Page | iii

LI M U
Trong thi i hin nay th truyn dn khng dy dn tr thnh mt phn khng th thiu ca cuc
sng. Ta c th thy s hin din ca truyn dn khng dy mi ni, n xut hin trong tng gia nh,
trong trng hc, doanh nghip, khu gii trVi s tin li ca mnh, truyn dn khng dy ang dn
thay th truyn dn, truyn thng c dy.
Cc loi mng khng dy ph bin ta thng gp l Wifi, BlueTooth, mng di ng GSM Mi
giao thc mng u c mt c im ring v c ng dng ty vo mc ch. Trong ti ny s tm
hiu v giao thc ZigBee, y l mt giao thc cn kh mi, hng ti vic kt ni cm bin khng dy
v iu khin hay n gin l iu khin khng dy, ZigBee c tc truyn d liu thp v vy tiu tn
nng lng rt t, mt node mng trong mng ZigBee c kh nng hot ng t 6 thng n 2 nm ch vi
ngun 2 pin AA.
u im l gi thnh thp, mc tiu hao nng lng thp, tr truyn tin nh, d dng m rng
khin ZigBee tr thnh mt la chn tuyt vi i vi cc ng dng iu khin khng dy, ng dng nh
thng minh. Ngoi ra ZigBee l 1 chun m, hin nay c nhiu m ngun ca giao thc ZigBee c th tm
thy chng hn nh ZigBee Protocol Stack ca Microchip, Z-Stack ca TITrong ti ny s dng
ZigBee Stack Protocol ca Microchip, m ngun ny c th download min ph t trang ch Microchip.













Page | iv

MC LC
Trang ba..i
Li cm n..ii
Li m u.iii
Mc lc...iv
Danh mc hnh v.vii
Danh mc bng biu...viii
Danh sch cc t vit ttix
Page | v


MC LC
1. TNG QUAN V TRUYN DN KHNG DY V ZIGBEE ............................................................................. 1
1.1 Gii thiu chung v cc loi mng khng dy ............................................................................................... 1
1.2 Gii thiu v mng ZigBee. ............................................................................................................................. 4
1.2.1 S lc v mng ZigBee ............................................................................................................................. 4
1.2.2 ng dng ca mng ZigBee. ....................................................................................................................... 6
2. TM HIU V MNG ZIGBEE ................................................................................................................................. 7
2.1 Thnh phn ca mng ZigBee ........................................................................................................................... 7
2.2 Kin trc lin kt mng ZigBee ......................................................................................................................... 7
2.3 M hnh giao thc ca Zigbee/IEEE802.15 ...................................................................................................... 9
2.3.1 Lp vt l (PHY) ......................................................................................................................................... 10
2.3.2 Lp MAC (Medium Access Control) .......................................................................................................... 13
2.3.3 Lp Network ................................................................................................................................................ 15
2.3.4 Lp Application ........................................................................................................................................... 15
3. ZIGBEE PROTOCOL STACK CA MICROCHIP .............................................................................................. 16
3.1 Cc thut ng trong ZigBee Protocol ........................................................................................................... 16
3.2 Giao tip bng Messages................................................................................................................................ 17
3.3 Cu trc ca 1 Message trong Zigbee Protocol ........................................................................................... 17
3.4 C cu truyn d liu .................................................................................................................................... 19
3.4.1 Beacon v non-beacon. ............................................................................................................................... 19
3.4.2 Routing ........................................................................................................................................................ 19
3.5 Khi to v tham gia vo 1 network............................................................................................................. 19
3.5.1 Khi to network. ........................................................................................................................................ 19
3.5.2 Lin kt Network. ....................................................................................................................................... 20
3.5.3 Network Orphaning ..................................................................................................................................... 20
3.5.4 Gia nhp li network (Network Rejoin) ...................................................................................................... 20
4. HIN THC ............................................................................................................................................................... 21
4.1 Chun b phn cng: ..................................................................................................................................... 21
4.1.1 Module ZigBee MRF24J40MA ................................................................................................................. 21
4.1.2 Vi iu khin PIC18F4620 ........................................................................................................................ 24
4.1.3 Cm bin nhit LM35 ........................................................................................................................... 25
Page | vi


4.2 S kt ni phn cng ............................................................................................................................... 25
5. KT QU V HNG PHT TRIN ................................................................................................................... 27
5.1 KT QU ....................................................................................................................................................... 27
5.1.1 Nhng mt t c ................................................................................................................................... 27
5.1.2 Nhng thiu st .......................................................................................................................................... 27
5.2 Hng pht trin ............................................................................................................................................ 27
Ti liu tham kho ...................................................................................................................................................... 28
















Page | vii

Danh mc hnh v

Hnh 1: Tng quan v mng khng dy........................................1
Hnh 2: Cc m hnh lin kt trong mng ZigBee.7
Hnh 3: M hnh lin kt mng dng hnh sao...8
Hnh 4: M hnh lin kt mng ZigBee dng mt li..9
Hnh 5: M hnh lin kt mng ZigBee dng cy .............9
Hnh 6: M hnh giao thc mng ZigBee10
Hnh 7: S iu ch tn hiu tng PHY ti tn s 2,4GHz............11
Hnh 8: S iu ch tn hiu tng PHY ti tn s 868/915 MHz..........................12
Hnh 9: nh dng khung tin PPDU....... 12
Hnh 10: Cu trc superframe.13
Hnh 11: Lin lc trong mng khng h tr beacon14
Hnh 12: Lin lc trong mng c h tr beacon...........14
Hnh 13: nh dng khung MAC15
Hnh 14: Mi lin h gia cc thut ng nu ..17
Hnh 15: Module ZigBee MRF24J40MA...21
Hnh 16: S khi ca Module ZigBee MRF24J40MA. .....22
Hnh 17: S cc chn ca module MRF24J40MA.....23
Hnh 18: Hnh dng ca vi iu khin PIC18F4620............24
Hnh 19: Hnh dng ca cm bin nhit LM35...25
Hnh 20: Giao tip SPI gia MRF24J40MA v PIC MCU.....25
Hnh 21: S nguyn l pha pht....26
Hnh 22: S nguyn l pha thu..............26

Page | viii

Danh mc bng biu

Bng 1: Bng so snh mng ZigBee, BlueTooth v Wifi......5
Bng 2: c tnh hot ng ca ZigBee cc tn s khc nhau......10
Bng 3: Bng m t cc knh truyn theo tn s ca ZigBee.......11
Bng 4: M t cc chn ca module MRF24J40MA.......23
Bng 5: iu kin hot ng ca Module MRF24J40MA......24
Bng 6: Thng s tiu th dng in ca MRF24J40MA.......24
















Page | ix

Danh sch cc t vit tt














ZC ZigBee Coordinator
ZR ZiBee Router
ZED ZigBee End Device
CSMA-CA Carrier Sense Multiple Access Collision Avoidance
O-QPSK Offset-Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying
DSSS Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
WPAN Wireless Personal Area Network
WLAN Wireless Local Area Network
WMAN Wireless Metropolitan Area Network
WWAN Wireless Wide Area Network
WRAN Wireless Regional Area Network
FFD Full Function Devices
RFD Reduced Function Devices
PPDU PHY protocol data unit
PAN Personal Area Network ID
CID Cluster Identifier
FCS Frame Check Sequence
CAP Contention Access Period
CFP Contention Free Period
GTS Guarantee Time Slot
Tm hiu v mng ZigBee


Page | 1
SVTH: Phan Trn

1. TNG QUAN V TRUYN DN KHNG DY V ZIGBEE

1.1 Gii thiu chung v cc loi mng khng dy

Mng khng dy l mt h thng cc thit b c nhm li vi nhau, c kh nng giao tip thng qua
sng v tuyn thay v cc ng truyn dn bng dy. Mng khng dy c th trin khai ch yu l trong
m hnh mng nh v trung bnh, nhng ni khng thun tin v a hnh, khng n nh, khng th
trin khai mng c dy. Vi nhng m hnh ln th phi kt hp vi mng c dy.
Ngy nay mng khng dy (Wireless) tr thnh mt phn khng th thiu trong cuc sng khi n
xut hin trong cc doanh nghip, trng hc, cc a im gii tr v ngay c ti tng h gia nh. Nh s
tin li ca mnh, mng khng dy dn thay th kt ni bng cp truyn thng.
V tin cy: Mng khng dy b nh hng bi cc yu t bn ngoi nh mi trng truyn sng,
do thi tit, can nhiu. Chu nhiu cuc tn cng a dng, phc tp, nguy him ca nhng k ph hoi v
tnh v c tnh nn nguy c cao hn mng c dy.
Mng khng dy lp t, trin khai d dng, n gin, nhanh chng hn mng c dy. V l h thng
kt ni di ng nn rt linh hot, d dng hn trong thay i, nng cp v pht trin.
Mng khng dy c chia thnh 5 loi:

WPAN: Mng v tuyn c nhn.
WLAN: Mng v tuyn cc b.
WMAN: Mng v tuyn th.
WWAN: Mng v tuyn din rng.
WRAN: Mng v tuyn khu vc.

