Channel

width

27 MHz
circular

83.33 MHz

can only
cables

be achieved

with

links,

internal

or fibre optics.

are made

later

140

at reducing

achieving
channel.

satisfactory

picture

Terrestrial

TV transmitters

Mbits/ s. Therefore

great

the bit- rate with the aim of

quality

with

34 Mbits/ s per

are completely

unsuitable

carrier frequencies

Cu-cable

for transmissions.

networks

Satellites

with

of about 20 GHz and above may be used.

power

of complete

not yet possible

digital TV signals

at present

TV signal components
channels.

The

digital

coding

broadcasting
elaborate

and

[S/Nq

for the

with respect

A quantization
obtain

to the previous

been improved
of sound

= (6q

The sampling

analog

signals
digital

the

250 W (24 dBW)

20 W (13 dBW)
32 dB

4000 kW (66 dBW)

32 kW (45 dBW)

PFDo
Diameter
receiving

of
antenna

signal-to-noise

ratio

37 dB

Figure

of merit

of receiving

fmax is

1928,

ratio

C/N
Video

SIN ratio

>50 dB

(weighted)

caused

by rain

Planned

channel

Conference

S/ Nq of 98

dB

- Satellite

Broadcasting
Number

the

maximum

frequency

theorem

Satellite

occupancy
allocation

of satellite

Broadcasting

of satellite
Radio

WARC-SB 1977 in Geneva

in the Final Acts WARC 77 by ITU/CCIR.

satellites

in Europa

of countries
of planned

19 (channels:
channels

positions

5 each)

95
37 West - 1x occupied
31 West - 1x occupied

Nyquist
of

services

plan for the channels

is the result of the World Administration

and laid down

to

1936,

~99.9%

~99%

Attenuation

is more

is required

the sampling
Raabe

50 dB

GfT

equip-

Total number
must follow

3.7 m

ment

broadcasting

2) dB].

frequency

1.8 m
43 dB

0.9 m

Gain

sound

than for video signals.

value

(2)

FM

Power flux density

The frequency

studio

(X)

parallel

methods,

for satellite

sound

to quantizing

fsample 2: 2xfmax (Kotelnikov

1941), where
baseband.

to several

considerably.

q of 16 bits/ amplitude

a quantizing

tape is

of the high bit rates. The

must be distributed

As compared

quality has however

because

on magnetic

(1), left-hand

42 dB

Time of utilization
Recording

linear horizontal
or vertical (Y)

FM

gain

Carrier/noise
and coaxial

right-hand

ERP

100 MHz.

I-F1

Channel
Channel

Antenna

216 Mbits/ s.

In public communication
networks of present-day technology
the limits per channel lie at the hierarchical step of 34 Mbits/s
attempts

Eutelsat

(ECS 1, Spot West)

Type of modulation

value)

and communications

(planned)

Sense of rotation

value

and sound

TV-Sat D3, TDF-1

Transponder

studio links via coaxial

microwave

data of broadcasting

Polarization

bits/amplitude

2 x 54 Mbits/ s

i.e. the required

This channel

value;

bits/ amplitude

values/sx8

and

for television

satellites

and two colour-difference

with 13.5

services

services

satellites)

signals:

fsamplein the ratio 4:2:2

for fixed

for fixed

satellites)

Characteristic
the (Western

via satellite

broadcasting

(broadcasting

For the digital TV studio

for

Satellite

and

recording.

prepared

distribution

(communication

studio,
transmission

and sound broadcasting

at

are attempting

coding

television

19 West - 8x occupied
7 West - 1x occupied

the

1 West - 4x occupied
5 East

Planned

sound

coding

Frequency

standard:
fsample

zation
Direct satellite sound
broadcasting
with 16
stereo channels
Digital

sound

studio

Data flowl

Quantiq

channel

range

- 4x occupied

11.7 to 12.5 GHz

Channel

spacing

19.18 MHz

Channel

width

27 MHz

Number

of channels

In spite

of an overlapping

40
range

of 7.82 MHz,

adjacent-

32 kHz

16 bitsl
ampl. value

512 kbits/s

channel operation is possible by means of polarization

isolation (> 20 dB), since the polarization
of the odd-numbered
channels of the satellites
within one orbital group is- right-

up to

16 bitsl
ampl. value

768 kbits/s

hand circular

48 kHz

hand circular.

