CCB 3062 Unit Operation Laboratory II

May 2014



Experiment : !"#$%&#'( *&+,-. !(/-+0#$-.
Group : B2-8
Group members : Mohammed Taher Alfatesh 15700
Tharrani 15861
Loo Man Yee 16124
Soon Yung Wang 16529
Vimmal Desiga Vinayagam 16853
Date of Experiment : 2/07/2014


Introduction:

AdsorpLlon ls a unlL operaLlon ln whlch surface-acLlve maLerlals ln Lrue soluLlon are removed from Lhe
solvenL by lnLer-phase Lransfer Lo Lhe surfaces of an adsorbenL parLlcle. 1hls process ls used ln
envlronmenLal englneerlng pracLlce for removal of varlous polluLanLs such as soluble organlcs, dyes,
pesLlcldes, llgnln, eLc., from wasLewaLers and for removal of color and LasLe and odor-produclng
subsLances from naLural waLers LhaL are Lo be used as poLable waLer supplles.

AcLlvaLed carbon ln very flne powder or granular form ls useful Lo purlfy boLh waLer and alr. lL ls an
exLremely porous maLerlal wlLh hlgh raLlos of surface area Lo unlL welghL up Lo 100 acres per pound.
AcLlvaLed carbon has parLlcular afflnlLy Lo organlc maLerlals such as solvenLs used ln prlnLlng lnks and
common coaLlngs. When Lhe carbon parLlcle becomes saLuraLed wlLh Lhe conLamlnanL, Lhe exlL sLream
wlll
evldence a "breakLhrough" of LhaL conLamlnanL, aL whlch Llme Lhe canlsLer wlll be replaced and/or
reacLlvaLed (usually by heaL).

The objective:
ln Lhls experlmenL ls Lo lnvesLlgaLlng Lhe adsorpLlon properLles of acLlvaLed carbon by sLudylng Lhe
equlllbrlum lsoLherms, adsorpLlon klneLlcs and operaLlonal characLerlsLlcs of a lab-scale packed-bed
reacLor.

Theory:
AcLlvaLed carbon ls a hlghly porous carbonaceous subsLance wlLh a wlde range of appllcaLlons ln gas,
vapor, and llquld LreaLmenL. 1he use of acLlvaLed carbon daLes back Lo 1300 8C where lLs use was
dlscovered ln an LgypLlans papyrus for medlclnal purposes. AcLlvaLed carbon ls used successfully Loday,
especlally ln waLer LreaLmenL Lo remove organlc compounds LhaL lmparL color, LasLe and odor Lo Lhe
waLer. ConLamlnanL removal ls achleved Lhrough a process called AdsorpLlon by whlch conLamlnanLs
adhere Lo Lhe surface of Lhe carbon and are Lhus removed from Lhe waLer.

AdsorpLlon ls Lhe process by whlch AcLlvaLed Carbon removes subsLances from waLer. ueflned,
adsorpLlon ls "Lhe collecLlon of a subsLance onLo Lhe surface of adsorbenL sollds." lL ls a removal
process where cerLaln parLlcles are bound Lo an adsorbenL parLlcle surface by elLher chemlcal or
physlcal aLLracLlon. AdsorpLlon ls ofLen confused wlLh AbsorpLlon, where Lhe subsLance belng collecLed
or removed acLually peneLraLes lnLo Lhe oLher solld.


1he reason LhaL acLlvaLed carbon ls such an effecLlve adsorbenL maLerlal ls due Lo lLs large number of
cavernous pores. 1hese provlde a large surface area relaLlve Lo Lhe slze of Lhe acLual carbon parLlcle
and lLs vlslble exLerlor surface. An approxlmaLe raLlo ls 1 gram = 100 m2 of surface area.
AcLlvaLed carbon adsorpLlon proceeds Lhrough 3 baslc sLeps:
1. SubsLances adsorb Lo Lhe exLerlor of Lhe carbon granules
2. SubsLances move lnLo Lhe carbon pores
3. SubsLances adsorb Lo Lhe lnLerlor walls of Lhe carbon

