GPS World Magazine - June 2011

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COVER STORY
OPINIONS &
DEPARTMENTS
Out in Front 6
Business Hand at the Helm
By Alan Cameron
THE SYSTEM 10
The Best-Laid Plans Filing of
the Third Report by LightSquared/
GPS Technical Working Group;
LightSquared Interference with
Emergency Services, Public Safety;
ICAO to Weigh Locata for Back-up
APNT; GAGAN Transponder in Orbit
THE BUSINESS 16
The recent broadcast of the first CDMA signal from the new GLONASS-K satellite
culminates a long series of events that began in 1989. A key participant gives a
first-hand account of the history of many meetings, formal and informal, that
created true interoperability between the two major satellite systems, giving users
a modern GNSS in action.
By Javad Ashjaee
DEFENSE
Mitigation for Missles 50
Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Tracking Loops Cope with Interference
A fuzzy tracking system performs as a narrow bandwidth tracking system in
terms of noise reduction, and a wide bandwidth tracking system in terms of
dynamic response, overcoming the contradiction between receiver bandwidth
requirements using classical tracking techniques for either noise reduction or
dynamic tracking.
By Ahmed M. Kamel, Daniele Borio, John Nielsen, and Grard Lachapelle
June 2011
VOL. 22, NUMBER 6
gpsworld.com
INNOVATION
MBOC Signal Options 68
Performance of Multiplexed Binary Offset Carrier Modulations for Modernized GNSS Systems
The M-code is a binary-offset-carrier (BOC) signal a split spectrum signal
that places most of its power near the edges of the allocated GPS frequency
bands, thereby having negligible impact on the legacy signals. A signal with
better acquisition capabilities and improved multipath performance (while still
compatible with the existing GPS signals) was a multiplexed BOC modulation,
MBOC(6,1,1/11). The MBOC spectrum can be achieved by following one of several
different signal-construction paths with some resulting differences in how a
receiver tracks the signal and its associated performance.
By E. Simona Lohan, Mohammad Z. H. Bhuiyan, and Heikki Hurskainen
www.gpsworld.com June 2011 | GPS World 3
SPECIAL SECTION 30
2011 Buyers Guide
The only industry guide to GNSS
manufacturers and service providers
lists more than a hundred companies
and their offerings in dozens of
categories.
Corporate Profiles
Leaders in the GNSS marketplace
describe their products, services,
and corporate capabilities in
special advertiser-sponsored pages
throughout the Buyers Guide.
How GPS and GLONASS
Got Together and
Other Recent Events 60
ONLINE RESOURCES ONLINE RESOURCES
GPS World | June 2011 www.gpsworld.com 4
Hottest Pages @
GPSWorld.com
March 21 April 21, 2011
1
LightSquared: Its Worse than You Think:
(Survey Scene newsletter)
2
First Responders Find LightSquared Interference
with Emergency Services, Public Safety
3
Troubled GPS Satellite SVN49 Removed
from Active Service
4
GIS on a Sphere
(GSS Weekly newsletter)
5
Trimbles Acquisition of Ashtech to Bring Brand-
Name Recognition to Spectra-Precision Line
6
Innovation: GLONASS
7
Opening Up Indoors
(May GPS World)

8
Your Interference Questions Answered!
(GNSS Design & Test newsletter)

9
Data Shows Disastrous GPS Jamming from FCC-
Approved Broadcaster
10
Did the Geography Department at UCLA Accurately
Estimate bin Ladens Hideout Three Years Ago?
JUNE WEBINAR
WEEKLY NEWS
Moderated by Eric Gakstatter, Contributing Editor for Survey
June 23, 10 a.m. Pacific / 1 p.m. Eastern / 6 p.m. Greenwich
Platinum Sponsor: Hemisphere GPS
The final report from the FCC Technical Working Group
on LightSquared/GPS Interference/Desensitization
comes due on June 15. The report will summarize all
testing results of GPS receivers under LightSquared
conditions: terrestrial transmitters in the 1525 MHz1559
MHz range immediately adjacent to the L1 band (1559
1610 MHz) where GPS and other GNSSs operate.
Webinar speakers will analyze the results with
particular attention to effects on survey and other high-
precision uses.
Register for this free webinar at gpsworld.com/webinar,
where you can also download audio and slides of the first
two LightSquared-GPS webinars, broadcast in April and
May.
In Navigate!, the weekly e-mail newsletter
published by the editors of GPS World.
Always a fresh Top Story, and a breadth of news items,
product releases, events, and other happening stuff
that we cant always fit into the pages of this
magazine. Plus, delivered to your e-mail inbox in a more
timely fashion every Tuesday.
LightSquared-GPS: The Finale
Get Yours Firstest,
with the Mostest

NEWSLETTER EXCERPT
Space Symposium, Partnership Council
Offer Valuable Information
From the Defense PNT newsletter, May 2011
By Don Jewell
As the steward of GPS and as a
warfighter himself, General Willie
Shelton is the only four-star officer
from any service that has manned
up, stood tall, and been counted
on the LightSquared issue, which is
an ominous harbinger of a possibly
disastrous future for our warfighters and first responders
actually, it poses a threat for all GPS users. General
Shelton was a featured speaker at this years National
Space Symposium, the 27th and better than ever.
The warfighter panel presentation on the last day of
the GPS Partnership Council was the highlight of the
event. To see and hear how the panel of Army Rangers,
Navy SEALs, USAF Special Operators, and USAF aviators
and others actually use GPS not only to accomplish
their missions but to save lives every day is exciting. The
warfighter panel provided feedback on how warfighters
lives depend on GPS. These young men and women
are going in harms way and they deserve the best
equipment and support we can provide.
Read more at www.gpsworld.com/defense-space.
DON JEWELL
Contributing Editor
for Defense
As the developer of land-based SAASM user equipment and GPS payloads currently in orbit, ITT knows GPS from
the top down. Military applications benefit from ITTs expertise with our high confidence, high accuracy SAASM
GPS receivers. These customizable receivers come in a variety of form factors providing PNT solutions for any
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Spirents CRPA test system generates GPS and interference signals; multiple chassis may be synchronized to
provide combined satellite waveforms for each element of a CRPA. The simulated output not only applies to
antenna elements of a CRPA system, but it may also be configured as antennas on separate simulated vehicles.
Controlled Reception Pattern Antenna (CRPA)
The SimINERTIAL packages enable simulation of the inertial test inputs of integrated GPS/inertial navigators
(IGIs or EGIs). Variants are also available which emulate the output of an inertial measurement unit (IMU).

Please contact us for information on a customized solution to match your testing needs.
