DR.

NAVALAR NEDUNCHEZHIYAN COLLEGEOF ENGINEERING

THOLUDUR-606303

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
2
ND
YEAR IV SEM
CE2253 APPILED HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING






















CE 2253 APPLIED HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
UNIT-1 OPEN CHANNELFLOW
1.An ideal fluid is defined as the fluid which
(a) is compressible (b)is incompressible (c)is incompressible and non-viscous (d)has
negligible surface tension.
2 .Newtons law of viscosity states that
(a)shear stress is directly proportional to the velocity (b) shear stress is directly proportional
to the velocity gradient (c) shear stress is directly proportional to the shear strain (d)
shear stress is directly proportional to the viscosity.
3.A Newtonian fluid is defined the fluid which
(a)is incompressible and non-viscous (b)obeys Newtons law of viscosity (c) is highly viscous
(d) is compressible and non-viscous
4.Kinematic viscosity is defined as equal to
(a)dynamic viscosity x density (b) dynamic viscosity / density (c) dynamic viscosity x
pressure
(d) pressure x density
5. Poise is the unit of
(a)mass density (b) .Kinematic viscosity (c) viscosity (d) velocity gradient
6. The increase of temperature
(a) increase the viscosity of a liquid (b) decrease the viscosity of a liquid (c) decrease the
viscosity of gas (d) increase viscosity of gas
7.Stoke is the unit of
(a) surface tension (b) viscosity (c)kinematic viscosity (d) done of the above
8.Surface tension has the units of
(a)force per unit area (b) force per unit length (c) force per unit volume (d) done of
the above
9.Pascals law states that pressure at a points is equal in all directions
(a) in a liquid at rest (b) in a fluid at rest (c) in a laminar flow (d)in a turbulent flow.
10.The hydrostatic law states that rate of increase of epressur in a vertical direction is
equal to (a) density of the fluid (b) specific weight of the
fluid (c) weight of the fluid (d) done of the above
11.Gauge pressure at a point is equal to
(a)absolute pressure plus atmospheric pressure (b) absolute pressure minus atmospheric
pressure (c)vacuum pressure plus absolute pressure (d) none of the above
12.Atmospheric pressure held in terms of water column is
(a)7.5m (b)8.5m (c)9..81m (d)10.30m
13.The resultant hydrostatic force acts through a point known as
(a) centre of gravity (b) centre of buoyancy (c) centre of pressure (d) none of the above
14.For a floating body the buoyancy force passes through the
(a)center of gravity of the body (b) center of gravity of the submerged part of the body
(c) metacentre of the body (d)centroid of the liquid displaced by the body
15.Asubmerged body will be in stable equilibrium if
(a) the center of buoyancy B is below the center of gravity G (b) ) the center of buoyancy B
coincides with G (c) the center of buoyancy B is above the metacentre M (d) the center of
buoyancy B is above G 16.The metacentric height of a floating body is
(a)the distance between metacentre and center of buoyancy (b) the distance between the
center of buoyancy and center of gravity (c) the distance between metacentre and center of
gravity (d)none of the above.
17.The necessary condition for the flow to be steady is that
(a)the velocity does not change from place to place (b) the velocity is constant a point with
respect to time (c) the velocity changes at a point with respect to time (d) none of the above.
18.The flow in a pipe is laminar if
(a)Reynold number is equal to 2500 (b) Reynold number is equal to4000 (c) Reynold number is
more than2500 (d) none of the above.
19.Bernoullis theorem deals with the law of conservation of
(a)mass (b)momentum (c) energy (d) none of the above.
20.Continuity equation deals with the law of conservation of
(a)mass (b)momentum (c) energy (d) none of the above
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
c b b b c b C b b b b d c d d c b d c a
TWO MARKS PART-B
1. Define mass density
Mass density of a fluid is a Defined as the ratio of the mass of a fluid to its volume .thus mass
per unit volume of a fluid is called mass density
2. What is mean by viscosity?
Viscosity is defined as the property of the fluid which offers resistance to the movement of one
layer of fluid over another adjacent layer of the fluid .it is called viscosity
3.Types of fluid?
Ideal fluid 2.real fluid 3.newtonian fluid4.non- Newtonian fluid
4. What is mean by compressibility?
Compressibility is the reciprocal of the bulk modulus of elasticity, K which is defined as the ratio
of compressive stress to volumetric strain.25.
5..Define surface tension
surface tension is the defined as the tensile force acting on the surface of a liquid in contact with
a gas or on the surface between two immiscible liquids such that the contact surface behaves like
a membranes under tension. The magnitudes of the force per unit length of the free surface will
have the same value as the surface energy per unit area.
6.Define capillarity
Capillarity is defined as a phenomenon of rise or fall of a liquid surface in a small tube relative to
the adjacent general level of liquid when the tube is held vertically in the liquid. The rise of
liquid surface is known as capillary rise while the fall of the liquid surface is known as capillary.
7.What is mean by absolute pressure ?
absolute pressure is defined as the pressure which is measured with reference to absolute vacuum
pressure.
8.What do you understand by total pressure?
Total pressure is defined as the force exerted by a static fluid on a surface either plane when the
fluid comes in contact with the surfaces. This force al ways acts normal to the surface.
9.What do you understand by center of pressure?
Center of pressure is defined as the point of application of the total pressure on the surface.
