ARMIES UP TO 500 BC

1. Egyptian, Later Predynastic Period (about 3400-3000 BC): 2 Wb3* (club and axmen), 4
Ax3, 4 Ps2 or Bw3, 2 Hd(ax6) or Ax3 (Levies).
2. Mesopotamian, Sumeria (3000-2800 BC): 8 Pk4*, 4 Ps2 (Lehnhoff Note: "This is an
estimated army list; am waiting for Nigel Tallis to send information, as soon as I get further
details List will be updated")
3. Egyptian, Old Kingdom and 1st Interperiod (about 3000 till 2160 BC): 1 Bd4*, 2 Sp4,
2 Sp4 or 2 Bd4, 2 Sp4 or 2 Hd(ax6) (Levie of Gaue), 3 Bw4, 1 Bw4 or Ps2, 1 Ps2 (Ps= Nubian,
Bedouin and/or Libyan).
4. Hill Tribes - Mesopotamian (3000 BC till about 1650 BC): 1 Bw3*, 5 Ax3, 3 Ps2 or Bw3,
3 Ps2.
5. Elam (3000-2600 BC): 1 Bw3*, 11 Ps2 or Bw3.
6. Nubian (3000-750 BC): 1 Bw3, 1 Wb3, 9 Ps2 or Bw3, 1 Ps2 (Psiloi with spears)
7. Early Bedouins (3000-1500 BC): 1 Wb3* or Ax3*, 6 Ax3, 1 Ax3 or Ps2, 4 Ps2.
8. Libyan (3000-74 BC): 1 Wb3* [or from 1250 BC: 1 LCH* (early two horse, later four horse
chariot)], 9 Ps2 or Ax3, 2 Ps2.
9. Mesopotamian, Sumeria (2800-2335 BC): 2 HCH*, 1 LCH* or Bd3* or Bw4 or Ps2, 6 Ax4*,
3 Ps2.
10. Makkan (2800-1300 BC): 3 Bd3, 5 Ax3, 3 Ps2, 1 Ax3 or Ps2.
11. India, Indus Culture (2700-1100 BC): 4 Sp4* or 4 Ax4*, 4 Bw4, 1 Ax3 or El or LH2, 3 Ps2
(Slingers).
12. Elam (2600-2100 BC): 1 HCH* (Sumerian Chariots) or Bw4*, 2 Pk4 (Sumerian Spearmen),
9 Ps2 or Bw3.
13. Syrian, Early States (2500-2200 BC): 1 HCH* or LCH*, 2 Pk4, 2 Ps2, 3 Ps2 or Bw3, 4 Ps2
or Ax3.
14. Northern Beaker Culture (2400-1700 BC): 2 Bd3*, 6 Ax3, 2 Ax3 or Bw3 or Ps2, 2 Ps2.
15. Mesopotamian, Akkad (2334-2279 BC): 1 HCH* or LCH* or Bd3*, 2 Pk4 or Ax4
(House/Royal Troops), 4 Pk4, 3 Ps2, [1 Bd3, 1 Ps2 (House/ Royal Troops)] or 2 Hd(ax6)
(Reserves).
16. Mesopotamian, Guti Tribes (2279-2193 BC): 1 LCH* or Bw4, 2 Pk4 or 2 Ax4 (House/
Royal Troops), 4 Pk4, 1 Ax3 or Ps2 (Guti warriors, 1 Bw3 or Ps2 (Elamite et.al.), 3 Ps2.
17. Mesopotamian, Guti Kingdom (2193 till 2112 BC): 1 LCH* (Platform wagon) or Bw3*, 2
Pk4 (Sumerian-Akkadian Spearmen), 4 Ax3, 2 Ps2 or Bw3, 3 Ps2.
18. Egyptian, Middle Kingdom (about 2160 till 1550 BC): 2 Bd4*, 3 Bw4, 4 Sp4, 1 Ax4 or
Ps2, 2 Ps2 (Nubian, Bedouin and/or Libyan).
19. Mesopotamian, Ur III (2112-2004 BC): 1 LCH* or Bw4, 2 Sp4 or 2 Pk4 or 2 Ax4, 4 Pk4 or
4 Sp4, 1 Ax3 or Ps2 (Highlanders), 1 Ax3 or Bw3 or Ps2 (Highlanders, Elamite), 3 Ps2. From
2027 must use 4 Sp4 units
20. Elam (2100-1400 BC): 1 LCH* (Platform wagon), 1 Bw4* or Ps2 or Bw3, 10 Ps2 or Bw3.

21. Mesopotamian, Sumerian Successor and Dynasty of the Sealand (2027-1460 BC): 1
LCH* or Bw4*, 6 Sp4, 1 Ps2 or Bw3 (Elamite), 1 Bw3 (Highlanders), 1 Ax3 (Amorite et. al.), 3
Ps2.
22. China, Hsia and Shang (2000-1300 BC): [(before 1300 BC) 1 Bw4*] or [(from 1300 BC) 1
LCH* or HCH*], 4 Sp4 or 4 Bd4, 6 Bw3 or Ps2, 1 Bw3 or Ps2 or El.
23. China, Early Northern Barbarian (2000-315 BC): 2 Wb3* or [(1100-950 BC) 1 LCH*, 1
Wb3] or [(from 450 BC) 1 Cv3* or LH2*, 1 LH2], 8 Wb3, 2 Ps2.
also see: China, Red Di
24. Mesopotamian, Later Amorite, Old Babylonian and Old Assyrian Period (1894-1595
BC): 1 LCH* or Bw4*, 4 Bd3, 2 Ax4 or Ps2, 2 Ax3 (Nomads), 3 Ps2.
25. Syrian, Later States (1700-1100 BC): 3 LCH*, 1 Bw4 or Sp4 (House/ Royal Troops), 4 Ax3
or Hd (ax6) or Ps2, 2 Ps2, 2 Ps2 or Bw3
also see: Syrian, Ugarit
26. Hittites, Old and Middle Kingdom (1680-1380 BC): 3 LCH*, 1 Bd3, 3 Ax4, 3 Ps2, 1 Ps2
or Bw3, 1 Ax3 or Hd (ax6) (Levies).
27. Mesopotamian, Early Kassite i.e. Hill Tribes (1650-1000 BC): 1 LCH*, 5 Ax3, 3 Ps2 or
Bw3, 3 Ps2.
28. Egyptian, Hyksos (1650-1350 BC): 3 LCH*, 4 Ax3 or Hd (ax6) or Ps2, 2 Ps2, 1 Ps2 or Bw3,
[1 LCH, 1 Ax3 or Ps2, 1 Ps2 or Bw3] or [2 Sp4, 1 Bw4 (Egyptian)].
29. Mitanni (1600-1250 BC): 6 LCH*, 2 Ax4 or 2 Sp4, 1 Ps2 or Bw4, 2 Hd(ax6) or Ax3 or Ps2,
1 Ps2.
30. Greece, Minoan and Mycenaean (1600-1250 BC): 3 HCH*, 4 Pk4, 1 Ax3, 4 Ps2.
31. North European, Bronze Age (1600-1200 BC): 1 LCH* or Wb3*, 2 Wb3 or (1 Bd3, 1 Ps2),
6 Wb3, 2 Ps2, 1 Hd(ax6) (Camp Followers etc.).
32. Mesopotamian, Kassite and Later Babylonian Dynasties (1595-747 BC): 2 LCH*, 1 LCH
or LH2 [or (after 890 BC) HCH*], 5 Ax3, 3 Ps2, 1 Ps2 or Bw3.
33. Egyptian, New Kingdom (1550-1070 BC): 3 LCH*, 2 Sp4, 2 Bw4, 1 Bd4, [1 Ax4, 1 Ps2] or
[1 Wb3, 1 Ps2] or [1 Ax4, 1 Wb3], 2 Ps2. Before 1279 BC ability to replace 2 Sp4 with Bd3
units.
34. Early Bedouins (1500-1000 BC): 1 LCH* or Cm3*, 6 Ax3, 1 Ax3 or Ps2, 4 Ps2.
35. India, Vedic Period (1500-500 BC): [till 900 BC: 1 LCH*, 1 Bw3, 1 Hd (ax6)] or [later: 1
HCH*, 1 El or Bw3, 1 Ps2 (Slingers)], 2 LCH, 1 Cv3, 6 Bw3.
36. Elam (1400-800 BC): 1 LCH* (Chariot), 1 LH2 or Ps2 or Bw3, 10 Ps2 or Bw3.
37. Hittites (1380-1200 BC): 3 HCH*, 2 LCH (Syrian or Anatolian), 2 Ax4, 1 Ax3 or Wb3
(anatolian vassals), 2 Hd(ax6) (Syrian spearmen), 1 Ps2 or Bw3 (Syrian archers), 1 Ps2
(anatolian archers).
38. Mesopotamian, Middle Assyrian Kingdom (1365-860 BC): 2 LCH*, 2 Bd3, 2 Ax3, 4 Ps2,
2 Ps2 or Bw3.

39. Syrian, Ugarit (1340-1200 BC): 1 HCH*, 2 LCH, 2 Bw4 or Sp4 (House/ Royal Troops), 1
Wb3 or Bd3 (Sherdan), 4 Ax3 or Hd(ax6) or Ps2, 2 Ps2, 1 Ps2 or Bw3.
40. Makkan (1300-313 BC): 8 Wb3*, 3 Bw3, 1 Ps2.
41. Northern Europe, Urn Field Culture(1300-700 BC): 1 LCH* or Wb3*, 8 Wb3, 1 Wb3 or
Ps2, 2 Ps2.
42. Greece, Later Myceneaen (1250-1150 BC): 2 LCH*, 6 Ax3 or 6 Ax4 or [ 4 Ax3, 2 Pk4
(Pylian)] or [4 Ax4, 2 Pk4 (Pylian)], 2 Ps2, 1 Ps2 or Bw3, 1 Wb3 (Myrmidons).
43. Early Hebrew (1250-1000 BC): 8 Ax3*, 1 Wb3 (Simeonite and Ephraimite), 2 Ps2, 1 Ps2 or
Bw3 (Benjaminite).
44. Sea Peoples (1231-1165 BC): 1 LCH* or Wb3* or Bd3*, 1 Wwg (Ox carts) or Wb3, 1 Bd3,
8 Wb3, 1 Ps2.
45. Philistine (1165-975 BC): 2 LCH*, 4 Sp4, 4 Ax3 or Ps2, 1 Ps2 or Bw3, 1 LH2 (Scouts) or Ax3
(Gibborim) or Ps2 (Slingers).
46. Greece, Dark Age till Geometric Period (1150-700 BC): 1 LCH*, 1 Cv3*, 8 Ax3, 2 Ps2.
47. Syrian, Neo-Hittite and Aramaean States (1100-901 BC): 2 LCH*, 1 Cm3, 5 Ax3, 2 Ps2
or Bw3, 2 Ps2.
48. China, Western Chou Dynasty (1100-770 BC): 2 HCH*, 4 Sp4 or Bd4, 4 Bw3 or Bw4, 1
Bd3, 1 Ps2.
49. Early Pre-Islamic Arabs(1000-313 BC): 2 Cm3*, 1 LH2 (Scouts on Camels), 5 Ax3, 3 Ps2,
1 Ps2 or Bw3.
50. Italian Villanovan Culture (1000-650 BC): 1 Cv3*, [(before 800 BC) 10 Wb3] or [(from
800 BC) 6 Wb4, 4 Ax3], 1 Ps2.
51. Later Hebrew (1000-587 BC): 1 LCH* [or (after 800 BC) 1 HCH*], 1 LCH, 1 Cv3 or LH2 or
Cm3 or Sp4, 1 Ax4 or Ax3, 5 Ax3, 2 Ps2 or Bw3, 1 Ps2.
52. Cypriot (1000-496 BC): [(before 900 BC) 2 LCH*] or [(from 900 BC) 1 HCH*, 1 HCH or Cv3],
6 Sp4, 2 Ps2 or Bw3, 2 Ps2.
53. Italian Hill Tribes(1000-290 BC): 1 Cv3*, 10 Ax3 or 10 Wb3, 1 Ps2. Umbrian, Samnite and
Hernicinot allowed to use Wb3.
54. Mannaian (950-610 BC): 1 LCH*, 2 Cv3, 5 Ax3, 3 Ps2 or Bw3, 1 Ps2.
55. Egyptian, Libyan Dynasties (945-700 BC): 3 LCH* or [2 HCH*, 1 Cv3], 1 Cv3, 1 Wb3 (Sea
peoples), 2 Ps2, [1 Bd4 (Guard), 1 Ps2, 1 Wb3 (Sea peoples)] or [2 Sp4, 1 Bw4 (Egyptian)],
2 Ps2 or 2 Sp4 (Libyan).
56. Syrian: Neo-Hittite and Aramaean States (900-710 BC): 2 HCH*, 2 LCH [or after 750 BC:
2 HCH], 1 Cm3 or Sp4 or Ax4, 3 Ax3, 2 Ps2 or Bw3, 2 Ps2.
57. Urartu (880-781 BC): 1 LCH*, 1 LCH or Cv3, 1 Cv3, 7 Ax3, 2 Ps2.
58. Mesopotamian, Early Neo-Assyrian Kingdom (860-745 BC): 1 HCH* or LCH*, 2 LCH, 1
Cv3, 1 Bd3, 2 Ax3, 3 Ps2, 2 Ps2 or Bw3.
59. Early Persian States (835-621 BC): 3 Cv3*, 4 Sp4, 5 Ps2.
60. Phrygian (800-676 BC): 1 LCH*, 1 Cv3, 6 Ax3, 2 Ps2, 1 Ps2 or Bw3.
61. Elam, Neo-Kingdom (800-639 BC): 1 HCH* or LCH*, 2LCH or Bw3 (Kallapani chariot), 1
LH2, 7 Bw3, 1Ps2.
62. China, Red Di (788-588 BC): 5 Wb3*, 5 Hd(ax6) (Unmotivated or poorly equipped
soldiers), 2 Bw3 or Ps2.

