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Module: Construction Mathematics 2 Lecture 4

Names of Angles
As the Angle Increases, the Name Changes
Type of Angle Description
Acute Angle an angle that is less than 90
Right Angle an angle that is 90 exactly
Obtuse Angle
an angle that is greater than 90 but less than
180
Straight Angle an angle that is 180 exactly
Reflex Angle an angle that is greater than 180



Positive and Negative Angles
When measuring from a line:
a positive angle goes counterclockwise (opposite direction that clocks go)
a negative angle goes clockwise

Example: 67


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Parts of an Angle
The corner point of an angle is called the vertex
And the two straight sides are called arms
The angle is the amount of turn between each arm.

Labelling Angles
There are two main ways to label angles:
1. by giving the angle a name, usually a lower-case letter
like a or b, or sometimes a Greek letter like (alpha) or (theta)
2. or by the three letters on the shape that define the angle, with
the middle letter being where the angle actually is (its vertex).
Example angle "a" is "BAC", and angle "" is "BCD"


Complementary Angles
Two Angles are Complementary if they add up to 90 degrees (a Right Angle).

These two angles (40 and 50)
areComplementary Angles, because
they add up to 90.
Notice that together they make a right
angle.


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But the angles don't have to be
together.
These two are complementary because
27 + 63 = 90


Supplementary Angles
Two Angles are Supplementary if they add up to 180 degrees.


These two angles (140 and 40)
are Supplementary Angles,
because they add up to 180.
Notice that together they make
a straight angle.


But the angles don't have to be
together.
These two are supplementary
because 60 + 120 = 180


Complementary vs Supplementary
A related idea is Complementary Angles, they add up to 90
How can you remember which is which? Easy! Think:
"C" of Complementary stands for "Corner" (a Right Angle), and
"S" of Supplementary stands for "Straight" (180 degrees is a straight line)


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Circle

A circle is easy to make:
Draw a curve that is "radius" away
from a central point.
And so:
All points are the same distance from the center.
You Can Draw It Yourself
Put a pin in a board, put a loop of string around it, and insert a pencil
into the loop. Keep the string stretched and draw the circle!

Radius, Diameter and Circumference

The Radius is the distance from the center to the edge.
The Diameter starts at one side of the circle, goes through the center and ends on the other side.
The Circumference is the distance around the edge of the circle.
And here is the really cool thing:
When you divide the circumference by the diameter you get 3.141592654...
which is the number (Pi)
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So when the diameter is 1, the circumference is 3.141592654...

We can say:
Circumference = Diameter
Also note that the Diameter is twice the Radius:
Diameter = 2 Radius
And so this is also true:
Circumference = 2 Radius
Remembering
The length of the words may help you remember:
Radius is the shortest word
Diameter is longer (and is 2 Radius)
Circumference is the longest (and is Diameter)

Definition
The circle is a plane shape (two dimensional):
And the definition of a circle is:


The set of all points on a plane that are a fixed distance from a center.

Area

The area of a circle is times the radius squared, which is written:
A = r
2

Or, in terms of the Diameter:
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A = (/4) D
2

Example: What is the area of a circle with radius of 1.2 m ?
A = r
2

A = 1.2
2

A = (1.2 1.2)
A = 3.14159... 1.44 = 4.52 (to 2 decimals)

Area Compared to a Square

A circle has about 80% of the area of a similar-width square.
The actual value is (/4) = 0.785398... = 78.5398...%

Example


The diagram shows a logo design consisting of two circles joined together.
The top circle has radius 3 units and center O.
The bottom circle has radius 5 units and center P.
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What is the area of the logo?

Names
Because people have studied circles for thousands of years special names have come about.
Nobody wants to say "that line that starts at one side of the circle, goes through the center and ends on
the other side" when a word like "Diameter" would do.
So here are the most common special names:

Lines
A line that goes from one point to another on the circle's
circumference is called a Chord.
If that line passes through the center it is called
a Diameter.
A line that "just touches" the circle as it passes by is
called aTangent.
And a part of the circumference is called an Arc.
Slices
There are two main "slices" of a circle
The "pizza" slice is called a Sector.
And the slice made by a chord is called a Segment.

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A secant line of a curve is a line that
(locally) intersects two points on the
curve.
Common Sectors
The Quadrant and Semicircle are two special types of Sector:

Quarter of a circle is called a Quadrant.

Half a circle is called a Semicircle.



