Learning Objectives

1. Distinguish dependent v.s. independent samples

2. With sample data from two independent samples,
a) Test hypotheses made about two population means.
b) Construct confidence interval estimates of the
difference between two population means.
Two sample t-test

3. With sample data from dependent samples,
a) Test hypotheses
b) Construct confidence interval estimates
Paired t-test

Textbook: Section 1.10
Independent or Dependent Samples?
Here are four descriptions of research studies.
a) Subjects were tested for their sense of smell twice: once
when lying down, once wile sitting up. Researchers want
to know whether the mean ability to detect smells differs
depending on whether one is sitting up or lying down.
b) Men and women each had their sense of smell measured.
Researchers want to know whether, typically, men and
women differ in their ability to sense smells.
c) Researchers randomly assigned overweight people to one
of two diets: Weight Watchers and Atkins. Researchers
want to know whether the mean weight loss on Weight
Watchers was different from that on Atkins.
d) The numbers of years of education for husbands and
wives are compared to see whether the means are
different.

Assumptions for Two sample t-test: The two samples are
independent.
Case I: Large sample sizes
That is, n
1
30 and n
2
30.
Case 2: Small sample sizes
Need an additional assumption:
a) Both population distributions are normal
b) =

Case 3: Small sample sizes with normal populations and




2
1
o
2
2
o
2
1
o
2
2
o
Notation for Independent Samples

1

2
= difference between
means
- = Point Estimate of
1

2

Population 1

1
= population mean
= population
variance

Population 2

2
=population mean
= population
variance

Sample 2
n
2
= sample size
= sample mean
s
2
= sample standard
deviation
Sample 1
n
1
=sample size
= sample mean
s
1
= sample standard
deviation
2
1
o
2
2
o
1
x
2
x
1
x
2
x
Expected Value
Sampling Distribution of
Standard Deviation (Standard Error)
2 1
x x
2 1 2 1
) ( = x x E
2
2
2
1
2
1
2 1
n n
x x
o o
o + =

Hypothesis Tests About

1

2
:
independent and large samples
Hypotheses
=
1 2 0
:
a
H D
=
0 1 2 0
: H D s
0 1 2 0
: H D
>
1 2 0
:
a
H D
>
0 1 2 0
: H D
<
1 2 0
:
a
H D
Left-tailed Right-tailed Two-tailed
Test Statistic
1 2 1 2
2 2
1 2
1 2
( ) ( ) x x
z
n n

o o

=
+
If population variances are unknown, we replace
them with sample variances.

Example: Par, Inc.
In a test of driving distance using a mechanical
driving device, a sample of Par golf balls was
compared with a sample of golf balls made by Rap,
Ltd., a competitor. The sample statistics appear on the
next slide.
Par, Inc. is a manufacturer
of golf equipment and has
developed a new golf ball
that has been designed to
provide extra distance.
Hypothesis Tests About
1

2


Example: Par, Inc.
Sample Size
Sample Mean
Sample #1
Par, Inc.
Sample #2
Rap, Ltd.
120 balls 80 balls
275 yards 258 yards
Based on data from previous driving distance
tests, the two population standard deviations are
known with o
1
= 15 yards and o
2
= 20 yards.
Hypothesis Tests About
1

2


Example: Par, Inc.
Hypothesis Tests About
1

2


Can we conclude, using
o = .01, that the mean driving
distance of Par, Inc. golf balls
is greater than the mean driving
distance of Rap, Ltd. golf balls?
Notation for Dependent Samples
d : differences between pairs of data
= mean value of the differences d for the population
= mean value of the differences d for the paired sample data
s
d
= SD of the differences d for the paired sample data
n = number of pairs of data in the sample
d

d
Test Statistic for Dependent Samples
d
d
d
t
s
n

=
which follows a Student t
distribution where degrees of
freedom = n 1.

Example: Express Deliveries
Inferences About the Difference Between
Two Population Means: Matched Samples
In testing the delivery times
of the two services, the firm sent
two reports to a random sample
of its district offices with one
report carried by UPX and the
other report carried by INTEX. Do the data on the
next slide indicate a difference in mean delivery
times for the two services? Use a .05 level of
significance.
32
30
19
16
15
18
14
10
7
16
25
24
15
15
13
15
15
8
9
11
UPX
INTEX Difference District Office
Vancouver
Edmonton
Winnipeg
St. John
New York
Halifax
Montreal
Ottawa
Waterloo
Regina
Delivery Time (Hours)
7
6
4
1
2
3
-1
2
-2
5
Inferences About the Difference Between
Two Population Means: Matched Samples