10.Define the terms buoyancy
When a body is immersed in a fluid ,an upward force is exerted by the fluid on the body. This
upward force is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body and the force of buoyancy.
PART-C 16 MARKS
1.A Newtonian fluid is filled in the clearance between a shaft and a concentric sleeve. The sleeve
attains a speed of 50cms/s, when a force of 40N is applied to the sleeve parallel to the shaft.
Determine the speed of the shaft, if a force of 200N is applied.
2.Derive an expression for Bernoullis equations.
3.State Bernoullis theorem for steady flow of an incompressible fluid.
4.Explain compressibility and surface tension of fluid.
5.A liquid of 10 liters with relative density of 1.30 is mixed with 8 liters of a liquid of relative
density.080. if the bulk of the liquid shrinks one percent on mixing, calculate the relative
density, the density the volume and weight of the mixture.
6.A block of base area 200cm, weight 100N slides down 20 inclined plane, over an oil an film of
1mm of thickness and dynamic viscosity of 500 poise. Estimate the velocity of the block.
7.A U-tube is made of two capillaries of bore 1mm and 2mm respectively and is partially filled
with liquid of surface tension .005N/m and zero contact angle . Calculate the mass density of the
liquid if the estimated difference in the level of two menisci is 12.5mm.
8. What depth of oil, specific gravity 0.8 will produce a pressure of 120 KN/M? What would be
corresponding depth of water?
9.Derive an expression for the depth of pressure from free surface of liquid of an inclined plane
surface submerged in the liquid.
10.U- tube manometer containing mercury was used to find the negative pressure in the pipe,
containing water. The right limb was open to the atmosphere. Find the vacuum pressure in the
pipe is the difference of mercury level in the two limbs was 100mm and height of water in the
left limb from the center of the pipe was found to be 40mm below.
11.Determine the bulk modulus of elasticity of liquid, if the pressure of the liquid is increased
from 7MN/m to 13MN/m , the volume of liquid decrease by 0.15%.
UNIT-II ONE MARKS
UNIFORM FLOW
1.An orifice is known as large orifice when the head of liquid from the center of orifice is
(a) more than 10 times the depth of orifice (b)less than 10 times the depth of orifice (c) less than
5 times the depth of orifice (d)none of the above.
2.Which mouthpiece is having maximum co-efficient of discharge
(a) external mouthpiece (b)convergent divergent mouthpiece (c) internal mouthpiece (d)none
of the above.
3.The co-efficient of discharge
(a)for an orifice is more than that for a mouthpiece (b)for internal mouthpiece is more than that
for external mouthpiece (c)for a mouthpiece is more than that for an orifice (d)none of the
above
4.A flow is said to be laminar when
(a)the fluid particles moves in a zig-zag way (b)the Reynold number is high (c) the fluid
particles moves in layers to the boundary (d) none of the above
5. The loss of pressure head for the laminar flow through pipes varies
(a) as the square of velocity (b)directly as the velocity (c) as the inverse of the velocity (d)
none of the above
6.For the laminar flow through a pipe the shear stress over the cross-section
(a)varies inversely as the distance from the center of the pipe (b) varies directly as the distance
from the surface of the pipe (c) ) varies directly as the distance from the center of the pipe
(d)remains constant over the cross-section
7.The value of the kinetic energy correction factor for the viscous flow through a circular
pipe is
(a)1.33 (b)1.50 (c)2.0 (d)1.25
8.The value of the momentum correction factor for the viscous flow through a circular pipe
is
(a)1.33 (b)1.50 (c)2.0 (d)1.25
9.Hydraulic gradient line represents the sum of
(a)pressure head and kinetic head (b) kinetic head and datum head (c)pressure head kinetic
head and datum head (d)pressure head and datum head
10.Total energy represents the sum of
(a) pressure head and kinetic head (b) ) kinetic head and datum head (c) pressure head datum
head (d) pressure head kinetic head and datum head
11.Reynolds number is defined as the
(a) ratio of inertia force to gravity force (b) ratio of viscous force to gravity (c)ratio of viscous
force to elastic force (d)ratio of inertia force to viscous force
12.Froudes number is defined as the ratio of
(a) inertia force to viscous force (b) inertia force to gravity force (c) ) inertia force to elastic force
(d) inertia force to pressure force
13.Mach number is defined as the ratio of
(a) inertia force to viscous force (b) viscous force to surface tension force (c) viscous force to
elastic force (d) inertia force to elastic force
14.Eulers number is the ratio of
(a) inertia force to pressure force (b) inertia force to elastic force (c) inertia force to gravity force
(d)none of the above.
15.Kinematic similarity between model and prototype means
(a) the similarity of forces (b) ) the similarity of shape (c) ) the similarity of motion (d) the
similarity of discharge
16.Dynamic the similarity between model and prototype means
(a) the similarity of forces (b) ) the similarity of motion (c) the similarity of shape (d) none of
the above
17.The boundary layer separation takes place if
(a) pressure gradient is zero (b) pressure gradient is positive (c) pressure grad
force is defined as the force exerted by a fl ient is negative (d) none of the above
18.Lift oating fluid on a solid body
(a)in the direction of flow (b)perpendicular to the direction of flow (c) at an angle of45 to the
direction of flow (d) none of the above
19.Total drag on a body is the sum of
(a)pressure drag and velocity drag (b) pressure drag and friction drag (c) friction drag and
velocity drag (d) none of the above
20.Abody is called stream lined body when it is placed in a flow and the surface of the body
(a) coincides with the stream lines (b)does not coincides with the stream line (c)is perpendicular
to the stream line (d)none of the above .