also see: China, Early Northern Barbarian

63. Urartu 780-585 BC: 1 HCH*, 1 LCH, 2 Cv3, 1 Sp4 or Ax4 (Guards) or Ax3, 5 Ax3, 2 Ps2.
64. China, Spring and Autumn(770-480 BC):
Northern States (Chou, Qin, et.al.): 3 HCH*, [4 Sp4, 3 Bw3 or Bw4, 1 Bw3 or Bw4 or Bd3]
or [(from 550 BC) 3 Bd4, 3 Bw3 or Bw4, 1 Wb3 (Northern Barbarian) or Bd3, 1 Ps2], 1 Ps2.
Wu and Yue: 1 HCH*, [4 Sp4, 4 Bw3 or Bw4, 1 Wb3 (Convicts) or Bd3] or [(from 550 BC) 1
HCH, 3 Bd4, 3 Bw3 or Bw4, 1 Wb3, 1 Bd3], 1 Ps2, 1 Wb3 (southern Barbarian).
Chu: 3 HCH*, [4 Sp4, 3 Bw3 or Bw4, 1 Bw3 or Bw4 or Bd3] or [(from 550 BC) 3 Bd4, 3 Bw3
or Bw4, 1 Wb3 (southern Barbarian) or Bd3 or 1 Exp (stampeding Elephants), 1 Ps2], 1 Ps2.
65. Cimmerian, Skythian and Early Hu (750-50 BC): 1 Cv3* [or (Skythian from 300 BC) Kn3*],
8 LH2, 3 LH2 or [1 Ax3 or Hd(ax6), 2 Ps2].
66. Mesopotamian, Babylon under the Assyrians (746-626 BC): 2 HCH*, 1 Cv3, 1 Cv3 or
Ax4 or Sp4, 8 Bw3 or Ps2.
67. Mesopotamian, Later Neo-Assyrian Kingdom (745-681 BC): 2 HCH*, 2 Cv3, 1 Ax4 [or
(before 704 BC) Bd3 or (from 704 BC) Sp4], 1 Ax4, 1 Ax4 or Ax3 or Ps2, 3 Ax3 or Ps2, 2 Ps2.
68. Egyptian, Kushite Dynasty (712-664 BC): 2 HCH*, 2 Cv3, 2 Wb3, 2 Bw3 or Ps2, 1 Ps2, [2
Bw3 or Ps2, 1 Ps2] or [2 Sp4, 1 Bw4 (Egyptian)].
69. Greece, Archaicand Early Classical Period (700-450 BC):
Greece, other than Phokian, Aitolian and Acharnanian: 10 Sp4*, 1 Ps2, 1 Ps2 or Cv3.
Phokian, Aitolian and Acharnanian: 4 Sp4*, 6 Ps2, 2 Ps2 or Sp4.
Italian Greeks: 1 Cv3*, 1 Cv3 or LH2, 8 Sp4, 1 Ps2 or Ax3, 1 Ps2.
70. Illyrian (700 BC - 10 AD): 1 LH2*, 8 Ax3*, 2 Ps2, 1 Ax3 or Ps2.
71. Thracian (700 BC - 46 AD): 1 Cv3*, 2 LH2, 6 Ax3*, 3 Ps2.
72. Vietnam (700 BC - 135 AD): [2 Wb3*, 1 Bw3, 1 Ps2 or Ax3 (Hill Tribes)] or [(only206-111
BC) 1 HCH* or Cv3*, 2 Sp4, 1 Bw4], 4 Wb3, 3 Bw3, 1 Ps2.
73. Lydian (687-546 BC): 1 Kn3* or LCH*, 1 Kn3, 1 LH2, 1 LH2 or Ps2, 2 Sp4, 6 Ax3.
74. Mesopotamian, New Assyrian Kingdom (680-609 BC): 2 HCH*, 2 Cv3, 2 Sp4, 1 Ax4 or
Ax3, 4 Ps2, 1 LCH or Ax4 (Kallapani chariot) or Bw4 (Elamite or Egyptian).
75. Egyptian, Saitic Dynasty (660-525 BC): 1 HCH*, 1 Cv3 or LH2, 2 Sp4 (Hoplites), 4 Sp4
(Egyptian), 2 Bw4, 2 Ps2.
76. Early Macedonian (650-355 BC): 1 Cv3* or Kn3*, 8 Ax3, 2 Sp4, 1 Ps2.
77. Italian, Umbrian (650-290 BC): 1 Cv3*, 9 Ax3, 2 Ps2.
78. Italian, Early Latin (650-400 BC, incl. Rome till 578 BC): 1 Cv3*, 10 Sp4, 1 Ps2.
79. Italian, Etruscans (650-450 BC): 1 LCH*, 1 Cv3, 8 Sp4, 2 Ps2.

80. Kyrenean Greeks (630-314 BC): 2 LCH*, 6 Sp4, 4 Ps2.

81. Mesopotamian, Babylon Kingdom (625-539 BC): 2 HCH*, 1 Cv3, 1 Cv3 or LH2 (Skythian),
2 Sp4 (Guards and/or Hoplites) or Cm3 (Arab), 6 Bw3.
82. Mede Kingdom (620-550 BC): 3 Cv3*, 4 Sp4, 2 Bw3, 2 Ps2, 1 LH2 (Kaspian or Parikanian)
or Ax3 (Armenian).
83. Kushite Kingdom in Merok (590 BC - 350 AD): 1 Cv3* [or (from 300 BC) El*], 1 Cv3, 6
Wb3, 3 Bw3, 1 Ps2.
84. Rome after the reforms of Servius Tullius (578(?)-400 BC): 2 Cv3*, 6 Sp4*, 2 Ax4 or 2
Ps2, 2 Ps2.
85. Persian: Early Achaemenid (550-465 BC): 1 LCH* or Cv3*, 1 Cv3, 1 LH2, 1 LH2 or Ax3, 4
Bw4, 1 Bw3, 1 Ps2, 2 Bw4 or [(from 546 BC) 1 Sp4 (Egyptian or Greece) or Ax4 (Egyptian
Marines), 1 Sp4 (Lydianor Greece)or Ps2].
86. Carthage, Early Period (550-275 BC): 2 HCH* or Cv3*, 1 LH2, 4 Sp4, 1 Ax3 (Spanish), 2
Ps2, 1 Ax4 (Campanian) or Wb3 (Gallic), 1 Ax3 (Spanish or Ligurian) or Ps2 (Ligurian or
Sardinian) or Wb3 (Gallic).
87. Lykian (546-300 BC): 1 Cv3* [or (till 500 BC) LCH*], 1 Bd3, 6 Ax3, 2 Sp4 (Hoplites) or Ax3,
2 Ps2.
88. Paionian (512-284 BC): 1 LH2*, 10 Ax3 or Ps2, 1 Ps2.

ARMIES FROM 500 BC-499 AD

1. Republican Indian (500-321 BC): 2 HCH*, 2 Cv3*, 2 Bd4, 6 Bw3.
2. Northwest Mountain Indian (500-170 BC): 1 El* or LH2* or Ax3*, 2 LH2, 4 Ax3, 4 Bw3 or
Ps2, 1 Bd4 (Indian mercenaries)
3. ClassicalIndian--Pre-Maurya (500-321 BC): 2 El*, 1 HCH or LCH, 1 Cv3, 2 Bd4, 5 Bw3, 1
Ps2.
4. China--Warring States Period (475-221 BC) and Qin Dynasty (221-207 BC):
Yue (until 333 BC): 2 HCH*, 4 Sp4, 2 Bw4, 1 Bd3, 1 Ps2, 1 Wb3 (southern Barbarian), 1 Wb3 or
Ps2.
Han (until 230 BC): 2 HCH*, 2 LH2, 4 Sp4 or 4 Bd4, 2 Bw4 (crossbow or bowmen), 2 Ps2.
Zhao (until 228 BC): 2 HCH*, 3 LH2, 4 Bd4 or 4 Sp4, 2 Bw4 (crossbow or bowmen), 1 Ps2.
Chu (until 223 BC): 2 HCH*, 1 LH2, 4 Sp4, 3 Bw4 (crossbow or bowmen), 1 Wb3, 1 Ps2.
Yan (until 222 BC) and Wei (until 225 BC): 2 HCH*, 2 LH2, 1 Bd4, 4 Sp4, 2 Bw4 (crossbow or
bowmen), 1 Ps2.
Qi (until 221 BC): 2 HCH*, 1 LH2, 1 Bd4, 4 Sp4, 2 Bw4 (crossbow or bowmen), 1 Ps2, 1 EXP.
Qin: 1 HCH*, 1 HCH or Cv3, 2 LH2, 1 Bd4, [(before 221 BC) 4 Wb3, 2 Bw3] or [4 Bd4 or 4 Sp4, 2
Bw4] or [(after 210 BC) 2 Bd4 or 2 Sp4, 1 Bw4, 3 Hd(ax6) (peasants, hurriedly armed forced labor)],
1 Ps 2.
5. Middle Achaemenid Persian (465-405 BC): 1 LCH* or Cv3*, 1 Cv3, 2 LH2, 2 Bw4 (Persian
Infantry), 1 Bw3 (archers with shield), 3 Ax3 (Persian Peltasts.), 1 Ps2, 2 Sp4 (Egyptian, Karian
and/or Greek).
6. Middle Hoplite Greece (450-211 BC):
Athens (until 275 BC): 1 Cv3*, 6 Sp4, 2 Ax4, 2 Ps2, 1 Ps2 or LH2.
Theban and Boetian (until 275 BC): 1 Cv3*, 6 Sp4*, 3 Ax4, 2 Ps2.
Sparta (until 275 BC): 8 Sp4*, 2 Ps2, 2 Ax4 or [1 Cv3, 1 Ps2 or Ax4].
Aitolian and Phokian (until 275 BC): 2 Sp4*, 2 Sp4 or Ps2, 1 Ax4 or Ps2, 5 Ps2, 1 Ps2 or LH2
(Atolian) or Art (Phokian).
Syracusan (until 211 BC): 2 Cv3*, 1 LH2, 4 Sp4, 1 Ax3 (Iberian or Ligurian), 3 Ps2, 1 Wb3 (Gallic).
Tarentian (until 280 BC): 1 Cv3*, 2 LH2, 6 Sp4, 2 Ax4, 1 Ps2.
Thessalian (until 321 BC): 1 Cv3*, 1 LH2 or Cv3, 2 Sp4, 4 Ax4, 4 Ps2.
7. Italian, Etruscan (450-280) BC: 2 Cv3*, 2 Bd4, 4 Sp4, 2 Bd4 or Sp4, 2 Ps2.
8. Bithynian (435-74 BC): 1 Cv3*, 1 LH2, 4 Ax3, 2 Ps2, [3 Ax3, 1 Ps2] or [(after 278 BC) 2 Wb3
(Galatian) or 2 Ax3, 2 Pk4 or 2 Ax3].
9. Italian, Apulian (420-203 BC): 2 Cv3*, 8 Ax4, 2 Ps2.
10. Italian, Bruttian (420-202 BC) and Lucanian (420-206 BC): 1 Cv3*, 8 Ax4, 1 Ax4 or Ps2,
2 Ps2.
11. Italian, Campanian (420-340 BC): 1 Cv3*, 1 Cv3 or Ax4, 4 Ax4, 4 Sp4, 2 Ps2.
12. Later Achaemenid Persian (405-330 BC): 1 LCH* or Cv3* [or (only 330 BC) Kn3*], 2 Cv3,
1 LH2, 1 Ax3 or LH2, 2 Sp4 (Guards, Greek, Karian, Egyptian and/or Kardakian), 2 Ps2 or [1
Exp (Scythed Chariot), 1 Ax3 or Hd(ax6)] or [(only until 333 BC) 2 Sp4], 1 Ax3 or Hd(ax6), 1
Ax3 or [(only 330 BC) Bw3 (Indian and/or Mardian)], 1 Ps2.

13. Egyptian, 28th-30th. Dynasties (405-343 BC): [1 Cv3*, 1 Cv3 or Ax4 (Greek Peltasts) or
Ps2] or 2 Sp4, 6 Sp4*, 2 Bw4, 2 Ps2. If the General is Sp must be represented by a Greek, if
General is a Cv then he can be either Greek or Egyptian.
14. Italian, Latin (400-338 BC): 2 Cv3*, 2 Bd4, 4 Sp4, 4 Ps2.
15. Camillan Rome (400-274 BC): 1 Cv3*, 2 Bd4, 4 Sp4, 1 Ax4 (Italian), 3 Ps2, 1 Wwg (AntiElephant carts) or 1 Ps2.
16. Gallic (400-50 BC): 2 LCH* or Cv3*, 1 Cv3, 8 Wb3, 1 Ps2.
17. Macedonian of Philip II. (355-320 BC): 1 Kn3*, 1 Cv3, 1 LH2, 4 Pk4, 2 Sp4 (Hypaspists
and/or Mercenaries), 2 Ax4 or Ax3, 1 Ps2.
18. Italian, Samnite (355-272 BC): 1 Cv3*, 11 Ax4.
19. Ariarathid Kappadokian (330-322 BC) and (300 BC - 17 ad): 2 Cv3*, 1 LH2, 5 Ax3, 2 Ps2
or Bw3, [1 Cv3, 1 Ax3] or [(330-322 BC) 2 Sp4] or [(from 255 BC) 2 Wb4 (Galatian)].
20. Macedonian of Alexander (328-320 BC): 1 Kn3*, 1 LH2, 4 Pk4, 1 Ax4, 2 Ps2, [1 Kn3 or
LH2, 1 Ax3, 1 Art or El] or [(after 324 BC) 1 LH2 or Ps2, 1 Ps2, 1 Bw4 (mixed Phalanx)].
21. Indian Maurya Dynasty (321-180 BC): 2 El*, 1 LCH, 1 Cv3, 4 Bw4, 2 Bd4, 1 Bw3 (irregular
archers), 1 Ps2 or Hd(ax6) or 1 Ax3 (NW-Indian).
22. Asiatic Early Successor (320-300 BC):
Antigonos (until 301 BC) and Demetrios: 1 Kn3*, 1 LH2, 4 Pk4, 1 Ax4, 3 Ps2, [1 Kn3, 1 El or LH2]
or [(Demetrios in Greece) 2 Sp4 (Athenian volunteer hoplites)] or [(Demetrios of Rhodes) 1 Wwg
(Siege towers), 1 Ps2 (Pirates)].
Eumenes (until 316 BC): 2 Kn3*, 1 LH2, 4 Pk4, 1 Ax4, 2 Ps2, [1 Ps2, 1 Ps2 or Cv3] or [1 El, 1 Bw3
(Indian)].
23. Lysimachid (320-281 BC): 1 Kn3*, 1 LH2, 2 Pk4, 2 Pk4 or 2 Sp4, 1 Ax4, 3 Ax3 (Thracian), 2
Ps2.
24. Successors in Macedonia (320-260 BC): 1 Kn3*, 1 Cv3 or LH2, 2 Pk4, 2 Pk4 or 2 Ax4, 1
Ax4, 3 Ps2, 1 El or Art, 1 Ax3 or Sp4 or [(after 277 BC) Wb4 (Galatian)].
25. Seleucid until Seleucus IV. (320-175 BC): 1 Kn3*, 1 Kn3 [or (from 205 BC) Kn4], 1 El or
Exp (scythed Chariot), 1 LH2, 4 Pk4, 2 Ax3 or Ax4, 2 Ps2.
26. Ptolemaic until Gabinius Expedition (320-55 BC): 1 Kn3*, 1 Cv3 or LH2, 4 Pk4, 2 Pk4 or
[(after 167 BC) 1 Bd4, 1 Ps2], 1 Ax4, 1 Ax3 (Thracian or Atolian), 1 Ps2, 1 Ps2 or El [or (after
274 BC) Wb4 (Galatian)].
27. Ch'iang and Ti (315 BC - 417 ad): 1 Cv3* or LH2* [or (after 304 ad) Kn4], 1 Cv3 or LH2, 8
Ax3, 2 Bw3 or Ps2.
also see: China, Period of 16 Northern States (304-439), and the Southern (317-589) and Northern
Dynasties (385-581)
28. Kyrenaean Greek (313-74 BC): 1 Kn3* [or (until 274 BC) LCH*], 1 Ps2 or Cv3 [or (until 274
BC) LCH], 4 Sp4, 2 Sp4 or 2 Pk4 or 2 Ax4, 4 Ps2.
29. Nabataean Arab (312 BC - 106 ad): 1 x 3Cv* (or from 250 BC: 3Kn*), 2 x 2LH (horse
archers), 1 x 4Bd, 2 x 3Ax or 2Ps (javelinmen), 2 x 3Bw or 2 Ps (or from 250 BC: 4Bw), 3 x
3Bw or 2Ps (archers), 1 x 2Ps (slingers).
30. Later PreIslamic Arabs (312 BC - 633 ad):
Nomads: 2 x 2LH* (warriors), 1 x 2LH (camel scouts), 3 x 3Cm (Camel mounted warriors), 4 x 4Bd,
1 x 3Bw or 2Ps (archers), 1 x 2Ps (slingers).

