Differernce between automatic and robotic

devices
The fields of automation and robotics are often confused, because many people do not fully
understand the differences between automation and robotics; those differences are revealed through
how each works. One of the major differences between automation and robotics is whether the
machine performs a single set of operations or if the sequence can be mixed up or changed for
better efficiency. If the machine receives sensory feedback, then the machine can change
sequences automatically for the best results. Some machines are able to learn from mistakes, or
through constant exposure, while others will lack this ability. The level of movement also is different
between automation and robotics, with one being faster and more complex.Machines are
programmed to follow operations, such as picking up a computer chip or moving a part around.
Automation can only follow one set of operations, and it cannot be changed once programmed.
Robots are made to perform several jobs at once, and the sequence of operations can be switched
around to make the processes more efficient. The timing of the operations also can be changed in
robotics, if needed. In both automation and robotics, the machine will be exposed to outside stimuli,
but only one type of machine will react to this stimuli. The automated machine will not react; even if
there is an object blocking the automation, it will continue doing the same operation. Robots are
made to react so, if something blocks or stops the robot, it will change operations to best fit the
situation.
Arduino Uno explained
An Arduino is an open-source microcontroller development board. In plain
English, you can use the Arduino to read sensors and control things like motors
and lights. This allows you to upload programs to this board which can then
interact with things in the real world. With this, you can make devices which
respond and react to the world at large.For instance, you can read a humidity
sensor connected to a potted plant and turn on an automatic watering system if it
gets too dry. Or, you can make a stand-alone chat server which is plugged into
your internet router. Or, you can have it tweet every time your cat passes through
a pet door. Or, you can have it start a pot of coffee when your alarm goes off in
the morning. Basically, if there is something that is in any way controlled by
electricity, the Arduino can interface with it in some manner. And even if it is not
controlled by electricity, you can probably still use things which are (like motors
and electromagnets), to interface with it.

The possibilities of the Arduino are almost limitless. As such, there is no way that
one single tutorial can cover everything you might ever need to know. That said,
I've done my best to give a basic overview of the fundamental skills and
knowledge that you need to get your Arduino up and running. If nothing more,
this should function as a springboard into further experimentation and learning.
Arduino Uno

The most common version of Arduino is the Arduino Uno. This board is what
most people are talking about when they refer to an Arduino. In the next step,
there is a more complete rundown of its features.
Some of the key features of the Arduino Uno include:

An open source design. The advantage of it being open source is that it has a
large community of people using and troubleshooting it. This makes it easy to
find someone to help you debug your projects.

An easy USB interface . The chip on the board plugs straight into your USB
port and registers on your computer as a virtual serial port. This allows you to
interface with it as through it were a serial device. The benefit of this setup is
that serial communication is an extremely easy (and time-tested) protocol,
and USB makes connecting it to modern computers really convenient.

Very convenient power management and built-in voltage regulation. You can
connect an external power source of up to 12v and it will regulate it to both 5v
and 3.3v. It also can be powered directly off of a USB port without any
external power.

An easy-to-find, and dirt cheap, microcontroller "brain." The ATmega328 chip
retails for about $2.88 on Digikey. It has countless number of nice hardware
features like timers, PWM pins, external and internal interrupts, and multiple
sleep modes. Check out the official datasheet for more details.

A 16mhz clock. This makes it not the speediest microcontroller around, but
fast enough for most applications.
32 KB of flash memory for storing your code.

13 digital pins and 6 analog pins. These pins allow you to connect external
hardware to your Arduino. These pins are key for extending the computing
capability of the Arduino into the real world. Simply plug your devices and
sensors into the sockets that correspond to each of these pins and you are
good to go.

An ICSP connector for bypassing the USB port and interfacing the Arduino
directly as a serial device. This port is necessary to re-bootload your chip if it
corrupts and can no longer talk to your computer.

An on-board LED attached to digital pin 13 for fast an easy debugging of
code.