Hnh 1: Tng quan v mng khng dy
Tm hiu v mng ZigBee


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SVTH: Phan Trn
WPAN (Wireless Personal Area Network): Mng v tuyn c nhn. Nhm ny bao gm cc
cng ngh v tuyn c vng ph sng nh tm vi mt n hng chc mt ti a. Cc cng ngh
ny phc v mc ch ni kt cc thit b ngoi vi nh my in, bn phm, chut, a cng, kha
USB, ng h... vi in thoi di ng, my tnh. Cc cng ngh trong nhm ny bao gm:
Bluetooth, Wibree, ZigBee, UWB, Wireless USB, EnOcean... a phn cc cng ngh ny c
chun ha bi IEEE, c th l nhm 802.15. Do vy cc chun cn c bit n vi tn nh IEEE
802.15.4 hay IEEE 802.15.3... Hai dng WPAN ph bin nht l Bluetooth v hng ngoi (Infrared
Data Association IrDA) to ra mt knh giao tip trc tip gia hai thit b, khng qua cc thit
b mng trung gian, ging nh khi ni cp trc tip t my in vo PC vy. V vy cc s c xy ra
trn cc kt ni ny khng lin quan g ti cc thit b qun l h thng WLAN nh wireless
repeater, access point c. Khng ging nh WLAN, mng WPAN c th lin lc hiu qu m
khng i hi nhiu v c s h tng, tnh nng ny cho php c thm cc hng gii quyt r
tin, nh gn m vn em li hiu qu cao, nht l trong mt bng tn eo hp.

IEEE 802.15 c th phn ra lm 3 loi mng WPAN, phn bit da vo tc truyn ti, mc
tiu hao nng lng, QoS (Quality of service).
WPAN tc cao (Chun IEEE 802.15.3) ph hp vi cc ng dng a phng tin yu
cu cht lng dch v cao.
WPAN tc trung bnh (Chun IEEE 802.15.1/Bluetooth) c ng dng trong mng
in thoi t bo n my tnh c nhn b ti PDA v c QoS ph hp cho thng tin thoi.
WPAN tc thp (IEEE 802.15.4/LR-WAN) dng trong cc sn phm cng nghip dng
c thi hn, cc ng dng y hc ch i hi mc tiu hao nng lng thp, khng yu cu
cao v tc truyn tin v QoS. Tc truyn d liu thp cho php IEEE 802.15.4/LR-
WAN tiu hao t nng lng. Trong chun ny ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 l 1 v d in hnh.

WLAN: Mng v tuyn cc b. Nhm ny bao gm cc cng ngh c vng ph tm vi trm mt.
Ni bt l cng ngh Wifi vi nhiu chun m rng khc nhau thuc gia nh 802.11 a/b/g/h/i/...
Cng ngh Wifi gt hi c nhng thnh cng to ln. Bn cnh WiFi th cn mt ci tn t
nghe n nh HiperLAN v HiperLAN2, i th cnh tranh ca Wifi c chun ha bi ETSI.

Mng 802.11 linh hot v thit k, gm 3 m hnh mng sau
M hnh mng c lp (IBSSs) hay cn gi l mng Ad hoc

M hnh mng Ad hoc: C cc nt di ng (my tnh c h tr card mng khng dy) tp
trung li trong mt khng gian nh hnh thnh nn kt ni ngang cp (peer-to-peer) gia chng.
Cc nt di ng c card mng wireless, chng c th trao i thng tin trc tip vi nhau, khng
cn phi c qun tr mng. V cc mng ad-hoc ny c th thc hin nhanh v d dng nn chng
thng c thit lp m khng cn mt cng c hay k nng c bit no v vy n rt thch hp
s dng trong cc hi ngh thng mi hoc trong cc nhm lm vic tm thi. Tuy nhin chng
c th c nhng nhc im v vng ph sng b gii hn, mi ngi s dng u phi nghe c
ln nhau.
M hnh mng c s (BSSs)
Bao gm cc im truy nhp AP (Access Point) gn vi mng ng trc hu tuyn v
giao tip vi cc thit b di ng trong vng ph sng ca mt cell. AP ng vai tr iu khin cell
Tm hiu v mng ZigBee


Page | 3
SVTH: Phan Trn
v iu khin lu lng ti mng. Cc thit b di ng khng giao tip trc tip vi nhau m giao
tip vi cc AP. Cc cell c th chng ln ln nhau khong 10-15 % cho php cc trm di ng c
th di chuyn m khng b mt kt ni v tuyn v cung cp vng ph sng vi chi ph thp nht.
Cc trm di ng s chn AP tt nht kt ni. Mt im truy nhp nm trung tm c th iu
khin v phn phi truy nhp cho cc nt tranh chp, cung cp truy nhp ph hp vi mng ng
trc, n nh cc a ch v cc mc u tin, gim st lu lng mng, qun l chuyn i cc gi
v duy tr theo di cu hnh mng. Tuy nhin giao thc a truy nhp tp trung khng cho php cc
nt di ng truyn trc tip ti nt khc nm trong cng vng vi im truy nhp nh trong cu
hnh mng WLAN c lp. Trong trng hp ny, mi gi s phi c pht i 2 ln (t nt pht
gc v sau l im truy nhp) trc khi n ti nt ch, qu trnh ny s lm gim hiu qu
truyn dn v tng tr truyn dn.

M hnh mng m rng (ESSs)

Mng 802.11 m rng phm vi di ng ti mt phm vi bt k thng qua ESS. Mt ESSs
l mt tp hp cc BSSs ni m cc Access Point giao tip vi nhau chuyn lu lng t mt
BSS ny n mt BSS khc lm cho vic di chuyn d dng gia cc BSS, Access Point thc
hin vic giao tip thng qua h thng phn phi. H thng phn phi l mt lp mng trong mi
Access Point m n xc nh ch n cho mt lu lng c nhn t mt BSS. H thng phn
phi c tip sng tr li mt ch trong cng mt BSS, chuyn tip trn h thng phn phi ti
mt Access Point khc, hoc gi ti mt mng c dy ti ch khng nm trong ESS. Cc thng
tin nhn bi Access Point t h thng phn phi c truyn ti BSS s c nhn bi trm ch.

WMAN (Mng v tuyn th): i din tiu biu ca nhm ny chnh l WiMAX. Ngoi ra cn
c cng ngh bng rng BWMA 802.20. Vng ph sng ca n s tm vi km (tm 4-5km ti a).

WiMAX (vit tt ca Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) l tiu chun
IEEE 802.16 cho vic kt ni Internet bng thng rng khng dy khong cch ln. WiMAX
to iu kin thun li cho vic trao i d liu tc cao qua mng khng dy cc th
(WMANs). Vi nhng li th nh trin khai nhanh, tnh chuyn i cao, chi ph nng cp thp,
Wimax gp phn gii quyt vn nghn c chai. WiMAX l k thut vin thng cung cp vic
truyn dn khng dy khong cch ln bng nhiu cch khc nhau, t kiu kt ni im - im
cho ti kiu truy nhp t bo. Da trn cc tiu chun IEEE 802.16, cn c gi l WirelessMAN.
WiMAX cho php ngi dng c th duyt Internet trn my laptop m khng cn kt ni vt l
bng cng Ethernet ti router hoc switch.

WWAN: Mng v tuyn din rng: Nhm ny bao gm cc cng ngh mng thng tin di ng
nh UMTS/GSM/CDMA2000... Vng ph ca n cng tm vi km n tm chc km.