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www.spirent.com/positioning
I
met Chris Litton at my first European
Navigation Conference in Sevilla,
Spain, May 2001. I recall a long
conversation over a dinner of Moorish
and Andalusian dishes, attended by the
staffs of NavCom Technology and GPS
World, in the Mesn Don Raimundo.
Over the years we met again and
again at conferences hither and yon.
Great cities of the world! became
our greeting. As sales manager for
NavCom, then for the NavCom division
of John Deere & Co., from 1995 to
2007, Chris saw many more of those
cities than I did. A GPS road warrior.
Im very happy to announce that we
now play on the same team to your
ultimate benefit. Meet J. Christopher
Litton, international account executive
and ad manager for GPS World
magazine, website, e-newsletters,
webinars, and the whole enterprise.
Add to his decade-plus at Navcom
the subsequent years, up to present
date, doing similar things for Septentrio
Satellite Navigation, earlier experience
as co-founder of Litton Consulting
Group, where he helped establish
NavCom, and deep background as U.S.
Navy gunners mate missile system
specialist.
As a result, your business partner here
knows more about GNSS markets and
technology than the editor. That not only
distinguishes us from the crowd its
got to be worth something. To you.
For the 6.7 percent of our subscribers
who are actual or potential advertising
decision-makers, this is worth a
great deal. Give him a ring or shoot
him an e-mail query about reaching
your business development goals.
Hell have something concrete,
knowledgeable, and effective to suggest.
He can implement your message,
simultaneously and synergistically,
across many platforms: print, electronic,
social media, exhibits, and more. Hell
visit you for an in-depth skull session.
A GNSS road warrior, traveling to all
cities of the world, great and small.
The balance of 93.3 percent or
really, all our readers will benefit
from Chris knowledge and marketplace
vision, helping me shape and steer this
vast starship across the far reaches of
positioning, navigation, and timing.
Business Hand at the Helm
OUT IN FRONT
Your business partner at this
magazine knows more about
GNSS markets and technology
than the editor. Thats got to be
worth something.
EDITORIAL
Editor in Chief Alan Cameron | acameron@questex.com
Managing Editor Tracy Cozzens | tcozzens@questex.com
Art Director RJ Pooch | rpooch@questex.com
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CONTRIBUTING EDITORS
Innovation Richard Langley | lang@unb.ca
Defense PNT Don Jewell | djewell@questex.com
LBS Insider Kevin Dennehy | kdennehy@questex.com
Professional OEM Tony Murfin | tmurfin@questex.com
Survey Eric Gakstatter | egakstatter@questex.com
Aviation Bill Thompson | bthompson@questex.com
Wireless Pulse Janice Partyka | jpartyka@questex.com
ADVERTISING
Publisher
George Casey | george.casey@questex.com | 216-706-3752
International Account Manager
Chris Litton | chris.litton@questex.com | 323-229-6165
Marketing Manager
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Published monthly
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Chris Litton
Policy and system news and developments | GPS | Galileo | GLONASS
SYSTEM
THE
Policy and system news and developments | GPS | Galileo | GLONASS
SYSTEM
THE
10
S
low but steady progress of
the Working Group (WG)
convened by the Federal
Communications Commission
(FCC) to study the GPS overload/
desensitization issue is related in
the groups Third [monthly] Pogress
Report, filed with the FCC on May 16.
For the third consecutive time, the
report contains little in terms of actual
results of testing for interference/
desensitization of GPS receivers
by the proposed LightSquared
terrestrial signal. It continues to
carefully lay out the ground rules
adopted by several subteams for
testing the particular receivers in
their domain. As of the date of filing,
it reported, testing is underway for
six device categories and has been
completed for the Space-Based
Receivers category.
The full Progress Report is available
at www.gpsworld.com/L2third.
As related in Mays The System, the
Working Group has self-divided into
sub-teams.
Aviation SubTeam. Laboratory testing
was scheduled to be completed by
May 20, conducted by Zeta Associates.
The teams report is being compiled,
and some receivers were to be made
available for field testing near Las
Vegas.
The Federal Aviation Administration
(FAA) issued a flight advisory warning
pilots that GPS service in one area
of Nevada could be unreliable or
unavailable May 1627, during
LightSquared testing. Tests were to be
conducted in six-hour blocks.
Pilots are strongly encouraged to
report anomalies during testing to
the appropriate ARTCC to assist in the
determination of the extent of GPS
degradation during tests, said the
advisory.
Cellular SubTeam. Two of the three
laboratories engaged to perform
radiated and conducted testing have
added work shifts to complete their
processes by the TWGs deadline; the
third lab is being configured. Forty-five
models of GPS-enabled cell phones will
undergo testing, following a detailed
procedure described in Appendix D to
the report.
General Location/Nav SubTeam. This
team recently added new members
representing public safety users at the
request of the National Public Safety
Telecommunications Council (NPSTC).
See related article, LightSquared
Interference with Emergency Service.
The subteam has accumulated livesky
GPS test data for use in dynamic testing
scenarios, and plans further field
tests in the Las Vegas, Nevada, area,
described in Appendix G.
High-Precision, Networks, Timing. The
sub teams have completed testing of
all devices in the NAVAIR lab facility.
Some team members expect to have
some receivers of the same models
that have been tested by NAVAIR
available for field testing in Las Vegas,
and are working to develop test
procedures for the field tests.
Space-Based Receivers. The team
completed its laboratory testing
activities as reported on April 16, and is
now reviewing the initial draft analysis
of the impacts.
The Best-Laid Plans: Filing of the Third Report by
LightSquared/GPS Technical Working Group
Law enforcement, emergency medical service (EMS), and fire
first-responders in the state of New Mexico who participated
in LightSquared/GPS interference testing at Holloman Air
Force Base have submitted reports verifying a negative effect
of LightSquared transmissions on their GPS equipment.
A cover letter from the New Mexico E-911 program
director states that the reports substantiate concerns that
the LightSquared network will . . . jeopardize 911 and public
safety nationwide.
The director of emergency services for Otero County,
New Mexico, writes that during the testing process the
[ambulances automatic vehicle location] unit was limited to
only being able to see 7 satellites at any location and upon
moving just 50 yards from our position at the test site towards
the [LightSquared] tower were diminished to 3 or 4 satellites
and at 60 yards unable to establish any satellite connections.
This is still approximately 1/8 of a mile from the tower.
The tests were conducted on April 15 and 16 of this year at
Holloman Air Force Base, in a live sky environment.
For the full report, including letters from the New Mexico
State Police and the Otero County Emergency Services
director, see www.gpsworld.com/firstreponse.
LightSquared Interference with Emergency Services, Public Safety
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THE SYSTEM
Senate Letter
Meanwhile, the U.S. Senate is showing
increasing signs of life in response to
the problem. As of May 23, a total of
32 senators had signed a letter to the
FCC initially drafted on April 15 by two
U.S. senators from the heartland, Pat
Roberts (Republican, Kansas) and Ben
Nelson (Democrat, Nebraska). The joint
public letter urges action in the form
of asking the FCC to take all necessary
steps to protect GPS.