AdsorpLlon efflclency decreases over Llme and evenLually acLlvaLed carbon wlll need Lo be replaced or
reacLlvaLed. lsoLherms are emplrlcal relaLlons, whlch are used Lo predlcL how much soluLe can be
adsorbed by acLlvaLed carbon. 1he Lhree mosL well-known lsoLherms are Lhe lreundllch, Langmulr and
Llnear. ln envlronmenLal englneerlng and speclflcally drlnklng waLer LreaLmenL appllcaLlon Lhe mosL
commonly used lsoLherm ls Lhe lreundllch. Shown Lo Lhe rlghL ls Lhe lreundllch lsoLherm equaLlon ln
general form.
1he emplrlcal equaLlon for descrlblng lreudllch lsoLherm ls shown ln eq1. Where x ls Lhe mass of
soluLe adsorbed, M ls Lhe mass of adsorbenL, Ce ls Lhe equlllbrlum concenLraLlon of soluLe, and k,n ls
Lhe experlmenLal consLanL.

!
!
! !! !
!
!
!














1he Lwo graphs below lllusLraLe a general lreundllch lsoLherm equaLlon and a sample breakLhrough
curve. Lach lndlvldual Lype of CAC has an own lsoLherm curve and breakpolnL CharacLerlsLlcs. 1hese
help Lo predlcL Lhe adsorpLlve capaclLy of parLlcular acLlvaLed carbons and glve a deslgn esLlmaLe for
adsorpLlve llfe. 8eacLlvaLlon becomes necessary once Lhe breakpolnL has been reached.


Experiment Procedure:

!1 !(/-+0#$-. 2$.'#$"/
1. repare 1 llLre of meLhylene blue soluLlons ln Lhree beakers aL Lhe followlng concenLraLlons: l: 10
mg/l, ll: 30 mg/l and lll: 60 mg/l.
2. lace Lhe soluLlons over magneLlc sLlrrers and sLarL sLlrrlng.
3. AL Llme zero add 100 mg of granular acLlvaLed carbon Lo Lhe flrsL, 230 mg of granular acLlvaLed
carbon Lo Lhe second and 330 mg of granular acLlvaLed carbon Lo Lhe Lhlrd beaker.
4. 1ake samples aL 13-mlnuLe Llme lnLervals, and conLlnue sampllng unLll Lhe sysLems aLLaln Lhe
equlllbrlum. lf dlslnLegraLlon of Lhe acLlvaLed carbon should occur, samples may requlre cenLrlfugaLlon
or fllLraLlon.
3. ueLermlne Lhe remalnlng meLhylene blue concenLraLlons, by uLlllzlng Lhe callbraLlon curve prepared
before.

31 !(/-+0#$-. 456$7$,+$&

1. repare a seL of eleven 230-ml flasks by placlng 100 ml of 123 mg/l of meLhylene blue soluLlon and
Lhe followlng welghLs of Lhe granular acLlvaLed carbon lnLo Lhe flasks: 0, 13, 20, 23, 30, 40, 30, 70, 100,
130, 200 mg.

2. Cover Lhe flasks wlLh parafllm and aglLaLe Lhem vlgorously on a laboraLory shaker unLll Lhe sysLem ln
each flask equlllbraLes. 1hen seLLle or fllLer Lhe suspenslon Lo remove Lhe carbon.
3. Measure Lhe remalnlng meLhylene blue concenLraLlons for each flask.
4. CalculaLe Lhe quanLlLy of meLhylene blue LhaL was Lransferred Lo Lhe surface of acLlvaLed carbon for
each flask.

RESULTS
1lme (mln)
C/C
0
10 mg/L 30 mg/L 60 mg/L
0 1.000 1.000 1.000
3 0.646 0.248 0.478
13 2.283 0.830 0.382
23 2.016 0.767 0.397
33 2.320 0.993 0.404
43 2.167 0.833 0.267






y = 0.0324x + 1.0639
8 = 0.60362
y = 0.0031x + 0.6717
8 = 0.10472 y = -0.011x + 0.7181
8 = 0.34938
0
0.3
1
1.3
2
2.3
3
0 3 10 13 20 23 30 33 40 43 30
C
/
C
0

1lme (mln)
C/C
0
versus 1lme
10 mg/L 30 mg/L 60 mg/L

1lme (mln)
upLake value (moles of meLhylene blue/ grams of acLlvaLed carbon)