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
c b c c d c c a d d d B d a c a b b b a



UNIT-II TWO MARKS
1.define hydraulic gradient.
It is defined as the line which gives the sum of pressure head and datum head of a
flowing fluid in a pipe with respect to some reference line by joining the top of all
vertical ordinates, the pressure head of a flowing fluid in a pipe from the center of the
pipe.
2..Define equivalent pipe .
This is defined as the pipe of uniform diameter having loss of head and discharge equal to the
loss of head and discharge of a compound pipe consisting of several pipe of different lengths
and diameters . the uniform diameter of the equivalent size of the pipe.
1. Define flow through parallel pipe
A main pipe which dives in to two or more branches and again join together
downstream to form a single pipe, then the branch pipes are said to be connected in
parallel. The discharge through the main is increased by connecting pipes in parallel.
2. What are types of loss of energy in pipe ?
1. Major energy loss 2. Minor energy loss.
3. What are formula used for friction pipe ?
1. Dracy- Weisbach formula 2. Chezys formula
6.Define minor energy losses in pipe friction.
The loss of head due to friction in a pipe is known as a major loss while the loss of
energy due to change of velocity of the fluid in magnitude is called minor loss of energy.
7.Define energy thickness .
It is defined as the distance ,measure perpendicular to the boundary of the solid body, by
which the boundary should be displaced to compensate for the reduction is kinetic energy
of the flowing fluid on account of boundary layer formation.
8. Define siphon.
Siphon is a long bent pipe which is used to transfer liquid from a reservoir at a higher
elevation to another reservoir at a lower level when the two reservoirs are separated by a
hill at a highest of the siphon is called the summit.
9. What is mean by series pipe ?
Pipe in series pipes is defined as the pipe of different lengths and different diameter s
connected end to end.
10. 9.Define Rayleighs method.
This method is used for determine the expression for a variable which depends upon
maximum three or four variable only .if the number of independent variables becomes
more than four,
PART-C
1. For sudden expansion in a pipe flow, out the optimum ratio between the diameter of the
before expansion and the diameter of the pipe after expansion so that pressure rise is
maximum.
2. Three pipes of diameter 300mm, and lengths 300mm. 170mm and 210m respectively are
connected in series. The difference in water surface levels in two tanks is 12m. Determine
the rate of flow if co- efficient of friction are 0.005,0.0052 and 0.0048 respectively.
3. Derive an expression for the velocity distribution for viscous flow through a circular pipe.
4. A main pipe divides in to two parallel pipes, which again forms one pipe. The length and
diameter for the first parallel pipe are 2000m and 1m respectively, while the length and
diameter of second parallel pipe are 2000m and 0.8m respectively. Find the rate of flow in
each parallel pipe, if total flow in the main is3m/s. the co- efficient of friction for each
parallel for each pipe is same and equal to 0.005.
5. Derive darcy- weisbach formula for calculating loss of head due to friction in a pipe.
6. Explain on boundary layer separation and its control.
7. An old water supply distribution pipe of 250mm diameter of a city is to be replaced by
two parallel pipes of smaller equal diameter having equal lengths and identical friction
factor values. Find out the new diameter required.
8. A pipeline 10Km, long delivers a power of 50KW at its outlet ends. The pressure at inlet
is 5000KN/m and pressure drop per km of pipeline is 50KN/M. find the size of the pipe
and efficiency of transmission.
9. The discharge of water through a horizontal pipe is 0.25m/s. the diameter of above pipe
which is 200mm, suddenly enlarges to 400mm at a point. If the pressure of water in the
smaller diameter op pipe is 120KN/m, determine loss of head due to sudden enlargement.
Pressure of water in the larger pipe and the power lost due to sudden enlargement.
10.A pipe line carrying oil of specific gravity 0.85, changes in diameter from 350mm at position
1 to 550mm diameter to a position 2, which is at 6m a higher level. If the pressure at position1
and 2 are taken as 20Ncm and 15N /cm respectively and discharge through the 0.2M/S determine
the loss of head. UNIT-III
ONE MARKS
VARIED FLOW
1. The center of pressure for a plane 1.vertical surface lies at a depth
(a)half the height of the immersed surface (b)one-third the height of the immersed surface
(c)two- third the height of the immersed surface (d)none of the above
2. The inlet length of a venturimeter
(a)is equal to the outlet length (b) is more than the outlet length (c)is less than the outlet length
(d)none of the above
3.Flow of a fluid in a pipe takes place from
(a) higher level to lower level (b)higher pressure to lower pressure (c)higher energy to lower
energy (d)none of the above
4. The point of through which the buoyancy force is acting is called
(a) center of pressure (b)center of gravity (c)center of buoyancy (d) none of the above
5. The point through which the weight is acting called
(a) center of pressure (b) )center of gravity (c) )center of buoyancy (d) none of the above.