What sway, if any, the Senate holds
over the FCC, which forms part of
the executive (presidential) branch
of government, remains unclear.
However, the letter does signal some
heightened interest in Washington,
presumably as a result of hearing from
constituents. Kansas and Nebraska,
of course, have large-scale farming
activity, in which precision agriculture
driven by GPS plays a significant role.
The two original authors state
that the International Bureau, a sub-
organization within the FCC, granted
a conditional waiver to allow a single
company, called LightSquared, to
build tens of thousands of ground
stations that may cause widespread
interference to neighboring GPS
signals.
The letter goes on to outline the
many key roles that GPS plays in
economic activity and specifically in
economic recovery, public safety,
aviation, and national defense.
Reliable GPS affects virtually every
American, Nelson and Roberts assert.
They close by calling on the FCC to
ensure that GPS is not compromised
in any way. To do so, the full
commission must be involved and
require LightSquared to objectively
demonstrate non-interference as a
condition prior to any operation of its
proposed service. Anything less is an
unacceptable risk to public safety.
The latest signer, Senator Chuck
Grassley of Iowa, writes on his website
that Given the FCCs haste so far, I
worry that LightSquared will not have
interference problems resolved before
given the green light to become fully
operational. Farmers shouldnt have
to worry that theyre planting the
correct seed or applying the precise
amount of fertilizer needed for the soil
to optimally produce the crop, and
ambulance drivers shouldnt have to
weather taking a wrong turn or driving
into a ditch because a new system is
scrambling their existing navigational
technology.
Grassley adds, If anything, the
shadows around the LightSquared
project should have led the FCC to
proceed with caution rather than step
on the gas. Yet the opposite happened.
The agency originally planned to take
public comment on a key regulation
necessary for green-lighting the project
for only one week. The commission
relented and held the comment period
open longer only after consumers and
affected businesses protested.
Defense. Congressman Mike Turner
included language in the National
Defense Authorization Act (NDAA)
that requires the Secretary of Defense
to notify Congress if he determines
there is widespread interference with
the militarys use of GPS caused by a
commercial communications service.
Turner, the House Armed Services
Subcommittee chairman on Strategic
Forces, has legislative jurisdiction
over space and satellite systems, and
included the provision in his Mark of
the NDAA.
OUR VISION FOR GPS.
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THE SYSTEM
The Need for an Alternative PNT was presented to the
International Civil Aviation Organizations (ICAO) 10th
meeting in Montreal, Canada, on May 19 by the Australian
delegation, proposing a new method for alternative position,
navigation, and time (APNT). ICAO accepted the paper, and
the Locata technology it describes, placing it on the table as
a potential back-up to GPS. The organization will take up the
discussion at its next meeting in October. A PDF of the paper
is viewable at www.gpsworld.com/locata_icao.
Locata Corporation of Griffith, Australia, also released
preliminary post-processing analysis on data collected
during its APNT flight trial on May 9. An aircraft fitted with a
Locata receiver and several truth-reference devices recorded
data for three hours while flying at approximately 7,000 feet.
The Locata receiver tracked a ground-based network of six
LocataLites, which provided positioning signals to cover an
area of approximately 1,500 square kilometers. The aircraft
flew pre-defined patterns that gave varying distances to
LocataLites (349 kilometers) during the test.
During this trial, the Locata first acquired and tracked
LocataLite signals at a range of 51.9 kilometers, according to
the company, which provided an early-stage assessment of
the performance of the Locata pseudorange-based (code)
FIGURE 1 Difference in East, North, and Height between preliminary
Locata pseudorange-based solution and high-precision differential
carrier-phase GPS solution.
Locata Flight Results; ICAO to Weigh for Alternative PNT
THE SYSTEM
solution against a high-precision
carrier-phase differential GPS solution.
FIGURE 1 shows the difference in East,
North, and Height between the high-
precision GPS truth carrier solution
and the Locata code solution. Relative
to the high-precision GPS, the Locata
code solution has a 95 percent RMS in
horizontal of 2.1 meters and 3.2 meters
in vertical. The company attributed the
larger difference in the vertical to worse
dilution of precision in the vertical
component for this specific physical
deployment of its network. Over this
test data analysis, the Locatas average
VDOP of 3.3 compared to an average
HDOP of 1.5.
One test objective, the company
stated, was to obtain information on
the significant tropospheric effects
inherent in a ground-based system over
these sorts of ranges. Further detailed
analysis is now underway to measure
and then reduce the residual biases
present in the Locata code solution. For
this first-pass data analysis these biases
are approximately 0.8 meters in North
and 1.1 meters in height. When these
residual biases are further analyzed and
reduced, Locata anticipates that the 95
percent RMS code-solution accuracies
will improve to better than 1 meter
horizontal and 2.5 meters vertical.
Locata emphasized that this is an
early-stage analysis of first flight tests,
expressly designed to provide data for
a better understanding of the Locata
systems performance characteristics
in ICAO-type APNT applications, and
for a USAF-contracted LocataNet
deployment at White Sands Missile
Range that will cover more than 6,500
square kilometers. Further flight trials
are planned in the near future to refine
the system.
In Q3/2011 Locata expects papers
to be published on carrier-phase
performance observed over multiple
flights, with presentations during ION
2011 Conference in Portland, Oregon.
Indian SBAS Aloft
The Indian Space Research Organisation
successfully launched a GSAT-8
satellite, carrying a GPS-Aided Geo
Augmentation Navigation (GAGAN)
satellite-based augmentation system
(SBAS) transponder, on May 21, aboard
an Ariane-V launch vehicle, from Kourou,
French Guiana. The satellite will be
stationed at 55 degrees east longitude.
Galileo Picks October 20
The first two operational/validation
satellites of the Galileo project received
a launch date of October 20 of this year.
Antonio Tajani, European Commission
vice-president for industry and
entrepreneurship, predicted that this will
keep the system on track for provision of
three early services in 2014/2015 based
on an initial constellation of 18 satellites.
Industry news and developments | GPS | Galileo | GLONASS
BUSINESS
THE
Septentrio Announces Tiny, Low Power RTK Receiver
SURVEY/GIS
S
eptentrio has announced the
AsteRx-m, a very low power GPS/
GLONASS dual-frequency RTK
receiver which is smaller than a credit
card. The new board is aimed specifi-
cally at integration in hand-held de-
vices, mobile computing platforms, and
other solutions requiring high accuracy
combined with low power in applica-
tions where space is at a premium.