and that of the even-numbered

channels

left-

Orbit

Polari-

pos.

zation')

Channel

number

19 West

Austria
Switzerland
Italy

19 West
19 West

2
2
2

4
22

8
26

24

28

30
32

France

19 West

Luxemburg

19 West

Belgium

19 West

Netherlands

19 West

Chan-

Polari-

Vision

nel

zation

carrier
GHz

Germany,

Fed. Rep.

19 West

Poland

10

14

18

12

16
34

20

10.99167

Italy

West

11.07500
11.15833
11.49167

Germany, Fed.Rep.
Netherlands

East
West

France

West

36

13

17

5X

11.57500

East/Atlantic

11

15

19

6X

11.65833

West

21

25

29

33

37

23

27

31

35

39

7Y

10.99167

Switzerland

8Y

11.07500

Luxemburg

East

11.15833
11.49167

Belgium

West

Germany, Fed.Rep.

West

1 West

Czechoslovakia

1 West

11

German

1 West

21

25

29

Oem. Rep.

1X
2X2)

38
40

3X

hori-

4X

zontal

17

9Y

verti-

15

19

10Y

cal

33

37

11Y
12Y

13

Finland

5 East

10

22

26

Norway

5 East

14

18

38

28

32

11.57500

Atlantic

11.65833

West

Sweden

5 East

34

30

40

Denmark

5 East

24

28

32

36

40

Satellite

12

16

20

lites, up to 16 high-quality

sound

In a TV channel

broadcasting
of the broadcasting

Great Britain
Yugoslavia

31 West
7 West

21

25

29

33

37

may be accommodated

Monaco
Hungary

37 West

21

25

29

33

37

of 85 to 90 dB can be achieved

1 West

22

26

30

34

38

16 bits/amplitude

Channel

frequencies

of broadcasting

in digital

and distribution
sound

Vision

Chan-

Vision

Chan-

Vision

The

nel

carrier

nel

carrier

nel

carrier

operating

GHz

by quantizing

11.72748

14

11.97682

27

12.22616

11.74666

15

11.99600

28

12.24534

3
4

11.76584

16

29

11.78502

17

12.01518
12.03436

11.80420
11.82338

18

12.05354

30
31

12.26452
12.28370

following

communication

satellites

in the Ku-band (10.9 to 11.7 GHZ)3):

19

12.07272

32

12.30288
12.32206

Eutelsat

Intelsat

Position
1-F1

13 East

-F2

7 East

V F2

1 West
53 West

F3

6
7

11.84256

20

12.09190

33

12.34124

F4

34 West

11.86174

21

12.11108

34

12.36042

F5

63 East

9
10

11.88092

22

12.13026

35

12.37960

F6

18 West

11.90010

23

12.14944

36

F7

65 East

11

11.91928

24

12.16862

37

12.39878
12.41796

12

11.93846

25

12.18780

38

8 West

11.95764

26

12.20698

39

12.43714
12.45632

1-F1

13

-F2

5 West

40

12.47550
VA F10
F11

25 West
27.5 West

Telecom

Intelsat

Eutelsat

(distribution)

satellites

F12

1-F1 (ECS 1), Spot West

and Spot East, position

ECS 2 with similar
position

........

Number

of countries

Available

channels

Frequency

Planned

13 East

data,

.....................
..........
............

range ..............

Channel

spacing

channel
Channel

width ................
occupancy

satel-

channels

form. Signal-to-noise

GHz

Communications

program

with

ratios
14 or

value.