10 mg/L 30 mg/L 60 mg/L
0 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
3 0.000111 0.000703 0.000980
13 0.000401 0.000160 0.001160
23 0.000318 0.000219 0.001131
33 0.000413 0.000006 0.001118
43 0.000363 0.000136 0.001376





noLe: 1he mass of acLlvaLed carbon lnvolved ln Lhe adsorpLlon process for each case ls 100 mllllgrams.





y = 8L-06x + 0.0001
8 = 0.63237
y = -3L-06x + 0.0003
8 = 0.10472
y = 2L-03x + 0.0003
8 = 0.34938
0
0.0002
0.0004
0.0006
0.0008
0.001
0.0012
0.0014
0.0016
0 3 10 13 20 23 30 33 40 43 30
u
p
L
a
k
e

v
a
l
u
e

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e
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y
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e

b
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e
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a
c
u
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c
a
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b
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)

1lme (mln)
upLake values versus 1lme
10 mg/L 30 mg/L 60 mg/L
DISCUSSION
!1 !(/-+0#$-. 2$.'#$"/
lrom Lhe graph of C/C
0
versus Llme, alLhough Lhe resulL gave a flucLuaLe response because of
Lhe surroundlng errors affecLlng on lL, lL can be seen clearly LhaL Lhe amounL of Lhe meLhylene
blue ls decreaslng due Lo Lhe adsorpLlon of Lhe meLhylene blue parLlcles by Lhe acLlvaLed
carbon granules. When Lhe concenLraLlon of Lhe meLhylene blue lncreased, Lhe raLe of
adsorpLlon wlll lncrease as well. lL ls because Lhere ls more posslble frequency of colllslon
beLween Lhe acLlvaLed carbon parLlcles surface and Lhe meLhylene blue parLlcles. Powever, lL
wlll reach a polnL where Lhe acLlvaLed parLlcles cannoL adsorb more meLhylene blue parLlcles, lL
ls called break polnL. ln Lhls case, Lhe break polnL of Lhe 10 mg/L, 30 mg/L, 60 mg/L's cases are
around 0.3. When Lhe concenLraLlon ls decreased due Lo Lhe adsorpLlon, Lhe raLe of adsorpLlon
became slower due Lo less colllslon happened beLween Lhe meLhylene blue parLlcles and Lhe
adsorbenL. ln shorL, Lhe lnlLlal raLe of adsorpLlon ls proporLlonal Lo Lhe concenLraLlon of Lhe
meLhylene blue.
As lL can be seen ln graph of upLake value versus Llme, Lhe mass of meLhylene blue LransporLed
Lo Lhe acLlvaLed carbon's surface ls ln Lhe lncreaslng Lrend, excepL for Lhe case of 30 mg/L of
meLhylene blue ln Lhe soluLlon. 1here wlll be a polnL where Lransfer of meLhylene blue Lo Lhe
surface of acLlvaLed carbon. 1hls can be seen ln Lhe lasL polnL of upLake value when Lhe Llme ls
43 mlnuLes.

8!9 :!;!
1lme (mln)
Absorbance
10 mg/L 30 mg/L 60 mg/L
3 1.143 1.320 3.233
13 2.903 3.090 2.937
23 2.873 3.030 3.046
33 3.031 3.226 3.069
43 2.929 3.113 2.639

1lme (mln)
ConcenLraLlon of meLhylene blue (mg/L)
10 mg/L 30 mg/L 60 mg/L
0 10.00 30.00 60.00
3 6.46 7.43 28.67
13 22.83 24.89 22.90
23 20.16 23.00 23.83
33 23.20 29.00 24.23
43 21.67 23.00 16.00