Others: 1 x 3Cv*, 1 x 2LH (Nomads), 1 x 3Cm (Nomads), 4 x 4Bd (or, if Yemen: 4 x 3Ax), 1 x 4Bd or
Hd (Ax6) (or, if Yemen: 3Ax), 2 x 3Bw or 2Ps (archers), 2 x 2Ps (slingers and mercenary javelinmen).
31. Bosporan (310 BC - 100 ad): 6 Kn3*, 6 Kn3 or [2 Ax4, 3 Ax3, 1 Ps2].
32. Early Rhoxolani Sarmatian (310 BC - 100 ad): 2 Kn3*, 1 Kn3 or Ps2 or Bw3, 6 Cv3, 2 Cv3
or Ps2 or Bw3, 1 LH2.
33. Siracae, Iazyges and Later Rhoxolani Sarmatian (310 BC - 357 ad): 9 Kn3*, 2 Kn3 or
Ps2, 1 Kn3 or LH2.
34. Early Armenian (300 BC - 428 ad): 2 Kn4*, 4 LH2 [or (from 220 ad) Cv3], 4 Ax3 or Ps2, 2
Ps2 or Bw3.
also see: Tigranic Armenian
35. Ancient Iberians (300 BC - 580 ad): [before 220: 2 Kn3*, 2 LH2] or [Later: 1 Kn4* or Cv3*,
3 LH2 or Cv3], 6 Ax3, 2 Ps2.
36. Epirus, Pyrrhic (300-272 BC): 1 Kn3* [or (from 280 BC) Cv3*], 1 Cv3 (Italian or Thessalian),
1 LH2 (Tarentian or NW-Greek), 4 Pk4, 1 Ps2, 1 El, {(until 280 BC) 3 Ps2 or [2 Ps2, 1 Ax3
(NW-Greek)]} or [(280-275 BC) 1 Ps2 or Ax4, 2 Sp4 (Italian Greek)] or [(after 275 BC) 1 Ps2,
2 Wb3 (Galatian)]. General must be Cv3 after 275 BC.
37. China, Tien and K'un-ming (295 BC - 45 ad): 2 Cv3*, 1 LH2, 2 Bd4, 4 Pk4, 1 Bw3 or Bw4,
1 Wb3 (southern Barbarian), 1 Ps2.
38. Galatian (280-35 BC): 1 Cv3* or [(until 48 BC) LCH*], 2 Cv3, 6 Wb4, 2 Wb4 or [(after 48
BC) 2 Bd4 (Legionaries)], 1 Ps2.
39. Hellenistic Greek (275-146 BC):
Achaian: 1 Kn3*, 1 LH2, [(until 208 BC) 4 Ax4, 2 Ax4 or Sp4] or [(from 208 BC) 4 Pk4, 2 Pk4 or Ax4],
2 Ps2, [1 Ps2 or Ax3 (Illyrian), 1 Ps2] or [(only 146 BC) 2 Pk4 (Slaves)].
Atolian: 2 LH2*, 2 Ax4, 2 Ax4 or Ps2, 6 Ps2.
Sparta: 1 Cv3, 1 LH2, [(until 225 BC) 4 Sp4, 4 Ax4] or [(after 225 BC) 6 Pk4, 2 Ax4], 2 Ps2.
40. Carthage of the Punic Wars (275-146 BC): 2 Cv3*, 1 LH2, 2 Sp4, 2 Sp4 or [1 Ax3 or Ax4,
1 LH2], 1 Ax3 or Ax4 [or (until 202 BC) El], 2 Wb3 or Ax4, 2 Ps2.
41. Middle Republic Roman (275-105 BC): 2 Cv3*, 6 Bd4*, 2 Sp4*, 2 Ps2.
42. Attalid Pergamon (263-129 BC): 1 Kn3*, 1 LH2, 4 Ax4, 2 Ps2, 1 Ps2 or Art, [1 Kn3, 1 Ax4
or Ax3, 1 Ax4 or Ax3 or Ps2] or [1 Cv3, 2 Wb4 (Galatian)].
43. Later Macedonian (260-148 BC): 2 Cv3*, 2 Pk4 or [1 LH2, 1 Wb4 (Galatian) or Ax3
(Thracian or Illyrian)], 4 Pk4, 2 Ax4, 2 Ps2.
44. Bactrian Greek (250-130 BC): 1 Cv3*, 2 Kn3, 3 LH2, [1 Cv3, 2 Kn3, 3 LH2] or [2 Pk4, 2 Ax3
or Ax4, 2 Ps2].
45. Parthian (250 BC - 225 ad): 3 Kn4*, 5 LH2, [2 Ax3, 2 Ps2] or [1 Kn4 or (only after 216 ad)
Cm3, 3 LH2].
46. Hsiung-Nu (250 BC - 303 ad): 1 Cv3*, 6 LH2, [4 LH2, 1 LH2 or Ps2] or [(until 100 BC) 4
Ax3, 1 Bw3 or Ps2 (Ch'iang and Ti)] or [(Kang-chu 30 BC) 2 LH2, 1 Sp4, 1 Ps2].
Also see:China, Period of 16 Northern States (304-439), and the Southern (317-589) and Northern
Dynasties (385-581)
47. Iberian, Celtiberian and Lusitanian (240-20 BC): 1 Cv3*, 1 LH2, 5 Ax3 (Iberian or
Lusitanian) or 5 Wb3 (Celtiberian), 1 Ax3 or Ps2 or (non-Lusitanian) Wb3, 4 Ps2.
Also see: Sertorius Spanish

48. Numidian and Early Moorish (215 BC - 25 ad): 6 LH2, 4 Ps2, 2 Ps2 [or (213-203 BC) 2
Ax4].
Also see: Numidian under Juba I.
49. China, Western Han-, Chin- and Eastern Han-Dynasties (206 BC - 188): 3 Cv3*, 2 LH2,
[(after 150 BC) 1 Cv3, 6 LH2] or {4 Bw4 or [2 Sp4, 2 Ps2] (regular infantry), 1 Bd4, 1 Ax4, 1
Ps2}. During the Western Han-Dynastie (until 9 ad) the General may also be represented
as Hch unit replacing 1 Cv3.
Also see:.China, Remnant Han (189-220), Three Kingdoms (220-265) and western Ts'in (266-313)
50. India between Maurya and Gupta Dynasties (180 BC - 306 ad): 2 El*, 1 LCH or Cv3, 1
Cv3, 1 LH2 (Sakae), 4 Bw3, 2 Bd4, 1 Bw3 or Ps2 or Wwg (Ox- or camel wagon) or EXP
(Stampeding cattle or camels).
51. Later Seleucid (175-83 BC): 1 Kn3*, 1 Kn4 or Cv3, 1 LH2, 2 Pk4, 2 Pk4 or [1 Bd4, 1 Ax4], 2
Ax4, 1 Ax4 or LH2, 2 Ps2.
52. Tamil Indian (175 BC - 1336 ad): 2 El*, 6 x 3Wb (up to 300 AD) or 6 x 3Bd (after 300 AD),
2 x 3Bw, 1 x 2 Ps or 3Ax (wild tribesmen), 1 x 3Cv (chariots or cavlry) or 2Ps or 3Ax (more
tribesmen).
52.1 Sinhalese (175 BC - 1515 AD): 1 WWg** or El**, 1 El, 6 x 3Bw, 4 x 3Wb (up to 300 AD) or 4
x 3Bd (after 300 AD).
53. Indian Greek (170-55 BC): 2 Cv3* (Greek and Indian), 1 LH2 (NW-Indian), 1 El, 2 Pk4, 3
Bw3 (Indian), 1 Bd3 (Indian), 1 Ax3 (NW-Indian), 1 Ps2.
54. Maccabean Jewish (168-104 BC): 2 Ax3, 2 Ps2, 1 Ps2 or Bw3, [1 LH2* or Ax3*, 2 Ax3, 1
Ps2, 1 Ps2 or Bw3, 2 Ps2 or Hd(ax6)] or [1 Kn3*, 1 LH2*, 1 LH2 or Ps2, 4 Ax4].
55. Commagene (163 BC - 17 ad) and (38-72): 1 Kn4*, 2 LH2, 1 LH2 or Bw3, 2 Pk4, 1 Ax4, 4
Bw3, 1 Ps2.
56. 1st Sicilian Slave Revolt (135-132 BC): 4 Ax3*, 5 Hd(ax6), 1 Hd(ax6) or Bd3 (axmen), 2
Ps2 (Herdsmen).
57. Kushan and Successor States (135 BC - 410 ad): 2 Kn4*, 3 LH2, [1 Kn4, 5 LH2] or [1 Kn4,
2 LH2, 1 Bd4, 1 Ax3, 1 Ax3 or Ps2 (kushan Infantry)] or [2 LH2, 2 Pk4, 1 Ax3, 1 Bw3 or Ps2
(Greek and NW-Indian)] or [1 LH2 or 2 Pk4, 1 Cv3, 2 Bw3, 1 Bd4 (Indian and Greek)].
57.1 Hatra (126 BC - 225 AD): 1 x 4Kn* (cataphracts), 1 x 3Cm (cataphract camels), 2 x 2LH (horse
archers), 1 x 4Bd (swordsmen), 2 x 3Ax or 2 Ps (javelinmen), 4 x 3Bw or 2Ps (archers), 1 x 2Ps
(slingers) (or from 100 AD: Art).
58. Early German (115 BC - 200 ad): 1 LH2* (Tencteri) or Cv3* or Ps2, 10 Wb3*
(Cherusci,Batavian) or 10 Wb4*, 1 Ps2.
Also see: Revolt of Julius Civilis
59. Mithridatic Pontic 110-47 BC: 1 Kn3 (Bosporanian, Sarmatian), 1 Cv3*, 1 LH2, {(until 84
BC) 1Exp (scythed Chariot) or Ps2 or Wb4, 2 Pk4, 2 Pk4 or [(only 86 BC) 1 Bd4 (Italian
Deserters), 1 Ax3 or Ps2], 1 Ps2} or [(after 84 BC) 4 Bd4, 2 Ps2], 2 Ax3 or Ps2, 1 Ax3 or Ax4
or Wb4 (Galatian) or [(after 63 BC) Exp (scythed Chariot)].
60. Marian Roman (105-25 BC): 2 Cv3*, 8 Bd4, 1 Ps2, 1 Ps2 or LH2 or Ax3.
61. Early Hasmonean Jewish (103-63 BC): 1 Kn3*, 1 LH2, 4 Ax4, 1 Ax4 or Hd(ax6), 2 Ps2 or
Bw3, 3 Ps2.

