TRANSDUCERS

Dr. Gamal Sowilam

1
Introduction
An instrumentation system consists of: An instrumentation system consists of:
Input device
Signal conditioningor processingdevice Signal conditioningor processingdevice
Output device
The input device receives the quantity under The input device receives the quantity under
measurement and delivers a proportional electrical
signal toprocessingdevice signal toprocessingdevice.
The signal is amplified, filtered, or modified to an
acceptableformat withtheoutput device acceptableformat withtheoutput device.
The output device will display and record the
measurement result
2
measurement result.
Introduction (contd)
The input quantity for most instrumentationsystemis The input quantity for most instrumentationsystemis
nonelectrical.
Transducer convert nonelectrical quantity into an Transducer convert nonelectrical quantity into an
electrical signal in order to useelectrical methods and
techniquesfor measurements manipulation or control techniquesfor measurements, manipulation, or control.
A transducer is a device actuated by energy in one
transmissionsystemwhichsuppliesenergyinthesame transmissionsystemwhichsuppliesenergyinthesame
form or in another form to a second transmission
system. y
3
Types of Transducer
Classification of transducer according to the Classification of transducer according to the
electrical principlesinvolved:
PassiveTransducers PassiveTransducers
Self-GeneratingTransducers
Passive transducers produce a variation in some Passive transducers produce a variation in some
electrical parameter which can be measured as a
voltageor current variation. voltageor current variation.
Self-Generating transducers produce an analog
voltage or current when stimulated by some physical voltage or current when stimulated by some physical
formof energy. Theydonot requireexternal power.
4
Passive Transducer (Externally powered) Passive Transducer (Externally powered)
Resistance Transducer Resistance Transducer
Ex: Potentiometric device, Resistance strain gage, thermistor
andphotoconductivecell. p
Capacitance Transducer
Ex: Variable capacitance pressure gauge, Capacitor
microphoneandDielectricgage.
Inductance Transducer
Ex: Magneticcircuit transducer, Differential Transformer andEddy
current gage.
Voltage and Current Transducer Voltage and Current Transducer
Ex: Hall effect pickup, Ionizationchamber andPhotoemissive
cell.
5
Self-Generating Transducer (No External Power) Self Generating Transducer (No External Power)
Thermocouple and Thermopile Thermocouple and Thermopile
Application: Temperature, heat flowandradiation.
Moving coil generator Moving coil generator
Application: Velocityandvibration.
Piezoelectric pickup Piezoelectric pickup
Application: Sound, vibration, acceleration and pressure
changes.
Photovoltaic cell
Light meter andsolar cell.
6
Resistance Transducers
Rotaryandslider typesof variableresistance
The unit consists basically of a track having a fixed resistance The unit consists basically of a track having a fixed resistance
and a variable contact which can be moved along and make
continuouscontact withthetrack.
If thetrack resistanceis proportional to thelength along thetrack
(i.e. linear track), the output voltage will be proportional to the
t f th i bl t t dth it i it bl f
7
movement of thevariablecontact andtheunit issuitablefor useas
apositiontransducer.
8
9
10
Inductive Instrumentations
1. Transducer for Linear Position/Force
Linear Variable Differential Transformer Linear Variable Differential Transformer
(LVDT)
Consisting of three coils mounted on a
common former and having a magnetic
corethat ismovablewithinthecoils.
The center coil is the primary and is The center coil is the primary and is
suppliedfromanA.C. supply andthecoils
on either side are secondary coils and are
l b l dA & B labeledA & B.
Coils A & B have equal number of turns
and are connected in series opposing so pp g
that the output voltage is the difference
betweenthevoltagesinducedinthecoils.
11
2. Tachometer
12
13
3. Electromagnetic transducer 3. Electromagnetic transducer
This transducer used for
measuring the speed of flow of measuring the speed of flow of
fluids that is good connected to
electricity in tubes. The tube is
insulator (dielectrically). insulator (dielectrically).
14
Capacitive Instrumentations
This type of instrumentations depends upon on the distance between
the two plates or the area of plate
15
the two plates or the area of plate.
1. Rotational movement transducer
2. Linear movement transducer
16
3. Pressure transducer
17
Temperature Transducer p
The temperature Instrumentations can classify into:
1 Resistance Thermometer 1. Resistance Thermometer.
2. Thermo Couple.
3. Thermostat.
1. Resistance Thermometer
18
19
2. Thermocouple
20
3. Thermistor
21
Temperature Transducer p
Platinum RTD (ResistanceTemperature Dependent )
Consisting basically of a thin film of platinum deposited on a ceramic g y p p
substrate and having gold contact plates at each end that make contact
with the film.
The resistance of the film increases as the temperature increases, i.e. it
has a positive temperature coefficient.
22
Transducer for Light Measurement g
Photovoltaic Cell
Consisting basically of a two layer silicon device.
When light falls on the junction of the two materials, a voltage is developed with the
l h h N-type material positive with respect to the P-type.
The output voltage depends on the magnitude of the light falling on the device and is
a maximum of the order of 0.6 V. With a load resistance connected to the output, a
23
p ,
current will flow.
24
Piezoelectric Transducer Piezoelectric Transducer
25