S lc v 1 s cng ngh mng thng tin di ng:
H thng thng tin di ng ton cu (Global System for Mobile Communications) GSM:
L mt cng ngh dng cho mng thng tin di ng. Dch v GSM c s dng bi hn
2 t ngi trn 212 quc gia v vng lnh th. Cc mng thng tin di ng GSM cho php
Tm hiu v mng ZigBee


Page | 4
SVTH: Phan Trn
c th roaming vi nhau do nhng my in thoi di ng GSM ca cc mng GSM
khc nhau c th s dng c nhiu ni trn th gii.
GSM l chun ph bin nht cho in thoi di ng (TD) trn th gii. Kh
nng ph sng rng khp ni ca chun GSM lm cho n tr nn ph bin trn th gii,
cho php ngi s dng c th s dng TD ca h nhiu vng trn th gii. GSM
khc vi cc chun tin thn ca n v c tn hiu v tc , cht lng cuc gi. N c
xem nh l mt h thng TD th h th hai (second generation, 2G). GSM l mt chun
m, hin ti n c pht trin bi 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) ng v
pha quan im khch hng, li th chnh ca GSM l cht lng cuc gi tt hn, gi
thnh thp v dch v tin nhn. Thun li i vi nh iu hnh mng l kh nng trin
khai thit b t nhiu ngi cung ng. GSM cho php nh iu hnh mng c th sn sng
dch v khp ni, v th ngi s dng c th s dng in thoi ca h khp ni trn
th gii.
GSM l mng in thoi di ng thit k gm nhiu t bo (cell) do cc my
in thoi di ng kt ni vi mng bng cch tm kim cc cell gn n nht. Cc mng di
ng GSM hot ng trn 4 bng tn. Hu ht th hot ng bng 900 MHz v 1800 MHz.
Vi nc Chu M th s dng bng 850 MHz v 1900 MHz do bng 900 MHz v
1800 MHz ni ny b s dng trc.
H thng vin thng di ng ton cu (UMTS): L 1 trong cc cng ngh di ng 3G.
UMTS da trn nn tng CDMA bng rng (WCDMA), c chun ha bi T chc cc
i tc pht trin 3G (3GPP). UMTS i khi cn c gi l 3GSM, ch s kt hp v
bn cht cng ngh 3G ca UMTS v chun GSM truyn thng.

WRAN: Mng v tuyn khu vc. Nhm ny i din l cng ngh 802.22 ang c nghin cu
v pht trin bi IEEE. Vng ph c n s ln tm 40-100km. Mc ch l mang cng ngh truyn
thng n cc vng xa xi ho lnh, kh trin khai cc cng ngh khc.

1.2 Gii thiu v mng ZigBee.

1.2.1 S lc v mng ZigBee

V mng Zigbee c u im l gi thnh thp, gii quyt hiu qu vn lin lc trong di bng
tn eo hp, mc tiu hao nng lng thp, tr truyn tin nh, d dng m rngv y cng l 1 cng
ngh kh mi m, v vy em s chn mng ZigBee tm hiu.

Zigbee l tp hp cc giao thc giao tip mng khng dy khong cch ngn c tc truyn d
liu thp. Cc thit b khng dy da trn chun Zigbee hot ng trn 3 dy tn s l 868MHz, 915 MHz
v 2,4GHz. Ci tn Zigbee c xut pht t cch truyn thng tin ca cc con ong mt l kiu zig-
zag ca loi ong honey-Bee. Ci tn Zigbee cng c ghp t 2 t ny.

Chun Zigbee c pht trin v xc tin bi hng Zigbee Alliance, vi s h tr t hn 200
cng ty trn th gii nh: SIEMENS, ATMEL, NI, NEC, TEXAS INSTRUMENTS, EPSON....
Tm hiu v mng ZigBee


Page | 5
SVTH: Phan Trn
V bn cht Zigbee cng mt chun giao tip khng dy nh nhng chun khng dy khc: UWB, 3G,
IrDA, Wifi, Bluetooth...nhng n mang nhng c tnh k thut v c tnh vt l ring v do s ch
ph hp vi mt mng ng dng nht nh.

ZigBee c nhng c im chnh sau y:
Tc truyn d liu thp 20-250Kbps.
S dng cng sut thp, t tiu hao in nng.
Thi gian s dng pin rt di.
Ci t, bo tr d dng.
tin cy cao.
C th m rng n 65000 node.
Chi ph u t thp.

Di y l bng so snh c tnh ca 3 chun Zigbee, BlueTooth v Wifi.


Bng 1: Bng so snh mng ZigBee, BlueTooth v Wifi

C th thy Zigbee cng tng t BlueTooth nhng n gin hn, ZigBee c tc truyn d liu
thp, tit kim nng lng hn. Mt nt mng trong mng ZigBee c kh nng hot ng t 6 thng n
2 nm ch vi ngun 2 pin AA.

Phm vi hot ng ca ZigBee l 10-75m trong khi ca BlueTooth ch l 10m Zigbee xp sau
BlueTooth v tc truyn d liu. Tc d liu l 250kbps di tn 2,4 GHz (quc t), 40 kbps di
tn 915 MHz (M, Nht) v 20kbps di tn 868 MHz (Chu u).

ZigBee s dng cu hnh master-slave c bn ph hp vi mng hnh sao tnh, trong cc thit
b giao tip vi nhau thng qua cc gi tin nh. Loi mng ny ch cho php ti a 254 nt. So snh vi
chun BlueTooth th BlueTooth phc tp hn bi loi giao thc ny hng ti truyn file, hnh nh v
thoi trong cc mng ad-hoc.

Nt mng ZigBee vn hnh t tn nng lng, c th gi v nhn gi tin trong khong 15msec
trong khi BlueTooth l 3sec.

ZigBee bo mt cao, cho vic bo mt mng, ZigBee dng National Institute of Standards and
Technology (NIST) Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). Chun ny, l mt m ha khi (block cipher)
m m ha v gii m cc packets trong mt phng thc kh c th b kha. y l mt trong nhng
Tm hiu v mng ZigBee


Page | 6
SVTH: Phan Trn
chun ni ting. Nguyn nhn m n c dng bi ZigBee l: Chun c xc thc quc t, min ph,
c th hin thc trn mt vi iu khin 8-bit.
ZigBee l mt chun m, c nhiu nh cung cp ZigBee stack, trong ti ny s dng ZigBee
Stack Protocol ca MicroChip cung cp, c th c ti min ph t http://www.microchip.com.

1.2.2 ng dng ca mng ZigBee.

ZigBee nng lng thng minh: L tiu chun hng u th gii cho cc sn phm tng thch m
theo di, kim sot, thng bo v t ng ha vic cung cp v s dng nng lng nc. N gip
to ra ngi nh xanh hn bng cch cho ngi tiu dng nhng thng tin v t ng ha cn thit
gim mc tiu th ca h mt cch d dng v tit kim tin.Tiu chun ny h tr cc nhu cu
a dng ca h sinh thi ton cu, cc nh sn xut sn phm v nhng d n ca chnh ph
p ng nhu cu nng lng v nc trong tng lai.

ZigBee iu khin t xa: Cung cp mt tiu chun ton cu tin tin v d s dng iu khin t
xa RF hot ng non-line-of-sight, hai chiu, cn phm vi s dng v tui th pin m rng. N
c thit k cho mt lot cc thit b rp ht ti nh, cc hp set-top, thit b m thanh khc. iu
khin t xa ZigBee gii phng ngi tiu dng t ch iu khin t xa cc thit b. N cung cp
cho ngi tiu dng linh hot hn, cho php kim sot cc thit b t phng gn v v tr ca
cc thit b hu nh bt c ni no, bao gm c pha sau g, tng, trang tr ni tht hoc thy
tinh.

Zigbee nh thng minh: ZigBee nh thng minh cung cp mt tiu chun ton cu cho cc sn
phm tng thch cho php nh thng minh c th kim sot thit b, chiu sng, qun l mi
trng nng lng, v an ninh, cng nh m rng kt ni vi cc mng ZigBee.Nh thng minh
cho php ngi tiu dng tit kim tin, cm thy an ton hn v tn hng mt lot cc tin nghi
d dng v t tn km duy tr. Zigbee nh thng minh h tr mt h sinh thi a dng ca cc
nh cung cp dch v v cc nh sn xut sn phm khi h pht minh ra sn phm cn thit to
ra ngi nh thng minh. Nhng sn phm ny l l tng xy dng mi thm cc th trng,
v rt d s dng, duy tr v ci t.