6.The point about which a floating body starts oscillating when the body is tilted is called
(a) ) center of pressure (b) center of buoyancy (c) center of gravity (d)metacenter
7.For a floating body if the metacenter is below the center of gravity the equilibrium is
called
(a)stable (b)unstable (c)neutral (d)none of the above
8.For a floating body if the metacenter coincides with the center of gravity the equilibrium
is called
(a)stable (b)unstable (c)neutral (d)none of the above
9.For a floating body if center of buoyancy is above the center of gravity the the
equilibrium is called
(a)stable (b)unstable (c)neutral (d)none of the above
10.If the velocity pressure density changer at a point with respects to time the flow is
called
(a)uniform (b)compressible (c) unsteady (d)in)compressible If the velocity in a fluid flow
changes with
11. respects to length of direction of flow it is called
(a)unsteady flow (b)compressible flow (c) ir rotational flow(d) none of the above
12.If the density of a fluid is constant from point to point in a flow region it is called
(a)steady flow (b) incompressible flow (c)uniform flow (d)rotational flow
13 Vorticity is given by
(a)two times the rotation (b)1.5times the rotation (c)three times the rotation (d)equal to the
rotation
14. Study of fluid motion with the forces causing the flow is known as
(a) kinematics of fluid flow (b)dynamics of fluid flow (c)statics of fluid flow is known as
none of the above.
15.Pitot-tube is used to measure
(a) discharge (b)average velocity (c)velocity at a point (d)pressure at appoint
16.Venturi-meter is used to measure
(a) discharge (b) average velocity c)velocity at a point (d)pressure at appoint
17. Orifice meter is used to measure
(a) discharge (b) average velocity c)velocity at a point (d)pressure at appoint
18. . Orifices are used to measure
(a) Velocity (b) pressure (c) rate of flow (d) none of the above
19.Moutypieces are used to measure
(a) Velocity (b) ) pressure (c) viscosity (d) rate of flow
20.The ratio of actual velocity of a jet of water at veena- contracta to the theoretical
velocity is known as
(a)co-efficient of discharge (b)co- efficient of velocity (c) co-efficient of contraction (d) co-
efficient of viscosity
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
c c c c b d b c d c d B d d c a a c d b

TWO MARKS

UNIT- III
1.What are methods of dimensional analysis ?
1. Rayleighs method 2. Buckingham method
2.What are the advantage of the dimensional and model analysis.
1. The performance of the hydraulic structure or hydraulic machine can be easily
predicted , in advance, from its model
2. With the help of dimensional analysis, a relationship between the variable influencing
a flow problem in terms of dimensionless parameters is obtained. This relationship helps
in conducting tests on the model.
3.What is mean by similitude?
Similitude is defined as the similarity between the model and its prototype in every
respect, which means that the model prototypes are completely similar.
4. Types of similarities
1. geometric similarity 2.kinematic similarity 3. Dynamic similarity.
5. classification of models
1. undistorted models 2. distorted models
6. What are the dimensionless number?
1. Reynolds number 2. Froudes number 3. Eulers number 4.Machs number.
7.What are force acting in moving fluid ?
1. inertia force 2. Gravity force 3. Surface tension force 4. Pressure force 5. Elastic
force.
8.What are models law ?
1. Reynolds model law 2. Euler model law 3. Mach model law 4. Froude model law 5.
Weber model law.
9.Define Rayleighs method.
This method is used for determine the expression for a variable which depends upon
maximum three or four variable only .if the number of independent variables becomes
more than four, then it is very difficult to find the expression for the dependent variable.
10.Define dimensional homogeneity .
Dimensional homogeneity means the dimensional of each terms in an equation on both
sides equal. Thus if the dimensions of each terms on both sites of an equation are the
same the equation is known as dimensionally homogeneous equation.
PART- C 16 MARKS
4. Explain the Buckinghams theorem and procedure to solve problems using the same.
5. 2.What are distorted viscosity, models? What are the merits and demertis
2.What are distorted models? What are the merits and de merits of distorted models ?
3. State Buckinghams theorem and describe how the Buckingham method differ from
Raleighs method.
4. Write a detailed note on models and similitude.
5.State Buckinghams theorem. Mention the important principle for selecting the repating
variables.
6.What is mean by geometric, kinematic and similarities? Are these similarities truly
attainable? If not, why?
7. Model of an air duct operating with water produces a pressure drop of 10KN/m over
10mlength. If the scale ratio is 1/50.Density of water is 1000kg/m and density of air is 1.2
kg/m. viscosity of water is 0.001Ns/m and viscosity of air is 0.00002Ns/m. Estimate
corresponding drop in a 20m long air dust.
8.Explain the terms dimensionally homogeneous equation .
9. Explain the terms distorted models and undistorted models? What is the use of
distorted models?