62. 2nd Sicilian Slave Revolt (103-99 BC): 1 Cv3*, 2 Bd4, 4 Hd(ax6), 2 Ps2 (Herdsmen), 1 Ax3
(Bandit) or LH2.
63. Tigranic Armenian (83-69 BC): 2 Kn4*, 3 LH2, 2 Ax3 or Ps2, 1 Ps2 or Bw3, 2 Pk4, 1 Bd4, 1
Hd(ax6).
64. Sertorius Spanish (80-72 BC): 1 Cv3*, 1 LH2 or Cv3, 2 Bd4, [2 Bd4 or 2 Ax4, 3 Ax3
(Iberian/Lusitanian), 1 Wb3 or Ps2] or [2 Bd4 or 2 Wb3, 3 Wb3 (Celtiberian), 1 Ax3 or Ps2],
2 Ps2.
65. Revolt of Spartacus (74-72 BC): 1 Cv3* or Wb3 (Gallic) or Wb4 (German), 4 Bd4*, 6
Hd(ax6), 1 Ps2 (Herdsmen).
66. Late Hasmonean and Herodian Jewish (63 BC - 6 ad): 1 Kn3* or Ax4*, 2 Ax3 (Bandits)
or [1 LH2, 1 Cv3 or LH2], 3 Ax4, 2 Ps2 or Bw3, 2 Ps2, 2 Hd(ax6) or [1 Ax4, 1 Ps2].
67. Dacian (60 BC - 106 ad): 1 LH2*, 6 Wb3*, 1 Bd3*, 3 Ps2, 1 Ps2 or 1 Kn3 (Sarmatian).
68. Ancient British (55 BC - 75 ad): 2 LCH*, 1 LH2, 6 Wb3, 3 Ps2.
69. Scots-Irish (55 BC - 846 ad): 2 Wb3* [or (before 432 ad) 2 LCH*], 10 Wb3, 2 Ps2.
70. Numidian under Juba I. (55(?)-46 BC): 1 Cv3* (gallic and spanish bodyguard), 4 LH2, 1
El, 2 Bd4 (Legionaries), 4 Ps2.
71. Later Ptolomaic (54-30 BC): 1 Kn3*, 1 Cv3 or LH2, 2 Pk4, 2 Bd4, 2 Ax4 (Cilician and Syrian),
2 Ps2, 2 Hd(ax6) (Mob).
71.1 Emesa (51 BC - 72 AD): 1 x 4Kn* (cataphracts), 1 x 4Ax (guards), 2 x 2LH (horse archers), 1 x
4Bd (swordsmen), 2 x 3Ax or 2 Ps (javelinmen), 4 x 3Bw or 2Ps (archers), 1 x 2Ps (slingers).
72. Blemmye or Beja (30 BC - 1500 ad): 2 Cv3*, 8 Bw3 or Ps2, 2 Ax3. After 200 ad can
exchange infantry on an even basis for Cm3, one infantry can be exchanged for one LH
element (camel mounted).
73. Nobades (30 BC - 1500 ad): 3 Cv3*, 6 Bw3 or Ps2, 1 Ax3, 2 Sp4 or 2 Wb3. After 200 AD
can exchange two infantry elements for two Cm3. This list can also be used for the
Blemmyer, exchanging in 240 AD as the Niltal.
74. Early Imperial Roman (25 BC - 193 ad): 2 Cv3*, 4 Bd4*, 1 Bd4 or Ax4 or Wb3, 3 Ax4, 1
Ps2, 1 Ps2 or LH2 (Numidian).
75. Later Moorish (25-696): 1 Cv3* or LH2*, 5 LH2, 1 LH2 or Ps2, 3 Ps2, 2 Ps2 or Hd(ax6).
76. Alan (50-1500): 3 Kn3*, 6 LH2, [1 Kn3, 2 LH2] or [2 Bd3 (Axmen), 1 Ps2].
77. Jewish Revolts 66-70 and 132-135: 3 Wb3* (Zealots) or [1 Ax4*, 1 Wb3 or (only 66-70)
Cv3, 1 Hd(ax6)], 3 Ps2, 4 Hd(ax6) or Ax3, 1 Hd(ax6).
78. Revolt of Julius Civilis (69/70): 2 Cv3*, 4 Wb3*, 2 Wb4 or Wb3, 2 Ax4 (Batavian Auxilia),
1 Ps2, 1 Ps2 or Bd4 (Legionaries).
79. Caledonian (75-211): 2 LCH*, 8 Wb3, 2 Wb3 or Ps2.
80. Hsien Pi (90-337): 2 Cv3*, 9 LH2, 1 Ps2 or LH2.
Also see:China, Period of 16 Northern States (304-439), and the Southern (317-589) and Northern
Dynasties (385-581)
81. Abyssinian and Horn of Africa (100-1529): 1 El* or Cv3*, 2 LH2, 6 Wb3, 1 Bd3 or Bw3 or
Ps2, 1 Bw3 or Ps2, 1 Ps2.
82. Vietnam (136-938): 1 Cv3* [or (from 248) El*], 2 Sp4, 2 Bw4 or Ps2, 4 Wb3, 2 Bw3, 1 Ps2.
83. China, Remnant Han (189-220), Three Kingdoms (220-265) and western Ts'in (266313):

North China: 2 Cv3*, 2 LH2, [3 Sp4, 1 Sp4 or Bd3 or Bd4] or [(only 211) 4 Pk4], 2 Bw4, 1 Ax4, 1
Ps2.
South China: 2 Cv3*, 1 LH2, 4 Sp4, 2 Bw4, 1 Ps2, 1 Ax4, 1 Wb3 or Bd3 or Bd4.
84. Middle Imperial Roman (193-324): 2 Cv3*, 1 LH2 or Bd4 or Ax4, 4 Bd4, 4 Ax4, 1 Bw3 or
Ps2 or (from 275 in East or 312 in the army of Maxentius) Kn4 (Clibanarier).
85. Early Goth (200-493):
Early Visigoth (200-419): see Vandals (200-442).
Early Ostrogoths (200-493): see Herul, Sciri and Taifali (200-493 AD).
Early Gothic New Armies (about 200-280): (1 Kn3*, 1 Ps2) or 2 Wb4*, 8 Wb4, 2 Ps2.
Later Gothic Armies (about 280 AD until settling of Visigoths in Spain in 419 AD or until the
invasion of Italy by the Ostrogoths in 493 AD): 2 Kn3*, 2 Cv3 or 2 Sp4 [or (only Ostrogoths
after 454) 2 Kn3], 4 Sp4, 2 Sp4 or Ps2 [or (only Visigoths after 388) Hd(ax6) (dissatisfied Roman
provincials)], 2 Ps2.
86. Vandal (200-442 AD): 1 Kn3*, 10 Wb4, 1 Ps2.
87. Herul, Sciri and Taifali (200-493 AD): 8 Kn3*, 4 Ps2.
88. Pictish (211-846 AD): (before 500) 1 LCH* or (from 500) 1 Cv3*, 1 LH2, 6 Ax3, 2 Ps2, 1 LH2
or Ps2 or (before 500) Wb3 (Caledonian and/or Attecotti), 1 Ps2 or (before 500) Wb3.
89. Sassanid Persian until Chosroes I. (220-531 AD): 4 Cv3*, 2 Cv3 or (before 400) Kn4, 2
LH2, 2 Hd(sp8), 1 Ps2, 1 Ps2 or El.
90. Burgundi (250-534 AD), Early Frankish (250-496), Alemannic (250-496), Suevi (250584), Rugian (250-487) or Turcilingi (250-493): 1 Cv3* or Ps2, 10 Wb4*, 1 Ps2.
91. Gepid (250-566 AD): 4 Kn3*, 8 Kn3 or [4 Wb4, 2 Ps2 or 2 Bw3, 2 Kn3 or 2 Ps2 or 2 Bw3].
92. Old Saxon (250-804 AD), Frisian (250-690 AD), Bavarian (250-788 AD), Thuringian
(250-531 AD) or Early Anglo-Saxon (about 428-640 AD): 10 Wb4*, 1 Wb4 or Hd(ax6),
1 Wb4 or Ps2.
93. Palmyran (260-273 AD): 3 Kn4*, 1 Cm3*, 1 Cm3 or Kn4, 2 LH2, [1 Bd4 or Ax4 armored
infantry), 1 Ps2] or [1 LH2, 1 Bw4] or [1 Bd4, 1 Ax4 (Roman)], 3 Bw4.
94. Korea, Koguryo (300-662 AD): 2 Kn4*, 2 LH2, [4 Sp4, 4 Ps2] or [6 Bw4, 2 Ps2].
95. Korea, Paekche and Kaya (300-660 AD): 2 Cv3*, 2 LH2, [4 Sp4, 4 Ps2] or [6 Bw4, 2 Ps2].
96. Korea, Silla (300-935 AD): 2 Cv3*, 1 LH2, 2 Pk4, [4 Sp4, 2 Ps2] or 6 Bw4, 1 Ps2.
97. China, Period of 16 Northern States (304-439 AD), and the Southern (317-589 AD)
and Northern Dynasties (385-581 AD):
Hsiung-Nu State (304-431 AD): 1 Kn4* or Cv3*, 5 LH2, 1 LH2 or Ps2, 5 LH2 or [4 Ax3, 1 Ps2 or
Bw3 (Ch'iang and Ti)].
Early Chin (352-394 AD): 1 Kn4* or Cv3* or LH2*, 1 Cv3 or LH2, 2 Hd(sp8) (Chinese Levy
Spearmen), 2 Bw4 (Chinese Levy Crossbowmen), 1 Ps2 (Chinese Levy Archers), 4 Ax3, 1 Ps2
(Ch'iang and Ti).
Hsien Pi State (except Wei) from 337: 2 Cv3*, 5 LH2, 5 LH2 or [2 Sp4 (Chinese Spearmen), 2 Bw4
(Chinese Crossbowmen), 1 Ps2 (Chinese Psiloi) or LH2].
Northern Dynasties: 2 Kn4* or 2 Kn3*, 1 Cv3, 2 LH2, 3 Sp4 or Bd4, 3 Bw4 or Ps2, 1 Art or Sp4 or
Bd3 or Bd4 or Bw4.
Southern Dynasties: 1 Kn4* or Kn3, 1 Cv3, 1 LH2, 4 Sp4 or Bd4, 4 Bw4 or Ps2, 1 El or Art or Bd3
or Bd4 or Wb3 (Southern Barbarians).

98. Late Western Imperial Rome until Eugenius (307-394): 2 Cv3*, 1 Cv3 or LH2 or (until
351) Kn3, 4 Bd4, 2 Bd4 or Ax4, [2 Bd4, 1 Ps2 or Art] or [(only Africa) 2 Ps2, 1 LH2 (mounted
archers)].
99. Gupta Indian (320-545): 1 Cv3*, 2 El*, 1 LCH or Bw3, 1 LH2 (mounted bowmen), 5 Bw3, 2
Bd3.
100.
Late Eastern Imperial Rome until Valens (324-378): 1 Cv3*, 1 Cv3 or (from 338)
Kn4 or (from 351) Kn3, 1 Cv3 or LH2, 1 LH2, 4 Bd4, 2 Bd4 or Ax4, 1 Bw4 or Ps2, 1 Ax4 or
Ps2.
101.
Hun (374-559): 1 Cv3* or LH2*, 5 LH2, 6 LH2 or [(under Attila 433-453) 1 Kn3, 4
Wb4, 1 Ps2].
102.
Japan, Emishi (375-811): 12 Bw3* or Ps2*.
(Note: After getting information from a wargamer in Japan that all Emishi should be LH, this list
could change in the future.)
103.
Early Japan (375-599 AD): 1 Cv3*, 2 Bw3*, 8 Sp4, 1 Ps2.
104.
Eastern Roman until Anastasius I. (379-491 AD): 2 Cv3*, 1 Kn4 or Kn3, 1 Kn3
(Foederati), 1 Cv3 or LH2, 1 LH2, 2 Bd4, 2 Bd4 or 2 Wb4 (Foederati) or (after 467) 2 Ax3
(Isaurian), 1 Bw4 or Ps2, 1 Ps2 or (until 399) Hd(ax6) (political factions, peasants or religious
fanatics).
105.
Patrician Roman (395-493 AD): 1 Cv3*, 1 Cv3 or Kn3, 1 Kn3, 1 LH2, 2 Bd4, 4 Wb4
(Foederati), 1 Bd4 or Ax4 or Ps2, 1 Ps2.
106.
Sub-Roman British (407-945 AD): 1 Cv3* or (475-539) Kn3*, 1 Cv3, 4 Ax3, 4 Ax3
or Sp4, 1 Ax3 or LH2 or (before 580) Wb3 (Irish mercenaries), 1 Ps2.
107.
Visigoths in Gaul and Spain (419-711 AD): 1 Kn3*, 2 Cv3, 1 Cv3 or LH2, 6 Sp4 or
(until 621) 6 Wb4, 2 Ps2. The option for the Wb4 corresponds to the traditional view of the
Visigoth armies.
108.
Vandals in Africa (442-535 AD): 11 Kn3*, 1 Kn3 or (until 500) LH2 (Alan).
109.
Early Slavic (476-829 AD): 1 Ax3* or (after 580) Cv3*, 8 Ax3, 1 Ax3 or Ps2, 2 Ps2.
110.
Early Lombards (489-584 AD): 4 Kn3*, [2 Kn3, 2 Kn3 or (before 568) 2 Wb4] or [2
Cv3, 2 Cv3 or (before 568) 2 Wb4] (retinues), 4 Ps2 or Bw3.
111.
Ostrogoth and Rugian in Italy (493-561 AD): 4 Kn3*, 2 Kn3 or 2 Sp4, 2 Sp4, 1
Ps2 or Bw3 (archers with Pavise), 3 Ps2.
112.
Early Byzantine (491-578 AD):
Eastern Armies: 1 Kn3, 4 Cv3*, 2 LH2, 2 Bd4 or 2 Sp4, 1 Ax3, 1 Ax3 or Ps2, 1 Ps2.
Narses: 2 Kn3 or Sp4 (Lombard, Herul etc.), 1 Kn3 or Sp4 or Cv3 or Bw4, 1 Cv3*, 2 Cv3 or Bw4, 2
LH2, 2 Bd4 or 2 Sp4, 1 Ps2, 1 Ps2 or Ax3.
Other Western Armies(i.e. Belisarius): 1 Kn3, 4 Cv3*, 2 LH2, [3 Cv3, 2 LH2] or [2 Bd4 or 2 Sp4, 1
Ax3, 2 Ps2].
113.
Middle Frankish (496-639):
Whole Nation (until 561 AD) or Austrian (from 562 AD): 1 Kn3*, 10 Wb4, 1 Ps2.
Neustrian (from 562 AD): 2 Kn3*, 1 Cv3, 2 Wb4 (Saxon or Frankish) or 2 Sp4, 6 Sp4, 1 Ps2.
Aquitanian (from 507 AD): 2 Kn3*, 1 Cv3 or Kn3, 8 Sp4, 1 Ps2 or Wb4 or LH2 (Basque or Breton).
Burgundian (from 532 AD): 3 Cv3* or 3 Kn3*, 8 Wb4, 1 Ps2.
Provence (from 535 AD): 2 Cv3*, 8 Sp4, 2 Ps2.