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Inside and Outside

A circle has an inside and an outside (of course!). But it also has an
"on", because you could be right on the circle.
Example: "A" is outside the circle, "B" is inside the circle and "C" is on
the circle.

Pi ()


Draw a circle with a radius of 1.
The distance half way around the edge of the circle
will be 3.14159265... a number known as Pi
Or you could draw a circle with a diameter of 1.
Then the circumference (the distance all the way
around the edge of the circle) will be Pi





Pi (the symbol is the Greek letter ) is:
The ratio of the Circumference
to the Diameter
of a Circle.
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In other words, if you measure the circumference, and then
divide by the diameter of the circle you get the number
It is approximately equal to:
3.14159265358979323846
The digits go on and on with no pattern. In fact, has been
calculated to over two quadrillion decimal places and still
there is no pattern.

Approximation
A quick and easy approximation for is 22/7
22/7 = 3.1428571...
But as you can see, 22/7 is not exactly right. In fact is not equal to the ratio of any two numbers,
which makes it an irrational number.
A better approximation (but stll not exact) is:
355/113 = 3.1415929...
(think "113355", then divide the "355" by the "113")
Remembering
I usually just remember "3.14159", but you can also count the letters of:
"May I have a large container of butter today"
3 1 4 1 5 9 2 6 5


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Area of a Sector
You can work out the Area of a
Sector by comparing its angle to
the angle of a full circle.
Note: I am using radians for the
angles.

This is the reasoning:
A circle has an angle of 2 and an Area of: r
2

So a Sector with an angle of (instead of 2) must have an area of: (/2) r
2

Which can be simplified to: (/2) r
2

Area of Sector = r
2
(when is in radians)
Area of Sector = ( /180) r
2
(when is in degrees)


Arc Length
By the same reasoning, the arc length (of a Sector or Segment)
is:
L = r (when is in radians)
L = ( /180) r (when is in degrees)

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Area of Segment
The Area of a Segment is the area of a sector minus the
triangular piece (shown in light blue here).
There is a lengthy reason, but the result is a slight modification of
the Sector formula:

Area of Segment = ( - sin ) r
2
(when is in radians)
Area of Segment = ( ( /180) - sin ) r
2
(when is in degrees)

Annulus


An annulus is a flat shape like a ring.

Its edges are two circles that have the same center.

Area
Because it is a circle with a circular hole, you can calculate the area by subtracting the area of the
"hole" from the big circle's area:

Area = R
2
- r
2

= ( R
2
- r
2
)

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Example: a steel pipe has an outside diameter (OD) of 100mm and an inside diameter (ID) of
80mm, what is the area of the cross section?
Convert diameter to radius for both outside and inside circles:
R = 100 mm / 2 = 50 mm
r = 80 mm / 2 = 40 mm
Now calculate area:
Area = ( R
2
- r
2
)
Area = 3.14159... ( 50
2
- 40
2
)
Area = 3.14159... ( 2500 - 1600

)
Area = 3.14159... 900
Area = 2827 mm
2
(to nearest mm
2
)


Circle Theorems
There are some interesting things about angles and circles that I want to share with you:
Inscribed Angle
First off, a definition:
Inscribed Angle: an angle made from points sitting on the circle's circumference.

A and C are "end points"
B is the "apex point"
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Inscribed Angle Theorems
An inscibed angle a is half of the central angle 2a

(Called the Angle at the Center Theorem)
And (keeping the endpoints fixed) ...
... the angle a is always the same, no matter where it is on the circumference:

Angle a is the same.
(Called the Angles Subtended by Same Arc Theorem)

Example: What is the size of Angle POQ? (O is circle's center)

Angle POQ = 2 Angle PRQ = 2 62 = 124


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Example: What is the size of Angle CBX?

Angle ADB = 32 equals Angle ACB.
And Angle ACB equals Angle XCB.
So in triangle BXC we know Angle BXC = 85, and Angle XCB = 32
Now use angles of a triangle add to 180 :
Angle CBX + Angle BXC + Angle XCB = 180
Angle CBX + 85 + 32 = 180
Angle CBX = 63

Angle in a Semicircle
An angle inscribed in a semicircle is always a right angle:

(The end points are either end of a circle's diameter,
the apex point can be anywhere on the circumference.)
Why? Because:
The inscibed angle 90 is half of the central angle 180
(Using "Angle at the Center Theorem" above)




Another Good Reason Why It Works
We could also rotate the shape
around 180 to make a rectangle!
It is a rectangle, because all sides
are parallel, and both diagonals are
equal.
And so its internal angles are all
right angles (90).