Satellite

7 East
7 (channels:
6

broadcasting

60 West
satellites

TV-Sat

19 West

TDF

19 West

1 or 2 each)

10.95 to 11.2 GHz,

11.45 to 11.7 GHz

and
83.333 MHz for both

(see table

right) ...............

double

Polarization

.................

linear

horizontal

or vertical

stereo

satellites

Chan-

GHz

West

(Y)

(X)

1) 1: right-hand circular, 2: left-hand circular.

2) The Fed. Rep. of Germany uses channel 3 at present.
since channel 2 is not operative.
') From Cable & Satellite Europe, October 1987.

are

presently

Satellite colour TV transmission

D2/C-MAC packet signals
Advantage
systems

of

planned

CMAC

with

system

The

NTSC, PAL and SECAM introduced

colour

TV

MAC means

multiplexed

analogue

combined

FM

means

signals and digital

2-4 PSK at the RF

for the trans-

mission in frequency division multiplex (FDM) are bound up

with the reduced resolution capability and intermodulation

the combination

effects

signals

between

luminance

and chrominance

signal.

The

(TOM) principle
vision)

according

to the time division

as intended

for the transmission

broadcasting

luminance

satellites.

With

this

transmitted

are completely

separated

time-compressed

luminance

Between

the three signal

intervals

are provided

transitions

between

(to protect

terrestrial

the same frequency

for clamping
systems

without

in the

Sync, sound and

within

the TV line

(level stabilization),

and for energy

for

dispersal

such as microwave

recoding.
uses half

links in

of 20.25 MHz (see table

The further

with

form in a packet at the

Type

Compres-

Reduction

Increase

of

sion

of required

of

signal

factor

time

bandwidth

Luminance
signal Y
Colour-difference components U, V
Sync, sound,
data signal
Frequency

deviation

max. 13.5 MHz

. 20.25 MHz (= sampling

Clock frequency

to normal

developed

cable

frequency

of 13.5 MHz for digitized

signals

frequency

vision

of sync, sound and data

in digital

range).

right), this system can not be distributed

system

by the

in each line (illustra-

components

the signals

Due to the high clock

systems

signal (eg

V component

provided

the

and successively

no colour subcarrier.

data signals are additionally

tion to the right).

packet

via (tele-

system,

in a line, followed

signal and colour-difference

next line; advantage:

of
signals

multiplex

signal and only one colour-difference

U component)

sound

head of a line

only remedy would be the use of a colour TV transmission

system operating

component

transmission

x compression

video
factor 1.5)

. 49.38 ns

Clock period
Clock pulses per line ..

1296

D2MAC

(2) the bit rate, the bandwidth

being thus reduced to 10.125 MHz and, due to the duobinary

modulation
distinctly

(D), further down to about 5.5 MHz, so that it is

below the required

The signal

video bandwidth

can thus be transmitted

of 8.5 MHz.

in conventional

systems. Just like with the C-MAC packet, additional

mation
signals

cable

Timeplex

(predecessor

infor-

Technical

University

can be transmitted
along with the digital sound
(two stereo channels or four mono channels).

of MAC),

Braunschweig

1981 to 1982

Development

1983
1984

C-MAC packet, UER/EBU

C-MAC packet accepted
Finland,
Sweden;

Denmark,

SVT 1 and SVT 2 (broadcast

broadcasting

is intended

for use with

satellites

TV-Sat (Fed.

Rep. of Germany) and TDF (France).