ARMIES FROM 500 AD -999 AD

1. Central Asian States(500-1000): 6 Cv3* or 6 Kn3*, 2 LH2, 4 Bw3 or Ps2.
2. Burma (500-1043): 2 Cv3*, 6 Ax3, 4 Bw3 (Bow and crossbowmen).
3. Late Sassanid Persian (531-637): 5 Cv3*, 1 LH2, 1 LH2 or El, 2 Hd(sp8), 2 Hd(sp8) or [1
Ax3, 1 Ps2], 1 Ps2.
4. Middle Indian Hindu (545-1565): 2 El*, 2 Cv3 or (Rajput 747-1300) 2 Kn3, 1 Bd3, 3 Bw3,
1 Ps2 or (Vijayanagar, 1336-1565) Art (rocketsor Bombards), 2 Ps2 or (606-647) 2 Sp4, 1
Hd(ax6).
5. Central Asian Turkish (550-1330): 3 Cv3, 6 LH2, 3 LH2 or [1 Hd(sp8), 2 Ps2].
Also see: Later Uighur
6. Christian Nubian (550-1500): 1 Cv3*, 1 Cm3*, 1 LH2, 1 Cm3 or LH2, 6 Wb3, 2 Bw3 or Ps2.
7. Avars (553-826): 4 Cv3*, 2 LH2, [5 Cv3, 1 LH2] or {(558-631) 3 Ax3, 1 Ps2 (Slavs), 2 LH2
(Bulgarian) or [1 Ax3, 1 Ps2 (Slavs)]}.
8. Early Bulgarian (559-1018): 3 Cv3*, 3 LH2, [3 Cv3, 3 LH2] or [(obligatoryafter 675) (before
812) 4 Ax3 or (after 812) 4 Sp4, 2 Ps2 (Slavs)].
9. Tibetan (560-1065): 6 Kn4*, [2 Sp4, 2 Bw3, 2 Ax3 (Tibetan andHimalayan)] or [2 Cv3, 4
LH2 (Nomads)] or [(640-730) 5 Cv3, 1Ps2 (Nepalese)].
10. Khazar (568-1083 AD):
Khazar (738-965): 2 Cv3*, 3 Cv3 or LH2, [5 Cv3 or 5 LH2] or [3 Cv3 or 3 LH2, 2 LH2, 1 Hd(sp8), 1
Ps2, 1 Ps2 or Sp4 (Guards)]. Within any one group of Cv3 up to 2 can be exchanged for LH2.
otherwise: 1 (before 738) Wwg* or (after 965) Cv3*, 1 Cv3, 1 LH2 or Cv3 (Burta etc.), 5 LH2, 1 Sp4
(Guards) or LH2, 2 Hd(sp8), 1 Ps2.
11. Maurikian Byzantine (575-650): 1 Kn3 (Optimatoi), 5 Cv3*, 4 Cv3 or [2 Bd4 or 2 Sp4, 2
Ps2], 2 LH2.
12. Breton (580-1072): 6 Cv3*, 3 LH2, 1 Cv3 or Ps2, [2 Cv3 or LH2] or [1 Hd(ax6), 1 Hd(ax6) or
(only 590) Wb4 (Saxon)].
13. Pre-Longbow Welsh (580-1099): 1 Cv3*, 8 Wb3, 1 Ps2, 2 Wb3 or (from 1075) [1 Bd3, 1
Ax3 (Irish)].
14. Sui Dynasty China (581-623): 1 Cv3*, 1 Kn3* or Kn4*, 1 LH2, 2 Sp4, 1 Bw4 or Ps2, [1 Cv3,
1 Kn3 or Kn4, 1 LH2 or Wb3 (southern barbarian), 2 Sp4, 1 Bw4] or [1 Bw4 or Ps2 or Hd
(sp8), 5 Hd(sp8)]. All Knight (Kn) must have the same number of figures.

15. Early Italian Lombards (584-774): 3 Kn3*, 3 Kn3 or 3 Cv3 (Retinue), 4 Bw3 or Ps2, 2 Sp4.
16. Mayan (600-1546): 8 Ax3*, 1 Ax4, 1 Ps2, 2 Ax3 or [(988-1461) 1 Bd4*, 1 Ax3 or (from 1283)
Bw3] or [(after 1461) 1 Ax3 or Bw3 or Ps2, 1 Bw3 or Ps2].
17. Middle Japanese Clans (600-900): 1 Cv3* or [(626-645) Bd4* or Bw4*], 4 Cv3, 6 Ax3, 1
Ps2 or Bw3 (Emishi mercenaries).
(Note: The Emishi may have been LH)
18. Khmer (605-1400): 1 El*, 1 El or Bd3, 1 Cv3, 4 Ax4, 1 Bw3 or Ps2, 2 Ps2, 2 Ax3, 1 Ax3 or
(after 1170) Art.
19. Cham (605-1400): 2 El*, 1 Cv3, 4 Ax4, 1 Bw3 or Ps2, 1 Ps2, [1 Ax4, 1 Ps2] or (after 1170) [1
Cv3, 1 LH2].
20. Anglo-Saxon (617-1014): (before 700) 2 Wb4* or (after 700) 2 Sp4*, 8 Sp4, 1 Sp4 or
Hd(sp8), 1 Ps2.
21. Early Tang (618-753): 3 Cv3*, 2 LH2, [2 Cv3, 1 Cv3 or Kn3 or Kn4, 4 LH2 (Moho, Turkish)]
or [1 LH2 (Moho, Turks) or Wb3 (Southern Barbarians), 4 Sp4, 2 Bw4 or Ps2].
22. Arab Conquest (622-660): 1 Cv3* or Ps2, 4 Wb3*, 2 Wb3 or (after 638) Cv3, 1 LH2, 1 LH2
or (after 638) Cv3, 2 Bw3 or Ps2, 1 Ax3 or Ps2.
23. Early Serbian (627-1180): 2 Kn3*, (before 798) 4 Ax4 or (after 798) [2 Sp4, 2 Sp4 or Ax4],
3 Bw3, 1 Ps2, 2 Hd(ax6) or [1 Kn3, 1 Bw3].
24. Croatian (627-1089): 2 Kn3* or Cv3*, 5 Ax3, 1 Ps2, 4 Hd(ax6) or [1 Kn3 or Cv3, 2 Ax3, 1
Ps2].
25. Rshtuni Armenian (639-717): 2 Cv3*, 1 LH2, 6 Ax3, 3 Ps2.
26. Carolingian Frankish (639-888): 5 Kn3*, 1 Kn3 or LH2, 4 Sp4, 2 Ps2.
27. Thematic Byzantine (650-963): 6 Cv3*, 1 LH2, 2 Pk4, 2 Bw4 or Ps2, 1 Ps2.
28. Magyar (650-997): 2 Cv3*, 6 LH2, (before 896) 4 LH2 or (from 896) [1 Cv3, 3 LH2] or
(likewise from 896) [2 Sp4, 1 Ax3, 1 Ps2 (Slavs)].
29. Umayyad Arab (661-750): 3 Cv3*, [4 Sp4, 2 Bw3] or [3 Sp4, 3 Ps2], 1 LH2, 1 LH2 or Ax3 or
(only Syrian) Ps2.
30. Volga Bulgars (675-1237): 4 Cv3*, 3 LH2 (Nomads), 1 Hd(sp8), 1 Ps2, [1 Cv3, 1 LH2, 1
Hd(sp8)] or [2 Wb3 (Ugrian) or 2 Ax3 (Finns), 1Ps2].
31. Early Muslim North Africa and Sicily (696-1160): 2 Cv3*, 1 Cv3 or Bw3 or Ps2 (Arab), 3
LH2 (Berber), 2 Ps2 (Berber) or Ax3 (African), (before 711) 4 Ps2 or (from 711) [2 Sp4, 2 Sp4
or Ps2] (Berber).

32. Early Andalusian (710-765): 2 Cv3 (Arab), 4 LH2 (Berber), 6 Ps2 (Berber).
33. Feudal Spanish (711-1144): 2 Kn3*, 1 Kn3 or (after 950) Cv3, 1 LH2, 4 Sp4, 4 Ps2.
34. Nan-Chao China (728-1253): 3 Cv3*, 4 Pk4, 2 Bw4 or Ps2 (archers), 2 Bw4 (Crossbowmen),
1 Wb3 or Ps2 (Southern Barbarian).
35. Abbasid Arab (747-945): 3 Cv3*, 1 Cv3 or LH2, 1 LH2, {(before 836) [4 Sp4, 2 Bw3] or [3
Sp4, 3 Ps2]} or (from 836) 6 Bw4, 1 Ax4 (Dailami) or Wb3 (muttauwia).
Also see: Later Abbasid
36. Early Indian Muslim States (751-1206): 4 Cv3*, [(before 833) 2 Sp4, 2 Bw3 or Ps2 (Arab)]
or [(from 833), 1 Bd3, 1 Ps2, 2 Bw3 (Hindus)], 1 Bd3, 1 Ps2, 2 Bw3.
37. Late Tang Dynasty (753-906): 2 Cv3*, 1 LH2, 1 LH2 (Turkish) or Wb3 (Southern Barbarian),
2 Bd3, 2 Sp4, 2 Bw3 or Ps2, 2 Sp4 (levies) or Hd(ax6) (peasants).
38. Middle Andalusian (765-1172): 1 Cv3*, 2 LH2, 1 LH2 or Kn3 (Christian Soldiers), 1 Ax3 or
Ax4 or Ps2 (African), 4 Sp4, 3 Ps2.
39. Later Italian Lombard (775-1076): 3 Kn3*, 1 Kn3 or Hd(ax6), 6 Sp4, 2 Bw3 or Ps2.
40. Viking (790-1280):
Viking: 3 Bd3* (Huscarl), 1 Wb3 (Berserker), 6 Bd3 (Hird etc.), 1 Bd3 or (after 850) Bw3 or Ps2, 1
Ps2.
Leidang: 1 Bd3* or (after 1070) Kn3*, 1 Bd3, 1 Bd3 (Hird) or Wb3 (Berserker) or Hd(ax6) (Thralls),
6 Bd3 (Hird), 2 Bw3 or Ps2, 1 Ps2.
41. Dog Peoples and Pueblo Cultures(800-1692):
Prototoltec (before 930) or Protoaztec (before 1325): 1 Wb3*, 10 Ps2 or Ax3, 1 Ps2.
others: 11 Bw3* or Ps2*, 1 Wb3 or Bw3 or Ps2.
42. Later Wends (804-1218): 1 Cv3*, 8 Ax3, [1 Ax3 or Ps2 or (804-1056) Bd3 (viking), 2 Ps2]
or [(after 1056) 1 Cv3, 2 Bw3].
43. Sha-to' Turks (808-922): 3 Cv3*, 3 LH2, 1 Ps2, [(before 884) 2 Cv3, 2 LH2, 1 Ps2] or [(from
884) 1 Bd3, 2 Sp4, 2 Bw4 or Ps2 (Chinese)].
Also see: Five Dynasties (Southern) and Ten Kingdoms (Northern) China
44. Tahirids Khurasanian (821-873): 3 Cv3*, 2 LH2, 1 LH2 or Wb3 or Hd(ax6), 2 Sp4, 2 Bw4
or Ps2, 2 Ax4.
45. Later West Slav (830-1003): 1 Cv3*, 8 Sp4, 1 Kn3 (Frankishand Swabian) or LH2, 2 Bw3.

46. Late Uigher (840-1330): 2 Cv3*, 4 LH2, [1 Cv3, 2 LH2] or [1 Bw3 or Ps2, 2 Sp4], 2 Sp4, 1
Bw3 or Ps2.
47. Early Mongol (840-1218): 3 Cv3*, 9 LH2.
48. Scotland (846-1124): 1 Cv3* or Wb4* or (after 1052) Kn3*, 1 LH2, 1 Wb4 (Thegns), 4 Ax3,
3 Wb3 (Galwegian) or Ax3, 2 Ps2.
49. Norse Irish (846-1260): 1 Ax3* or (only 1014) Sp4* or (only 856-1014) Wb3, 6 Ax3, 1 Bd3
(Ostmen), 4 Ps2.
50. Pecheneg (850-1122): 1 Cv3*, 9 LH2, 2 Ps2 or 2 Wwg.
51. Rus (860-1054): 1 Cv3* or Bd4*, 8 Sp4, 2 Ps2, 1 Ps2 or (after 968) LH2.
52. Later Khurasanian, Saffarids (861-1003) and Samanids (901-999): 3 Cv3*, 2 LH2, 2 Sp4,
1 Bw4 or Ps2, 1 Ax4, [(Saffarid) 1 LH2, 1 LH2 or Wb3, 1 Bw3 (Indian) or Ax4] or [(Samanid)
1 Cv3 or El, 1 Bw4 or Ps2, 1 Ax4].
53. Egyptian Tulunid (868-905) and Iqshidid (935-969): 4 Cv3*, 2 LH2, 4 Bw4, 2 Ps2.
54. Bagratid Armenian (885-1045): 2 Kn3*, 1 Cv3, 1 Cv3 or LH2, 1 LH2, 2 Sp4, 2 Sp4 or
Hd(ax6), 2 Bw3 or Ps2, 1 Ps2.
55. Norman and West Frankish (888-1072): 5 Kn3*, 2 Sp4, 2 Ps2, [2 Kn3, 1 Ps2] or [(only
Aquitanian) 1 Kn3, 1 LH2, 1Ps2] or (only Sicilian 1061) 3 Ax3 or Ps2 (Greek).
56. East Frankish (888-1106): 4 Kn3*, 1 Cv3 (Thuringian, Saxon, Bohemian), [(before 933) 2
Sp4, 2 Sp4 or Kn3, 2 Sp4 or Hd(ax6) (peasants), 1 Ps2] or {(from 933) [1 Kn3, 2 Sp4, 2 Sp4
or Hd(ax6) (peasants), 2 Ps2] or [6 Kn3, 1 Cv3]}. Before the break all Kn units may dismount
asBd4, the General must always be mounted.
57. Dynastic Bedouin in Syria and Mesopotamia (890-1150):
Mossul (890-1001): 2 Cv3*, 2 Cv3 or LH2, 4 LH2, 2 Ax4 (Dailami), 1 Ps2 or Wb3 (Bedouin).
Aleppo (945-1008): 4 Cv3 or LH2*, 4 LH2, 1 Cv3 (Kurds), 2 Wb3 (Bedouins), 1 Ps2 or [(before 965)
Cv3 (Khurasani) or LH2 or Wb3 (Gazi)].
others: 3 Cv3* or LH2, 6 LH2, 2 Wb3, 1 Ps2.
58. Early Samurai (900-1300): 3 Cv3* [or dismount asBw3*], 4 Bw3 or Bd3*, 4 Ax3, 1 Bw3.
59. Five Dynasties (Southern) and Ten Kingdoms (Northern) China(907-979):
The Shato Dominated Dynasties (923-951): 2 Cv3*, 2 LH2, 1 Ps2, 1 Bd3, [4 Sp4, 2 Bw3] or [3 Sp4,
3 Ps2].