10. Write a detailed note on models and similitude.
UNIT-IV ONE MARKS
PUMPS
1.The ratio of inertia force to viscous force is known as
(a)reynold number (b)Froude number (c) mach number (d) euler number
2.The square root of the ratio of inertia force to gravity force is called
(a) reynold number (b) Froude number (c) mach number (d) ) euler number
3.The separation of boundary layer takes place incase of
(a)negative pressure gradient (b)positive pressure gradient (c)zero pressure gradient (d)none of
the above
4.The flow in open channel is turbulent if the reynold number is
(a)2000 (b)more than 2000 (c)more than 4000 (d)4000
5.If the Froude number in open channel flow is equal to 1.0the flow is called
(a)critical flow (b)streaming flow (c)shooting (d)none of the above
6.If the Froude number is open channel flow is more than 1.0the flow is called
(a) critical flow (b) )streaming flow (c) shooting flow (d) none of the above
7.The discharge through a trapezoidal channel is maximum when
(a) half of top width =sloping side (b)top width=half of sloping side
8.The maximum velocity through a circular channel takes place when depth of flow is
equal to
(a)0.95 times the diameter (b)0.5 times the diameter ( c)0.81 times the diameter (d)0.3 times the
diameter
9.The maximum discharge through a circular channel takes place when depth of flow is
equal to
(a)0.95 times the diameter (b)0.3 times the diameter (c)0.81 times the diameter (d)0.5 times the
diameter
10. en cross-secAmost economical section is one which for a givtion area slope of bed and co-
efficient of resistance
(a) maximum wetted perimeter (b)maximum discharge (c) maximum depth of flow (d) none of
the above
11.Specific speed of a turbine is defined as the speed of the turbine which
(a) produces unit power at unit head (b) produces unit horse power at unit discharge (c)delivers
unit discharge at unit head (d) delivers unit discharge at unit power
12.A turbine is a device which converts
(a)hydraulic energy into mechanical energy (b) mechanical energy in to hydraulic energy
(c)kinetic energy into mechanical energy (d) electrical energy into mechanical energy
13.Hydralic efficiency of a turbine is defined as the ratio of
(a)power available at the inlet of turbine to power given by to the runner (b)power at the shaft of
the turbine to power given by water by to the runner (c) power at the shaft of the turbine to
power at the inlet of turbine (d) none of the above
14.Mechanical efficiency of a turbine is the ratio of
(a)power at the inlet to the power at the shaft of turbine (b)power at the shaft to the power
given to the runner (c)power at the shaft to the power at the inlet of turbine (d)none of the above
15. The over all efficiency of a turbine is the ratio
(a)power at the inlet of turbine to the power at the shaft (b)power at the shaft to the power given
to the runner (c)power at the shaft to the power at the inlet of
Turbine (d) none of the above
16. A turbine is called impulse if the inlet of the turbine
(a)total energy is only kinetic energy (b) total energy is only pressure energy (c) total energy is
the sum of kinetic energy and pressure energy (d) none of the above
17.Francis turbine is
(a)an impulse turbine (b)a radial flow impulse turbine (c)an axial flow turbine (d)a reaction
radial flow turbine.
18.Kaplan turbine is
(a) an impulse turbine (b) a radial flow impulse turbine (c) an axial flow reaction turbine (d)a
radial flow reaction turbine.
19. Jet ratio (m)is defined as the ratio of
(a) diameter of jet of water to diameter of pelton wheel (b)velocity of vane to the velocity of jet
of water (c)velocity of flow of the velocity of jet of water (d) none of the above

diameter of pelton wheel to diameter of the jet of water.
20. Main characteristic curves of a turbine means
(a)curves at constant speed (b) curves at constant efficiency (c) curves at constant heat (d)none
of the above
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
a b b b a c a c a b a A d b c a d c d c
TWO MARKS
1.What are main part of the centrifugal pump?
Impeller , casing, suction pipe ,delivery pipe.
2. Define gross head
The difference between the head cace level and tail level when no water has worked is flowing is
known as gross head.
3. What are the important efficiencies of a turbine ?
1. hydraulic efficiency, 2.Mechanical efficiency ,3. Volumetric efficiency 4.over all
efficiency.
4.What are dada need for the design of pelt on wheel?
1.Diameter 2.l Diameter of wheel 3.bucket 4.number of buckets 5.depth of bucket .
5.What are main parts of a radial flow reaction turbine?
1.casing 2. Runner 3. Draft tube 4.guide mechanism.
6.Define axial flow reaction turbine
If the water flows parallel to the axis of the rotation of the shaft, the turbine is known as axial
flow turbine. And if the head at the inlet of the turbine is the sum of pressure energy and during
the flow of water through runner a part of pressure energy is converted into kinetic energy the
turbine is known as reaction turbine.
7. Types of draft tubes
1.conical 2. Simple elbow tubes 3. Moody spreading tubes 4. Elbow draft tubes.
8.Define specific speed
It is defined as the speed of a turbine which is identical in shape, geometrical dimensions, blade
angle, gate opening, with the turbine but of such a size that it will develop unit power when
working under unit head.
9.? What are main part of the Kaplan turbine
1. scroll casing 2. Guide vanes mechanism 3. Hub with vanes 4. Draft tube .
10.Define breaking jet
When the nozzle is completely closed by moving the spear in the forward direction, the amount
of water striking the reduces to zero .but the runner due to inertia goes on revolving for a long
time. To stop the runner in a short time, a small time, a small nozzle is provided which directs
the jet of water on the back of the vanes. This jet of water is called breaking jet.
PART=C 16MARKS
1. A Pelton wheel has a mean bucket speed of 10 m/s with a jet of water flowing at the rate of
0.7m/s under a head of 30 m. the bucket deflects the jet through an angle of 160 degree.
Calculate the power given by water to the runner and the hydraulic efficiency of the turbine.
Assume co efficient of velocity as 0.98.
2. Enumerate the losses that occur during the operation of a centrifugal pump.
3. A centrifugal pump with 1.2m diameter, runs at 200 rpm and discharge 1880 l/s an average
lift of 6m. the angle which the vanes make at exit with the tangent to the impeller is 26 and
the radial velocity of flow is 2.5m/s find the manometric efficiency and the least speed to
start the pump aginst the head of 6m. assume the inner diameter of the impeller as 0.6.
4. Derive the work done by the centrifugal pump on water.
5. Give the comparison between impulse and turbine .
6. In a hydroelectric station, water is available at the rate of 175m/s under head of 18m. the
turbine run at a speed of 150 rpm, with over all efficiency of 82%. Find the number of
turbines required , if they have the maximum specific speed of 460.
