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1.What is the bucldil11 "

The U121eriaithat 18ret~tneo bv the wail is retelted to as BacKtill. A ~etatning wall

help!: in maintaining the bound
I !lrirfaceat di£f~ent ~le'.'~ti.<m'3
on dth(~t'side of it.

J. What 1sUte object ora retatnang wa1J1

I.RetaitUngwalls helps m maintainingthe ground S'wtace at dtlterent

elevations on either side of it. The ~arth retained may be natural soil (or) filled
up :)Oil.
, 2. Retamingwall may rctamwater also.
3. What are retalDing waH 1

Reta1Jl1Ilgwail 18a strUc1U1'~

J8used to hold back a 80il maS8. A retammg wall helps in
maintaining the ground surfac~ at different elevation on either side of it . It will also
r~lain Wittg-.

4.mUlt are gravity walls?

Tnese walls depends upon their weIght tor stability. The walls are usually
'~onstroctedof plain conCt'ete (or) !viasO'tUi.Such walls are economical for small height.

5. What are semi gravity waJls?

Size ot the section ot' a retaining wall may be reduced 11a small am01mtof
reinforcement is provided nem-the back face. Suchwallf: are 1moW'1as semi gravity
walls. '

6. what are the cantilever

, retaining waii?

CanDlever retainiDg walls are made ot'reintorced Cement cQncrete. The wall
consists of st~m, and a base fJIab cast monolithicaUy. This type of wall is found to be
~wnomi~al up 10 a hl;iighlof 6 108m.

7. What are counter lort .retaining v.waJIs'l

Coumer tOrt reiamtng wall w1l1 have thm vertical slabs known as counter forts
across the vertical stem at regular mtervals. The CO\U1terfort tie the vertical stem
with th~ b~ lIiab. 'fh1;)pUl~ of providirig th~ ~owu~r foIl ililO r~u~~ thl;i
sheartorce and bending moments m the vertIcaJ stem and thl~ ba.'ie sJab. The
counterfort retaining walls are economical for a hcight more than 6to8m.

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8. What Is pt:IUJtlcequilibrium'!

A JIUI88ot"sou is said to be in 1bcsIaio ot ptasuc equilibrium if the iatlure 18UlCtplem.

or imminent at an points within the soil mass. . .

9. what is toea! staw of plasUCequWbrlum7

Whenever taliure ISmunmem only m a smaH pomon ot the mass such that produced
by the yielding of retaining structure in the soil mass adjacent to it. Such a situation is
~fmc:d io as loca1swe of plastic equilibrium

IU.what Is active earth pressure7

.rhe pressure exerted by the sol1on the retaining wall. UluSmaking tile waU10
making the wall to mow away from the back filled soilmass is knownas activeearth
pn:sSUI'C.Active pn:sSUI'ClCllds W Iurcich(expands) horizonlally.

11.What is earth pressure at rest7

The lateral earth preS8U1"Cis called at rest pressure wilen the sou mass IS nm subjected
to any lateral yi~lding(or) mowment.this case occurs when the retaining waU is finn1y
fixc:d al ils lOp and is nol aUowc:d w rowc;(or)move latc:ra11yBridge abutmenl wall
which is res1ramed at its top by bridge slab.

U. what II passive earth pressure7

The pressure or resistance which soil develops m response 10movemem of the

retaining wan towards it is ca11edthe passive earth pressure. passive pressure tends to
~mp~88 hOrU.omally.(c:g);pI'C8SUI'C acting on an an\)hor Nwk.

lJ. What .Iscoeiliclent of earth pressure at rest 'f

The coefficient ot" earth pressure at resi is the ratio of the intensity ot"earth pressure at
rest to the vertical stress at a specified depth(ko}.

~=oh/GV

14.What is active case sUp Une7

In rankine active state the coefficient of active earth
Pressure is given by

Ie. - l-sin<1>/l+sin<1> = tan'\.u..n)

H""Il\.Nth\; angl", mad\; by ih", failW\; pliw\; with hUliwntal i:;

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(4S~/2) -""'--' 7"'.:

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15. what is passive ('.ftJJeslip Une?

Tn Rankine!" passive state the coefficient of pa.qsive earth pressure is given by
Kp=l +snutJl-sin$'-='tdn1 (4""'2)

Thus the angle made by the t,1l1ure piane Wl111tIlC hOnzonta118 (4:>-ql/:L}tor the paSSIVe
c3fle.

lo.What ISsurcharge angle1

Sometim~, the surface of the backfill will be inclined to the horizont~l. 111i~iR
~nsideredto be illclhlOOsurclw'g,e and tbe ~ of inc1in1aioilof tbe backfill with tbe
honzonmi IScalled the angle ot surcharge.

