1) Shallow foundation D/B 1, D = depth of foundation, B = breadth

Deep foundation D/B > 1

2) SHEAR FAILURES
General shear failure
Density index > 70
Penetration number > 30
Angle of internal friction > 36

Void ratio < 0.5
Ultimate bearing capacity > 200 kN/ m
2

Local shear failure
Density index < 20
Penetration number < 10
Angle of internal friction < 28

Void ratio > 0.75
Ultimate bearing capacity < 100 kN/ m
2

Punching shear failure
Ultimate bearing capacity < 30 kN/ m
2

3) Mohr coloumb equation S = C + tan
4) Flow ratio = tan
2
(45+(/2))
5) Effective stress = total stress pore water pressure
6) Relative density = ((e
max
- e)/( e
max
- e
min
))
7) Void ratio = (water content x specific gravity) / degree of saturation
8) Relation between poisons ratio () and earth pressure (k) is
K = / (1-)
9) Average permeability in horizontal direction
K
h
= (K
1
H
1
+K
2
H
2
+..K
n
H
n
) / (H
1
+H
2
+H
n
)
K permeability, H thickness
10) Average permeability in vertical direction
K
v
= (H
1
+H
2
+..H
n
) / ((H
1
/K
1
)+ (H
2
/K
2
)+ (H
n
/K
n
))
K permeability, H thickness
11) Relation between coefficient of permeability and effective size
K = C x D
10
2
where C = 100
12) Seepage velocity = V / N = Ki / porosity
13) Constant head permeability K = QL / ATH
14) Total settlement = depth x coefficient of compressibility x pressure increment
Coefficient of compression = decrease in void ratio / increase in pressure
15) Residual factor = (peak - residual) / (peak - insitu)
16) Compatiability = (e
max
- e
min
) / e
min

17) Air voids = porosity x air content
Air content = 1 degree of saturation
18) Plasticity index = liquid limit plastic limit = (W
l
- W
p
)
19) Liquidity index = (water content plastic limit) / plasticity index
20) Consistency index = (liquid limit water content) / plasticity index
21) Shrinkage index = plastic limit shrinkage limit
22) Toughness index = plasticity index / flow index
23) Sensitivity = undisturbed sample / remoulded sample
24) Ultimate point resistance capacity of pile is = 14.7C , where C is cohesion
25) Influence factor = 1 / number of elements of chart
26) Degree of saturation = volume of water in soil / volume of voids
27) For silty sand, (e
max
/ e
min
)= 3
28) Activity (A) = plasticity index / percentages finer than 2
A < 0.75 inactive
A = 0.75 to 1.25 normal
A > 1.25 active