Mobile computing has made spec-
tacular inroads into the market in the
last few years, and has now become a
ubiquitous feature of modern electron-
ics, Septentrio said. Handheld devices
and mobile computing platforms with
L1-GPS for GIS applications have been
around for some time. However, users
are beginning to demand higher ac-
curacy, functionality, and robustness in
their mobile GNSS-enabled devices. To
cater to these requirements, Septentrio
is launching the AsteRx-m.
The AsteRx-m can offer full dual-fre-
quency GPS-only RTK capability while
consuming less than 500 mW and GPS/
GLONASS RTK at less than 600mW,
Septentrio said. It also covers the func-
tionality range from GPS-L1 only to full
GPS- GLONASS L1-L2, providing the
same performance, robustness and
availability as full-size state-of-the-art
dual-frequency RTK receivers, the com-
pany said.
The AsteRx-m combines power-
saving technology with Septentrios
GReCo3 GNSS ASIC and GNSS+ suite
of tracking and positioning firmware. It
makes high-precision RTK positioning
available in a very compact and low-
power package for handheld devices,
unmanned vehicles, and other power-
sensitive high-accuracy applications.
The AsteRx-m builds on the field-
proven quality and performance of the
AsteRx2 platform with a special focus
on low power and small size, targeted
at handheld and battery-operated ap-
plications, said Peter Grognard, man-
aging director of Septentrio. Providing
GPS and GLONASS L1 and L2 in a form
factor previously limited to L1-only
or GPS-only processing, at a power
consumption that is half that of com-
parable platforms, it effectively delivers
twice the might for half the power.
Septentrio will start shipping
AsteRx-m in the third quarter of 2011.
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THE BUSINESS
GPS Study of Chiles Megaquake Shifts Epicenter 40 Kilometers
SURVEYING
Rakon Named Kiwi Hi-Tech Company of the Decade
CONSUMER/GLONASS
PROFESSIONAL OEM
Tablet PC with GLONASS Launched
Russian 3G operator Skylink has intro-
duced what it calls the worlds first tab-
let PC with GLONASS and GPS.
The Skylink Xpad works on Android
2.2 operating system. It has a seven-
inch display, a SIM card slot, an 800-
MHz processor, 512-MB of RAM, and a
3.2 megapixel camera. A battery life of
5-7 hours is expected.
Components have been developed
by the Mastone company, based in
China, but the GLONASS applica-
tion is supported by the MDM6600
chipset from Qualcomm. Utilizing
data from both satellite positioning
systems should increase accuracy
in urban environments, Skylink
says. The computers will be manufac-
tured in China.
The GLONASS tablet is expected to
hit store shelves in the fourth quarter of
2011, with a retail price of 14,000 rubles
(about $500 US).
Rakon, an Auckland-based company
specializing in timing and frequency
components, has been named the New
Zealand Trade and Enterprise Hi-Tech
Company of the Decade (2000-2010).
The company was also named the 2011
PwC Hi-Tech Company of the Year, an
honor also bestowed at the New Zea-
land Hi-Tech Awards May 6.
The Hi-Tech Awards recognize excel-
lence across New Zealands software,
electronics, biotechnology, telecom-
munications, and creative technology
industries.
The international judging panel was
impressed by all five contenders for the
Company of the Decade Award, com-
menting that, "collectively the compa-
nies give great weight to the argument
that geography is not destiny you
can build a great global business no
matter where you start from." The
judges described Rakon as "gutsy and
innovative, with an excellent team and
spectacular growth," declaring that
"Rakon is a company that is truly inter-
national in appeal."
Rakon specializes in production
of high-performance quartz crystal
components used for timing reference
and frequency control. Rakon is the
first company in the award's 17-year
history to twice win the Company of
the Year award, and the first company
to be recognized as a leading company
in the industry over the last 10 years. It
means a lot to us to receive recognition
for all the hard work and success weve
had over the last decade, said Brent
Robinson, Rakon CEO. We were up
against some fantastic companies and
it was quite humbling to win."
Using data from more than 20 GPS sta-
tions, researchers in France relocated
the epicenter of the 8.8-magnitude
earthquake that struck off the coast of
southern Chile on February 27, 2010, by
40 kilometers (25 miles).
In a study published online by Sci-
ence magazine, the researchers con-
clude that the earth ruptured at about
three kilometers per second.
We analyzed cGPS (continuous
GPS) and survey GPS data from before,
during, and after the Maule event to
determine the deformation of the
Earths surface close to the earthquake
rupture, wrote Christophe Vign of the
Laboratoire de Geologie de lENS in
Paris, who is lead author of the study.
We use data from Global Positioning
System networks in Central Chile to
infer the static deformation and the
kinematics of the 2010 megawatt 8.8
Maule mega-thrust earthquake. From
elastic modeling, we find a total rup-
ture length of ~500 km where slip (up
to 15 m) concentrated on two main
asperities situated on both sides of the
epicenter. We find that rupture reached
shallow depths, probably extending up
to the trench.
The low frequency hypocenter is
relocated 40 km southwest of initial
estimates," the authors conclude. "This
epicenter is different from those re-
ported by seismological services. It is
located 15 km south of the epicenter
by the Servicio Sismologico Nacional
(SSN) of the University of Chile and is al-
most 40 km southwest of the epicenter
reported by NEIC (the USGS National
Earthquake Information Center).
The scientists also found that vertical
displacements reached 1.8 meters of
uplift at the tip of the Arauco peninsula,
the land point closest to the trench.
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THE BUSINESS

More events online: www.gpsworld.com/events
EVENTS
Navigation Strategies Europe 2011
June 1516, Berlin, Germany
www.thewherebusiness.com/navigationstrategieseurope/
Two days of focused analysis and debate on current topics
and challenges, and opportunities to meet market leaders.
JSDE/ION Joint Navigation Conference 2011
June 28June 30, Colorado Springs, Colorado; www.ion.org
The largest U.S. military navigation conference. Atten-
dance at for official use only (FOUO) sessions restricted to U.S.
citizens. Classified sessions June 30 have 4-Eyes access for
citizens of the U.S., Australia, Canada and the UK. All partici-
pants must establish a need to know and be approved by the
Joint Navigation Warfare Center security office.
IAG General Assembly at the IUGG 2011
June 28July 7, 2011, Melbourne, Australia; www.iag-aig.org
International Association of Geodesy assembly held as
part of the major IUGG2011 international conference, Earth
on the Edge: Science for a Sustainable Planet, a multi-disci-
plinary conference presented by the eight scientific associa-
tions of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics.
Esri International User Conference
July 1115, San Diego, California
www.www.esri.com/events/user-conference/
The Esri International User Conference offers to about
13,000 attendees as many as 275 technical sessions and a
large exhibit hall for exploring the power of geospatial tech-
nology. Pre-conference
seminars and a GIS
Managers Open Sum-
mit are planned.