Zigbee chm sc sc khe: L theo di bnh nhn ti nh. V d, huyt p v nhp tim ca mt
bnh nhn c o bi cc thit b eo trn ngi. Bnh nhn mang mt thit b Zigbee tp hp
cc thng tin lin quan n sc khe nh huyt p v nhp tim. Sau d liu c truyn khng
dy n mt my ch a phng, c th l mt my tnh c nhn t trong nh bnh nhn, ni m
vic phn tch ban u c thc hin. Cui cng, thng tin quan trng c chuyn ti y t ca
bnh nhn hay nhn vin vt l tr liu thng qua Internet phn tch su hn. Cc cng ty ang
h tr cng ngh cho s pht trin ca ZigBee Chm sc sc khe bao gm Motorola, Phillips,
Freescale Semiconductor, Awarepoint

Ngoi ra cn nhiu ng dng khc ca ZigBee nh ZigBee v dch v vin thng, ZigBee giao
tip vi cc thit b ngoi vi nh bn phm, chut my tnh, giao tip vi smartphone

Tm hiu v mng ZigBee


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2. TM HIU V MNG ZIGBEE

2.1 Thnh phn ca mng ZigBee

Trc ht chng ta tm hiu cc thut ng:
Full-function devices (FFDs): L nhng thit b h tr y cc chc nng theo chun ca IEEE
802.15.4 v c th m nhn bt c vai tr no trong h thng. FFD c th hot ng trong ba trng thi:
l iu phi vin ca ton mng PAN, hay l iu phi vin ca mt mng con hoc n gin ch l mt
thnh vin trong mng, b sung b nh v sc mnh tnh ton lm cho n tr thnh l tng trong chc
nng router mng.
Reduced-function devices (RFDs): L nhng thit b gii hn mt s chc nng (ch giao tip c
vi FFDs, p dng cho cc ng dng n gin, khng yu cu gi lng ln d liu nh tt, m n) vi
chi ph thp hn v phc tp hn.
Mt mng ti thiu phi c mt thit b FFD, mt FFD c th lm vic vi nhiu RFD hay nhiu FFD
trong khi mt RFD ch c th lm vic vi mt FFD.
Trong mng Zigbee cho php 3 kiu thit b:
Zigbee Coordinator (ZC): Ch c duy nht 1 ZC trong bt k mng Zigbee no v n c chc
nng chnh l kch hot thng tin v mng thng qua cu hnh cc knh, PAN ID v hin trng
ngn xp. ng thi n iu khin v gim st mng, lu tr cc thng tin v mng. N l thit
b FFD.
Zigbee Router (ZR): L mt thnh phn ca h thng mng m chc nng ca n l thc hin
vic vn chuyn cc gi tin trong mng. N thc hin cc bng kt ni cng nh nh v a
ch cho cc ZED ca n. N c th kt ni vi ZC, ZR v c ZED. N cng l thit b FFD.
Zigbee End Device (ZED): L mt thnh phn ca h thng mng nhng khng tham gia vo
qu trnh vn chuyn tin. N c ti u sao cho cng sut tiu th l nh nht nh cc ch
bt tn hiu v k thut "sleep". N c th nhn tin nhng khng th chuyn tip tin, kt ni
c vi ZC v ZR nhng khng th kt ni vi nhau. N c th l FFD hoc RFD.
2.2 Kin trc lin kt mng ZigBee


Hnh 2: Cc m hnh lin kt trong mng ZigBee
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Trong truyn thng dng giao thc Zigbee thng h tr 3 m hnh mng chnh: Mng hnh sao, mng
hnh cy v mng s li. S a dng v cu trc mng ny cho php cng ngh Zigbee c ng dng
mt cch rng ri.
Cu trc mng hnh sao (Star topology): Cn c gi l point-to-point (one-hop). i vi loi
mng ny mt kt ni c thnh lp bi cc thit b vi mt thit b c lp trnh iu khin
trung tm iu khin c gi l b iu phi mng PAN. Sau khi FFD c kch hot ln u
tin n c th to nn mt mng c lp v tr thnh mt b iu phi mng PAN. Mi mng hnh
sao u phi c mt ch s nhn dng c nhn c gi l PAN ID (PAN identifier), ch s ny l
duy nht m khng c s dng bi bt k mng khc trong phm vi nh hng ca n, khu vc
xung quanh thit b m sng radio ca n c th giao tip thnh cng vi cc thit b pht radio
khc. Ni cch khc n m bo rng PAN ID m n chn khng c s dng bi bt k mng
no gn y, cho php mng ny c th hot ng mt cch c lp. Khi c FFD v RFD u
c th kt ni vi b iu phi mng PAN. Cc node trong mng PAN ch c th kt ni vi b
iu phi mng PAN v th mng ny l mng tp trung, mi node mng u phi thng qua ZC
nn ZC s tiu tn nhiu nng lng hn cc node mng khc v mng c tm ph sng nh (trong
vng bn knh 100m). Nn s dng cu trc hnh sao ny cho cc ng dng c tm nh nh t
ng ha nh, thit b ngoi vi cho my tnh, chi v game.

Hnh 3: M hnh lin kt mng dng hnh sao

Cu trc mng li (Mesh topology): Cn c gi l peer-to-peer (multi-hop). Kiu cu trc
mng ny cng c mt b iu phi mng PAN. Thc cht y l kt hp ca hai kiu cu trc
mng hnh sao v mng ngang hng, cu trc mng ny th mt thit b A c th to kt ni vi
bt k thit b no khc min l thit b nm trong phm vi ph sng ca thit b A. Mng mt
li khng tp trung cao nh mng hnh sao, thay vo l cc kt ni im - im nm trong
tm ph sng ca cc im mng. Mng hot ng theo ch ad-hoc cho php chuyn tip nhiu
chng qua trung gian l cc ZR, iu ny ng ngha vi vic phi c thut ton nh tuyn tm
ra cc ng dn ti u nht. Mng ny c th hot ng trong tm rt rng ln, tuy nhin rt kh
khn gim thiu phc tp trong vic lin kt bt c im - im no trong mng do kh c
th m bo thi gian truyn ti thiu c. Cc ng dng ca cu trc ny c th ng dng trong
o lng v iu khin, mng cm bin khng dy, theo di cnh bo v kim k (cnh bo chy
rng)... ZR hot ng nh mt iu phi vin trong khu vc hot ng ca n m rng giao
tip cp mng. Trong mng ngang hng, mi thit b c th giao tip vi thit b khc nu cc
thit b c t gn to thnh cng ng dn lin kt. Bt k FFD no trong mng ngang
hng c th ng vai tr l mt iu phi mng PAN. Mt cch quyt nh thit b no s l
iu phi mng PAN l la ra thit b FFD u tin bt u vic giao tip nh l mt iu phi
mng PAN. Mt RFD c th l mt phn ca mng v ch giao tip vi mt thit b c bit trong
mng (ZC hoc ZR).
Tm hiu v mng ZigBee


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Hnh 4: M hnh lin kt mng ZigBee dng mt li

Cu trc mng hnh cy (Cluster Tree topology): Cu trc ny l mt dng c bit ca cu trc
mt li trong a s thit b l FFD v mt RFD c th kt ni vo hnh cy nh mt node ri
rc im cui ca nhnh cy. Bt k mt FFD no cng c th hot ng nh l mt coordinator
v cung cp tn hiu ng b cho cc thit b v cc coordinator khc v th m cu trc mng kiu
ny c quy m ph sng v tm m rng cao. Trong loi cu hnh ny mc d c th c nhiu
coordinator nhng ch c duy nht mt b iu phi mng PAN. Cc ZR nh hnh cc nhnh v
tip nhn tin. Cc ZED hot ng nh nhng chic l v khng tham gia vo vic nh tuyn. B
iu phi mng PAN to ra nhm u tin bng cch t bu ra ngi lnh o cho nhm ca mnh
v gn cho ngi lnh o mt ch s nhn dng c nhn c bit gi l CID-0 (cluster identifier)
bng cch t thnh lp CLH (cluster head) bng CID-0. N chn mt PAN identifier ri v pht
khung tin qung b nhn dng ti cc thit b ln cn. Thit b no nhn c khung tin ny c th
yu cu kt ni vo mng CLH. Nu b iu phi vin mng PAN ng cho thit b kt ni
th n s ghi tn thit b vo danh sch. C th thit b mi kt ni ny li tr thnh CLH ca
nhnh cy mi v bt u pht qung b nh k cc thit b khc c th kt ni vo mng. T
hnh thnh c cc CLH1, CLH2... Mng hnh cy ha hn s em v u im ca hai mng
trn: mng hnh sao (kh nng ng b, ng truyn tin cy nh vo ch GTS) v mng mt
li (co gin v khong cch a l, tm hot ng rt rng).