1 0.211s

Rise time of satellite

energy-dispersal

signal

25 Hz

signal
2 0.7 liS Clamping of colourdifference
signal
3 0.5 liS Transition of clamping to colour-difference
signal to luminance
4 0.25 liS Transition of colour-difference

5 0.3 liS
6 0.2 liS

signal
Transition to end of luminance signal
Fall time of energy-dispersal
signal

via

V F2) use at present C-MAC

D2-MAC packet
the

by

Great
Britain,
Norway
and
pending in Italy; the Swedish

programs
Intelsat

of MAC, IBA London

COUNTRIES
Systems and standards used in various countries
for monochrome
and colour television and AC
supply data
The information

given in the following

1. Green Book of CCIR, Volume

tables

is based on:

XI-1, Broadcasting

service

Assembly
Dubrovnik
1986,
(television)
XVlth Plenary
Report 624-3, pp. 1 to 31, "Characteristics
of televison
Systems";
2. Green

Book

satellite

of

service

Assembly

CCIR,

Dubrovnik

"Systems

Volume

(sound

and

X/XI-2,

for broadcasting-satellite

XVlth

service"

(sound

and

Electric
and

Current

Abroad,

frequencies

Commerce,
4. Technical

common

compiled

edition

Washington

documentation

administrations

AC supply

by the

of

1984;

issued

and television

voltages

US Department

by telecommunication

and broadcasting

organi-

zations.
Some

of these

documents

items of other documents

An optimum
following

have become

obsolete,

are only expressions

compromise

was aimed

some

of intention.

at in compiling

the

table.

Standard for
VHF UHF Colour

Country

AC supply
Nom. voltage
V

Freq.
Hz

Afghanistan
Albania
Algeria

D
B
B

Angola
Argentina
Australia
Austria

I
N
B
B

G
G

B
G

SECAM
PAL
PAL
PAL
PAL
PAL
PAL

220/380
220/380
127/220
220/380
220/380
220/380
240/415
220/380

60
50
50
50
50
50
50

B
Bahrein
Bangladesh
Belgium

B
B
B

Benin
Bermudas
Bolivia

K1
M
M

K1
M

SECAM
NTSC
NTSC

Botswana
Brazil

I
M

I
M

PAL
PAL

Brit. Virgin
Islands
Brunei
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Burma
Burundi

M
B
D
K1
M
K1

K
K1

NTSC
PAL
SECAM
SECAM
NTSC
SECAM

K1

PAL
PAL
PAL

230/400
220/380
127/220
220/380
220/380
120/208
220/380
230/400
220/380
127/220
220/380

50/60
50
50

230/400
230/400
220/380
220/380
230/400
220/380

60
50
50
50
50
50

50
60
50
50
60

C
Cameroon

PAL

Canada

NTSC

1) Three.phase

supply

network

without

neutral

127/220
220/380
230/400
120/208
347/600

conductor.

50

Freq.
Hz

K1
K1
M

SECAM
SECAM
NTSC

220/380
220/380
220/380

50
50
50

D
M

D
M

PAL
NTSC

50
60

K1
M
M
B
D

K1
M
M
G
K

SECAM
NTSC
NTSC
SECAM
SECAM

220/380
120/208
150/240
220/380
220/380
240/400
115/200
240/415
220/380

B
K1

PAL
SECAM

220/380
220/380

50
50

NTSC

(127)/220')

60

Ecuador

NTSC

60

Egypt
Equatorial
Guinea
Ethiopia

SECAM

120/208
127/220
220/380

B
B

PAL
PAL

220
220/380

50
50

B
L

G
L

PAL
SECAM

220/380
115/200
127/220
220/380

50
50

K1

K1

SECAM

220/380

50

SECAM

220/380

50

B
B
B

G
G
G

PAL
PAL
PAL

220/380
230/400
240/415

50
50
50

I
G
K1

PAL
SECAM
NTSC
SECAM

240/415
220/380
240/415
220/380

50
50
60
50

I
K

NTSC
NTSC
PAL
SECAM

120/208
(127)/220')
200/346
220/380

60
60
50
50

220/380
230/400
127/220
220/380
220/380
220/380
230/400
127/220
220/380
220/380

50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50

Congo
Costa Rica
Cuba
Cyprus
Czechoslovakia

50
60
60
50
50

D
Denmark with
Greenland and
Faroes
Djibouti
Dominican
Republic

E
50

F
Finland
France

AC supply
Nom. voltage

K1
K1
M

Plenary

215-6, pp. 8 to 67,

television);
3.