<!=>?4 *!?*@?!;ABC
1he concenLraLlon of Lhe meLhylene blue ln Lhe soluLlon can be obLalned by uslng Lhe callbraLlon glven
ln Lhe appendlx. 1he upLake values of meLhylene blue Lo Lhe surface of Lhe acLlvaLed carbon can be
calculaLed by uslng below formula:
!
!
!! !
!
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Where lnlLlal meLhylene blue concenLraLlon ls c
l
and Lhe flnal concenLraLlon ls c (ln mg/L), Lhe lnlLlal
concenLraLlon of acLlvaLed carbon ls q
l
and Lhe flnal concenLraLlon ls q (ln moles of meLhylene blue/ g
of adsorbenL). Meanwhlle, M sLands for amounL of adsorbenL and S ls Lhe volume of Lhe soluLlon.
lor lnsLance, when Lhe soluLlon reached concenLraLlon of 6.46 mg/L ln Lhe 10 mg/L of meLhylene blue
of soluLlon:
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! ! ! !"! !"#$% !"## ! !"#!!"
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>&+# 3D !(/-+0#$-. 456$7$,+$&

AmounL of
granular acLlvaLed
carbon added,
(mg)
Absorbance
1lme =
10 mlns


10mlns
1lme =
20mlns
1lme =
30mlns
1lme =
40mlns
1lme =
30mlns
1lme =
60 mln
13 2.339 1.420 3.337 2.618 3.29 3.29
20 3.088 3.336 3.263 - - -
23 2.303 3.362 3.236 3.240 - -
30 3.233 3.333 3.187 2.700 1.696 1.696
40 2.994 3.037 3.377 2.991 3.314 3.314
30 3.133 3.272 3.219 - - -
70 1.361 3.296 3.134 0.900 1.916 1.916
100 3.047 2.818 3.300 3.476 3.406 3.406
130 2.282 2.923 3.012 1.237 2.383 2.383
200 3.263 2.706 3.220 1.336 2.922 2.922

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AmounL of
granular acLlvaLed
carbon added,
(mg)
ConcenLraLlon, C (mg/L)
1lme =
10mlns
1lme =
20mlns
1lme =
30mlns
1lme =
40mlns
1lme =
30mlns
1lme =
60mlns
13 14.46 8.02 19.98 14.79 18.39 -
20 17.43 18.83 18.44 - - -
23 14.14 18.99 18.40 18.31 - -
30 18.39 18.93 18.01 13.23 9.38 8.72
40 16.92 17.16 19.08 16.90 19.83 -
30 17.81 18.49 18.19 - - -
70 8.82 18.62 17.82 3.08 10.38 19.73
100 17.21 13.92 18.64 19.64 19.24 -
130 12.89 16.31 17.02 6.99 13.46 -
200 18.44 13.29 18.19 7.33 16.31 7.11

"#$%& '(9: ;,./&.4-#47,. ,2 #/470#4&8 /#-$,. #4 8722&-&.4 473&



AmounL of
granular acLlvaLed
carbon added,
(mg)
AmounL of meLhylene Lransferred Lo Lhe surface of Lhe acLlvaLed carbon, q
e

(moles of meLhylene blue/gram of carbon)
1lme =
10mlns
1lme =
20mlns
1lme =
30mlns
1lme =
40mlns
1lme =
30mlns
1lme =
60mlns
13 2.30 x10
-3
2.44 x10
-3
2.19 x10
-3
2.30 x10
-3
2.22 x10
-3
-
20 1.68 x10
-3
1.66 x10
-3
1.67 x10
-3
- - -
23 1.39 x10
-3
1.33 x10
-3
1.33 x10
-3
1.33 x10
-3
- -
30 1.11 x10
-3
1.11 x10
-3
1.12 x10
-3
1.14 x10
-3
1.20 x10
-3
1.21 x10
-3

40 8.43 x10
-4
8.43 x10
-4
8.28 x10
-4
8.43 x10
-4
8.22 x10
-4
-
30 6.7 x10
-4
6.66 x10
-4
6.68 x10
-4
- - -
70 3.19 x10
-4
4.73 x10
-4
4.70 x10
-4
3.36 x10
-4
3.11 x10
-4
4.70 x10
-4

100 3.37 x10
-4
3.41 x10
-4
3.33 x10
-4
3.30 x10
-4
3.31 x10
-4
-
130 2.34 x10
-4
2.26 x10
-4
2.23 x10
-4
2.46 x10
-4
2.32 x10
-4
-
200 1.67 x10
-4
1.72 x10
-4
1.67 x10
-4
1.84 x10
-4
1.70 x10
-4
1.84 x10
-4