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So there you go! No matter where that angle is
on the circumference, it is always 90
Example: What is the size of Angle BAC?

The Angle in the Semicircle Theorem tells us that Angle ACB = 90
Now use angles of a triangle add to 180 to find Angle BAC:
Angle BAC + 55 + 90 = 180
Angle BAC = 35

Cyclic Quadrilateral
A "Cyclic" Quadrilateral has every vertex on a circle's circumference:

A Cyclic Quadrilateral's opposite angles add to 180:
a + c = 180
b + d = 180



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Example: What is the size of Angle WXY?

Opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral add to 180
Angle WZY + Angle WXY = 180
69 + Angle WXY = 180
Angle WXY = 111


Tangent Angle
A tangent is a line that just touches a circle at one point.
It always forms a right angle with the circle's radius as shown
here.

RS and RT are tangents to the circle center O.
SUT = 72

What is the size of SRT?

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Radians


We can measure Angles in Radians.
1 Radian is about 57.2958 degrees.
Does 57.2958... degrees seem a strange value?
Maybe degrees are strange, as the Radian is a pure measure based on the Radius of the circle:
Radian: the angle made by taking the radius
and wrapping it along the edge of a circle:

So, a Radian "cuts out" a length of a
circle's circumference equal to the radius.

Radians and Degrees

As shown in the animation above:
There are radians in a half circle
And also 180 in a half circle
So radians = 180
So 1 radian = 180/ = 57.2958 (approximately)
Degrees
Radians
(exact)
Radians
(approx)
30 /6 0.524
45 /4 0.785
60 /3 1.047
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90 /2 1.571
180 3.142
270 3/2 4.712
360 2 6.283


Example: How Many Radians in a Full Circle?
Imagine you cut up pieces of string exactly the length from the center of a circle to its edge ...
... how many pieces would you need to go around the edge of the circle?

Answer: 2 (or about 6.283 pieces of string).

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Area of Plane Shapes
What is Area?
Area is the size of a surface!


Triangle
Area = b
h
b = base
h = vertical
height


Square
Area = a
2

a = length of side

Rectangle
Area = w h
w = width
h = height


Parallelogram
Area = b h
b = base
h = vertical height

Trapezoid (US)
Trapezium
(UK)
Area = (a+b)
h
h = vertical
height


Circle
Area = r
2

Circumference = 2 r
r = radius

Ellipse
Area = ab


Sector
Area = r
2

r = radius
= angle in radians
Note: h is at right
angles to b:




Example: What is the area of this triangle?

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Height = h = 12
Base = b = 20
Area = b h = 20 12 = 120

A harder example:

Example: Sam cuts grass at $0.10 per square meter
How much does Sam earn cutting this area:

Let's break the area into two parts:

Part A is a square:
Area of A = a
2
= 20m 20m = 400m
2

Part B is a triangle. Viewed sideways it has a base of 20m and a height of 14m.
Area of B = b h = 20m 14m = 140m
2

So the total area is:
Area = Area of A + Area of B = 400m
2
+ 140m
2
= 540m
2

Sam earns $0.10 per square meter
Sam earns = $0.10 540m
2
= $54



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Volumes
Volume of a cube
Given the length of one side, call it a, the volume of a cube can be found by using the following formula:


Vcube = a
3
= a a a

Volume of a box
Given the length, the height, and the width, the volume of a box also called rectangular prism can be
found by using the following formula:




Vbox = l w h

It is not always straightforward to label the height, the width, and the length.
It is just a matter of perspective!
Looking at box above, what I labeled as length could also be called width and vice versa.
And it you rotate the box by 90 degrees, what looks like the length right now will look like the height
Finally, the volume is expressed in cubit unit. Therefore, if the unit you are using is meter, the volume is
expressed in cubic meter or meter
3


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Volume of a sphere
Given the radius, the volume of a sphere can be found by using the following formula:


V = (4/3) pi r
3

Volume of cylinders
Given the radius and h, the volume of cylinders can be found by using the formula:


Volumecylinder = Area of base height = pi r
2
h

Volume of a Prism
The Volume of a prism is the area of one end times the length of the prism

Volume = Area Length
Example: What is the volume of a prism whose
ends have an area of 25 in
2
and which is 12 in
long:
Answer: Volume = 25 in
2
12 in = 300 in
3