7. Show that the over all efficiency of a hydraulic turbine is the product of volumetric,
hydraulic and mechanical efficiencies.
8. Draw a schematic diagram of a Francis turbine and explain its construction and working.
9. A centrifugal pump is to discharge 0.12m/s at a speed of 1450 rpm against a head of 25m.
the impeller diameter is 250mm, its width at outlet is 50mm and manometric efficiency is
75% . find the vane angle at the outer periphery of the impeller.
Explain the main parts of a centrifugal pump with neat sketch. Also drive an expression to
calculate work done by the impeller on water
UNIT V ONE MARKS
1.Indicator diagram shows for one complete revolution of crank
(a) variation of kinetic heat in the cylinder (b)variation of pressure head in the cylinder (c)
variation of kinetic and pressure heat in the cylinder (d) none of the above .
2. Air vessel in a reciprocating pump is used
(a)to obtain a continuous supply of water at uniform rate (b)to reduce suction head (c)to increase
the delivery head (d) none of the above
3. The work saved by fittingan air vessel to a single acting reciprocating pump is
(a)39.2% (b)8404% (c)48.8% (d)92.3%
4. . The work saved by fittingan air vessel to a double acting reciprocating pump is
a)39.2% (b)8404% (c)48.8% (d)92.3%
5.The is
pressure at which separation takes place is known separation pressure or separation
pressure head. For water,the limiting value of separation pressure head
(a)2.5m(abs) (b)7.5m(abs) (c)10.3m(abs) (d)5m(abs)
6.During suction stroke of a reciprocating pump ,the separation may take place
(a)at the end of suction stroke (b)in the middle of suction stroke
(c)in the beginning of suction stroke (d) none of the above.
7.hintensifier is a device used for
(a)storing energy of a fluid in the form of pressure energy
(b) increasing pressure intensity of a liquid
(c)transmitting power from one shaft to another (d) none of above
8.H ydraulic ram is a pump which works
(a) on the principle of water-hammer
(b) on the principle of centrifugal action
(c)on the principle reciprocating action
(d)none of the above
9.Torque converter is a device used for
(a) transmitting same torque to the driven shaft
(b) transmitting increased torque to the driven shaft
(c) ) transmitting decreased torque to the driven shaft
(d) ) transmitting increased or decreased torque to the driven shaft
10.Capacity of a hydraulic accumulator is given as equal to
(a) pressure of water supplied by pump x volume of accumulator
(b) pressure of water x area of accumulator
(c) pressure of water x stroke of the ram accumulator
(d) none of the above
11.Kaplan turbine is a propeller turbine in which the vane fixed on the hub are
(a) non-adjustable (b) adjustable (c) fixed (d) none of the above
12.If the head on the turbine is more than 300m the type of turbine used should be
(a)Kaplan (b)Francis (c) Pelton (c) propeller
13.If the specific speed of a turbine is more than 300, the type of turbine is
(a) ) Pelton (b) Kaplan (c) Francis (d) pelton with more jets
14.Run-away speed of a pelton wheel means
(a) full load speed (b) no load speed (c) no load speed with no governor mechanism
(d)none of the above
15.Surge tank in a pipe line is used to
(a) reduce the loss of head due to friction in a pipe (b) make the flow uniform in pipe
(c)relieve the pressure due to water hammer (d) none of the above
16.Hyddraulic ram is a device used for
(a) storing energy of a water in the form of pressure energy
(b) increasing pressure intensity of water
(c) lifting small quantity of water to a greater height by means of large quantity of water falling
through small height
(d) none of the above
17.For low head and high discharge the suitable turbine is
(a)Pelton (b) Francis (c)Kaplan (d) none of the above
18.For high head and low discharge the suitable turbine is
(a)Pelton (b) Francis (c)Kaplan (d) none of the above
19.The flow of water leaving the impeller in a centrifugal pump is
(a)forced vortex flow (b)free vortex flow (c) centrifugal flow (d) none of the above
20. A current meter is a device used for measuring
(a) velocity (b) viscosity (c) current (d) pressure.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
b a b a a c b a d a b C b c c c c a b a


TWO MARKS
1.What are main parts of the reciprocating pump ?
Piston, delivery pipe, suction pipe, connecting rod, suction valve, delivery valve,
2.What is mean by slip?
Slip is defined as the difference between the theoretical discharge and actual discharge is know
as slip.
3.What are types of reciprocating pump?
1.Single acting pump 2. double acting pump
4.What is an air vessel?
An air vessel is a closed chamber containing compressed air in the top portion and liquid at the
bottom of the chamber. There is an opening through which the liquid may flow into the vessel
.when the liquid enters the air vessel ,the air gets compressed further and when the liquid flows
out the vessel .the air will expand in the chamber.
5.What is mean by ideal indicator diagram ?
The graph between pressure head in the cylinder and stroke length of the piston for one complete
revolution of the crank under ideal conditions is known as ideal indicator diagram.
6..What is mean by indicator diagram?
The indicator diagram for a reciprocating pump is defined as the graph between the pressure
head in the cylinder and the distance travelled by piston from inner dead center for one complete
revolution of the crank. As the maximum distance travelled by piston is equal to the stroke
length and hence the r indicator diagram is a graph between pressure head and stroke length of
the piston for one complete .the pressure head is taken as ordinate and stroke length as abscissa
7.Define reciprocating pump
The mechanical energy is converted into hydraulic energy by sucking the liquid into the cylinder
in which a piston is reciprocating ,which exerts the thrust on the liquid and increases its
hydraulic energy the pump is known as reciprocating pump.