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AmounL of
granular acLlvaLed
carbon added,
(mg)
C/q
e
(g/L)
1lme =
10mlns
1lme =
20mlns
1lme =
30mlns
1lme =
40mlns
1lme =
30mlns
1lme =
60mlns
13 0.020 0.010 0.029 0.020 0.026 -
20 0.032 0.036 0.033 - - -
23 0.032 0.043 0.043 0.043 - -
30 0.032 0.033 0.030 0.042 0.023 0.023
40 0.063 0.064 0.072 0.063 0.073 -
30 0.083 0.087 0.083 - - -
70 0.033 0.122 0.116 0.030 0.063 0.131
100 0.160 0.146 0.173 0.186 0.182 -
130 0.172 0.228 0.236 0.089 0.181 -
200 0.343 0.278 0.341 0.128 0.304 0.121

"#$%& '(?: ;@>
&





lor Langmulr lsoLherm, graphs of C/q
e
vs. C for each amounLed of acLlvaLed carbon added (mg) ls ploLLed.

y = 0.0016x - 0.0027
8 = 0.99736
0
0.003
0.01
0.013
0.02
0.023
0.03
0.033
0 3 10 13 20 23
*
E
5
'

F
G
E
?
H

* FIGE?H
G+&0J -K *E5
'
&G&$./# *
13mg
Llnear ( 13mg)


y = 0.0029x - 0.0184
8 = 0.99786
0.0313
0.032
0.0323
0.033
0.0333
0.034
0.0343
0.033
0.0333
0.036
0.0363
17.2 17.4 17.6 17.8 18 18.2 18.4 18.6 18.8 19
*
E
5
'

F
G
E
?
H

* FIGE?H
G+&0J -K *E5' &G&$./# *
20mg
Llnear ( 20mg)
y = 0.0026x - 0.0034
8 = 0.99906
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.03
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
*
E
5
'

F
G
E
?
H

* FIGE?H
G+&0J -K *E5' &G&$./# *
23mg
Llnear ( 23mg)

y = 0.003x - 0.0032
8 = 0.99937
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.03
0.06
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
*
E
5
'

F
G
E
?
H

* FIGE?H
G+&0J -K *E5' &G&$./# *
30mg
Llnear ( 30mg)
y = 0.0041x - 0.0064
8 = 0.99987
0.062
0.064
0.066
0.068
0.07
0.072
0.074
0.076
16.3 17 17.3 18 18.3 19 19.3 20
*
E
5
'

F
G
E
?
H

* FIGE?H
G+&0J -K *E5' &G&$./# *
40mg
Llnear ( 40mg)



y = 0.0039x - 0.0214
8 = 0.99341
0.0823
0.083
0.0833
0.084
0.0843
0.083
0.0833
0.086
0.0863
0.087
0.0873
17.7 17.8 17.9 18 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.3 18.6
*
E
5
'

F
G
E
?
H

* FIGE?H
G+&0J -K *E5' &G&$./# *
30mg
Llnear ( 30mg)
y = 0.0069x - 0.007
8 = 0.99909
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0 3 10 13 20 23
*
E
5
'

F
G
E
?
H

* FIGE?H
G+&0J -K *E5' &G&$./# *
70mg
Llnear ( 70mg)
y = 0.0108x - 0.0233
8 = 0.99983
0
0.03
0.1
0.13
0.2
0 3 10 13 20 23
*
E
5
'

F
G
E
?
H

* FIGE?H
G+&0J -K *E5' &G&$./# *
100mg
Llnear ( 100mg)



Langmulr lsoLherm ls

!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
Where C
0
and b are Lhe Langmulr consLanLs.

When a graph of C/q
e
agalnsL C ls ploLLed and Laklng Lhe equaLlon for Lhe llne for Lhe soluLlon of 200
mg of acLlvaLed carbon added ls:
y = 0.0198x - 0.021
1/C
0
= 0.0198 and 1/ (30.31 x b) = -0.021,
y = 0.0147x - 0.0148
8 = 0.9992
0
0.03
0.1
0.13
0.2
0.23
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
*
E
5
'

F
G
E
?
H

* FIGE?H
G+&0J -K *E5' &G&$./# *
130mg
Llnear ( 130mg)
y = 0.0198x - 0.021
8 = 0.99937
0
0.03
0.1
0.13
0.2
0.23
0.3
0.33
0.4
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
*
E
5
'

F
G
E
?
H

* FIGE?H
G+&0J -K *E5' &G&$./# *
200mg
Llnear ( 200mg)

1herefore,
C
0
= 30.31 mg/g and b = -0.943 mg
-1
(Langmulr consLanLs)

CLher Langmulr consLanLs may be calculaLed uslng Lhe same meLhod as used for Lhe equaLlon for llne
of soluLlon for 200 mg of acLlvaLed carbon added lnLo Lhe soluLlon.





