2.

13 Specific Emissions and Emissions Index

Levels of emissions of NOx, CO, unburned hydrocarbons HC, and
particulates are important engine operating characteristics.
Concentrations of gaseous emissions in the exhaust gases are usually
measured in
a)
parts per million (ppm), euivalent to the mole fraction x !"
#

b)
percent by volume ($ vol), euivalent to the mole fraction x !"
%
&'o commonly used indicators of engine emissions levels are
!. Specific Emissions ( mass flo' rate of pollutant per unit po'er)
typical units are g/J, g/kW-hr, and g/hp-hr
x
NO
x
m
sNO
P
=
&
CO
m
sCO
P
=
&
HC
m
sHC
P
=
&
part
m
sPart
P
=
&
%. Emission Index ( mass flo' rate of pollutant divided by the fuel flo'
rate) typical units are g/J, g/kW-hr, and g/hp-
hr
( / )
( / )
NO
NO
f
x
x
g s
kg s
m
EI
m
=
&
&
( / )
( / )
CO
CO
f
g s
kg s
m
EI
m
=
&
&
( / )
( / )
HC
HC
f
g s
kg s
m
EI
m
=
&
&
engrmel*aramilla +age ! of , ice chapter %
( / )
( / )
part
part
f
g s
kg s
m
EI
m
=
&
&
2.14 Relationships Between Performance Parameters
&he importance of the various engine design and operating parameters on
engine performance is sho'n by expressing po'er, torue, and mean
effective pressure in terms of these parameters.
+o'er
( / )
f a HV
R
m N Q F A
P
n

= (%.-.)
For 4-Stroke cycle engines,
v
can be included so that
,
( / )
2
f v d HV a i
N V Q F A
P

=
(%.-/)
&orue
,
( / )
4
f v d HV a i
V Q F A
T

=
(%.0")
1ean 2ffective +ressure
,
( / )
f v HV a i
mep Q F A =
(%.0!)
3pecific +o'er
4efined as power per unit piston area, is a measure of the engine designer5s
success in using the available piston area regardless of cylinder si6e.
,
( / )
2
f v HV a i
p
N L Q F A
P
A

=
(%.0%)
7f the mean piston speed is included,
engrmel*aramilla +age % of , ice chapter %
,
( / )
4
f v p HV a i
p
S Q F A
P
A

= (%.0-)
&hese relationships illustrate the direct importance to engine
performance of the follo'ing8
1. High fel con!ersion efficienc"#
f
2. High !olmetric efficienc"#
v
3. Increasing the otpt of a gi!en displacement engine $"
increasing the inlet air densit" %e.g.# $" tr$o& or
spercharging'
4. (aximm fel)air %*)+' ratio that can $e sefll" $rned in
the engine
,. High mean piston speed
engrmel*aramilla +age - of , ice chapter %
2.1, Engine -esign and Performance -ata
2ngine ratings usually indicate maximum po'er, maximum torue, and the
speed at 'hich they are achieved.
&orue and speed depend on engine displacement ma9ing it difficult to
compare engines of different displacements.
:or comparing engines of different displacements in a given engine category
normali6ed performance parameters at specified engine operating conditions are
more useful.
!. ;t maximum or normal rated point
a) Mean Piston Speed ( S
p
)
1easures comparative success in handling loads due to inertia of parts
and<or engine friction
b) Brake Mean Effective Pressure ( bmep )
:or naturally aspirated engines, it reflects the product of volumetric
efficiency (ability to induct air), fuel<air ratio (effectiveness of air
utili6ation in combustion), and fuel conversion efficiency.
:or supercharged engines, it indicates the degree of success in
handling higher gas pressures and thermal loading.
c) Power per Unit Piston Area
1easures effectiveness 'ith 'hich piston area is used, regardless of
cylinder si6e.
d) Specific Wei!t
7ndicates relative economy 'ith 'hich materials are used.
e) Specific "o#ume
7ndicates relative effectiveness 'ith 'hich engine space has been
utili6ed.
engrmel*aramilla +age 0 of , ice chapter %
%. ;t all engine speeds running at full throttle<maximum fuel pump setting
a) Brake Mean Effective Pressure ( bmep )
1easures ability to obtain<provide high air flo' and use it effectively
over the full range.
-. ;t all useful regimes of operation and particularly in those regimes 'here the
engine is run for long periods of time
a) Brake Specific $ue# %onsumption ( bsfc )
or $ue# %onversion Efficienc& (
f
)
b) Brake Specific Emissions
engrmel*aramilla +age , of , ice chapter %