Hnh 5: M hnh lin kt mng ZigBee dng cy

2.3 M hnh giao thc ca Zigbee/IEEE802.15
Cng ging nh trong truyn thng cng nghip, khi thc hin mt giao thc truyn thng, ngi
ta thng phi da trn mt m hnh kin trc chun. Bt k mt giao thc truyn thng no u c th
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qui chiu ti mt lp no trong m hnh ca kin trc tng ng. Trong truyn thng cng nghip ta
bit n l m hnh qui chiu OSI 7 lp.
Trong giao thc Zigbee, ngi ta cng nh ngha mt kin trc giao tip, l kin trc ZigBee.
Kin trc ny cng tng t nh kin trc OSI 7 lp trong truyn thng cng nghip.
y l cng ngh xy dng v pht trin cc lp ng dng v lp mng trn nn tng l 2 tng
PHY v MAC theo chun IEEE 802.15.4. N tha hng c tnh tin cy, n gin, tiu hao t nng
lng v kh nng thch ng cao vi mi trng mng.

Hnh 6: M hnh giao thc mng ZigBee
2.3.1 Lp vt l (PHY)
iu ch tn hiu tng PHY.
Cung cp 2 dch v chnh l dch v d liu (PHY) v dch v qun l (PHY). Dch v d liu (PHY)
iu khin vic thu pht ca khi d liu PPDU thng qua knh sng v tuyn vt l.
Cc tnh nng ca tng vt l l: S kch hot hoc gim kch hot ca b phn pht v nhn sng,
pht hin nng lng, chn knh, ch s ng truyn, gii phng knh truyn, thu v pht cc gi d liu
qua mi trng truyn. Chun IEEE 802.15.4 nh ngha 3 di tn s khc nhau.

Bng 2: c tnh hot ng ca ZigBee cc tn s khc nhau
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C tt c 27 knh truyn trn cc gii tn s khc nhau theo bng m t sau:

Bng 3: Bng m t cc knh truyn theo tn s ca ZigBee
tn s 2,4Ghz tc truyn d liu ca ZigBee l 250Kbps. Di y l s iu ch tn
s 2,4Ghz.

Hnh 7: S iu ch tn hiu tng PHY ti tn s 2,4GHz
B Bit to Symbol c nhim v chuyn chui nh phn thnh chi k t, mi byte c chia thnh
cc k t. i vi trng a byte th byte c ngha nh nht c pht u tin ngoi tr trng hp trng
byte lin quan n bo mt th lc byte c ngha ln nht s c pht trc.
B Symbol to chip c nhim v chuyn mi k t d liu c sp xp trong mt chui gi ngu
nhin (Pseudo-random) 32-chip. Chui chip ny c truyn i vi tc 2 Mchip/s.
B iu ch s O-QPSK: Phng php iu ch c dng y l phng php iu ch kha
dch pha gc c chn gc dch pha ban u O-QPSK (Offset-Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) tng
ng vi phng php iu ch kha dch pha ti thiu MSK (Minimum Shift Keying). QPSK l phng
php hiu qu i vi di tn hn ch. Mi phn t tn hiu biu din cho 2 bit. Bng vic s dng dch
offset trong O-QPSK, thay i pha trong tn hiu tng hp ti a l 90 , cng trong trng hp ny m
dng QPSK th lch pha ti a l 180 . Nh vy O-QPSK cung cp mt phng php tt hn QPSK
khi knh truyn c cc thnh phn khng tuyn tnh.
Cn tn s 868/915 MHz tc truyn d liu ca ZigBee l 20kbps 868 MHz v, 40kbps
915 MHz. Di y l s iu ch 2 tn s ny.
Tm hiu v mng ZigBee


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Hnh 8: S iu ch tn hiu tng PHY ti tn s 868/915 MHz
Cc thng s k thut tng PHY
ED (Energy Detection): o c c bi b thu ED. Ch s ny s c tng Network s dng nh
l mt bc trong thut ton chn knh. ED l kt qu ca s c lng cng sut nng lng ca tn hiu
nhn c trong bng thng ca knh trong IEEE 802.15.4. N khng c vai tr trong vic gii m hay
nhn dng tn hiu truyn trong knh ny. Thi gian pht hin v x l ED tng ng khong thi gian
8 symbol. Kt qu pht hin nng lng s c thng bo bng 8 bit s nguyn trong khong t 0x00 ti
0xff.
Cht lng ng truyn (LQI): c trng cht lng gi tin nhn c. S o ny c th b sung
vo ED thu c, nh gi t s SNR, gi tr kt qu LQI c giao cho tng mng v tng ng dng x
l.
Ch s nh gi knh truyn (CCA): c s dng xc nh khi no mt knh truyn ri hay bn.
C ba phng php:
CCA 1: Nng lng vt ngng. CCA s thng bo knh truyn bn trong khi d ra bt k
nng lng no vt ngng ED.
CCA 2: Cm bin sng mang. CCA thng bo knh truyn bn ch khi nhn ra tn hiu c c
tnh tri ph v iu ch ca IEEE802.15.4. Tn hiu ny c th thp hoc cao hn ngng ED.
CCA 3: Cm bin sng mang kt hp vi nng lng vt ngng. CCA s bo knh truyn
bn ch khi d ra tn hiu c c tnh tri ph v iu ch ca IEEE 802.15.4 vi nng lng vt
ngng ED.
nh dng khung tin PPDU (PHY protocol data unit):

Hnh 9: nh dng khung tin PPDU
SHR (synchronization header): ng b thit b thu v cht chui bit.
PHR (PHY header): cha thng tin di khung.
PHY payload: cha khung tin ca tng MAC.
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2.3.2 Lp MAC (Medium Access Control)

Nhim v ca tng MAC l qun l vic pht thng tin bo hiu beacon, nh dng khung tin
truyn i trong mng, iu khin truy nhp knh, qun l khe thi gian GTS, iu khin kt ni v gii
phng kt ni, pht khung ACK.
Cu trc Superframe.
nh dng ca siu khung c nh r bi PAN coordinator. Mi siu khung c gii hn bi tng
mng v c chia thnh 16 khe nh nhau. Ct mc bo hiu d ng beacon c gi i trong khe u
tin ca mi siu khung. Nu mt PAN coordinator khng mun s dng siu khung th n phi dng
vic pht mc beacon. Mc ny c nhim ng b cc thit b nh km, nhn dng PAN v cha ni
dung m t cu trc ca superframe.

Hnh 10: Cu trc superframe
Superframe c 2 phn hot ng v ngh. Trong trng thi ngh th PAN coordinator khng giao
tip vi cc thit b trong mng PAN, v lm vic mode cng sut thp. Phn hot ng gm 2 giai
on: giai on tranh chp truy cp (CAP) v giai on tranh chp t do (CFP), giai on tranh chp trong
mng chnh l khong thi gian tranh chp gia cc trm c c hi dng mt knh truyn hoc ti
nguyn trn mng). Bt k thit b no mun lin lc trong thi gian CAP u phi cnh tranh vi cc
thit b khc bng cch s dng k thut CSMA-CA. Cn CFP gm c cc GTSs, cc khe thi gian GTS
ny thng xut hin ngay sau CAP. PAN co-oridinator c th nh v c by trong s cc GTSs, v
mi mt GTS chim nhiu hn mt khe thi gian.
Khung CAP: CAP c pht ngay sau mc beacon v kt thc trc khi pht CFP, cc lnh iu
khin MAC s c pht trong phn CAP. Tt c cc khung tin ngoi tr khung Ack v cc khung
d liu pht ngay sau khung ACK trong lnh yu cu s c pht trong CAP s dng CSMA-CA
truy nhp knh.