Other Northern Dynasties (907-923) and (951-979): 2 Cv3*, 2 LH2, 2 Bd3, 2 Sp4, 2 Bw3 or Ps2,
2 Sp4 (levies) or Hd(ax6) (peasants).
Ten Kingdoms: 2 Cv3*, 1 LH2, 2 Bd3, 2 Sp4, 2 Bw3 or Ps2, 2 Sp4 (levies) or Hd(ax6) (peasants), 1
Wb3 (Southern Barbarian) or (only Southern Han 907-971) El.
Also see: Khitan-Liao
60. Khitan-Liao (907-1125): 2 Kn3*, 2 Cv3, 2 LH2, [2 Kn3, 2 Cv3, 2 LH2] or [1 Ps2 (Khitan), 2
Bd3, 2 Bw4, 1 Art (Chinese)] or [1 Bd3, 1 Bw4, 4 Hd(sp8) (Chinese)].
Also see: Five Dynasties (Southern) and Ten Kingdoms (Northern) China
Also see: Qara-Khitan
61. Koryo Dynasty Korea (918-1392): 3 Cv3*, 1 LH2, 3 Sp4, 3 Bw4, 1 Sp4 or Wwg, 1 Bw4 or
Art.
62. Buyid and other Dailami Dynasties (927-1090): 2 Cv3* or [1 Ax4, 1 Bw4 or Ps2], 1 Cv3,
6 Ax4*, 2 Bw4 or Ps2, 1 LH2.
63. Toltec (930-1168): 11 Bd4*, 1 Ps2.
64. Vietnam (939-1527): 1 El*, 1 Cv3*, 1 Bd4 or [(before 960) Bd3 or Sp4], 1 Ax4, 4 Bw4 or
Ps2, 2 Ax3, 2 Bw3 or Ps2.
65. Dynastic Kurdish (950-1085): 9 Cv3*, [1 Cv3, 1 Cv3 or LH2, 1 Cv3 or Hd(ax6)] or (only
Annazids) 3 LH2 (Bedouin) or [(only Marwanids) 1 LH2, 1 Hd(ax6), 1 Hd(sp8)].
66. Northern (960-1127) and Southern (1128-1279) Sung Dynasties China: 1 Cv3*, 1 Cv3
or (before 979 and after 1250) LH2 or(after 1054) Wwg, 2 Bd4, [2 Bd4 or Hd(sp8)] or [(after
1250) 1 Wb3, 1 Ps2 (Southern Barbarian)], 4 Bw4, 1 Ps2, 1 Art.
67. Early Polish (960-1335): 3 Cv3* or (from 1200) 3 Kn3* or (from 1242) [2 Kn3*, 1 Kn3 or
LH2], 4 Sp4, 4 Bw3 or Ps2, 1 Ps2.
68. Ghaznazid (962-1186): 4 Cv3*, 1 Cv3 or (from 1001) El*, 3 LH2, 2 Bw4 or [1 Sp4, 1 Ps2], 1
Ax4 (Dailami) or (from 1001) Bw3(Indian), 1 Ax3 or Bw3 or Ps2 (Afghani) or Wb3 (Ghazi).
69. Nikephorian Byzantine (963-1042): 3 Cv3* (Kavallarioi), 1 Cv3 or LH2 (Kavallarioi), 1 Cv3
or Kn4 (Kavallarioi or Kataphraktoi), 4 Bw4 (Skutatoi and Archers), 1 Bw4 or (after 988) Bd4
(Varangians), 2 Ps2.
70. Fatimid Egypt (969-1171): 2 Cv3*, 1 LH2 (Bedouin), 2 Bw4, 2 Ps2 (Berber), 1 Ps2 or Bw4,
2 Bd4 or Wb3 (swordsmen or tribesmen), [(before 1077) 1 Cv3, Bw4] or (after 1077) 2 Bw3
(Armenian).
71. Hsi-Hsia (982-1227): 1 Kn4*, 3 Kn3, 2 LH2, 3 Bd4, 3 Bw4 or Ps2.

72. Early Hungarian (997-1245): 1 Kn3*, 1 Cv3, 5 LH2, [1 Kn3, 4 LH2] or [(before 1102) 1 Kn3,
1 LH2, 2 Sp4, 1 Ps2] or [(after 1102) 4 Sp4, 1 Ps2].

ARMIES AFTER 999 AD

1. West African States (Sudan) (1000-1591): 1 Kn3*, 2 Cv3 or LH2, 6 Bw3, 1 Ps2, 2 Sp4 or
[1 Ax3, 1 Bd3 or EXP].
2. Tuareg (1000-1880): 6 Cm3*, 1 Cm3 or LH2 (camel mounted), 5 Cm3 or [4 Wb3, 1 Ps2].
3. Early Jurchen (1000-1114): 8 Cv3*, 3 Cv3 or [1 Kn3, 1 Cv3, 1 LH2 (Khitan)], 1 LH2. The
Khitan LH2 can be exchanged for a Cv3 Jurchen.
Also see: Jurchen-Jin Dynasty
4. Georgian (1008-1683): (until 1245) 3 Kn3* or (after 1245) Cv3*, 3 LH2, [(until 1089) 1 Kn3*,
2 Sp4, 2 Bw3 or Ps2, 1 Ps2] or [(after 1089)1 Cv3 (Cuman), 2 LH2 (Cuman), 2 Sp4 or Bw3 or
Ps2, 1 Ps2]. After 1089 the LH will be Cuman.
5. Anglo-Saxon (1014-1075): 1 Bd4* or [(after 1042) Bd3* or Kn3*], 1 Bd4 or (after 1042)
Bd3, 8 Sp4, 1 Sp4 or Hd(sp8) or (after 1042) Cv3, 1 Ps2.
6. Communal Italian (1029-1320): 3 Kn3*, 2 Sp4, 2 Sp4 or (after 1200) Ax4, 1 Bw4 or (until
1200) Ps2 (levy crossbowmen), 1 Ps2 (Archers), 2 Hd(ax6) (peasants), 1 Bw4
(mercenarycrossbowmen).
Also see: Papal States (1049-1320)
7. Early Seljuk Turks (1037-1092): 2 Cv3*, 1 LH2 or (after 1070) Cv3, 1 LH2 or [Kn4 or Cv3
(Askaris)], 5 LH2, 3 LH2 or [2 Ax3 or Ps2 (Spearmen), 1 Ax4 (Dailami) or Ps2 (Archers)].
8. Almoravian Spain and North Africa (1039-1145): 1 Cv3* or LH2*, 2 LH2, 4 Sp4, 4 Ps2, 1
Cm3 (Tuareg) or (after 1086) Kn3 (Christian knights).
9. Konstantinian Byzantine (1042-1070): 3 Cv3*, 1 Kn3 (Norman), 2 LH2, 2 Ps2, [1 Cv3, 1
Cv3 or Kn4 (Kataphraktoi), 2 Sp4 (Varangian)] or [3 Bw4 (Spearmen and archers), 1 LH2
(Pechneg or Cuman) or Bw4].
10. Burma (1043-1526): 1 El*, 1 Cv3, 5 Ax3, 1 Ax3 or (after 1173) Bd3 (Guards), 4 Bw3 (archers
and crossbowmen).
11. Papal States (1049-1320): 3 Kn3*, 2 Sp4, 2 Sp4 or (after 1200) Ax4, 1 Bw4 or Ps2 (levy
crossbowmen), 1 Ps2 (archers), 2 Hd(ax6) (peasants), 1 Bw4 (mercenarycrossbowmen) or
Kn3 [before 1072 can dismount as Bd4 (Swabian)] (mercenary knights).
Also see: Communal Italian(1029-1320)
12. Scotland, Isles and Highlands (1050-1493): 7 Bd4*, 1 Bd4 or Ax3 (Irish Mercenaries), 2
Bd4 or Wb3 (Galwegian), 2 Bd4 or [1 Bw3,1 Bw3 or Ps2 or Hd(ax6) (Highlander)]. All Bd4
must be "Islemen", i.e. inhabitants of the Scottish Isles.

13. Early Russian (1054-1246): 4 Cv3*, 1 Cv3 (Polish mercenaries) or Kn3 (German
mercenaries), 3 LH2, 2 Sp4, 1 Ps2, 1 Ax3 (woodsmen) or Hd(sp8).
14. Cuman (1054-1394): 1 Cv3*, 9 LH2, 1 LH2 or Hd(ax6), 1 LH2 or (1122-1269) [Ax3 or Ps2
(Vlach)].
15. Komnenian Byzantine (1071-1149): 2 Cv3* (Kavallarioi), 1 LH2 or Cv3 (Tourkopouli), 3
LH2 (Skythikon), 1 LH2 (Skythikon) or Kn3 (Latinikon), 1 Bd4 (Varangian), 1 Ps2 or Bw4 or
Ax3 (Manichaeans), 2 Ps2 or Sp4, 1 Ps2.
16. Cilician Armenian (1072-1375): 3 Kn3*, 1 LH2 (Bedouin), 6 Sp4 or Ax3, 2 Bw3 or Ps2.
17. Anglo-Norman (1072-1181): 3 Kn3*, 4 Sp4, 2 Sp4 or [(only in Marcher Armies) 1 Cv3, 1
Ax3], 1 Ps2 or Bw3, 2 Ps2.
18. Early Feudal French (1072-1149): 4 Kn3*, 2 Sp4, 2 Sp4 or [1 Bd4, 1 Hd(ax6) (peasants)], 3
Ps2, 1 Hd(ax6) (Ribauds).
19. Early Sicilian (1072-1194): 3 Kn3*, 2 Sp4 (levy infantry), 1 Bw4 or Ps2 (levy crossbowmen),
2 Ax3 (Greeks), 2 Ps2 (Saracen), 1 Ps2 or LH2 (Berber), 1 Ps2 or Bw4 (mercenary
crossbowmen).
20. Seljuk Sultanates (1092-1276):
Sultanate of Merv (1092-1157): 3 Cv3*, 6 LH2, 3 LH2 or [2 Ax3 or Ps2 (Spearmen), 1 Ax4 (Dailami)
or Ps2 (archers)].
Sultanate of Hamadan (1092-1194): 3 Cv3*, 1 LH2 or (before 1128) [Kn4 or Cv3 (Askaris)], 1 LH2
or (before 1128) Cv3 (Syrian), 4 LH2, 3 LH2 or [2 Ax3 or Ps2 (Spearmen), 1 Ps2 (archers) or (before
1128) Ax4 (Dailami)].
Sultanate of Rum (1092-1276): 3 Cv3*, 5 LH2, 1 LH2 or (1220-1243) Kn3 (Frankish and Armenian),
3 LH2 or [2 Ax3 or Ps2 or (1220-1243) Sp4 (Spearmen), 1 Ps2].
21. Syrian City-States (1092-1286):
Turkish states: 4 Cv3*, 3 LH2, [2 Cv3, 3 LH2] or [2 Hd(sp8), 1 Hd(sp8) or Wb3 (Gazi), 1 Hd(sp8) or
Ax3 (Kurds), 1 Ps2].
Mossul (until 1128): use the list for Seljuk Sultanates (Hamadan).
Arab states: 4 Cv3*, 2 LH2, 2 Hd(sp8), 1 Hd(sp8) or Wb3 (Gazi), 1 Hd(sp8) or Ax3 (Kurd), 2 Ps2.
22. Later Abbasid (1092-1259): 4 Cv3*, 1 LH2 (Bedouin), 1 LH2 (Turkomen) or Wb3 (Gazi), 2
Wb3 (Gazi), 2 Hd(sp8), 1 Hd(sp8) or Ax3 (Kurds i.e.) or Ps2, 1 Ps2.
23. Early Crusader (1096-1128): 1 Kn3*, 2 Kn3 or (until 1100) Bd4, 4 Sp4, 2 Ps2, (until 1100)
2 Hd(ax6) (Pilgrims) or [(after 1100) 1 Bw3 (Maronite), 1 Ps2 or Hd(ax6)].

24. Welsh (1100-1420): 1 Cv3* or (from 1150) Kn3*, 5 Ax3, 1 Ax3 or (before 1150) Bd3 (Irish),
4 Bw3 or Ps2, 1 Ps2.
25. Ghurid (1100-1215): 1 Cv3*, 3 LH2 (Turks), 1 Ax3, 4 Pk4 or Ax3, 2 Bw3 or Ps2, 1 Bw3 or
Ps2 or Cv3.
26. Eastern Forest North American (1100-1620): 8 Wb3*, 2 Wb3 or Ps2, 2 Ps2.
27. Mound Builders (Mississippi Culture) American (1100-1701): 1 Bw4*, 1 Bd4, 8 Bw3 or
Ps2, 2 Hd (ax6).
28. Northwest Coastal American (1100-1770): 11 Bw3*, 1 Ps2.
29. Melanesian (1100-1814): 1 Bd3*, 10 Ax3, 1 Ps2 (archers).
30. Polynesian (1100-1814): 1 Bd3*, 10 Wb3, 1 Ps2 (Slingers).
31. Early Holy Roman Empire (1100-1319):
Imperial Armies: 3 Kn3*, 2 Sp4, 2 Sp4 or (before 1297) 2 Pk4 (Flemish), 1 Bd4, 2 Bw4 or Ps2
(Mercenary crossbowmen or archers), 1Ps2 (archers), 1 Bw4 (levy crossbowmen) or Kn3.
Feudal or Principality Armies: 4 Kn3*, 2 Kn3 or Sp4, 2 Sp4, 1 Bd4, 2 Bw4 or Ps2 (Mercenary
Crossbowmen or archers), 1 Hd(ax6) or Bd3 (peasants with spiked clubs) or (from 1150) LH2
(Ungarn). In both armies Kn3 can dismount as Bd4 evenly exchanged.
32. Holy Roman Empire, Free Canton Armies(1100-1494): 5 Ax3*, 1 Ps2, 2 Ax3 or Kn3, 2
Ax3 or Sp4, 1 Ax3 or Bd4, 1 Ps2 or Bw4 (mercenary crossbowmen).
33. Jurchen-Jin Dynasty (1115-1234): 2 Cv3*, 1 Cv3 or LH2, 3 Bd4, 3 Bw4 (Crossbowmen),
(before 1200) 3 Cv3 or [(from 1200) 1 Bd3, 2 Hd(sp8)].
34. Qara-Khitan (1124-1211): 2 Kn3*, 2 Cv3, 2 LH2 or [1 Kn3, 1 Cv3], 3 LH2 or [2 Hd(sp8), 1
Ps2], 3 LH2.
35. Scots Common Army (1124-1512): 1 Kn3* (or dismounts as Sp4* or Pk4*), 1 Pk4 or Bd4
("Islemen"), 2 Pk4 or [1 Bw3, 1 Hd(ax6) (Highlander)], 2 Pk4 or (before 1250) 2 Wb3
(Galwegian), 5 Pk4, 1 Ps2 or Bw3.
36. Later Crusader (1128-1303): 4 Kn3*, 1 Kn3 or Sp4 or (after 1150) Cv3, 2 Kn3 or [1 Sp4 or
(after 1190) Bw4, 1 Bw4], 2 Sp4or (after 1190) 2 Bw4, 2 Bw4, 1 Bw3. After 1190 must be
either all or none Sp exchanged for Bw.
37. Samogitian (1132-1411): 1 Cv3* or LH2*, 2 LH2 or (after 1386) Cv3, 6 LH2, 2 LH2 or Ax3,
1 LH2 or Ps2.