1o ploL for lreundllch lsoLherm, a graph of log C (mg/L) vs. log q
e
(moles meLhylene blue/g carbon) ls
ploLLed for each amounL of acLlvaLed carbon (mg) added lnLo Lhe soluLlon.
AmounL of
granular acLlvaLed
carbon added,
(mg)
log C (mg/L)
1lme =
10mlns
1lme =
20mlns
1lme =
30mlns
1lme =
40mlns
1lme =
30mlns
1lme =
60mlns
13 1.160 0.904 1.300 1.170 1.270 -
20 1.242 1.273 1.266 - - -
23 1.130 1.279 1.263 1.263 - -
30 1.263 1.278 1.236 1.183 0.981 0.941
40 1.228 1.233 1.281 1.226 1.298 -
30 1.231 1.267 1.260 - - -
70 0.943 1.270 1.231 0.706 1.024 1.293
100 1.236 1.202 1.270 1.293 1.284 -
130 1.110 1.218 1.231 0.844 1.129 -
200 1.266 1.184 1.260 0.878 1.218 0.832

"#$%& '(A: B,C ;







AmounL of
granular acLlvaLed
carbon added,
(mg)
log q
e
(moles of meLhylene blue/gram of carbon)
1lme =
10mlns
1lme =
20mlns
1lme =
30mlns
1lme =
40mlns
1lme =
30mlns
1lme =
60mlns
13 -2.638 -2.613 -2.660 -2.638 -2.634 -
20 -2.773 -2.780 -2.777 - - -
23 -2.837 -2.876 -2.876 -2.876 - -
30 -2.933 -2.933 -2.931 -2.943 -2.921 -2.920
40 -3.073 -3.074 -3.082 -3.073 -3.083 -
30 -3.174 -3.176 -3.173 - - -
70 -3.286 -3.323 -3.320 -3.271 -3.292 -3.328
100 -3.472 -3.467 -3.478 -3.481 -3.480 -
130 -3.631 -3.646 -3.648 -3.609 -3.643 -
200 -3.777 -3.764 -3.777 -3.733 -3.770 -3.733

"#$%& '(D: B,C >
&





y = -0.1134x - 2.3067
8 = 0.97323
-2.67
-2.66
-2.63
-2.64
-2.63
-2.62
-2.61
-2.6
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
7
-
G

5
'

7-G *
L+&0J -K 7-G * &G&$./# 7-G 5
'

13mg
Llnear ( 13mg)


y = -0.1373x - 2.604
8 = 0.86813
-2.781
-2.78
-2.779
-2.778
-2.777
-2.776
-2.773
-2.774
1.24 1.243 1.23 1.233 1.26 1.263 1.27 1.273 1.28
7
-
G

5
'

7-G *
L+&0J -K 7-G * &G&$./# 7-G 5'
20mg
Llnear ( 20mg)
y = -0.1374x - 2.6762
8 = 0.98389
-2.88
-2.873
-2.87
-2.863
-2.86
-2.833
1.14 1.16 1.18 1.2 1.22 1.24 1.26 1.28 1.3
7
-
G

5
'

7-G *
L+&0J -K 7-G * &G&$./# 7-G 5'
23mg
Llnear ( 23mg)


y = -0.1077x - 2.8169
8 = 0.99084
-2.96
-2.933
-2.93
-2.943
-2.94
-2.933
-2.93
-2.923
-2.92
-2.913
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
7
-
G

5
'