8.Define equivalent pipe .
This is defined as the pipe of uniform diameter having loss of head and discharge equal to the
loss of head and discharge of a compound pipe consisting of several pipe of different lengths
and diameters . the uniform diameter of the equivalent size of the pipe.
9.Define slip.
Slip of a pump is defined as the difference between the theoretical discharge and actual discharge
of the pump.
10. Define pump.
Pump is define as the mechanical energy is converted into hydraulic energy.


PART-C 16MARKS
1.Show from first principles that work saved in a single acting reciprocating pump, by an air
vessel is 84.8%
2.A single acting reciprocating pump has a plunger of diameter 300mm and stroke of 200mm . if
the speed of the pump is 30 rpm and the actual discharge is 605 litres per second of water find
the co-efficient of discharge and percentage slip if over all efficiency is 75%.what horse power is
required to drive the pump, if the suction lift is 4m and delivery head is 30m.
3..What are the effects of cavitations ? give the necessary precautions against cavitations.
4.With the help of neat diagram explain the construction and working of a pelton wheel turbine.
5.Describe the working of a reciprocating pump with the aid of a sketch . obtain expressions for
delivery and work done by reciprocating pump.
6.What do you mean by indicator diagram? Give the neat sketch and explain about it and also
explain effect of acceleration in suction and delivery pipe on indicator diagram.
7.Derive the variation of velocity and acceleration in the suction and delivery pipes due to
acceleration of the piston.
8.prove that work done by the pump is proportional to the area of indicator diagram.
9.A single acting reciprocating pump running at 30 r.p.m delivers 0.012m/s of water. The
diameter of the piston is 25cm and stroke length 50cm .Determine the theoretical discharge of
the pump co- efficient of the pump slip and percentage of slip.
10.The cylinder bore diameter of a single acting reciprocating pump is 150 mm and its stroke is
300mm. the runs at 50 r.p.m and lifts water through a height of 25m. the delivery pipe is 22m
long and 100mm in diameter . find the theoretical discharge and theoretical power required to
run the pump. If the actual discharge is 4.2 find the percentage slip.
PART-C
1.Show from first principles that work saved in a single acting reciprocating pump, by an air
vessel is 84.8%
2.A single acting reciprocating pump has a plunger of diameter 300mm and stroke of 200mm . if
the speed of the pump is 30 rpm and the actual discharge is 605 litres per second of water find
the co-efficient of discharge and percentage slip if over all efficiency is 75%.what horse power is
required to drive the pump, if the suction lift is 4m and delivery head is 30m.
3..What are the effects of cavitations ? give the necessary precautions against cavitations.
4.With the help of neat diagram explain the construction and working of a pelton wheel turbine.
5.Describe the working of a reciprocating pump with the aid of a sketch . obtain expressions for
delivery and work done by reciprocating pump.
6.What do you mean by indicator diagram? Give the neat sketch and explain about it and also
explain effect of acceleration in suction and delivery pipe on indicator diagram.
7.Derive the variation of velocity and acceleration in the suction and delivery pipes due to
acceleration of the piston.
8.prove that work done by the pump is proportional to the area of indicator diagram.
9.A single acting reciprocating pump running at 30 r.p.m delivers 0.012m/s of water. The
diameter of the piston is 25cm and stroke length 50cm .Determine the theoretical discharge of
the pump co- efficient of the pump slip and percentage of slip.
10.The cylinder bore diameter of a single acting reciprocating pump is 150 mm and its stroke is
300mm. the runs at 50 r.p.m and lifts water through a height of 25m. the delivery pipe is 22m
long and 100mm in diameter . find the theoretical discharge and theoretical power required to
run the pump. If the actual discharge is 4.2 find the percentage slip.
UNIT V
1.Indicator diagram shows for one complete revolution of crank
(a) variation of kinetic heat in the cylinder (b)variation of pressure head in the cylinder (c)
variation of kinetic and pressure heat in the cylinder (d) none of the above .
2. Air vessel in a reciprocating pump is used
(a)to obtain a continuous supply of water at uniform rate (b)to reduce suction head (c)to increase
the delivery head (d) none of the above
3. The work saved by fittingan air vessel to a single acting reciprocating pump is
(a)39.2% (b)8404% (c)48.8% (d)92.3%
4. . The work saved by fittingan air vessel to a double acting reciprocating pump is
a)39.2% (b)8404% (c)48.8% (d)92.3%
5.The is
pressure at which separation takes place is known separation pressure or separation
pressure head. For water,the limiting value of separation pressure head
(a)2.5m(abs) (b)7.5m(abs) (c)10.3m(abs) (d)5m(abs)
6.During suction stroke of a reciprocating pump ,the separation may take place
(a)at the end of suction stroke (b)in the middle of suction stroke
(c)in the beginning of suction stroke (d) none of the above.