ION GNSS 2011
September 2023
Portland, Oregon
www.ion.org
The Institute of
Navigations GNSS
2011 conference
will take place at the
Oregon Convention
Center. Registration
information is available
online.
Garmin Launches Montana Rugged Handheld
CONSUMER OEM
Garmin International Inc. has an-
nounced the Montana handheld GPS
device, what it calls its most advanced
handheld, featuring a ruggedized
design with multiple mounting and
battery options, dual-orientation and
screen layout options, and support for a
wide range of Garmin cartography.
The Montana has a barometric
altimeter for elevation profiling and
ability to profile the route ahead using
included worldwide elevation model.
The included 3-axis compass gives it
a heading while standing still or not
held level. Montanas touchscreen is
four inches and the photos taken by its
five-megapixel autofocus camera are
displayed in sunlight-readable brilliant
color, Garmin said.
Montana was designed with the get
dirty, go hard, then go home crowd in
mind, who are always after adventure,
said Dan Bartel, Garmins vice president
of worldwide sales. From navigating
waterways in your boat and traversing
the back country in your ATV, to hiking
the Austrian Alps and even receiving
spoken turn-by-turn directions on the
way to the grocery store, Montana has
the versatility and mapping compat-
ibility to do what you need it to.
Montana is fully waterproof and
capable of withstanding mud and grit,
even when connected to its optional
powered mount, Garmin said. The
Montana can be used with the power
mount capability and City Navigator
for spoken, turn-by-turn driving direc-
tions, or with a mount for a motorcycle
or ATV. On foot, headphones can be
plugged into Montanas 3.5-millimeter
audio jack to hear the spoken prompts.
Garmin offers detailed topographic,
marine, and road maps. Montana also
supports BirdsEye Satellite Imagery
(subscription required) that lets users
download satellite images to their
device and integrate them with their
maps. Montana is compatible with
Custom Maps, free software that trans-
forms paper and electronic maps into
downloadable maps.
THE BUSINESS
Great Positive Strokes from Nike/TomTom Watch
PRODUCT REVIEW
APPLICATIDN-FDCUSE0 FLEET hANACEhENT
AN0 ASSET TPACKINC ANTENNA SDLUTIDNS FPDh PCTEL
AgricuIture Aviation Positive Train ControI PubIic Safety
PCTEL designs and manufactures high performance antennas to provide precise location,
maximum durability, and ease of installation.
APPLICATIDNS:
Q 7ehicle/Asset Tracking
Q Public Safety
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Q Specialized Satellite Tracking
Q Aviation
Q Network Timing
Q Precision Veasurement
- Public Safety, Agriculture
- Construction, Vining, Utilities
TECHNDLDCIES:
Q CPS L1/L2/L5/CLDNASS/Calileo/
8eidou/lridium/Clobalstar/lnmarsat
Q High Dutof8and Pejection
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FDP YDUP CUSTDh,
APPLICATIDN-SPECIFIC,
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PCTEL SALES TEAh.
phone 6J0.J72.6800
tollfree 800.J2J.9122
website www.antenna.com
email asset.tracking@pctel.com
By David Loveall
My first impression of the new Nike+ SportWatch (with GPS
powered by TomTom) was, How is a brick that size not going
to get in the way of this 50-year-old runner who still thinks
hes all that and a bag of chips?
Sure, its larger than a standard running watch, but it needs
to be. Not only does it need to pack in all those nifty features,
it makes it easy to read while bouncing down the running
trail. It also turned out to be one of the nicest fans I ever met.
It charges through ones laptop, and the program has all
kinds of logging and organizational training aids for the run-
ner who is A.D.D. about their training. However, at this stage
of my game, Im all about distance, time, and fending off
aging so I can still have something to brag about. This gizmo
even helped me do that.
I took it out of the box, put the chip in my Pegasus trainers,
pressed two buttons, took a few steps, and was on my way,
negotiating routes that I had been running for years. The
first mile clicked off really fast, then the second. Its almost
like the Nike TomTom silently coached me to push a little
harder. What I also instantly discovered is that my distances
have been grossly underesti-
mated. Thus my times always
seemed slower that I thought.
Global Positioning Systems
from space dont cheat. They
are exact and yet this watch was also encouragingly friendly
with its accuracy. At the end of what I thought all these years
was just over seven miles, the watch congratulated me on a
record setting pace for 9.14 miles. A few days later, I ran hills.
Accepting the times would be a bit slower, the display at the
end treated me to another accolade: And the crowd went
wild! Then it systematically ran through the fastest mile,
pace, total time, and estimated calories burned.
This gadget not only helps you run better because of all
the information it puts out and organizes, it also gives you
the GPS all of us runners need Great Positive Strokes at the
end of your efforts. And Im definitely a fan of that.
DAVID LOVEALL is a Eugene, Oregon-based photographer and 2009 Boston
marathoner.
CORPORATE PROFILE PRODUCT & SERVICES DIRECTORY
BUYE RS GUI DE 2 0 1 1
The Company Directory on page 32 gives manufacturers contact information.
The Products and Services Directory begins on page 38.
38 Accessories
Buffer boxes
Cable assemblies
Communications datalinks/
modems
Connectors
Power supplies/converters
Other
38 Antennas
Antijam/interference
suppression units
GPS, integrated
GPS, external
40 Differential GPS
DGPS-capable radiobeacon
receivers
Real-time DGPS correction
services
Real-time DGPS receivers
Reference stations
40 Digital compasses
40 Electronic charts/
maps
40 GLONASS
hardware/software
40 Integrated
navigation equipment
Dead reckoning
Inertial
Radiobeacon
40 Integrated
instrumentation with
GPS
Automated machine control
Bar code scanner
Cameras
Datalogger
Infrared/multispectral
sensors
Integrity monitoring
Laser rangefinders
PC/laptop/handheld
computer
Variable-rate controllers
Videography (including time/
position captioning)
Wireless communications
Yield monitors
40 Ionospheric
calibrators
40 Mapping
Chartplotters
Data conversion
Digital mapbases
Geographic info systems
Imagery
Interfaces
Systems
Travel information databases
42 Photogrammetry/
GPS integrated
systems
42 Precise ephemeris
information
42 Publications,
guides, videos,
training software, etc.