7-G *
L+&0J -K 7-G * &G&$./# 7-G 5'
30mg
Llnear ( 30mg)
y = -0.1683x - 2.8662
8 = 0.99797
-3.086
-3.084
-3.082
-3.08
-3.078
-3.076
-3.074
-3.072
-3.07
1.22 1.23 1.24 1.23 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.3 1.31
7
-
G

5
'

7-G *
L+&0J -K 7-G * &G&$./# 7-G 5'
40mg
Llnear ( 40mg)


y = -0.1244x - 3.0184
8 = 0.99482
-3.1763
-3.176
-3.1733
-3.173
-3.1743
-3.174
-3.1733
1.23 1.232 1.234 1.236 1.238 1.26 1.262 1.264 1.266 1.268
7
-
G

5
'

7-G *
L+&0J -K 7-G * &G&$./# 7-G 5'
30mg
Llnear ( 30mg)
y = -0.0988x - 3.1964
8 = 0.96967
-3.34
-3.33
-3.32
-3.31
-3.3
-3.29
-3.28
-3.27
-3.26
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
7
-
G

5
'

7-G *
L+&0J -K 7-G * &G&$./# 7-G 5'
70mg
Llnear ( 70mg)


y = -0.1378x - 3.2773
8 = 0.99782
-3.482
-3.48
-3.478
-3.476
-3.474
-3.472
-3.47
-3.468
-3.466
1.18 1.2 1.22 1.24 1.26 1.28 1.3
7
-
G

5
'

7-G *
L+&0J -K 7-G * &G&$./# 7-G 5'
100mg
Llnear ( 100mg)
y = -0.1013x - 3.3233
8 = 0.92012
-3.633
-3.63
-3.643
-3.64
-3.633
-3.63
-3.623
-3.62
-3.613
-3.61
-3.603
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
7
-
G

5
'

7-G *
L+&0J -K 7-G * &G&$./# 7-G 5'
130mg
Llnear ( 130mg)


M+'6.(7$"J $/-#J'+I $/D
!"# !
!
! !"# !
!
!
!
!
!"# !
Where k
l
and n are Lhe lreundllch consLanLs.
When a graph of log q
e
agalnsL log C ls ploLLed, and Laklng Lhe equaLlon for Lhe llne for Lhe soluLlon of
200 mg of acLlvaLed carbon added ls :
y = -0.1021x - 3.6463

1/n = -0.1021 and log !
!
= -3.6463

1herefore, n = -9.7943 and !
!
= 0.0226 mg/g(L/mg)n

CLher Langmulr consLanLs may be calculaLed uslng Lhe same meLhod as used for Lhe equaLlon for llne
of soluLlon for 200 mg of acLlvaLed carbon added lnLo Lhe soluLlon.




y = -0.1021x - 3.6463
8 = 0.98936
-3.78
-3.773
-3.77
-3.763
-3.76
-3.733
-3.73
-3.743
-3.74
-3.733
-3.73
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
7
-
G

5
'

7-G *
L+&0J -K 7-G * &G&$./# 7-G 5'
200mg
Llnear ( 200mg)


!" #$%##" &'#(
arL 8: AdsorpLlon Lqulllbrla
lrom Lhe accqulred daLa durlng Lhe experlmenL carrled ouL, Lhe Lables and graphs for Langmulr
and lreundllch lsoLherms are LabulaLed and ploLLed. 1he daLa gave lnformaLlon on Lhe absorbance
whlch ln Lurns, glve values for Lhe concenLraLlon of meLhylene blue ln Lhe soluLlon aL 10 mlnuLes Llme
lnLerval and for dlfferenL amounLs of acLlvaLed carbon added lnLo Lhe soluLlon.
lrom Lhe resulLs shown, Lhe graph of C/q
e
agalnsL C shows poslLlve llnear llnes for all amounLs
of acLlvaLed carbon added lnLo Lhe soluLlon. 1hls would sLrlngly lmply LhaL Lhe adsorpLlon process for
acLlvaLed carbon and meLhylene blue conforms Lo Lhe Langmulr lsoLherm.
Cn Lhe conLrary, when Lhe graph of Log q
e
agalnsL Log C ls ploLLed, lL does noL show any
poslLlve llnear llnes for all concenLraLlons. lor a process Lo conform Lo an lsoLherm, Lhe daLa ploLLed
for Lhe sLandard adsorpLlon lsoLherm formaL musL show a llnear poslLlve llne. 1hls heavlly lmplles LhaL
Lhe adsorpLlon process ln Lhls experlmenL does noL follow Lhe lreundllch lsoLherm compared Lo
Langmulr lsoLherm.