Khung CFP: Phn CFP s c pht ngay sau phn CAP v kt thc trc khi pht beacon ca
khung k tip. Nu bt k mt GTS no c cp pht bi b iu phi mng PAN, chng s c
t bn trong phn CFP v lp y mt lot cc khe lin nhau. Bi vy nn kch thc ca phn
CFP s do tng di cc khe GTS ny quyt nh. CFP khng s dng thut ton CSMA-CA
truy nhp knh.

Tm hiu v mng ZigBee


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Truyn d liu theo kiu Beacon hoc Non-beacon:

Khi mt thit b mun truyn d liu trong mt mng khng h tr vic pht beacon, khi
th n ch n gin l truyn khung d liu ti thit b iu phi bng cch s dng thut
ton khng gn khe thi gian. Thit b iu phi Coordinator tr li bng khung ACK nh
hnh sau.


Hnh 11: Lin lc trong mng khng h tr beacon.

Khi mt thit b mun truyn d liu ti thit b iu phi trong mng c h tr beacon.
Lc u n s ch bo hiu beacon ca mng. Khi thit b nhn c bo hiu beacon, n
s s dng tn hiu ny ng b cc siu khung. ng thi, n cng pht d liu s
dng phng php CSMA-CA gn khe thi gian v kt thc qu trnh truyn tin bng
khung tin xc nhn ACK.

Hnh 12: lin lc trong mng c h tr beacon.

nh dng khung tin MAC
Mi khung bao gm cc thnh phn sau:
u khung MHR (MAC header): gm cc trng thng tin v iu khin khung tin, s
chui, v trng a ch.
Ti trng khung (MAC payload): cha cc thng tin chi tit v kiu khung. Khung tin ca
bn tin xc nhn ACK khng c phn ny.
Cui khung MFR (MAC footer): cha chui kim tra khung FCS (frame check sequence).
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Hnh 13: nh dng khung MAC
2.3.3 Lp Network

Lp Network trong m hnh ca giao thc ZigBee c xy dng trn nn ca tng iu khin d
liu, nh nhng c im ca lp MAC m lp Network c th m rng c qui m mng d dng, mt
mng c th hot ng cng cc mng khc hoc ring bit. Lp Network phi m nhn cc chc nng
nh:
Thit lp mt mng mi.
Tham gia lm thnh vin ca mt mng hoc l tch ra khi mng khi ang l thnh vin
ca mt mng no .
Cu hnh thit b mi nh h thng yu cu, gn a ch cho thit b mi tham gia vo
mng.
ng b ha cc thit b trong mng c th truyn tin m khng b tranh chp, ng b
ha c thc hin bng gi tin thng bo beacon.
Bo mt: gn cc thng tin bo mt vo gi tin v gi xung tng di.
nh tuyn, gip gi tin c th n c ng ch mong mun.

2.3.4 Lp Application

Lp ng dng ca ZigBee/IEEE802.15.4 c cc chc nng sau:

D tm ra xem c node hoc thit b no khc ang hot ng trong vng ph sng ca thit
b ang hot ng hay khng.
Duy tr kt ni, chuyn tip thng tin gia cc node mng.
Xc nh vai tr ca cc thit b trong mng. (Thit b iu phi mng, hay thit b u cui,
FFD hay RFD.)
Thit lp hoc tr li yu cu kt ni.
Thnh lp cc mi quan h gia cc thit b mng.

Lp Application thc hin cc chc nng do nh sn xut qui nh. Cc nh sn xut b sung
thm vo cc chc nng do Alliance qui nh.

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3. ZIGBEE PROTOCOL STACK CA MICROCHIP

Microchip ZigBee2006 Residental Stack Protocol l chun m v c th download m ngun min
ph t http://www.microchip.com/wireless.
Trong bn stack protocol ny ngi dng c th thay i 1 s phn ph hp vi ng dng ca
mnh, nhng phi tun theo qui nh ca Alliance.
3.1 Cc thut ng trong ZigBee Protocol

Application Profiles: Application Profiles cho php chng trnh ng dng ca ngi dng gi cc
lnh, yu cu d liu, x l lnh v yu cu t cc thit b khc. Application Profiles n gin l cch m
t ca 1 thit b trong network cng nh giao din v bo hiu kt ni gia cc thit b.
C 2 dng Application Profiles l Public Profiles v Private Profiles.

Public Profiles c nh ngha bi ZigBee Alliance. Cho php xy dng cc sn phm da
trn public profiles c th. Bng cch ny th cc thit b s dng chung public profiles nn
chng chia s cc message thng bo ging nhau cng nh c ch kt ni nh nhau.

Private Profiles: nh ngha bi 1 cng ty hoc 1 c nhn no . Chng c dng trong 1 h
thng ng.
Attributes: Attribute l mt phn ca d liu c gi gia 2 thit b, chng hn nh trng thi ca 1
cng tc (On/Off). Trong 1 Profiles th 1 Attribute c gn cho 1 s nh danh gi l Attribute ID.
Clusters: Mt Clusters l 1 nhm cc Attribute, mi Clusters c gn 1 ID gi l Cluster ID.
Endpoints: Mt thit b cho trc c th phc v nhiu ng dng. V d: Mt thit b c th ng
thi h tr h thng an ninh, cnh bo cng nh l iu khin h thng nh sng. Mi ng dng c th
trong v d trn l ng dng an ninh v ng dng iu khin nh sng, mi ng dng c gn 1 ID c
th c gi l endpoint. C th c n 240 endpoint ring bit c nh ngha trong 1 thit b.
Trong 1 Profile th nh ngha cc gi tr ca attribute IDs cc Cluster IDs cng nh nh dng ca
mi Attribute.
V d trong 1 Profile iu khin nh thng minh c Cluster OnOffDRC ca dimmer iu khin
t xa, Cluster ny cha 1 attribute OnOff, c gn 8 bit gi tr, khi gi tr l 0xFF th On, khi
gi tr l 0x00 th Off, khi gi tr l 0x0F th o trng thi ng ra.

Cc thit b khc nhau th giao tip thng qua Endpoints v Clusters m n h tr.
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Hnh 14: Mi lin h gia cc thut ng nu

Theo s trn ta thy trong thit b Switch Remote Control c cha Endpoint, trong Endpoint
cha Cluster, trong Cluster l cc Attribute.
3.2 Giao tip bng Messages

C 2 cch: l Direct Addressing v Indirect Addressing.

Cc thit b trong mng giao tip vi nhau bng cc messages. Nu 1 thit b bit a ch ca
thit b khc th n giao tip vi thit b bng 1 message vi a ch ch l a ch thit b
. Giao tip theo cch ny gi l Direct Addressing.

Zigbee Protocol cn cung cp 1 c ch khc l trong thit b c 1 bng gi l Binding Table,
bng ny lu a ch ca cc thit b ch, endpoint ch.

Binding Table

Khi 1 thit b mun giao tip vi 1 thit b khc n tm trong Binding Table nu a ch ch v
endpoint trng th a ch ch v endpoint s c thm vo message v pht i.
3.3 Cu trc ca 1 Message trong Zigbee Protocol

Mt message trong Zigbee Protocol bao gm 127 bytes, c 3 kiu message l Unicast, Multicast v
Broadcast.
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Cu trc 1 message gm cc phn sau:
Mac Header: Mac Header bao gm Mac frame control fields, Beacon Sequence Number (BSN)
v phn nh a ch ca message khi n ang c truyn i, a ch ny c th khng phi l a
ch ngun v a ch ch tht s, v message ang trn ng truyn i nn n c th l ca cc
thit b trung gian. Qu trnh to ra v s dng header ny trong sut vi m chng trnh ng
dng.

Network Layer Header (NWK): Header ny cha thng tin a ch ngun v a ch ch tht s
ca message. S to ra v s dng ca header ny trong sut vi m chng trnh ng dng.

Application Support Sub-Layer Header (APS): Header ny bao gm Profile ID, Cluster ID v
a ch Endpoint ch ca message hin ti. S to ra v s dng ca header ny trong sut vi m
chng trnh ng dng.

APS Payload: Trng ny cha Zigbee Protocol frame cho qu trnh ng dng. Cc on m
chng trnh ng dng c cha trong Payload ny.