42 Receiver
components
Alphanumeric displays
Bandpass filters
Chips/ICs
Graphical Displays
Interfaces
Modules
Quartz crystals
RF amplifiers/preamplifiers
44 Receiver-
performance analysis
44 Receivers
Attitude/direction finding
Automatic vehicle location
Aviation
Computer GPS cards/
modules
Digital signal prcessor
integrated chip (DSP-IC)
Geodetic/geophysical
Handheld
Land vehicle navigation/
route guidance
Marine
Military
OEM modules/engines/
chipsets
PCMCIA cards
Radio frequency integrated
chip (RF-IC)
Software receivers
Space
Surveying
Surveying/GIS
Surveying/RTK
Timing
Tracking
47 Satellite
signal simulators/
pseudolites
47 Security code
decryption devices
47 Seminars/training
47 Software
Coordinate conversion
Geodetic surveying
Geotagging
GIS/LIS
GPS-related Internet
applications (mapping,
navigation, tracking, etc.)
Mapping
Mission planning
Navigation/route guidance
Network adjustment
Orbit analysis and simulation
Pre-/postprocessing
System performance
analysis
Vehicle/vessel/asset tracking
48 Surveying-related
equipment
Dataloggers
Electronic fieldbooks
Pen-based survey/GIS
49 System design/
integration
49 Timing
Time-code generators
Time-transfer stations
Timing clocks
Timing/frequency systems
49 Tracking services
(mobile assets,
roadside assistance,
E-911, etc.)
49 Vehicle location/
tracking workstations
and systems
(computer-aided
dispatch)
This information is provided
by the manufacturers.
Every effort has been
made to ensure accuracy;
however, GPS World is not
responsible for the content
of the information or for the
performance of equipment
listed. To appear in the 2012
Buyers Guide, e-mail info@
gpsworld.com before March
15, 2012.
Buyers Guide
2011
CORPORATE PROFILE
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PRODUCT & SERVICES DIRECTORY
746 Test Squadron
1644 Vandergrift Rd
Holloman AFB, NM 88330
Phone:
(866) 256-7878
Email:
gpstest@holloman.af.mil
Fax:
(575) 679-1759
Key Contacts:
Paul Benshoof
Chief, Strategic
Development
(575) 679-1769
Paul.Benshoof@
holloman.af.mil
Angelo Trunzo
Director, GPS Test Center
of Expertise
(575) 679-2234
Angelo.Trunzo@
holloman.af.mil
Company Description
The 746th Test Squadron (746TS) operates
the Central Inertial and GPS Test Facility
(CIGTF) at Holloman Air Force Base,
New Mexico. With more than 50 years of
experience, this established test facility
provides expert test and evaluation of
inertial navigation systems (INS) and
components, the Global Positioning System
(GPS) and embedded GPS/INS (EGI)
navigation and guidance systems, as well as
performs trade studies, technical oversight
consultation services and analyses
regarding GPS platform integration. The
746 TS also manages the tri-service GPS
Test Center of Expertise (COE) chartered to
support GPS test and evaluation initiatives.
GPS Vulnerability and Field Testing
With the expanding success of GPS comes
the threat of GPS denial by our adversaries.
The 746 TS has assembled deployable
threat equipment and capabilities to
emulate these possible threats along
with developing extensive test methods
to evaluate GPS equipment against
electromagnetic signals. The 746 TS can
generate almost any world-wide GPS threat
and is uniquely qualified to characterize the
navigational operation of any GPS receiver
when subjected to such a threat.
Navigation Test and Evaluation
Laboratory (NavTEL)
NavTEL provides an RF sterile laboratory
environment with the capability to simulate
GPS satellite signals that replicate real-
world operations in a controlled, scientific
manner. Using proven techniques and
state-of-the-art hardware, NavTEL executes
tests which simulate complex navigation
scenarios. The technical and cost-saving
benefits of testing in NavTEL before real-
world testing are immeasurable.
Flight and Field Testing
The 746 TS conducts flight and field testing
of inertial, GPS, and integrated navigation
and guidance systems in both benign and
EW environments. Ground vehicle testing
can determine the operational capability of
the test article prior to the more complex,
dynamic and expensive flight test environ-
ment. Flight testing is performed to char-
acterize and verify test item performance
in flight conditions typical of operational
aircraft. Available aircraft include the C-12J,
AT-38B, UH-1, and others as requested.
CIGTF Reference System (CRS)
The 746 TS provides a wide variety of Time
Space Position Information (TSPI) truth
reference systems, configurable to meet
customer requirements on test vans,
helicopters, and other test bed aircraft.
Among our precision reference assets is
the CIGTF Reference System (CRS). With
3D position and velocity accuracies as
good as 0.35 m and 0.010 m/s respectively,
this system is becoming the standard
reference system for test and evaluation of
DoDs navigation and guidance systems.
Rack-mountable and completely mobile,
a significant feature of this system is its
ability to provide accurate reference data for
the test of GPS and/or GPS-aided systems
in electronic warfare environments.
Inertial Testing
The 746 TS tests and evaluates precision
inertial components (accelerometers and gy-
roscopes) and systems used for navigation,
guidance and control, as well as pointing and
tracking systems. The laboratory features
a 53Y three-axis table isolated to the 10s
of nano-g, as well as a precision centrifuge
capability that includes a 120-inch radius
arm capable of developing 0.5 to 50 g with a
g stability of better than 1 ppm, worst case.
Sled Test Capability
The Holloman High Speed Test Track, instru-
mented by 746 TS personnel, is uniquely
applicable to testing guidance and naviga-
tion components and subsystems. Sled
test programs minimize risks and reduce
costs of ownership of newly developed
guidance systems and components and
provide a means of testing guidance hard-
ware in a near operational environment.
746th Test Squadron
CORPORATE PROFILE
746th Test Squadron
1644 Vandergrift Road
Holloman AFB, NM 88330
575-679-2123
gpstest@holloman.af.mil
www.746ts.org
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Accubeat
5 HaMarpeh St.
Jerusalem 91450 Israel
972-2-5868330
marketing@accubeat.com
www.AccuBeat.com
Acumen Instruments
2625 N. Loop Drive Ste 2200
Ames, IA 50010
info@acumeninstruments.
com
www.acumeninstruments.
com
Allis Communications Co.
Ltd.
10-3 Fl., No. 31-1, Lane 169,
Kangning St.
Xizhi Dist., New Taipei City
221,
Taiwan (R.O.C.)
+886-2-26952378
sales@alliscom.com.tw
www.alliscom.com.tw
ALLSAT GmbH
Am Hohen Ufer 3A
30159 Hannover
Germany
+49-511-303-990
info@allsat.de
www.allsat.de
Altus Positioning Systems
20725 Western Ave, Ste 100
Torrance, CA 90501
1-310-541-8139
sales@altus-ps.com
www.altus-ps.com
Antenova Ltd.
