Engineering Mathematics 3

FIRST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Reducible Homogeneous Equations

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QA 1.2.1
Step 1 Given a fode
;By inspection de is not
dy x+y
= g ( x , y) = separable and another method of
dx x
solving is being considered
Step 2 Homogeneous Test
If g(kx, ky) = g(x, y), then de is homogeneous.

kx + ky x+y
g ( kx , ky) = = = g ( x , y)
kx x
Therefore, de is homogeneous.

Step 3 Substitution Method

;dot is mulplicaon
Let y = t⋅ x
usually it will appear in mathcad;
dy dt but for wri"en, we usually avoid it.
= x⋅ +t
dx dx
x + tx dt
= x⋅ +t
x dx ;notice that lhs is free of
variable y
x( 1 + t) dt
= x⋅ +t
x dx ;simplify lhs

dt
1 + t = x⋅ +t ;Noce lhs is free of x
dx on simplicaon
dt
1 + t − t = x⋅
dx New De (t, x) is separable;
You should convert and then
dt integrate.
1 = x⋅
dx
dx ;Obtained SDE
= 1 ⋅ dt ;integrate to find solution
x
⌠ ⌠
 1 
dx = 1 dt But this is a solution for new
 x 
⌡ de which is in term of t and x.
⌡
To obtain the required solution (x,
ln( kx) = t y) , just convert.

y
ln( kx) =
x It is recommended you should use
y = x⋅ ln( x) ;k is a constant maple to obtain the soluon and
;solution then comment.

20094em3 QA 12_1.mcd Copyright 2009 1/5

 Engineering Mathematics 3

QA 1.2.2
Step 1 Given a fode
4 4
dy 2⋅ y + x
= g ( x , y) = ;By inspection de is not
dx 3
x⋅ y separable and another method of solving is
Step 2 Homogeneous Test
If g(kx, ky) = g(x, y), then de is homogeneous. being considered
4 4
2 ⋅ ( ky) + ( kx)
g ( kx , ky) =
3
( kx) ⋅ ( ky)
4(
k 2y + x
4 )
4
g ( kx , ky) = = g ( x , y)
4
k x⋅ y ( 4 )
Therefore, de is homogeneous.
Step 3 Substitution Method
;dot is multiplication
Let y = t⋅ x usually it will appear in mathcad; but for
dy
= x⋅
dt
+t written, we usually avoid it.
dx dx
;notice that lhs is free of
4 4
2 ⋅ ( t⋅ x) + x dt variable y
= x⋅ +t
3 dx
x⋅ ( t⋅ x)
;simplify lhs

x ⋅ 2 ⋅ ( t) + 1
4 4
dt
= x⋅ +t
x ⋅t
4 3 dx ;Notice lhs is free of x
on simplication
4
2t + 1 dt
= x⋅ +t
t
3 dx New De (t, x) is separable;
You should convert and then
4 integrate.
2t + 1 dt
− t = x⋅
3 dx ;Obtained SDE
t ;integrate to find solution
1 dt
t+ = x⋅
3 dx
t
1 −2
dx 1 ;Hint -- =t
= ⋅ dt 2
x 1 t
t+ use formula #1
3
t
But this is a solution for new
⌠ de which is in term of t and x.
⌠  3 To obtain the required solution (x,
 1 t
dx =  dt y) , just convert.
 x 4
⌡  t +1
⌡

ln( kx) =
1 (4 )
⋅ ln t + 1
4
4 4
( kx) = t + 1
4 It is recommended you should use
4  y
k0⋅ x =   +1 maple to obtain the soluon and
 x then comment.
;solution
;k is a constant

20094em3 QA 12_1.mcd Copyright 2009 2/5

 Engineering Mathematics 3

QA 1.2.3

Step 1 Given a fode

2 2
dy x +y ;By inspection de is not
= g ( x , y) =
dx x⋅ y separable and another method of

Step 2 Homogeneous Test solving is being considered

If g(kx, ky) = g(x, y), then de is homogeneous.
2 2
( kx) + ( ky)
g ( kx , ky) =
kx⋅ ky
2(
k x +y
2 )
2
g ( kx , ky) = = g ( x , y)
2
k ⋅ x⋅ y
Therefore, de is homogeneous.
Step 3 Substitution Method

Let y = t⋅ x
dy dt
= x⋅ +t ;dot is mulplicaon
dx dx usually it will appear in mathcad;
2 2 but for wri"en, we usually avoid it.
x + ( tx) dt
= x⋅ +t
x⋅ ( tx) dx ;notice that lhs is free of
2 (
x 1+t
2 ) dt variable y
= x⋅ +t
2 dx
x ( t)
2
1+t dt
− t = x⋅ ;simplify lhs
t dx
2 2
1+t −t dt ;Noce lhs is now free of x
= x⋅
t dx on simplicaon
1 dt
= x⋅
t dx ;a common error is on lhs
dx simplication of fractions
= t⋅ dt
x
⌠ ⌠ New De (t, x) is separable;
 1  You should convert and then
dx =  t dt
 x ⌡ integrate.
⌡
2 ;Obtained SDE
t ;integrate to find solution
ln( kx) =
2
2
1  y
ln( kx) = ⋅  ;you should try to simplify
2  x
;no detail is provided on integration
2 2
2x ⋅ ln( kx) = y
But this is a solution for new
;k is a constant de which is in term of t and x.
;solution
To obtain the required solution (x,
y) , just convert.

20094em3 QA 12_1.mcd Copyright 2009 3/5

 Engineering Mathematics 3

It is recommended you should use

maple to obtain the soluon and
then comment.

QA 1.2.4
;dot in mathcad denote
Step 1 Given a fode mulplicave symbol
;checklist
dy 2 ⋅ x⋅ y not sde
= h ( x , y) =
dx 2 2
x −y
Step 2 Homogeneous Test
If h(kx, ky) = h(x, y), then de is homogeneous. ;It is necessary to state
this test in full;
2 ⋅ kx⋅ ky
h( kx , ky) =
2 2
( kx) − ( ky)
;Somemes, you can avoid
2
k ⋅ ( x⋅ y) the detail algebra by using
h( kx , ky) = = h ( x , y)
2 (
k ⋅ x −y
2 )
2 inspecon technique.

Hence, de is homogeneous.

Step 3 Substitution Method

Let y = tx
dy dt
= x⋅ +t
dx dx
2 ⋅ x⋅ ( tx) dt ;lhs is y-free
= x⋅ +t
2 2 dx
x − ( tx)
;simplificaon of lhs will
2
x ⋅ ( 2t) dt eliminate x also
= x⋅ +t
2 (
x ⋅ 1−t
2 dx ) ;Feedbacks over the years
reveal errors on fracon
2t dt simplicaon
= x⋅ +t
2 dx
1−t
2t dt
− t = x⋅
2 dx ;rearrange
1−t

2t − t⋅ 1 − t ( )
2
dt
= x⋅
2 dx
1−t
;apply cross method on lhs
3
2t − t + t dt
= x⋅
2 dx ;convert to sd e
1−t
3
t+t dt
= x⋅
2 dx ;integrate sde to find
1−t
soluon in (t, x)
2
dx 1−t
= ⋅ dt
x 3
t+t ;integraon of rhs

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 Engineering Mathematics 3

⌠ involves paral fracon

⌠
 1  1−t
2 and
dx =  dt
t⋅ ( 1 + t )
 x 2 working is show separately
⌡ 
⌡

ln( k⋅ x) = ln( t) − ln 1 + t ( )
2
⌠
 A Bt + C
rhs =  + dt
t 2
 1+t
⌡

⌠
 A B⋅ t C
rhs =  + + dt
t 2 2
 1+t 1+t
⌡

⌠
 A B⋅ t C
rhs =  + + dt
t 2 2
 1+t 1+t
⌡

rhs = A⋅ ln( t) +
B (
⋅ ln 1 + t
2 ) + C⋅ atan( t)
2
[skip] You should find A, B, and C
on your own.
A = 1 , B = −2 , C = 0

2
1−t 1 t
convert , parfrac , t → − 2⋅
(
t⋅ 1 + t
2 ) t ( 1 + t2)

ln( k⋅ x) = ln( t) − ln 1 + t ( 2) ;apply log property

ln( k⋅ x) = ln 
t
2
;remove log
1 + t 
t
kx = ;remove t from solution
2
1+t
y
x
kx =
2
y
1+
2
x
y
x
kx =
 x 2 + y2 
 2 
 x 
x⋅ y
kx = ;k is a constant
2 2
x +y ;solution
(
y = k⋅ x + y
2 )
2
avoid further simplication even though
solution is quadratic form.

20094em3 QA 12_1.mcd Copyright 2009 5/5