Mi node trong mng s c 2 a ch l 64- bit a ch MAC v 16 a ch mng. Trc khi gia nhp
mng th thit b dng a ch MAC giao tip vi cc thit b khc, sau khi gia nhp mng thit b s
c gn a ch mng, thit b dng a ch mng lin lc v giao tip trong mng.
Cc kiu truyn message:
Unicast: Trong 1 unicast message, a ch ca nt ch c cung cp trong header ca lp Mac
.Ch c thit b c a ch ch mi nhn c message cn cc thit b khc khng nhn c.

Broadcast: Trong 1 broadcast message, a ch trong header lp Mac l 0xFFFF. Tt c cc thit
b c b thu pht d liu no c phn thu d liu c kch hot u nhn c message. Kiu
truyn ny thng c dng khi mt thit b mun gia nhp mt network, n d tm cc router
trong network v thc hin 1 s hm d tm trong ZigBee Protocol Stack. Khi 1 thit b truyn i
ln u hoc gi li broadcast message th n s lng nghe tt c cc neighbor ca n xem chng
c gi li phn hi khng. Nu n khng nhn li c message no trong khong thi gian
nwkPassiveAckTimeout giy, n s tip tc gi li packet cho ti khi n nhn li c phn hi
t tt c cc neighbor ca n.

Multicast: Mt ng dng c th chn 1 tp hp cc thit b vi endpoint c th, to thnh 1
nhm. Nhm cc thit b ny c th c nh a ch 1 cch ng thi v gn 1 a ch nhm gi
l Group ID.

Mt v d ca multicast: Ta to 1 nhm tt c cc bng n trong cn phng thnh 1 nhm
multicast v gn cho chng 1 Group ID. Sau gi message on bt tt c cc n cng 1
lc.
Tm hiu v mng ZigBee


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3.4 C cu truyn d liu

3.4.1 Beacon v non-beacon.

Trong mt mng ZigBee c ch non-beacon c kch hot, khi thit b mun truyn 1 frame
d liu n gin l n s ch cho n khi knh truyn rnh, sau khi pht hin knh truyn rnh
thit b s pht frame d liu i.

Cn trong ch beacon, cc nt c truyn d liu trong cc time slots nh sn. Coordinator
s nh k truyn cc superframe cn c gi l beacon frame. Tt c cc nt trong mng s ch
c ng b vi frame ny. Mi nt s c gn 1 slot c th trong superframe.

3.4.2 Routing

Microchip Stack c kh nng nh tuyn cc messages. Vic nh tuyn c th thc hin 1 cch t
ng nh Microchip Stack m khng c s can thip no t ng dng u cui. nh tuyn cho
php m rng tm ca mng, c 3 la chn nh tuyn:

Suppess: Nu 1 mng mesh c pht hin, message s c truyn dc theo ng ny.
Ngc li nu khng c, message s c truyn dc theo tree.
Enable: Nu 1 mng mesh c pht hin, message s c truyn dc theo ng ny.
Nu khng xc nh c mesh no, router s bt u d ng. Sau khi qu trnh d kt
thc, message s c truyn theo tuyn ng c tnh ton. Nu router khng c
kh nng d tm th messages s c truyn theo tuyn tree.
Force: Nu router c kh nng d tuyn ng, router s bt u d ng, (k c khi
c sn tuyn ng). Messages s c truyn dc theo tuyn ng c tnh ton.
Nu router khng c kh nng d ng, messages s c truyn dc theo tree. Cch ny
t c dng v n to ra 1 lu lng ln trong mng. N c u tin dng khi sa cc
tuyn b li.

3.5 Khi to v tham gia vo 1 network

3.5.1 Khi to network.

Mt mng Zigbee c khi to u tin bi ZigBee Protocol Coordinator. Khi khi to, ZigBee
Protocol Coordinator s tm xem c ZigBee Protocol Coordinator no ang hot ng trong knh ca n
khng. Da trn nng lng knh v s network tm thy, n s to 1 mng ring ca n v chn 1 ID 16
bit gi l 16-bit Personal Area Network ID (PAN). Khi mng c khi to xong, ZigBee Protocol Router
v thit b u cui s c php gia nhp mng.
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Khi mt network c to ra th c th s c nhng thay i, chng hn nh 1 hoc nhiu mng b
trng PAN ID xy ra. Trong trng hp ny, Coordinator s gii quyt bng cch thay i PAN ID ca
n v hng dn cc thit b trong mng ca n nhng thay i cn thit. Trong phin bn Microchip
Stack em s dng khng c h tr gii quyt xung t PAN ID.
3.5.2 Lin kt Network.

Mt quan h parent - child s c to ra khi c 1 thit b mi gia nhp mng, khi thit b mi gia
nhp s l thit b child v thit b trc l thit b parent. Mt cch 1 thit b mi gia nhp mng
l s dng nhng th tc ca ZigBee Protocol.
Thit b child bt u th tc lin kt Network bng cch thc hin d knh. Cc thit b parent c kh
nng s lng nghe knh truyn ang c d bi thit b child v tr li bng 1 beacon frame, frame ny
cha ng thng tin, d liu thng bo cho thit b child bit n c c chp nhn lin kt vo network
hay khng. Cc beacon frame ny s c lu trong neightbor table ca thit b mi ny. Khi qu trnh
d kt thc, thit b mi ny s kim tra v thit b parent tt nht s c chn. Thit b child lc ny s
gi yu cu c gia nhp network cho thit b parent m n chn, nu thnh cng thit b parent s gi
cho thit b child xc nhn gia nhp thnh cng. Cui cng thit b parent s gn cho thit b child mi gia
nhp a ch mng 16 bit.

3.5.3 Network Orphaning

Thit b trong mng ZigBee s lu cc thng tin v cc nt trong mng, thng tin v cc thit b parent,
thit b child ca n trong vng nh gi l Neighbor Table. Khi cp ngun, nu thit b kim tra trong
Neighbor Table ca n v xc nh n l 1 thnh vin ca 1 network, n s gi thng bo orphan xc
nh network trc ca n. Thit b nhn c thng bo orphan s kim tra trong Neighbor Table ca
n v xem thit b gi thng bo orphan c phi thit b child ca n khng, nu ng n s thng bo
cho thit b gi thng bo orphan v tr ca n trong network. Nu thng bo orphan b li, hoc thit
b child khng c thng tin g v thit b parent ca n trc th n s gia nhp mng nh 1 thnh vin
mi.
3.5.4 Gia nhp li network (Network Rejoin)

Khi 1 thit b u cui mt kt ni vi thit b parent ca n hoc n yu cu ri network vi rejoin
bit c set. N s bt u th tc gia nhp li.
Khng ging th tc ca network orphaning l thit b child tm cch kt ni li network vi thit b
parent c, th tc network rejoin bt u bng qu trnh d knh v thit b parent s c chn ra t 1
danh sch beacon frame m n nhn c. Sau khi chn c thit b parent, n s gi 1 unicast message
n thit b parent yu cu c gia nhp. Sau khi nhn c phn hi t thit b parent th thit b
child s c gia nhp tr li mng vi 1 a ch mng mi v thit b parent mi.
Tm hiu v mng ZigBee


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Bng cch xin ri mng v sau xin gia nhp li vi mt a ch mng mi, mt thit b parent mi
th y l 1 cch hiu qu sp xp li thit b trong mng v gip thit b gia nhp li mng khi n b
mt kt ni v 1 nguyn nhn no .
Router khng t ng gia nhp li mng v n khng c 1 cch trc tip xc nh thit b parent
ca n khng c trong network, khng nh thit b RFD th chng c th hi thit b cha ca chng.


4. HIN THC

Trong ti ny tm hiu v giao thc ZigBee em s s dng 2 Module thu pht cao tn h tr
chun ZigBee thc hin. Mi module thu pht cao tn s to thnh 1 node, node pha pht kt ni vi
cm bin nhit LM35, thu thp d liu nhit vi iu khin x l ri pht d liu sang node cn
li. Node ny ng vai tr l Coordinator, nhn d liu x l v hin th ln mn hnh LCD.
4.1 Chun b phn cng:

1. MODULE ZIGBEE MRF24J40MA.
2. VI IU KHIN PIC18F4620.
3. CM BIN NHIT LM35.

4.1.1 Module ZigBee MRF24J40MA

Hnh 15: Module ZigBee MRF24J40MA.