Far Field House
Albert Road, Stow-cum-Quy
Cambridge, CB25 9AR
England
+44-1223-810600
info@antenova.com
www.antenova.com
Applanix
85 Leek Crescent
Richmond Hill, Ontario
Canada L4B 3B3
1-905-709-4600
info@applanix.com
www.applanix.com
Ashtech
451 El Camino Real, Suite 210
Santa Clara, CA 95050
1-408-572-1103; EMEA/APAC
HQ: +33 (2) 28 09 3800
professionalsales@ashtech.
com
www.ashtech.com
AXIO-NET GmbH
Am Hohen Ufer 3a
Hannover, Lower Saxony
30159
+49 511 123 718 0
info@axio-net.eu
www.axio-net.eu
BAE Systems
62 TAL 10920 Technology Place
San Diego, CA 92127
858-592-1046
capabilities@baesystems.com
www.baesystems.com/gxp
Baseband Technologies,
Inc.
Ste #498, 3553 31 Street NW
Calgary, Alberta T2L 2K7
Canada
403-668-0699
info@basebandtech.com
www.basebandtech.com
Beijer Electronics, Inc.
2212 South West Temple #50
Salt Lake City, Utah 84115
801-466-8770
www.beijerelectronicsinc.com
Blue Sky Network
1298 Prospect Street, Ste 1D
La Jolla, CA 92037
858-551-3894
sales@blueskynetwork.com
www.blueskynetwork.com
Brandywine Co
mmunications
1153 Warner Ave.
Tustin, CA 92780
714-755-1050
info@brandywinecomm.com
www.brandywinecomm.com
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CAST Navigation LLC
One Highwood Drive, Ste 100
Tewksbury, MA 01876
978-858-0130
sales@castnav.com
www.castnav.com
CellGuide Ltd.
12 Hamada Street
Beit Tamar, Rehovot
Israel 76703
+972-8-9365152
info@cell-guide.com
www.cell-guide.com
Communication &
Navigation (C&N)
Durisolstrasse 7
A-4600 Wels
Austria
+43-7248-66233
gps@c-n.at
www.c-n.at
CSR plc
Churchill House
Cambridge Business Park
Cambridge, Cambridgeshire
CB4 0WZ
United Kingdom
+44-1223-692000
sales@csr.com
www.csr.com
deCarta
4 North 2nd St., Suite 950
San Jose, CA 95113
408-294-8400
info@decarta.com
www.decarta.com
DeLorme
2 DeLorme Drive
P.O. Box 298
Yarmouth, ME 04096
800-561-5105
sales@delorme.com
www.delorme.com
COMPANY DIRECTORY
This annual two-part directory guides you to product manufacturers
and service providers in the GNSS industry. The company directory
begins below; the products and services directory starts on page 38.
COMPANY DI RECTORY
Buyers Guide
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CORPORATE PROFILES
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CORPORATE PROFILE
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CAST Navigation, LLC
One Highwood Drive,
Suite 100,
Tewksbury, MA 01876
Phone:
978-858-0130
Fax:
978-858-0170
Email:
sales@castnav.com
Web:
www.castnav.com
Corporate Description
CAST Navigation, LLC (CAST) leads
the way with over two decades of
GPS experience, customer loyalty and
product reliability. CAST simulators
are engineering tools designed to
support navigation system research,
development, systems integration
and test. CAST continues to grow and
expand its capabilities not only in the GPS
signal arena but also in the use of the
latest hardware
components
to build our
windows based
satellite signal
generator. Our
proprietary
generator
uses FPGA
technology that
enables rapid
expansion of
capabilities
and unlimited
growth. Our
newest
systems are cost effective and
extremely reliable with very low
failure rates. Using our windows GUI,
the user will find operating the system
is very easy and intuitive. CASTs only
business is building simulators and prides
itself in being the best.
Product Research and Innovation
Our willingness to respond to the
unique requirements of a customer has
encouraged CAST to respond to the
latest advancements in GPS signals
as well as begin development of the
alternative GLONASS and Galileo signals.
The introduction of the new portable
EMT (EGI Maintenance Tester) line has
made a major break through in providing
flight-line test equipment for the EGI. The
CAST 3500 series is reliable and portable
for the end users. The EMT3500-1T for
example is a laptop sized tester that
allows the end user to perform a wide
range of functions and tests without
the expense of removing the EGI unit
(saving on cost, aircraft down time, and
man-hours). CAST also has developed
a 3D visualization tool that far exceeds
that of its competitors. This enhanced
visualization software (CAST 175)
provides the user with a 3 dimensional
animated view of the terrain surrounding
the vehicle.
Client Base
CAST has become
a world leader in the
design, development,
manufacturing, and
integration of globally
innovative GPS/
INS Simulators and
associated equipment
for a broad list of
customers including the
military, prime US and
foreign vendors, and
commercial users. Some
of the platforms supported
include: F-35
Lighting II, F-22
Raptor, B-1B
Lancer, B-2 Spirit,
E-2 Hawkeye, E-3 Sentry,
F-15 Eagle, F-16 Fighter Falcon,
F/A-18 Super Hornet, AH-64A/D
Apache, Eurofighter Typhoon, UH-60
Blackhawk, CH-47/MH-47E Chinook,
SLAM-ER missile, and JDAM smart
weapons.
CAST Commitment
The CAST Navigation team remains
committed to maintaining the highest
of ethical standards and dedication
to excellence in all of our operational
aspects, and our aspirations to exceed
our customers expectations is
unsurpassed. Customer support, coupled
with our R&D philosophy to look not only
at the next generation but to the one after
that, have made CAST the leader and
benchmark setter within the industry.
CAST Navigation, LLC
COMPANY DIRECTORY
DigitalGlobe
1601 Dry Creek Drive
#260
Longmont, CO 80503
1-800-496-1225
info@digitalglobe.com
www.digitalglobe.com
E F
Eka Technologies,
Inc.
2985 E. Hillcrest Dr.
#203
Thousand Oaks, CA
91362
805-496-3352
sales@ekatechinc.com
www.ekatechinc.com
EndRun Technologies
2270 Northpoint Pkwy
Santa Rosa, CA 95407
sales@
endruntechnologies.
com
www.
endruntechnologies.
com
ERCOGENER
Tour Montparnasse
33 Avenue du Maine -
BP 103
F-75755 PARIS CEDEX
15
+33 (0)1.45.38.02.34
infos@ercogener.com
http://ercogener.com
eRide Inc.
One Letterman Drive,
C310
San Francisco, CA
94129
415-848-7800
contact@eride.com
www.eride.com
Esterline CMC
Electronics
600 Dr. Frederik Philips
Blvd.
Saint-Laurent, Quebec
H4M
2S9
Canada
514-748-3100
www.cmcelectronics.
ca
Fastrax Ltd.
Valimotie 7
FI-01510 Vantaa
Finland
+358 424 733 1
sales@fastraxgps.com,
info@fastraxgps.com
www.fastraxgps.com
FEI-Zyfer, Inc.