!>>4C:AND

lor parL 8 of Lhe experlmenL:

1o calculaLe Lhe Langmulr consLanL, flrsL, Lhe C/q
e
needs Lo be calculaLed.
lor example, for q
e
aL Llme of 10 mlnuLes and lnlLlal concenLraLlon of 123 mg/L for 13mg of acLlvaLed
carbon added, Lhe volume puL ln Lhe beaker Lo be LesLed ls a consLanL aL 10ml:
q
e
=
!!!!
!"""!!"#!!"!

!

Where:
C ls Lhe lnlLlal concenLraLlon,
C
o
ls Lhe equlllbrlum concenLraLlon and
A ls Lhe amounL of acLlvaLed carbon added.

123 mg/L = 12.3 mg of meLhylene blue for each 100 ml of Lhe soluLlon
14.46 mg/L = 1.446 mg of meLhylene for each 100 ml of Lhe soluLlon

q
e
=
!"!!!!!!!"
!"""!!"#!!"!

!!!"#

= 2.3 x 10
-3
mol/g

!
!"
=
! ! !"
!!
!"#!!"
!"

=
!"!!"# !"
!!
!"#!!"
!!! ! !"
!!


= 0.02 g/L

CONCLUSIONS:
1he removal of MeLhylene 8lue (M8) from aqueous soluLlon uslng acLlvaLed carbon (AC) has been
lnvesLlgaLed. AdsorpLlon experlmenLs were conducLed and Lhe maxlmum adsorpLlon capaclLy was
deLermlned. 1he effecL of experlmenLal parameLers such as pP, dye concenLraLlon and LemperaLure
were sLudled on Lhe adsorpLlon process. Lqulllbrlum daLa were maLhemaLlcally modeled uslng Lhe
Langmulr and lreundllch adsorpLlon models Lo descrlbe Lhe equlllbrlum lsoLherms aL dlfferenL dye
concenLraLlons
ln Lhe presenL work, lL was found LhaL adsorpLlon of meLhylene blue uslng acLlvaLed carbon ls
explalned well by Langmulr and lreundllch lsoLherm models, buL adsorpLlonof meLhylene blue onLo
waLer hyaclnLh follow Langmulr model. lL ls also observed LhaL uslng acLlvaLed carbon, meLhylene blue
soluLlon aLLalned an equlllbrlum ln 8 beaker whlch Lhe concenLraLlon decreases properly aL 27 0C.
ln Lhe nuLshell, due Lo lLs hlgh degree of mlcro poroslLy, [usL one gram of acLlvaLed carbon has a
surface area ln excess of 300 m2, as deLermlned by gas adsorpLlon. An acLlvaLlon level sufflclenL for
useful appllcaLlon may be aLLalned solely from hlgh surface area, however, furLher chemlcal LreaLmenL
ofLen enhances adsorpLlon properLles. AcLlvaLed carbon ls usually derlved from charcoal and
lncreaslngly, hlgh-poroslLy. lL ls on Lhe World PealLh CrganlzaLlon's LlsL of LssenLlal Medlclnes, a llsL of
Lhe mosL lmporLanL medlcaLlons needed ln a baslc healLh sysLem.


848484C*4<
[1] Aldor l., louresL, L., volesky, 8., (1993). uesorpLlon of cadmlum fromalgalblosorbenL, Can. !. Chem.
Lng. 73, 316.
[2] Ansarl, M.P., ueshkar, A.M., kelkar, .S.u.M., uharmadhlkarl, M.Z., Pasan, 8., (1999). aram. WaL.
Scl. 1echn., 40 (7)1, 09-119.
[3] .8a[pal, u.n., (1998). Advanced hyslcal ChemlsLry, S. Chand and Company, new uelhl, lndla.
[4] Chang, !.S., Law, 8., Chang, C.C., (1997).8losorpLlon of lead, copper and cadmium by biomass of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa PU21. Water Res., 31 (7), 1651-1658.