Merridith Gaw

Experiment 1: Charless Law

Processed Data:
Mark
Temperature (
uncertainty)
Volume ( 0.05)
Changes in
Temperature
Changes in Volume
1 30.0 227.5 ( 0.05) - -
2 46.0 250.0 ( 0.05) 16 22.5
3 64.0 267.0 ( 0.05) 18 17
4 76.0 279.0 ( 0.05) 12 12
5 92.0 288.0 ( 0.05) 16 11
At 0 mL -202.67 0.0 ( 0.05)
At -273 C -273.15 0.0 ( 0.05)
*Graph at last Page
Discussion:
This experiment demonstrates the concept of Charles Law which describes the relationship
between the VOLUME and TEMPERATURE of a gas while the pressure and moles remains constant.
Factors affecting this experiment is the pressure, temperature, volume and amount of gas. The type of
gas is not a factor, despite the fact that different gases have different partial pressure. The reason is
because the total pressure will exerted would remain constant, meaning even if the gas contained is a
composed of the different types of gases, this will not affect the experiment.
3 i

This experiment required the use of a levelling bulb to keep pressure constant, while the water
level keeps the pressure inside and outside the apparatus to remain equal. The amount of gas is must
remain constant as to observe the volume the gas occupies as temperature is heated, this is done by
checking for leaks were gas can slip. It is also crucial to see that the flask containing gas should not
contain water. The reason is that heating the flask can cause the water within to evaporate which will
contribute to the volume of gas, there is also the possibility that the vapor condenses which increase the
amount of water. Both of which causes deviation to the data.
2
This experiment is conducted in atmospheric pressure or 1 atm. This low pressure allows us to
assume that gas to behave ideally, and that difference can be negligible. The result of the experiment
allowed us to create graph where we can observe that there is a linear relationship between
temperature and volume. And theoretically through the graph, we can extrapolate the temperature at
which volume would be 0, and it was found to -273C otherwise known as the absolute zero. However,
error cannot be prevented as the temperature when volume reaches 0 is found to be different from -
273C.
ii
Such as the rubber tubing, Rubber is known to expand when heated. The rubber tubing is used
to allow hot air to travel from one container to another. However the calculating the volume of gas, the
heated gas could have expanded the tubing allowing it to increase in space, decreasing the actual
volume of gas shown in the burette. Another would be small leaks, which were not noticed.
1





Conclusions:
Despite not being able to obtain the extrapolated absolute temperature, the method in this
experiment is still useful as this still presented the relationship between volume and temperature of gas
while keeping constant amount and pressure. The errors made could have been prevented and minimize
if one were to follow the instructions in extreme details, creating a better setup.
Calculation:


















Reference:
Blauch, David. Charless Law n.d., n.p. Accessed on June 6, 14
<http://www.chm.davidson.edu/vce/gaslaws/charleslaw.html>

ii
Excerpt From Encyclopedia Britannica Accessed on June 6, 14
<http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/glossary/ideal_gas_law.html>



Merridith Gaw
Experiment 2: Freezing Point Depression
Processed Data:
S
t
e
a
r
i
c

A
c
i
d
:

Trial 1 Trial 2
Temp
(C)
Second Temp
(C)
Second Temp
(C)
Second Temp
(C)
Second
85.1 30.3 62.3 331.0 80.2 31.0 57.3 330.4
82.4 60.1 61.7 360.3 74.9 60.3 55.8 360.9
80.0 91.1 56.8 392.4 71.1 90.7 54.9 391.9
78.2 120.4 55.0 420.3 68.3 120.5 54.2 422.3
75.6 150.4 54.3 450.5 66.5 150.4 53.7 450.4
73.6 180.4 53.8 480.8 64.2 180.8 53.5 480.7
70.8 210.4 53.0 512.3 62.1 211.0 53.1 510.6
69.1 240.3 53.0 540.7 61.4 240.4 52.9 540.6
67.1 271.0 52.6 570.5 59.5 271.1 52.7 570.8
65.6 300.4 52.5 600.9 57.9 301.5 52.4 601.3