Central
African Rep.
Chad
Chile
China
(People's Rep.)
Colombia

Standard for
VHF UHF Colour

Broadcasting

television)

1986, Report

Country

G
Gabon
German
Democratic
Republic
Germany,
Fed. Rep. of
Ghana
Gibraltar
Great Britain
and Northern
Ireland
Greece
Guatemala
Guinea

B
M
K1

H
Haiti
Honduras
Hongkong
Hungary

M
M

Iceland
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Ireland
Israel
Italy

B
B
B
B
B
I
B
B

G
G
I
G
G

PAL
PAL
PAL
SECAM
SECAM
PAL
PAL
PAL

Ivory Coast

K1

K1

SECAM

60

50

COUNTRIES
Country

Standard for
VHF UHF Colour

AC supply
Nom. voltage
V

Freq.
Hz

J
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan

N
M
B

M
G

NTSC
NTSC
PAL

220/380
(115)/2001)
220/380

Korea (South),
Rep.
Kuweit

(127)/220')
220/380
220/380

60
50
50

PAL

240/415

50

D
K1

K
K1

PAL
SECAM

220/380
220/380

50
50

Saint Christ.
and Nevis
Saudi Arabia

M
B

NTSC
SECAM

60
60

Senegal
Sierra Leone
Singapore
South Africa

K1
B
B
I

K1
G
G
I

SECAM
PAL
PAL
PAL

50

Spain

PAL

50

Sri Lanka
Sudan
Surinam

B
B
M

Sweden
Switzerland
Syria

B
B
B

G
G
G

PAL
PAL
PAL

230/400
127/220
230/400
127/220
230/400
230/400
220/380
240/415
250/433
127/220
220/380
230/400
240/415
127/220
230/400
220/380
220/380
220/380

Tanzania
Thailand
Togo

B
B
K1

G
K1

PAL
PAL
SECAM

50
50
50

Tunisia

Turkey

PAU
SECAM
PAL

230/400
220/380
127/220
220/380
127/220
220/380
220/380

50

PAL

240/415

50

220/380
230/400
240/415
(127)/220')
117/200
220/380

50

50
50/60
50

PAL

240/415

50

PAL

200/346
220/380

60

Romania
Rwanda

NTSC

200/346
220/380
240/415

60

PAL

50

L
B

Lesotho
Liberia
Libya

I
B
B

Luxemburg

SECAM

PAL
PAL
SECAM

G
L

PAL
SECAM

110/190
220/380
220/380
120/208
127/220
230/400
120/208
220/380

50
50
60
50

M
Madagascar

K1

K1

SECAM

Malawi
Malaysia
Maldives
Mali
Malta
Mauretania
Mauritius
Mexico
Monaco

B
B
B
B
B
B
B
M
L

G
G

PAL
PAL
PAL
SECAM
PAL
SECAM
SECAM
NTSC
SECAM
PAL

Mongolian
People's Rep.
Montserrat
Morocco

D
M
B

K
G

SECAM
NTSC
SECAM

Mozambique

PAL

M
G
G

127/220
220/380
230/400
230/400
230/400
220/380
240/415
220/380
230/400
127/220
127/220
220/380
220/380
230/400
127/220
220/380
220/380

50
50
50
50
50
50
50
60
50

50
60
50
50

Netherlands
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Niger
Nigeria
Norway

B
B
M
K1
B
B

NTSC

G
G
K1
G

PAL
PAL
NTSC
SECAM
PAL
PAL

120/208
127/220
220/380
220/380
230/400
240/415
220/380
230/400
230/400

50/60

50
50
60
50
50
50

PAL

240/415

50

p
Pakistan
Panama
Papua
New Guinea
Paraguay
Peru
10

PAL
PAL
NTSC

B
M

G
M

PAL
NTSC

230/400
(127)/220')

50
60

B
N
M

PAL
PAL
NTSC

240/415
220/380
(127)/220')

50
50
60

50
50
50
50

50
50
50
60
50
50
50

50

U
Uganda
United Arab
Emirates

B
B

NTSC

Uruguay
USA
USSR

N
M
D

M
K

PAL
NTSC
SECAM

M
D

M
K

NTSC
SECAM

240/415
127/220
220/380

60
50

PAL

220/380

50

PAL
PAL

230/400
220/380

50
50

SECAM
PAL
PAL

220/380
220/380
230/400

50
50
50

') Three-phase

supply

50
60
50

V
Venezuela
Vietnam

a
Oman

Freq.
Hz

NTSC
SECAM
PAL

AC supply
Nom. voltage
V

K
G

Qatar

Lebanon

Netherland
Antilles

Philippines
Poland
Portugal

Standard for
VHF UHF Colour

M
D
B

K
Kenya
Korea (North),
Democrat. Rep.

Country

Yemen (North),
Arab Republic
Yemen (South),
Democr.Rep.
Yugoslavia

B
B
B

Z
Zaire
Zambia
Zimbabwe

K1
B
B

K1

network

without

neutral

conductor.

Group-delay characteristics in TV systems

The group-delay characteristics of TV systems are determined by various amplitude/frequency responses within the
transmission path:
1. in cables of extensive length in studios, switching
centres and distribution points,
2. in radio relay systems,
3. in TV transmitters, transposers and domestic receivers.
Group-delay errors of video cables and repeaters can be
precorrected just once with only small residual errors at
the professional side of the TV system, using well-known
techniques, whilst correction of the errors in the TV transmitter/TV receiver subsystem requires much higher outlay
because of the closer band limitation of radio transmission
and leads to higher cost because of the great number of
receivers involved.
The group-delay error of a TV transmitter originates in the
vestigial-sideband filter (IF-RF), in the video lowpass filter for
limitation of the out-of-band radiation (VF) and in the diplexer
combining the vision and sound transmitters (RF). One-time
correction to a residual error of 25 to 50 ns - corresponding to
a quarter to a half picture element - is possible in modern TV
transmitters at reasonable expense.
The largest group-delay errors within the TV system occur in
the domestic receivers because of the required high selectivity (especially with the occupation of adjacent channels in a
fUlly developed cable television network of the future). These
errors are caused by

the Nyquist slope (approx. 180 ns at 0.75 MHz vestigal

sideband, approx. 110 ns at 1.25 MHz vestigial sideband),
the sound-carrier attenuation (400 to 800 ns depending on
SIN ratio),
the traps for adjacent vision and sound carriers.
Full group-delay correction would imply a prohibitive increase
in the price of every individual receiver. The CCIR Plenary
Assembly in Warsaw 1956 therefore issued a Recommendation proposing half correction by precorrection of the groupdelay characteristic in the transmitter so that only half the
error takes effect on the screen.
With the introduction of colour television, a group-delay
precorrection of -170 ns between the luminance and
chrominance signals was adopted on a quasi international
level for the standards M/N and B/G.
As group-delay measurements on TV transmitters are complex and require elaborate procedures, it has been laid down
in Technical Specifications for Nyquist demodulators that
they should be switchable to two group-delay characteristics:
1. maximally flat for measuring purposes,
2. compensatory for precorrection in the transmitter, using
the demodulator as a standard reference receiver to
simulate the response of domestic receivers to the TV
transmitter.

The following tables indicate group-delay characteristics and - as far as known - their tolerance limits for Nyquist demodulators to
different standards.
These specifications do not necessarily agree with those of the available R&S equipment (refer to relevant data sheet).