And last, but not least, a button to reset the program on the chip.
Solar panel basics
Multi-crystalline (Polycrystalline) Solar Panels
A polycrystalline cell contains many crystals. It has similar life span to the
monocrystalline cell type, but it has lower efficiency and cost per watt.
Mono-crystalline Solar Panels
A monocrystalline cell is made of a single crystal. Monocrystalline solar panels are
high efficiency solar panels.
How much watt solar panel we need?
Example we want to power up 5 lights of 20 Watt and we need to use these 5 lights
for 3 hours every day. Here first we get a total watt usage. Ptotal = 20 * 5 = 100W.
Than we multiply 100 with 3 hours. Pdaily = 100 * 3 = 300W. We are going to use
300 watt daily. Let us say we are going to have complete sunshine 6 hours each day.
Now we divide 300W with 6 hours, so we will get hourly power charge that we need
Phourly = 300 / 6 = 50W. So we need a 50 watt solar panel. But it is recommended to
always choose a panel some bigger then we need. Because when solar panel charge
the battery so it is wasting some power on charging too.
Quality of solar panels
We recommend to buy solar panels of good qualtiy. If you is really looking for panels
that can be used in 20-25 years without have massive loss so we recommend you to
buy quality solar panels. Because normal quality solar panels have a about 1% or less
yearly loss of energy each year. So it mean if you use them 20 years so they will have
a loss percent of 20%. So a 100 Watt panel will produce 20% less then what it
produced when it was new. 100 watt minus 20 it is equal 80 watt. After a 20 years
usage in direct sunshine a solar panel will produce 80 watt.

If a panel just begin to produce less power just after 1-2 years usage so it is not a
good quality. You have just loss your money on bad panels.

Infrared Sensors
IR Sensors work by using a specific light sensor to detect a select light wavelength in the Infra-Red
(IR) spectrum. By using an LED which produces light at the same wavelength as what the sensor is
looking for, you can look at the intensity of the received light. When an object is close to the sensor,
the light from the LED bounces off the object and into the light sensor. This results in a large jump in
the intensity, which we already know can be detected using a threshold. Since the sensor works by
looking for reflected light, it is possible to have a sensor that can return the value of the reflected
light. This type of sensor can then be used to measure how "bright" the object is. This is useful for
tasks like line tracking.

Ultrasonic distance meter
1.0 INTRODUCTION

The HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor uses sonar to determine distance to an object like bats or dolphins do. It
offers excellent non-contact range detection with high accuracy and stable readings in an easy-to-use
package. From 2cm to 400 cm or 1 to 13 feet. It operation is not affected by sunlight or black material
like Sharp rangefinders are (although acoustically soft materials like cloth can be difficult to detect). It
comes complete with ultrasonic transmitter and receiver module.

Features:
Power Supply :+5V DC
Quiescent Current : <2mA
Working Currnt: 15mA
Effectual Angle: <15
Ranging Distance : 2cm 400 cm/1" - 13ft
Resolution : 0.3 cm
Measuring Angle: 30 degree
Trigger Input Pulse width: 10uS
Dimension: 45mm x 20mm x 15mm





2.0 PACKING LIST





1. 1 x HC-SR04 module


PRODUCT LAYOUT


VCC = +5VDC
Trig = Trigger input of Sensor
Echo = Echo output of Sensor
GND = GND

5.0 OPERATION

The timing diagram of HC-SR04 is shown. To start measurement, Trig of SR04 must receive a pulse of
high (5V) for at least 10us, this will initiate the sensor will transmit out 8 cycle of ultrasonic burst at
40kHz and wait for the reflected ultrasonic burst. When the sensor detected ultrasonic from receiver, it
will set the Echo pin to high (5V) and delay for a period (width) which proportion to distance. To obtain
the distance, measure the width (Ton) of Echo pin.

Time = Width of Echo pulse, in uS (micro second)
Distance in centimeters = Time / 58
Distance in inches = Time / 148
Or you can utilize the speed of sound, which is 340m/s








Note:
Please connect the GND pin first before supplying power to VCC.
Please make sure the surface of object to be detect should have at least 0.5 meter
2
for
better performance.