S
t
e
a
r
i
c

A
c
i
d

w
i
t
h

0
.
5

A
l
i
q
u
o
t
Trial1
S
t
e
a
r
i
c

A
c
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d

w
i
t
h

1
.
0

A
l
i
q
u
o
t

Trial 1
Temp
(C)
Second Temp
(C)
Second Temp
(C)
Second Temp
(C)
Second
82.5 30.5 55.3 330.4 82.1 30.2 55.5 330.6
78.1 60.9 53.8 360.8 77.0 60.1 54.9 361.2
74.2 90.1 52.8 391.2 72.8 90.5 53.2 391.3
70.5 120.4 51.8 421.2 69.7 120.2 52.0 421.5
68.6 150.1 51.0 451.5 66.8 150.3 51.0 451.7
65.0 180.3 50.5 482.1 64.1 180.6 50.6 482.0
62.9 210.8 50.1 512.6 62.3 210.6 50.1 512.1
60.7 241.0 50.0 542.7 59.8 240.4 50.0 542.4
58.6 271.2 49.9 573.0 58.5 270.4 49.7 572.5
57.1 300.0 49.8 603.6 57.4 300.4 49.6 602.9

Solution
Mass of
Substance
Freezing Points
from
Extrapolation (C)
Molality
(mol/Kg)
Moles of
Unknown
Added
Molecular
Mass
g/mol
Stearic Acid 4.5328 58.2181 - - -
Stearic Acid +
one Aliquot
0.5002 54.3058 0.8631 0.003912 127.8532
Stearic + 2
Aliquots
1.000 55.1899 0.6681 0.003028
330.2292

Average Molar
Mass:
229.04118
Standard
Deviation:
143.1044
*Graph at last Page
Discussion:
This experiment allowed us to observe the concept of freezing point depression. Wherein the
addition of another compound in a liquid lowers its freezing point. The freezing point is the temperature
at which vapor pressure of liquid and solid state of compound is equal. Meaning in a cooling curve, the
intersection represents the freezing point. When a pure substance freezes, the molecules rearrange
themselves into a composition that prevents flowing. In other words, they come together and cluster to
form the composition of a solid. When another substance is added, the intermolecular forces that allow
the molecules to freeze are disrupted. Meaning more energy is required to be removed from the system
before the particles can reorder. This means that a solution will always freeze at a lower temperature
than the pure solvent. It is important to note that the amount that the freezing point is lowered does
not depend upon the identity of the solute; its just dependent upon the number of solute particles in
the solution.
1i

Stearic acid was used as the pure solvent and was mixed with an unknown fatty acid twice. All
which were boiled and cooled. During the cooling process, the temperature was taken every 30 seconds
for 10 minutes. This data is used to graph the cooling curve which depicts the relationship between the
temperature and time to the cooling process. In the graph, there comes a certain point where the
temperature remains constant or at least the change in temperature is minimal. This point is where the
changes in state occurs. The two states are in equilibrium within the temperature and pressure. The
heat being removed allows the phase change to occur, in this case liquid to solid. The temperature
remains constant until all of the energy is removed. It can be seen in the graph the trend change upon
adding the unknown aliquot. The graph showed that as more moles of unknown added the lower the
freezing point is.
2
With the data gathered, a calculated average molar mass of the unknown fatty acid was seen to
be 229.0411 g/mol. Given the choice of unknown fatty acid, Myristic Acid is found to have a molar mass
of 228g/mol, which closest to the result. The slight deviation of mass can be caused by possibility of
inaccurate reading of the thermometer leading to an inaccurate graphing and calculation.
3
Conclusions:
It can be concluded that this experiment is successful, such that the unknown was identified
through the use of the molar mass calculated, although there are slight errors. The concept of freezing
point depression was also observed as the graph of the cooling curve showed that the freezing point
lowers as more solute are added.

Reference:

Minnesota State University. Molar Mass from Freezing depression , Accessed on June 6,
2014
<http://web.mnstate.edu/marasing/CHEM210L_2013_Summer/11Molar%20Mass%20from%20
fp%20depression.pdf>

Calculation:
Freezing Point Depression:



Molar Mass:

Graphs: