Customer Training Material

L t 7 Lecture 7
Transient Thermal
Analysis
ANSYS Mechanical ANSYS Mechanical
Heat Transfer
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ANSYS Mechanical Heat Transfer
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Chapter Contents
A. Transient Theory
B. Time Stepping
C. Transient Loading C. Transient Loading
D. Transient Post Processing
E. Workshop 7, Soldering Iron
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A. Transient Theory
Like steady-state analyses, transient analyses may be linear or
nonlinear. If nonlinear, the same preprocessing considerations apply
as with steady-state nonlinear analysis (described in Chapter 5).
The most significant difference between steady-state and transient
analyses lies in the Loading and Solution procedures.
We will focus on these procedures after a brief presentation of the We will focus on these procedures after a brief presentation of the
numerical methods employed during transient thermal analysis.
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. . . Transient Theory
Recall the governing equation for thermal analysis of a linear system
written in matrix form. The inclusion of the heat storage term
differentiates transient systems from steady-state systems:
[ ]{ } [ ]{ } { } Q T K T C = +
&
In a transient analysis, loads may vary with time . . .
Heat Storage Term = (Specific Heat Matrix) x
(Time Derivative of Temperature)
or in the case of a nonlinear transient analysis time AND
[ ]{ } [ ]{ } ( ) { } t Q T K T C = +
&
. . . or, in the case of a nonlinear transient analysis, time AND
temperature:
( ) [ ]{ } ( ) [ ]{ } ( ) { } t T Q T T K T T C , = +
&
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ANSYS Mechanical Heat Transfer
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. . . Transient Theory
When the response of a system over time is required due to loads
and/or boundary conditions change over time, a Transient Analysis
is performed.
Time-Varying Loads Time-Varying Response
Thermal energy storage effects are now included. Time has
physical meaning.
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. . . Transient Theory
Material Property Considerations for Transient Analyses:
In addition to thermal conductivity (k), density () and specific heat (c )
material properties must be specified for entities which can conduct p p p
and store thermal energy.
These material properties are used to calculate the heat storage
characteristics of each element which are then combined in the Specific
Heat Matrix [C].
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B. Time Stepping
The temperature of a linear thermal system changes continuously
from instant to instant:
T
When performing a thermal transient analysis, a time integration
t
p g y , g
procedure is used to obtain solutions to the system equations at
discrete points in time. The change in time between solutions is
called the integration time step (ITS).
T
t
Generally, the smaller the ITS, the more accurate the solution
t
t
t
n
t
n+1
t
n+2
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Generally, the smaller the ITS, the more accurate the solution
becomes.
ANSYS Mechanical Heat Transfer
Customer Training Material
. . . Time Stepping
Selection of a reasonable time step size is important because of
its impact on solution accuracy and stability:
If the time step size is too small, then solution oscillations may t e t e step s e s too s a , t e so ut o osc at o s ay
occur which could result in temperatures which are not physically
meaningful (e.g. thermal undershoot).
If the time step is too large, then temperature gradients will not be p g , p g
adequately captured.
One approach is to specify a relatively conservative initial time
step and allow Automatic Time Stepping to increase the time step p pp g p
as needed.
The guidelines on the following slides are presented as a way to
approximate a reasonable initial time step size for use with
Automatic Time Stepping.
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. . . Time Stepping
A reasonable time step size for thermal transient analyses can
be approximated using the Fourier modulus:
Where:
2
) ( * *
* * 4
x C
t K
Fo

t is ITS time step

x is the average element length
K is the average thermal conductivity
) ( * * x C
g y
is average density
C is average specific heat
A suggested minimum integration time step (ITS):
c x
t
* *
2

=
gg g p ( )
When t is 100 times the ITS suggestion, a warning appears:
K * 4
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. . . Time Stepping
To help evaluate the accuracy of the time integration algorithm,
ANSYS computes and reports some helpful quantities after every
solution:
The Response Eigenvalue represents the dominant system
eigenvalue for the most recent time step solution (reported in
Solution information).
If the Eigenvalue is small, a larger time step is used and vice versa.
The Oscillation Limit is a dimensionless quantity that is simply the
product of the Response Eigenvalue and the current time step size
(reported in Solution information).
It is typically desirable to maintain the oscillation limit below 0.5 to insure
that the transient response of the system is being adequately
characterized characterized.
See next page . . .
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. . . Time Stepping
By default, the Automatic Time Stepping (ATS) feature
b ti t di ti th O ill ti Li it ATS
Time step metrics can be viewed in the Solution Information.
bases time step prediction on the Oscillation Limit. ATS
seeks to maintain the Oscillation Limit below 0.5 within a
tolerance, and will adjust the ITS to satisfy this criterion.
Notice how ATS
gradually reduces the gradually reduces the
ITS based on the
Oscillation Limit. This
sample was taken from
the ANSYS Output the ANSYS Output
Window during a
nonlinear transient
analysis.
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C. Transient Loading
While loads can be applied as constants in transient analyses, often
they vary with time.
In Mechanical, thermal loads can be defined as constants, tables or
functions.
Recall that in chapter 3 we outlined non-constant loading. Here we
will illustrate using specific examples.
Table Loads
Function Loads
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. . . Transient Loading
Example 1: the heating coil experiences joule
heating as power is cycled on and off at 1
second intervals:
Notice in the table a small time increment is
used to ramp the load on and off quickly,
simulating a step function.
Each new time point must increase in value Each new time point must increase in value.
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. . . Transient Loading
Example 2: the same heating coil
undergoes sinusoidal loading according
to the function (0.1+(0.1*sin(180*time))):
Notice the table is populated by evaluating
the function at 200 equally spaced time
points.
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D. Transient Post Processing
Post processing transient results is done by requesting results from
particular time points:
RMB on the graph or table at the desired time point and choose Retrieve
This Result This Result .
OR
Enter the desired time in the details for a result and RMB Retrieve This
Result.
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. . . Transient Post Processing
Often the desired quantity is the result
variation over time at a point rather
than a contour of the overall model.
A graph is useful in displaying results
vs. time.
Here a temperature probe is scoped to
a local coordinate system and the y
temperature variation is plotted in the
graph area.
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W k h 7 Workshop 7
Soldering Iron
ANSYS Mechanical ANSYS Mechanical
Heat Transfer
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