38. Lithuanian (1132-1435): 1 Cv3* or LH2*, 3 LH2, 2 LH2 or Ax3, 1 LH2 or Ps2, 1 LH2 or
(1397-1399) Kn3 (Polish or Teutonic Knights), 2 LH2 or [(only 1435) 1 Wwg, 1 Bd4
(Hussite)].
39. Spanish Christian States (1145-1350): 3 Kn3*, 1 Cv3 or Ax3, 2 LH2, 2 Sp4, 2 Sp4 or Ps2,
2 Ps2.
40. Almohades Spain and North Africa (1145-1269): 5 LH2*, 2 Sp4, 3 Ps2, 1 Sp4 (Guard) or
Kn3 (Christian mercenaries), 1 Cv3.
41. Late Komnenan Byzantine (1150-1204): 1 Kn3* (Kavallarioi), 1 Kn3 (Kavallarioi) or Bd4
(Varangian), 2 Kn3 (Latinikon), 1 LH2 or Cv3 (Turkopol), 3 LH2 (Skythikon), [1 LH2
(Vardarioten), 1 Ps2] or 2 Sp4, 1 Ps2 or Bw4, 1 Ps2.
42. Late Feudal French (1150-1330): 3 Kn3*, 1 Kn3 or Cv3 (Sergeants), 2 Ax3, 2 Ax3 or Sp4
or Pk4 (Flemish), 1 Bw3 (Crossbowmen), 1 Bw4 (mercenary crossbowmen) or Ps2, 1 Ps2, 1
Hd(ax6) (Ribauds or peasants).
43. Toltec-Chichimec States (1168-1518): 2 Bd3*, 8 Bw4, 1 Ps2, 1 Wb3 (Otomi).
44. Ayyubid Egyptian (1171-1250): 4 Cv3*, 1 LH2, [1 Cv3, 2 Cv3 or Ax3, 1 Cv3 or Hd(ax6) or
Hd(sp8) or Wb3, 1 Cv3 or Hd(sp8), 1 Cv3 or Ps2, 1 LH2 or Ps2] or [(before 1244) 2 LH2, 2
Cv3 or Bw4, 1 Cv3 or Hd(sp8) or Wb3, 1 LH2 or Ps2, 1 LH2 or Ax3].
45. Anglo-Irish (1172-1299): 1 Kn3* (Norman), 3 Bw3 (Welsh), 1 Bd4 ("Ostmen"), 4 Ax3 (Irish),
3 Ps2 (Irish).
46. Serbian Empire (1180-1340): 4 Kn3*, 2 LH2, 2 Sp4 or Hd(ax6) or (after 1300) Ax3, 4 Ps2
or Bw3.
47. Feudal English (1181-1322): 4 Kn3*, 2 Hd(sp8) or Sp4 or Ax3, 2 Hd(sp8) or Bw3, 3 Bw3, 1
Bw3 or Bw4 (mercenary crossbowmen).
48. Khwarizian (1186-1246): 4 Cv3*, 2 Cv3 or LH2, 4 LH2, 1 Cv3 or Bw3 or Ps2, 1 LH2 or
Hd(sp8).
49. Later Bulgarian (1186-1395): 3 Kn3*, 5 LH2, [1 Kn3 or Cv3, 3 LH2] or [2 Sp4, 2 Ps2].
50. Lusignan Cypriot (1192-1473): 2 Kn3*, 1 Cv3 or (1373-1374 or after 1415) LH2, 2 Sp4, 4
Bw3 (crossbowmen), 2 Ps2 (archers), 1 Ps2 or (until 1375) Bw3 (Armenian).
Also see: Cyprus, Genoan Army(1373-1464)
51. Middle Sicilian(1195-1266): 4 Kn3*, 1 LH2, 1 LH2 or Ax3, 2 Sp4 (levy infantry) or Hd(ax6)
(militia), 4 Ps2 or Bw4.
52. Estonian(1200-1227): 10 Wb3*, 1 Ps2, 1 Wb3 or (after 1222) Bw3.

53. Prussian(1200-1283): 2 Cv3* (or dismount as Wb3*), 4 Wb3, 4 Wb3 or Ax3, 2 Ps2.
54. Tupi and Brazilian Rain Forest (1200-1580): 1 Wb3*, 5 Wb3 or Bw3, 6 Bw3.
55. Teutonic Knights(1201-1522): 3 Kn3* (or dismount as Bd4), 1 Cv3, 3 LH2, [2 Kn3 (or
dismount as Bd4), 1 Cv3, 2 LH2] or [1 (until 1414) Kn3 or (after 1414) Ps2 (Handgunners),
2 Sp4, 2 Bw4].
56. Nikaian Byzantine (1204-1261): 3 Cv3* (Stratioten), 1 LH2 or Cv3 (Turkopol), 2 Kn3
(Latinikon), 2 LH2 (Cuman), 2 Sp4 or [1 Ps2 or Bw4, 1 Ps2 (archers)], 2 Ps2 (archers).
57. Romanian Frank (1204-1311): 4 Kn3*, 1 Kn3 or Cv3 (Greek) or (after 1264) LH2 (Bulgarian
or Turk), 2 Sp4, 1 Bw3 (crossbowmen), 3 Ps2 (Frank or Greek archers), 1 Ax3 or Ps2 (Slavs).
58. Venetian Armies in Greek Territories (1204-1439(?): 2 Kn3*, 4 Bw4 (Crossbowmen), 4
Ax4 ("Bellatores"), 2 Ps2 (Greek archers or Cretan or Catalan crossbowmen) .
59. Epirot Byzantine (1204-1318): 2 Cv3* or [1 Kn3*, 1 LH2] (Stratioten), 1 Kn3 (mercenary
Knights), 1 LH2 (Albanian), 2 Ax3 or Sp4, 2 Ps2 (archers), [2 Ax3, 1 Ps2 or Bw4 (Greek or
mercenary), 1 Ps2 or LH2 (Albanian)] or [3 LH2, 1Ax3 or Ps2 (Vlach)].
60. Trapezuntine Byzantine (1204-1461): 2 Cv3* or (after 1360) LH2*, 4 LH2, 2 Bw4 or Ps2,
[1 Ax3, 1 Ax3 or Ps2 (Laz)]or (after 1360) 2 LH2, [2 Bw4 or Ps2] or 2 Sp4.
61. Mongol Conquest (1206-1266): 2 Cv3*, 9 LH2, 1 LH2 or Hd(ax6).
62. Later Muslim Indian (1206-1526): 3 Cv3*, 1 El, 1 LH2 or (after 1340) Art, 3 Bw3, 1 Bw3 or
(1315-1388) Kn3 (Rathor), 1Bd3, 1 Ps2, 1 Hd(ax6).
63. Indonesian and Malay (1222-1511): 1 El* or Wb3*, 8 Wb3, 1 LH2 or Wb3 or Ps2, 2 Ps2
or Bw3.
64. Granadine (1232-1492): 1 (until 1340) Kn3* or (after 1340) Cv3*, 2 LH2, 2 Sp4, 1 Bw4
(mercenary), 1LH2 or Ps2 or Bw3, 4 Ps2 or Bw3 (peasants), 1 Ps2.
65. Navarrese (1234-1378): 4 Kn3*, 4 Ax3, 2 Ps2, 1 Bw3 (Gascon), 1 Bw4 (English).
66. Siamese (1238-1518): 1 El*, 1 Cv3, 8 Wb3 or 8 Ax3, 2 Ps2. One Wb3 or Ax3 Element may
be exchanged for one Ax4-Element (Guards).
67. Early Swiss (1240-1400): 10 Bd3*, 2 Ps2.
68. Islamic Persian(1245-1393): 6 Cv3*, 1 LH2 (Turkomen), 2 Bw3, 1 Hd(ax6), [(Karts of Herat)
1 Bw3, 1 Ax3] or 2 Cv3 (otherwise).
69. Middle Hungarian (1245-1441): 2 Kn3*, 1 LH2 or (from 1395) Kn3 (German mercenaries),
5 LH2, 2 Sp4, 2 Ps2.

70. Post Mongol Russia (1246-1533): 5 Cv3*, (until 1380) 2 Cv3 or (after 1380) 2 LH2, 2 Cv3
or Sp4, 2 Cv3 or Bw3, 1 Cv3 or (after 1380) Ps2.
71. Mamluk Egyptian (1250-1517): 4 Cv3*, 1 Cv3 or Hd(ax6), 1 Cv3 or LH2, 1 Cv3 or (after
1315) Bw3, 1 Cv3 or Bw3 or Bw4, 1LH2 or Ax3, 1 LH2 or Ps2, 2 LH2.
72. Ilkhanid (1251-1355): 2 Cv3*, 10 LH2.
73. Golden Hordeand Successors (1251-1556): 2 Cv3*, 8 LH2, 2 Bw3 or [1 Cv3, 1 LH2]
74. Yuan Dynasty (1260-1368): 2 Cv3*, 1 Cv3 or LH2, 2 LH2, 2 Bd3, 2 Bw4, 1 Ps2, [(until 1275)
2 Ax3 or Hd(ax6)] or [(after 1275) 1 Bw3, 1 Ax3 (southern barbarian) or Art].
75. Anatolian Turkomen (1260-1515): 2 Cv3*, 1 Cv3 or Hd(sp8), 6 LH2, 2 LH2 or Bw3.
76. Palaiologian Byzantine (1261-1384): 2 Cv3*, 1 Kn3, 1 LH2, 2 Sp4, 2 Ps2, 1 Ps2 or Bw4, [1
Hd(ax6), 1 Ps2] or (until 1291) 2 LH2 (Cuman), 1 Ax4 or [(until 1305) LH2 or Cv3 (Turkopol)].
77. Morean Byzantine (1262-1460): 2 Cv3*, 2 Ax3 or Ps2 (Slavs), 2 Ps2, [(1347-1458) 2 LH2,
1 LH2 or Ax3, 1 LH2 orPs2 (Albanian), 2 Sp4 or Bw4] or [2 Sp4, 2 Bw4, 2 Ps2].
78. Later Nomadic Mongol (1266-1508): 1 Cv3*, 5 Cv3 or LH2, 6 LH2.
79. Later Sicilian (1267-1442): 3 Kn3*, 2 Hd(ax6), [(until 1281) 2 Kn3, 2 Sp4 (levy infantry), 2
Bw4 (levy and mercenary crossbowmen), 1 Hd(ax6)] or[(1282-1301) 1 LH2 (Aragonese
horse), 4 Ax3 (Almughavars), 2 Ps2 (Aragonese crossbowmen)] or [(after 1301) 1 Kn3, 2
Sp4 (levy infantry), 2 Bw4 (levy and mercenary crossbowmen), 2 Ps2 (aragonese
crossbowmen)].
80. Berbers (1269-1529): 5 LH2*, 1 Kn3 (Christian mercenaries) or LH2, 2 Sp4, 2 Bw3 or Ps2,
2 Ps2.
81. Mixtec and Zapotec (1280-1521): 1 Ax3* or (only Mixtec) Ax4*, 8 Ax3, 3 Ps2.
82. Medieval Scandinavian (1280-1389): 2 Kn3*, 1 Cv3, 2 Bd4 or Bw3 or Ps2, 6 Bd4.
83. Early Ottoman (1281-1362): 2 Cv3*, 8 LH2, 1 Ps2, 1 Ps2 or Ax3 or Hd(ax6).
84. Order of St. John (1291-1522): 3 Kn3* (or dismount as Bd4*), 2 Sp4 or (after 1450) [1
Bd4, 1 Art], 2 Bw3, 2 Bw4, 3 Ps2.
85. Low Countries (1297-1329): 1 Kn3* (or dismount asPk4*), 1 Kn3 or Bd3, 8 Pk4, 1 Bw4
(crossbowmen), 1 Ps2.
86. Medieval Irish (1300-1487): 1 LH2*, 2 Bd4 (Galloglaich), 4 Ax3, 4 Ps2, 1 Cv3 or Hd(ax6).
87. Early English Armies in Ireland (1300-1394): 1 Kn3*, 1 Cv3, 1 LH2, 2 Bw4, 2 Bd4
(Galloglaich), 3 Ax3, 2 Ps2.

88. Post Mongol Samurai Japan (1300-1542): 1 Cv3*, 3 Bd4*, 2 Ax3, 1 Bw3, [1 Cv3, 1 Bd4, 2
Ax3, 1 Bd4 or Bd3] or(after 1465) 5 Hd(ax6) (Ikko Ikki) or [(from 1465) 1 Bd3, 1 Ax3, 3
Hd(ax6) (levies)]. After 1465 can exchange one Ax3 for one Ax4.
89. Catalan Company (1302-1388): [(before 1305) 1 Kn3*, 1 Ps2] or (from 1305) 2 LH2
(Turkish, Turkopol or (from 1380) Albanian), 1 LH2 (Aragonese), 8 Ax3*, 1 Ps2.
90. Epirot Despotate (1318-1340): 2 Kn3* (mostly Italian Knights), 2 Cv3 or [1 Kn3, 1 LH2]
(Stratioten), 2 LH2 (Albanian), 2 Ax3 or Sp4, 2 Ps2, 1 Ps2 or Bw4 (Greek or mercenary), 1
Ax3.
91. Italian States (1320-1416): 5 Kn3*, 1 LH2, 2 Bw4 or Ps2 (levy crossbowmen), 1 Bw4
(mercenary crossbowmen), 2 Sp4 (levy spearmen), 1 Art.
Also
see:
Also
see:
Also see: Naples

Florence

and

Papal

Pisa

and

State
Padua

92. Florence and Papal State (1320-1416): 4 Kn3*, 2 LH2, 1 Bw4 (mercenary crossbowmen),
1 Art, [2 Bw4 or Ps2 (levy crossbowmen),2 Sp4 (levy spearmen)] or [(before 1400) 2 Kn3 (or
dismount asSp4), 2 Bw4 (mercenary companies)].
Also
Also
Also see: Naples

see:Italian
see:

States
Pisa

(1320-1416)
Padua

and

93. Pisa and Padua (1320-1416): 4 Kn3*, 1 LH2, 2 Bw4 (mercenary crossbowmen), 1 Art, [2
Bw4 or Ps2 (levy crossbowmen), 2 Sp4 (levy spearmen)] or [(before 1400) 2 Kn3 (or
dismount asSp4), 2 Bw4 (mercenary company)].
Also
see:
Also
see:
Also see: Naples

Italian
Florence

States
and

Papal

(1320-1416)
State

94. Naples (1320-1420): 5 Kn3*, 2 LH2, 2 Sp4 (levy spearmen or guards), 2 Bw4 or Ps2 (levy
crossbowmen), 1 Bw4 (mercenary crossbowmen).
Also
see:Italian
Also
see:
Florence
Also see: Pisa and Padua

States
and

Papal

(1320-1416)
State

95. Middle Holy Roman Empire (1320-1494): 2 Kn3*, 1 Kn3 or Cv3 (lancers), 1 Cv3 (mounted
crossbowmen or hand gunners), (until1450) 2 Sp4 or (after 1450) 2 Pk4 (Pk4* after 1478),
[(before 1478) 1 Bd4, 1 Kn3 or (1420-1457) LH2] or (until 1450) 2 Sp4 or (after1450) 2 Pk4,
2 Bw4 (crossbowmen), 1 Ps2 (Hand gunners), 1 Ps2 or Wwg or Art.