Group-delay characteristics of Nyquist demodulators

(half
half correction; full
full correction)

Standard
Precorrection

for use as standard reference receivers;

B/G, half

B/G, half

B/G, half

B/G, full

B/G, full

general

Australia

Denmark

Norway

Sweden (A)

Frequency Nominal Tolerance Nominal Tolerance Nominal Tolerance Nominal Tolerance Nominal Tolerance
MHz
ns
ns
ns
ns
ns
ns
ns
ns
ns
ns
0.1
0.25
0.5
1.0
2.0
2.25
3.0
3.5
3.6
3.75
4.0
4.43
4.8

0
-5
-53
-90
-75

Reference0
12
-7
-20
12
-56
12
-60
-40
12
0

12

+170
+400

25
90

Reference0
-5

Reference0

Reference0
15

Reference
15

-53
-75
-75

15

+20

20

15

+50
+170
+350

30
15
100

+175
+400

20
75

0
+90
+170
+230

25

+170
+430

D/K, half
PreOIRT,USSR
correction GOST 20532-75
Standard

D/K,

half
CCIR Report 308

D/K, half
OIRT, TK-III-830,
Czechoslovakia

D/K, half
OIRT, TK-III-830,
Hungary

Frequency Nominal Tolerance Nominal Tolerance Nominal Tolerance Nominal Tolerance

ns
ns
ns
ns
ns
ns
ns
ns

MHz

0.1
0.25
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
3.0
4.0
4.43
5.0
5.5
5.8
6.0

Standard

I, full

-5
-10
-40
-70
-80
-80
-40
0
+80

Reference0
-5
15

15
50

Reference0
12
-40

-87
-85
-50
0
+90

-75
-90
-70

10
20

30

12
30

SABC, TVT 191.5

demodulator

-75
-90
-70

10
15
20

0
+90
(+175)
(+225)

30
40

I, full
SABC, TVT 12.2
relay receiver

Frequency Nominal Tolerance Nominal Tolerance Nominal Tolerance

MHz
ns
ns
ns
ns
ns
ns
0.01
0.1
0.2
<3.6
>3.6
4.0
4.43
4.8
<5.2
>5.2
5.5

Reference0
40

Reference
12
0

40
20

12
50

0
+40
+100

L, full
PreTDF
correction

In Great Britain no group-delay characteristic for

receiver precorrection is specified for standard I
and therefore no compensatory characteristic for
the Nyquist demodulato:-. The first column of the
table gives the group-delay characteristic of the
overall system including the TV transmitter, measured with a demodulator of constant group delay.

Reference
12

12
20
30

K1, full

K', full
Tx. +demodul.

Frequency Nominal Tolerance Nominal Tolerance Nominal Tolerance

MHz
ns
ns
ns
ns
ns
ns
0

Standard I (left)

Standard L, K1, K' (below left)

Standards K1 and K' are used in formerly French
Territories especially in central Africa. They are
based on standard L.

20
80
80

Standard

0.1
0.2
2
4
4.43
4.6
4.8
5.0
5.2
5.25
5.5

Reference
10

-40

-53

I, full

PreBBC system
correction without receiver
precorrection

Reference0
10

Reference0
15

0
+15

Reference
15
0

15
30

0
+20
+57.5

15
35
42.5

+90

50

+100
>+100

42.5

+140

+00/-65

Reference
30
30

30
50
0

80

Standard

M, full

Precorrection

FCC, EIA 1977

M, full
CBC 1976

Frequency Nominal Tolerance Nominal

ns
ns
ns

Tolerance
ns

0
0.1
>0.1
1
2
3
3.53
3.9
4.0
4.18

25
Reference
25

MHz

25
0
Reference I
25
0

0
+170

25

+293
+346

50
100

0
+170
+264

25
15
200

::..
,

\-oJ

Sinewaves

r~

(0.2
~MHz)

,,
I

I'