MRF24J40MA l 1 sn phm ca cng ty Microchip, hot ng 2.4GHz theo chun 802.15.4
ca IEEE, h tr Zigbee, Miwi, Miwi P2P, v cc giao thc mng khng dy, tc truyn d liu
250kbps, Tng thch vi nhiu loi vi iu khin (PIC16F, PIC18F, PIC24F/H,PIC32).

Tm hiu v mng ZigBee


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Hnh 16: S khi ca Module ZigBee MRF24J40MA.

Theo s khi ca MRF24J40 trn th MRF24J40 giao tip vi vi iu khin qua giao tip SPI, 2
phn Physical v MAC lm nhim v tng ng vi 2 tng PHY v MAC trong giao thc ZigBee. D
liu c a ra PCB antenna c phi hp tr khng v pht i.

a. Cc tnh nng chnh v thng s k thut ca modul MRF24J40MA
IEEE Std. 802.15.4 Compliant RF Transceive.
H tr ZigBee, MiWi, MiWi P2P v Proprietary Wireless Networking Protocols
Kch thc nh gn: 0.7 x 1.1 (17.8 mm x 27.9 mm).
Tch hp thnh anh, n p trong.
D tch hp vo pht trin sn phm.
Chng nhn Radio Regulation Certification cho United States (FCC), Canada (IC) and
Europe (ETSI).
Thch hp vi Microchip Microcontroller Families (PIC16F, PIC18F, PIC24F/H, dsPIC33 v
PIC32).
Phm vi truyn sng khong 75m-100m.

b. iu kin hot ng
in p cung cp: 2.4-3.6V (chun l 3.3V).
Di nhit : -40C to +85C cng nghip.
n gin vi giao tip SPI 4 dy.
Dng tiu th nh:
- RX mode: 19 mA (chun).
- TX mode: 23 mA (chun).
- Sleep: 2 A (chun).

c. Cc tnh nng RF/Analog
Di tn hot ng ISM Band 2.405-2.48 GHz.
Tc d liu: 250 kbps.
nhy thng thng -94 dBm vi mc u vo ln nht +5 dBm.
Cng sut ra +0 dBm vi di iu khin cng xut TX 36 dB.
Tch hp Low Phase Noise VCO, ng b tn s v b lc lp PLL Filter.
Tm hiu v mng ZigBee


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Digital VCO v Filter Calibration.
Tch hp RSSI ADC and I/Q DACs.
Tch hp LDO.
High Receiver and RSSI Dynamic Range.

d. Cc tnh nng MAC/Baseband
Hardware CSMA-CA Mechanism, t ng p ng ACK v kim tra FCS.
Independent Beacon, Transmit and GTS FIFO.
H tr tt c cc ch CCA v RSS/LQI.
C kh nng gi li gi tin t ng.
Bo mt phn cng (AES-128) vi cc ch CTR, CCM v CBC-MAC.
H tr M ho v gii m cho MAC Sublayer v Upper Layer.

e. Cu to Module



Hnh 17: S cc chn ca module MRF24J40MA



Bng 4: M t cc chn ca module MRF24J40MA

Tm hiu v mng ZigBee


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iu kin hot ng ca Module

Bng 5: iu kin hot ng ca Module MRF24J40MA

Tiu th dng in


Bng 6: Thng s tiu th dng in ca MRF24J40MA
4.1.2 Vi iu khin PIC18F4620

V Module MRF24J40MA l sn phm ca Microchip, v ZigBee Protocol Stack cng l 1 sn
phm ca Microchip h tr thc hin mng ZigBee.V vy trong ti ny em s dng vi iu khin Pic
ca Microchip lm vi iu khin cho mch.
PIC18F4620 l vi iu khin h PIC18F, h tr giao tip SPI, tc 40MHz, b nh chng trnh
64KB(FLASH). in p cung cp 4.2-5.5V, nhit hot ng: -40 ~ 80 C.



Hnh 18: Hnh dng ca vi iu khin PIC18F4620
Tm hiu v mng ZigBee


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4.1.3 Cm bin nhit LM35



Hnh 19: Hnh dng ca cm bin nhit LM35

Cm bin LM35 l b cm bin nhit mch tch hp chnh xc cao m in p u ra ca n t l
tuyn tnh vi nhit theo thang Celsius. Chng cng khng yu cu cn chnh ngoi v vn chng
c cn chnh.

LM35 l mt cm bin nhit analog.
Nhit c xc nh bng cch o hiu in th ng ra ca LM35.
n v nhit : C.
Nhit thay i tuyn tnh: 10mV/C.
c im chnh ca cm bin LM35

+ in p u vo t 4V n 30V.
+ phn gii in p u ra l 10mV/oC.
+ chnh xc cao 25 C l 0.5 C.
+ Tr khng u ra thp 0.1 cho 1mA ti.
Di nhit o c ca LM35 l t -55 C -> 150 C vi cc mc in p ra khc nhau. Xt mt s
mc in p sau:
Nhit -55 C in p u ra -550mV.
Nhit 25 C in p u ra 250mV.
Nhit 150 C in p u ra 1500mV.

4.2 S kt ni phn cng

S giao tip gia Module v vi iu khin thng qua giao tip SPI.

Hnh 20: Giao tip SPI gia MRF24J40MA v PIC MCU
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Pha pht: Phn cng chnh gm c PIC18F4620, module MRF24J40MA, cm bin nhit
LM35.


Hnh 21: S nguyn l pha pht

Pha thu: Phn cng chnh gm PIC18F4620, module MRF24J40MA, LCD 16X2 LM016L.

Hnh 22: S nguyn l pha thu
Tm hiu v mng ZigBee


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5. KT QU V HNG PHT TRIN

5.1 KT QU

5.1.1 Nhng mt t c

Hiu c v giao thc ZigBee v thc hin c mch thu pht d liu s dng module cao tn
h tr ZigBee.
C th thit k 1 node n gin trong mng ZigBee.
o c c nhit .
Tm hiu v thu pht d liu s dng module MRF24J40MA.

5.1.2 Nhng thiu st

ZigBee Protocol Stack ca Microchip l m ngun c dung lng ln, n h tr gn nh y
tt c cc chc nng ca ZigBee. V vy trong thi gian ngn em cha th tm hiu ht c tt
c cc chc nng ca n

Hai node ZigBee c thit k trong ti truyn d liu theo chun ZigBee, nhng do phn
cng cha h tr y nn ch thy d liu truyn i v hin th ln LCD ch cha quan st
c y qu trnh gia nhp mng, khi to mng m giao thc ZigBee c.

5.2 Hng pht trin

Trong ti ny em s dng cm bin nhit n gin tm hiu c bn v ZigBee. Ngoi ra
ta c th s dng nhiu loi cm bin khc, ty vo mc ch s dng s c rt nhiu hng pht trin cho
ZigBee. Trong ti ny ch n thun l truyn d liu gia 2 node, cha thy r c giao thc truyn
d liu, thit lp mng, gia nhp mng ca ZigBee nh nu trong phn tm hiu l thuyt. Mun thy
r c iu ny ta c th giao tip Coordinator vi my vi tnh qua cng RS232 hoc USB. Bng phn
mm trn my vi tnh ta c th quan st r c qu trnh gi nhn cc gi tin, thit lp mng, gia nhp
mng, t c th hiu r giao thc ZigBee hn.
M hnh trn c th m rng thnh nhiu node, mi node dng 1 module MRF24J40MA, lc ny
ngoi coordinator v end device th cn phi c thm cc router, router s gip m rng mng ra nh kh
nng nh tuyn v trung gian cho php cc node khc gia nhp mng. Nhiu end device nhiu router s
to 1 mng ln v phc tp hn. Lc ny cc thit b s thc hin tt c cc chc nng m ZigBee Protocol
h tr.

Tm hiu v mng ZigBee


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Ti liu tham kho

[1] IEEE 802.15.4 Standard Specification, http://www.standards.ieee.org
[2] ZigBee Alliance, http://www.zigbee.org
[3] IEEE Standards 802.15.4, IEEE 2003, ISBN 0-7381-3677-5 SS95127, 2004
[4] ZigBee2006 Application Note AN1232A, http://www.microchip.com
[5] MRF24J40MA Datasheet, http://www.microchip.com
[6] PIC18F4620 Datasheet, http://www.microchip.com
[7] Fred Eady, Hands-On ZigBee: Implementing 802.15.4 with Microcontrollers