7.hintensifier is a device used for
(a)storing energy of a fluid in the form of pressure energy
(b) increasing pressure intensity of a liquid
(c)transmitting power from one shaft to another (d) none of above
8.H ydraulic ram is a pump which works
(a) on the principle of water-hammer
(b) on the principle of centrifugal action
(c)on the principle reciprocating action
(d)none of the above
9.Torque converter is a device used for
(a) transmitting same torque to the driven shaft
(b) transmitting increased torque to the driven shaft
(c) ) transmitting decreased torque to the driven shaft
(d) ) transmitting increased or decreased torque to the driven shaft
10.Capacity of a hydraulic accumulator is given as equal to
(a) pressure of water supplied by pump x volume of accumulator
(b) pressure of water x area of accumulator
(c) pressure of water x stroke of the ram accumulator
(d) none of the above
11.Kaplan turbine is a propeller turbine in which the vane fixed on the hub are
(a) non-adjustable (b) adjustable (c) fixed (d) none of the above
12.If the head on the turbine is more than 300m the type of turbine used should be
(a)Kaplan (b)Francis (c) Pelton (c) propeller
13.If the specific speed of a turbine is more than 300, the type of turbine is
(a) ) Pelton (b) Kaplan (c) Francis (d) pelton with more jets
14.Run-away speed of a pelton wheel means
(a) full load speed (b) no load speed (c) no load speed with no governor mechanism
(d)none of the above
15.Surge tank in a pipe line is used to
(a) reduce the loss of head due to friction in a pipe (b) make the flow uniform in pipe
(c)relieve the pressure due to water hammer (d) none of the above
16.Hyddraulic ram is a device used for
(a) storing energy of a water in the form of pressure energy
(b) increasing pressure intensity of water
(c) lifting small quantity of water to a greater height by means of large quantity of water falling
through small height
(d) none of the above
17.For low head and high discharge the suitable turbine is
(a)Pelton (b) Francis (c)Kaplan (d) none of the above
18.For high head and low discharge the suitable turbine is
(a)Pelton (b) Francis (c)Kaplan (d) none of the above
19.The flow of water leaving the impeller in a centrifugal pump is
(a)forced vortex flow (b)free vortex flow (c) centrifugal flow (d) none of the above
20. A current meter is a device used for measuring
(a) velocity (b) viscosity (c) current (d) pressure.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
b a b a a c b a d a b c b c c c c a b a

UNIT-V
TURBINES
1.What are main parts of the reciprocating pump ?
Piston, delivery pipe, suction pipe, connecting rod, suction valve, delivery valve,
2.What is mean by slip?
Slip is defined as the difference between the theoretical discharge and actual discharge is know
as slip.
3.What are types of reciprocating pump?
1.Single acting pump 2. double acting pump
4.What is an air vessel?
An air vessel is a closed chamber containing compressed air in the top portion and liquid at the
bottom of the chamber. There is an opening through which the liquid may flow into the vessel
.when the liquid enters the air vessel ,the air gets compressed further and when the liquid flows
out the vessel .the air will expand in the chamber.
5.What is mean by ideal indicator diagram ?
The graph between pressure head in the cylinder and stroke length of the piston for one complete
revolution of the crank under ideal conditions is known as ideal indicator diagram.
6.Define axial flow reaction turbine
If the water flows parallel to the axis of the rotation of the shaft, the turbine is known as axial
flow turbine. And if the head at the inlet of the turbine is the sum of pressure energy and during
the flow of water through runner a part of pressure energy is converted into kinetic energy the
turbine is known as reaction turbine.
7. Types of draft tubes
1.conical 2. Simple elbow tubes 3. Moody spreading tubes 4. Elbow draft tubes.
8.Define specific speed
It is defined as the speed of a turbine which is identical in shape, geometrical dimensions, blade
angle, gate opening, with the turbine but of such a size that it will develop unit power when
working under unit head.
9.? What are main part of the Kaplan turbine
1. scroll casing 2. Guide vanes mechanism 3. Hub with vanes 4. Draft tube .
10.Define breaking jet
When the nozzle is completely closed by moving the spear in the forward direction, the amount
of water striking the reduces to zero .but the runner due to inertia goes on revolving for a long
time. To stop the runner in a short time, a small time, a small nozzle is provided which directs
the jet of water on the back of the vanes. This jet of water is called breaking jet.
PART=C 16MARKS
1. A Pelton wheel has a mean bucket speed of 10 m/s with a jet of water flowing at the rate of
0.7m/s under a head of 30 m. the bucket deflects the jet through an angle of 160 degree.
Calculate the power given by water to the runner and the hydraulic efficiency of the turbine.
Assume co efficient of velocity as 0.98.
2. Enumerate the losses that occur during the operation of a centrifugal pump.
3. A centrifugal pump with 1.2m diameter, runs at 200 rpm and discharge 1880 l/s an average
lift of 6m. the angle which the vanes make at exit with the tangent to the impeller is 26 and
the radial velocity of flow is 2.5m/s find the manometric efficiency and the least speed to
start the pump aginst the head of 6m. assume the inner diameter of the impeller as 0.6.
4. Derive the work done by the centrifugal pump on water.
5. Give the comparison between impulse and turbine .
6. In a hydroelectric station, water is available at the rate of 175m/s under head of 18m. the
turbine run at a speed of 150 rpm, with over all efficiency of 82%. Find the number of
turbines required , if they have the maximum specific speed of 460.
7. Show that the over all efficiency of a hydraulic turbine is the product of volumetric,
hydraulic and mechanical efficiencies.
8. Draw a schematic diagram of a Francis turbine and explain its construction and working.
9. A centrifugal pump is to discharge 0.12m/s at a speed of 1450 rpm against a head of 25m.
the impeller diameter is 250mm, its width at outlet is 50mm and manometric efficiency is
75% . find the vane angle at the outer periphery of the impeller.
Explain the main parts of a centrifugal pump with neat sketch. Also drive an expression to
calculate work done by the impeller on water