---

-, t"i
,
\
\
\

,,
~

0.5
(05)

1.0
(1.5)

2.0
(30)

4.0
(4.43)

4.8
(a)

5.8
(0)

MHz

MHz

MHz

MHz

MHz

MHz

ut;
r-'

1/

'-

Insertion test signals for standard

M; on top for line 17 of 1st field
and above for line 17 of 2nd field (corresponds
to line 280 of picture)

5 6

11

13

0.668
0.33

15

0.608
O.31

1.00
0.86

0.72
0.65
0.58

Subcarrier

1
I
I
I

225

_____________________________

Yellow

r-I
I
I

L_J

Cyan

0.44

Green
White

1.0

0.30

Magenta

0.94
O.23

'1

14

1670

17

1930

0.84
O.33

0.78
O.31

284

CCIR insertion test signals for (from top to bottom) lines 17 and 18
(in parentheses:
frequencies
of Insertion
Signal Generator
SPZF
standard model) of 1st field and lines 330 and 331 (with and without
staircase)
of 2nd field

76

Blue

0.69
,0.31

2400
1200

0.63
0.53

0.33

Burst

Red

60
3000

-'0.23

104

3470

2560

13

Black

..,r
I I
I I
L...L_

135
225

________________________________

EIA units

\00
(714
mV)

75

While

75

67
33

53
47

1680

Top:

EBU colour-bar signal with 100% saturation and 75% amplitude for
standard BIG, PAL

Centre:

EBU colour-bar signal with 95% saturation and 100% amplitude for
standard I, PAL

Bottom:

FCC/EIA colour-bar signal with 100% saturation and 75% amplitude for standard M, NTSC

,
__________________________________

r-I
I
I
I
I
I
L_J __

WAVEFORM STANDARDS/WEIGHTING

FILTER

J__~_
I
I

I
~

i 1 I
I
L

Characteristic of standard-independent weighting filter (for Video

Noise Meters UPSF and UPSF2) in
conformity with CCIR Rec. 567

03-0.1,,5

I
.-.1

-16
MHz

!-

Chroma noise results from amplitude (AM) and phase (cpM)

variations of the chrominance signals in colour TV systems,
because NTSC as well as PAL colour decoders respond to
both effects. AM and cpMnoise exist simultaneously and are
equal in magnitude; since they are measured separately,
each measured value must be 3 dB below the overall chroma
noise power aimed at.

Luminance component
Chrominance component
SIN ratio

750/0-saturated red signal

(PAL 625 lines, CCIR Rec. 471)
157 mV picture
664 mV (peak-to-peak)
Vnaise

(AM+'l'M) rms

(IEC-TCS 60 B)
V chrom (peak-la-peak)
approx. 100 to 500 kHz

The tables
countries,

present
grouped

the definitions

of channels

l~
VSB

for various

by standards.

-10

USB

dB

M,N

-16"y

-20 dB

.J 58 -42

-4 5 _4 75
16J

(Ve, ee,

Right: Relation of vision, colour and sound carriers

gial sidebands
(VSB) and upper sidebands
(USB) within
and 8 MHz bandwidth
for various standards

MHz

SC) and of vestithe channels

of 6, 7

dB

-10

cc

;.

"443

-5

16dB

_,13

55

dB

-5 75

."

MHz

MHz

VC
O(JB(synclevel)

VSB

USB

'"
SC

-10 dB

k
Ii'
-20 dB

IOdB

cc

16d61

::;20 dB

125-0750
(O)

('1,25)

Band Chan- Channel

nel

Vision

Sound

limits

carrier

carrier

MHz

MHz

MHz

Band Chan- Channel

nel

limits

Vision
carrier

Sound
carrier

MHz

MHz

MHz

Band Chan Channel

nel
limits
MHz

Vision

Sound

carrier
MHz

carrier
MHz

Standard B (7 MHz), Europe

Special

cable

TV channels

(CATV)