96. Early Hundred Years War English (1322-1399): 3 Kn3* (or dismount asBd4*), (before
1350) 1 Cv3 (Hobilars) or (from 1350) Kn3 (Gascon, Brabanter, False-French), 4 Bw4, 2 Bw4
or (before 1350) Bw3, 1 Ax3 (before 1350 Welsh,Gascon brigans), 1 Ps2 (Breton, Gascon,
Irish).
97. Aztec (1325-1521): 3 Bd3*, 1 Wb3 (Otontin or Cuachic), 6 Ax4, 2 Ps2. The classifying of
Knighthoods and Priestly warriors as Bd3 and of the normal warriors as Ax4 per J. Esler,
New World Armies in DBM, Slingshot 187 (September 1996) 12f. Also Otontin?, Slingshot
195 (January 1998)
98. Medieval French (1330-1445): 3 Kn3*, 1 Kn3 or (1350-1399) Sp4 or (1400-1445) Cv3, 1
Bw3, 1 Bw3 or Ps2 (crossbowmen), 1 Ax3, 1 Bw3 or (1350-1399) Sp4 or (from 1400) Bd4,
[1 Bw4 (Genoan crossbowmen), 1 Ps2, 1 Ax3] or 3 Hd(ax6) (peasants). All Kn3 units may
dismount as Bd4.
99. Middle Low Countries (1330-1409): 2 Kn3* (one element may dismount as Pk4*), 6 Pk4,
1 Bw4, 1 Bd3, 1 Art, 1Ps2 orBw4 (archers) or Hd(ax6).
100.
Wallachian (1330-1476): 1 Cv3*, 3 LH2, 1 Bd4 or (from 1456) Kn3 (:f200, Times
New Roman,0,0,0"Crusaders"), 2 Bw3, 2 Hd(ax6) or Ax3, 2 Ps2, 1 Ps2 or (from 1456) Art.
101.
Late Polish (1335-1510): 3 Kn3*, 3 Cv3, 3 LH2, 1 Bd3 or (from 1400) Wwg, 2 Bw4
(crossbowmen).
102.

Jalayirid (1336-1432): 4 Cv3*, 7 LH2, 1 LH2 or Hd(ax6).

103.

Late Spanish Christian States (1340-1485):

Aragon: 2 Kn3*, 1 LH2, 1 LH2 or Ax3, 1 Ax3, 2 Sp4, 3 Bw3 or Ps2 (archers and crossbowmen), 1
Ps2.
Castilian: 2 Kn3*, 2 LH2, 2 Sp4, 1 Ax3, 2 Bw3 or Ps2 (archers and crossbowmen), 1 Bw4 or Ps2 or
Ax3 (Hermandad or Mudejar), 2 Ps2.
Portugal: 2 Kn3*, 1 LH2, 2 Sp4, 3 Bw3 or Ps2 (archers and crossbowmen), 2 Ax3, 1 Ax3 or Hd(ax6),
1 Ps2. All Portuguese Kn3 can dismount as Bd4.
104.

Late Serbian (1340-1459): 4 Kn3*, 2 LH2, 2 Sp4 or [1 Bd4, 1 Ax3], 4 Bw3.

105.
Albanian (1345-1430 and 1443-1479): 6 LH2*, 4 Ps2, 1 Ps2 or Bw3
(crossbowmen), 1 Ps2 or Ax3.
106.

Chanca (1350-1440): 6 Ax3*, 4 Wb3, 2 Ps2.

107.

Chimu (1350-1464): 10 Wb3*, 2 Ps2.

108.

Other Amazonian tribes (1350-1662): 11 Bw3*, 1 Ps2.

109.
Ming Dynasty (1356-1540): 3 Cv3*, 1 LH2, 1 LH2 or (after 1449) [Ax3 or Ps2
(southern barbarian)], 2 Bd4 or (after 1449) Hd(sp8), 2 Bw4 (archers and crossbowmen), 1
Bw4 (hand gunners), 1 Bd3 or Ps2 or (after 1449) Hd(sp8), 1 Art or (after 1449) Wwg.
110.
Free Company and other Mercenary bands (1357-1410 and 1444): 6 Kn3*, 3
Bw4, 1 Bw4 (crossbowmen), 1 Ps2, (until 1410) 1 Kn3 or (1444) Art. Up to 4 Kn3 can be
dismounted as Bd4.
111.
Moldavian (1359-1504): 1 (before 1400) Cv3* or (from 1400) Kn3*, 3 LH2, 1 Bd4,
2 Bw3, 2 Hd(ax6) or Ax3, 2 Ps2, 1 Ps2 or (from 1400) Art.
112.
Timurid (1360-1506): 6 Cv3*, 1 LH2, 1 LH2 or (1360-1405) Hd(ax6) or (1405-1447)
El, 2 Cv3 or Bw4, 1 Cv3 or Bw3 or Ps2, 1Cv3 or Ax3.
113.
Early Burgundian (1363-1471): 3 Kn3*, 1 Kn3 or Cv3, 1 Bw3 (crossbowmen) or
Hd(ax6) (levy), 2 Pk4 (Flemish), 2 Bw4 (Flemish crossbowmen), 3 Bw4.
114.
Later Ottoman (1363-1512): 3 Cv3*, 5 LH2, 2 Bw4, 1 Ps2, 1 Ps2 or Ax3 or Hd(ax6)
or Wb3 or Bd4 or Art or (after 1470) Wwg.
115.
Cyprus, Genoan Army (1373-1464): 5 Kn3*, 2 Kn3 or (only 1373) 2 LH2 or [(after
1400) 1 Bd4 or Bd3, 1 Ps2], 2LH2, 2 Bw4 (crossbowmen), 1 Art.
116.
Black Sheep (1378-1469) and White Sheep Turkomen (1387-1504): 4 Cv3*, 2
Cv3 or LH2, 2 LH2, 2 Bw3 or Ps2, 1 Cv3 or LH2 or Bw3 or Ps2 (from 1472 hand gunners), 1
Hd(ax6).
117.
Navarrese Company in Greece (1379-1430): 3 Kn3*, 1 LH2 (Albanian or Turkish),
4 Ax3, 2 Ps2, 1 Bw3 (Gascon), 1 Bw4 (Italian).
118.
Later Scandinavian (1390-1523): 3 Kn3*, 1 Cv3, 2 Bd3, 1 Bd3 or Bw4, 1 Ps2, {[1
Kn3, 1 Cv3] or (after 1487) 2 Pk4, 1 Bd3, 1 Bd3 or Bw4 or Art} or [3 Sp4, 1 Sp4 or Ps2].
Swedish Rebellion: 2 Kn3*, 1 Kn3 or Ps2, 1 Cv3, 4 Bd4, 4 Bw3.
119.
Yi Dynasty Korea (1392-1598): 3 Cv3*, 1 LH2, 2 Bw4, 2 Bw4 or [1 Art, 1 Ps2], 2
Pk4, 2 Pk4 or Hd(sp8).
120.
Late English Army in Ireland (1395-1489): 1 Cv3*, 1 LH2, 1 Bw4, 2 Bd4 (Billmen),
2 Bd4 (Galloglaich), 3 Ax3, 2 Ps2.
121.
Late Hundred Years War English (1400-1455): 2 Kn3* (or dismount asBd4*), 6
Bw4, 2 Bd4, 1 Ax3 (Gascon), 1 Ps2 (Breton, Gascon, Irish).
122.
Late Swiss (1400-1522): 6 Pk4*, 2 Pk4 or (before 1490) Bd3, 2 Pk4 or [(1476/77) 1
Kn3, 1 Ps2], 2 Ps2.

123.
Late Low Countries (1410-1478): 1 Kn3* (or dismount asPk4*), 8 Pk4, 1 Bw4, 1
Ps2, 1 Kn3 or Bd4 or Art.
124.
Italian States (1417-1495): 4 Kn3*, 1 LH2, 2 Bw4 or Ps2 (levy crossbowmen), 1
Bw4 (mercenary crossbowmen), 1 Bd3 (swordsmen), 1 Ps2, [1 Kn3, 1 Art] or (after 1440) 2
Pk4.
Also
Also
Also
see:
Also
Also see: Venetian Italian Army

see:
see:
Papal
see:

Florence
Milan
State
Naples

125.
Florence (1417-1506): 4 Kn3*, 1 LH2, 2 Bw4 or Ps2 (levy crossbowmen), 1 Bw4
(mercenary crossbowmen), 2 Sp4 or (after 1440) Pk4 (levy spearmen), 1 Ps2, 1 Bd3
(swordsmen) or Art.
Also
see:
Also
see:
Also
Also
Also see: Venetian Italian Army

Italian

States
Papal

see:
see:

(1417-1495)
State
Milan
Naples

126.
Papal State (1417-1503): 3 Kn3*, 1 LH2, 2 Bw4 or Ps2 (levy crossbowmen), 1 Bw4
(mercenary crossbowmen), 2 Sp4 or (after 1440) Pk4 (levy spearmen), 1 Ps2, 1 Bd3
(swordsmen), 1 Ps2, 1 Art, [1 Kn3, 1 LH2 or Bw4 (mercenary crossbowmen) or Ps2] or(from
1496) 2 Pk4.
Also
see:
Also
Also
Also
Also see: Venetian Italian Army

Italian

States(1417-1495)
Florence
Milan
Naples

see:
see:
see:

127.
Milan (1417-1500): 4 Kn3* (or dismount asBd4), 2 LH2, [4 Kn3 (or dismount as
Bd4), 2 LH2] or [2 Bw4 or Ps2 (levy crossbowmen), 1 Bw4 (mercenary crossbowmen), 1 Bd3
(swordsmen) or Art, 2 Ps2].
Also
see:
Also
Also
see:
Also
Also see: Venetian Italian Army

Italian
see:
Papal
see:

States(1417-1495)
Florence
State
Naples

128.
Venetian Italian Army (1417-1503):2 Kn3*, 2 LH2, 2 Bw4 (crossbowmen), 1 Bd3
(:f200, Times New Roman,0,0,0swordsmen), 3 Ps2 (archers or hand gunners), 1 LH2 or Art.

Also
see:
Also
Also
see:
Also
Also
Also
see:
Venetian
Also see: Late Cyprus(1474-1489)

Italian
see:
Papal
see:
see:
Army

outside

of

States(1417-1495)
Florence
State
Milan
Naples
Italy
(1440-1495)

129.
Hussite (1419-1434 and 1464-1471): 1 Kn3*, 1 LH2, 4 Wwg, 4 Bd4, [1 Wwg, 1
Bd4] or [(from 1421) 1 Kn3, 1 Art].
130.
Naples (1421-1502): 2 Kn3*, 2 LH2, 1 Bd3 (swordsmen), 2 Ax3 (Aragonese), 2 Ps2
(crossbowmen), 2 Ps2 (archers and hand gunners), 1 Art or Kn3.
Also
see:
Also
Also
see:
Also
Also see: Venetian Italian Army
131.

Italian

States(1417-1495)
Florence
State
Milan

see:
Papal
see:

Incas (1438-1532): 8 Ax4*, 2 Hd(ax6), 2 Ps2.

132.
Venetian Army outside of Italy(1440-1495): 4 Kn3* (or dismount as Bd4), 3 LH2,
1 Bd3 (swordsmen), 2 Bw4 (colonist or mercenary crossbowmen), 2 Ps2 (archers and hand
gunners).
Also
see:
Also see: Late Cyprus(1474-1489)

Venetian

Italian

Army

133.
Late Hungarian (1442-1526): 2 Kn3*, 1 LH2 or (until 1490) Kn3 (German
mercenary), 4 LH2, 1 Sp4 or Wwg, 1 Sp4 or Bd4, 3 Ps2.
134.
French Ordonnance (1445-1503): 3 Kn3*, 1 Bw4 or (after 1465) Cv3, 1 Bd4, 1 Bw3
(crossbowmen), 2 Bw4, 2 Bw4 or (after 1465) Pk4 (Swiss), 1 Ps2, 1 Art.
135.

War of the Roses English (1455-1487):

Lancaster: 2 Kn3*, 2 Bd4, 4 Bw4, [1 Kn3 or Cv3, 1 Bd3, 2 Bw4] or 4 Bw4 (conscripts) or [1 Kn3 or
Cv3 or LH2, 2 Sp4, 1 Bw3 or Bd4 (Border troops)] or [1 Ax3, 2 Bw3 (Welsh), 1 Kn3 or Cv3] or [1 Ax3,
2 Ps2 (Irish), 1 Kn3 or Cv3].
York: 1 Kn3*, 1 Kn3 or Cv3, 2 Bd4, 5 Bw4, [1 Kn3, 1 Bd4, 2 Bw4] or 3 Bw4 (conscripts) or [1 Ax3
(Welsh), 1 Kn3, 1 Bd4] or [2 Pk4, 1 Ps2 (Burgundian troops)].
Pretenders to the House of York: 1 Kn3*, 1 Kn3 or Cv3, 2 Bd4, 4 Bw4, [1 Kn3, 1 Bd4, 2 Bw4] or [1
Ax3, 2 Ps2 (Irish), 1 Kn3] or [2 Pk4, 1 Ps2 (Burgundian troops), 1 Bw4].

Richard III.: 2 Kn3*, 2 Bd4, 4 Bw4, [1 Kn3 or Cv3, 1 Bd4, 2 Bw4] or 4 Bw4 (Levies) or [1 Kn3 or Cv3
or LH2, 2 Sp4, 1 Bw3 or Bd4 (Border troops)].
Tudor: 2 Kn3*, 2 Bd4, 4 Bw4, [1 Kn3 or Cv3, 1 Bd4, 2 Bw4] or 4 Bw4 (Levies) or [1 Ax3, 2 Bw3
(Welsh), 1 Kn3 or Cv3] or [1 Bd4, 1 Bw4, 1 Bw4 (French crossbowmen), 1 Ps2 (Bretons)].
In all armies in List 137 the Kn3 can dismount as Bd4.
136.
Burgundian Ordonnance (1471-1477): 4 Kn3*, 3 Bw4, 1 Bw4 (crossbowmen), 2
Pk4, 1 Ps2, 1 Art.
137.
Late Cyprus (1474-1489): 1 Kn3*, 1 Kn3 or LH2, 1 LH2 (Stradioten), 3 Bw3, 2 Sp4,
2 Ps2, 1 Bw4 (mercenary crossbowmen), 1 Bd4 or Ps2 (mercenary infantry).