17. Wbat are the assumptions in Hankine's earth pressure t.!leary'!

in IDe SOll18 18OU'OpJCand homogeneous.

(ii) The rupture fPm3CCif!a.plmc surface.
(ill) Failun: i.slwOdim~nsiona1.
(lViThewall sur.tacc ISsmooth.
(v) The back of the wan is vertical
(vi) The:soil i.scohc:sionlc:sssoil.

UJ. What are sUp IIDes1

Slip lines are fail\U'P.plancs alonG;which backfill soil mass is expected fa move, when the
lateral moveroent iDallowed in the ~Wnin8 wan. In case of Rankine active state the slip
lines makes an angle of (4S+cj>i2)withdie horizontal In case ofRankines passive state,
the slip line make8 an angle of (4S~IJ!I2) '\\ith the horizonbL

19.wbat ISthe subme~ed baclalU'!

The backtill gets submerged due to rise ot' groundwater leveL ,Forthe submerged
portion of the backfill, the lateral pN6SU1'Oat any depth is the awn of .
(i) A~tivc:earth pre:ssUl'C'du~ to subme:rgc:dunit wc:igbtof the;soil mass and
(ii) HydroslatJc pressure '
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1U.What AsfaUure wedge?

The tnangular mass at'solls between tbe ropiure plane and the backat the wan is
known as failure wedge.

11.wbat are buttressed walls?

Bettressed walJ5 are similar to counteJport walls expept Brackets (or) buttress walls
are provided on the opposite Side of the backfill.

11. What are cOJUugate pUU1e1'!

The vlanes carrying major and minor piincipal stresses are called conjugaie planes.
Both planes arc perpcndict4ar to cadi other. In soil problems, the miUorprincipal stress
is the verticalsIRSS d,"" 10
(I) selt weight at'the saiL
(ii) Super imposed l~d
The)minor principal iSIRSSis Ihe)hOlimnla1sIRss du~ lo
(i) selt"weigbt ot"tbe soil
(ii) 6upe!'imporied load

13. Wbat are co!Uugate stress'f

In soil problems,botb major and minor principal stresses are tenned as conjugaie
stresses. The planes canying both the stresses are called conjugate stre6&eS.
Th" major priIt~ipall1lr~s8is ill~ vC1fucalsIRss du~ 10
(J}settweight ot the soil.
(ii)Supcr imposed load
Th~ minor principal slrc:ssis Ih~hori4lontalslrells ~ lo
(i) scJfwcigbt of the soil .
(ii) super imposed load.

Z4.wbat AstJIe percentage of strain reqwredto mobiuse active pressure In loose

!Sands?

10 case ot'loosc sanda, about O.S%horizontal strain is

Required to mobiliso acaw pressuro.

Zs.wnat is the percentage o'-strain reqUired to mobillse passive

pressure in sands?
For dense sand --+ 2% afborlzonul stt'ain
Far loose sand -. lS%at'horizomal stram
 .. '. . ..

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26. WhatwtJlbe inclination orraUure plane.to the horizontal In

activecondition? I . . .
The inclination of failure plane to the horizonral in
.-'\cuvecondition IS(45+012). . .

27. passIVe earth pressure will always be greater titan actiVe earth
pressure.
2iS. The coetIiClenI oi'eanh pressurc'lS detined as tqe rano
between horizontal stress to vertical me!!!! ." .

29. The coetticienrohartb pressure at rest, mtcrms at POISSlon'S

'Ratio is given by ("(/1-1).

30. In colwnb's meary of earth pre8sw'e the rupture &w1ace

1&assumed to the plane surface.

31. passive earth resistance is mobilized behmd a wall when the

wall is moving t~wards the backfill.

32. RetaUU11g
strUCtW"earc mostly designed tar active pressure.

~
33. Earth {)I'CSSUfe
at rest IS greater than the active pressure.
I

34. critical depth of vertical cut in a clay of soil is 4c/"{

35. what is depth 0" teDSJoncrack?

It is the depth \11'to which the active pre88w:eis
NegAlI1te.However it i8 well kniwn that the soils can not
with stand tensile stresscs, tension cracks will develop
in this zOnc.It will leads to thc soil not remain adhered to
ih~ wall.
For C-qlsolI. the depth at tension crack 1821venbY
Zo=2c1r
n.
J6. wbid.ililLht!.:riu.:aI depLh? .
It is the depth.up to which ,va1:1calcut can be made With
Out providing latcr;Usuppo11. In caee ofc-qI soil ,the critical
D~ih js givenby ,

, ~= 4cl"{rka
where c= cohesion,.

y= unit weight.

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