7321 Lincoln Way
Garden Grove, CA
92841
714-933-4000
sales@fei-zyfer.com
www.fei-zyfer.com
ftech Corporation
16 Nan-ke 9th Rd.
Science-based
Industrial Park
Tainan 741
Taiwan
sales@f-tech.com.tw
www.f-tech.com.tw
G H
GENEQ, Inc.
8047 Jarry St. East
Montral, QC H1J 1H6
Canada
514-354-2511
info@geneq.com
www.sxbluegps.com
Geodetics, Inc.
2649 Ariane Drive
San Diego, CA 92117
858-729-0872
info@geodetics.com
www.geodetics.com
GPSantennas.com
17900 Crusader Ave.
Cerritos, CA 90703
GPSantennas.com
GPS2CAD
4109 W. Laurel Ln.
Phoenix, AZ 85029
markc@gps2cad.com
www.gps2cad.com
GPS Insight LLC
21803 N Scottsdale Rd,
Ste 220
Scottsdale, AZ 85255
sales@gpsinsight.com
www.gpsinsight.com
GPS Networking,
Inc.
3915 Outlook Blvd,
Ste A
Pueblo, CO 81008
800-463-3063
salestech@
gpsnetworking.com
www.gpsnetworking.
com
Greenray Industries,
Inc.
840 West Church Road
Mechanicsburg, PA
17055
sales@
greenrayindustries.
com
greenrayindustries.
com
Hemisphere GPS
4110 9th Street SE
Calgary, AB T2G 3C4
Canada
info@hemispheregps.
com
www.hemispheregps.
com
Hirschmann Car
Communication
1116 Centre Rd.
Auburn Hills, MI 48326
sales@hirschmann-mi.
com
www.hirschmann-car.
com
I J
IFEN GMBH
Alte Gruber Strasse 6
85586 Poing
Germany
sales@ifen.com
www.ifen.com
ikeGPS Americas
4775 W. Panther Creek
Drive #440-105
The Woodlands, TX
77381
281-681-0356
info@ikeGPS.com
www.ikeGPS.com
Impact Power, Inc.
18218 East McDurmott,
Ste E
Irvine, CA 92614
949-477-9198
sales@impactpwr.com
www.impactpwr.com
Inventek Systems
2 Republic Road
Billerica, MA 01862
978-667-1962
sales@inventeksys.
com
www.inventeksys.com
ITT Communications
Systems
GNSS Solutions
2193 Anchor Court
Thousand Oaks, CA
91320
805-373-3200
www.cs.itt.com/gnss.
html
ITT Electronics
Systems
Antenna Products
Technologies
585 Johnson Avenue
Bohemia, NY 11716
631-218-5500
antenna.products@itt.
com
http://cs.itt.com/
c4products.html
ITT Geospatial
Systems
Positioning, Navigation
and Timing Systems
77 River Road
Clifton, NJ 07014
973-284-3001
www.geospatial.itt.
com
Jackson Labs
Technologies, Inc.
170 Knowles Drive,
Ste 208
Los Gatos, CA 95032
626-463-1490
ariel@jackson-labs.
com
www.jackson-labs.com
JAVAD GNSS
900 Rock Avenue
San Jose, CA 95131
+1-408-770-1770
sales@javad.com
www.javad.com
John Deere AMS
4140 NW 114th St.
Urbandale, IA 50322
888-GRN-STAR
www.johndeereag.com
K L
KCS BV
Kuipershaven 22
Al Dordrecht, 3311
Netherlands
kcs@kcs.tv
www.trace.me
Laird Technologies
1-810-695-9810
TelematicsInfo@
lairdtech.com
www.lairdtech.com
Larsen Antennas/
Pulse Electronics
3611 NE 112th Ave.
Vancouver, WA 98682
360-944-7551
info@larsen.pulseeng.
com
www.larsen-antennas.
com
Leica Geosystems
AG
Heinrich-Wild-Strasse
CH-9435 Heerbrugg
Switzerland
www.leica-
geosystems.com
Locata
111 Canberra Avenue
Grifth, ACT 2603
Australia
enquiry@locatacorp.
com
www.locatacorp.com
Lockheed Martin
Mission Systems
and Sensors
1801 State Route 17C
Owego, NY 13827
607-751-4366
charles.apker@lmco.
com
www.lockheedmartin.
com/products/
GSTARGPSAntiJam
Solutions/
M N
Microsemi (formerly
White Electronic
Designs)
3601 East University
Drive
Phoenix, AZ 85034-
7254
602-437-1520
www.microsemi.com
Microwave Filter
Company, Inc.
6743 Kinne Street
East Syracuse, NY
13057
(800) 448-1666
mfcsales@
microwavelter.com
www.microwavelter.
com
TS COMPANY DIRECTORY ST
Locata Corporation
111 Canberra Avenue,
Griffith, ACT 2603
AUSTRALIA
Phone:
+61-2-6126-5700
Web:
www.locatacorp.com
The Future Begins in 2011
Some straight talk
from Down Under
No slick mission statement here, folks.
Locata exists for only one purpose. We
are a new ground-based network that
improves GPS-style positioning - locally.
We remove the limitations of a 1970s
satellite-based system so it will now
deliver 21st Century performance.
Positioning re-invented
Locata is the inventor, developer and only
supplier of revolutionary new wireless
positioning technology, created in stealth
mode. LocataTech devices create, for the
first time, a local terrestrial replica of a
GPS satellite constellation - both indoors
and outdoors. Locata calls this Your Own
GPS.
We are the only company in the world that
can do this.
Look closely at this industry and the need
for LocataTech is now patently obvious. A
Silicon Valley exec recently told us:
For positioning in the future it
has become exceedingly clear to
everyone that GPS now needs a
terrestrial component.
Yes, it does.
And Locata has invented it.
Locata: like GPS reborn
Locata promises previously unattainable
control and performance for GPS-style
applications in any place where GPS is
erratic, jammed or unavailable be it
industrial, military, indoor, or urban. Just
like GPS did in the past, Locata gives our
partners a technology platform that is the
new tool they need to revolutionize what
can be done with positioning - again.
Our terrestrial component improves
GPS to del i ver the posi ti oni ng your
children want, not the positioning your
parents needed. Weve named this new
combination of satellite and terrestrial
constellations GPS 2.0. Its like GPS
reborn in 2011, and it presents the entire
industry with incredible new business
opportunities
Disruptive technology
Its easy to vi sual i ze a LocataNet.
I magi ne an i ndependent sat el l i t e
constellation (like GPS, Glonass, Galileo)
except its on the ground. You or your
company, your campus, your city you
own it. It can be designed to transmit at
any power, any frequency or any density
your applications need. Because it looks
just like another constellation Locata can
slot seamlessly into current GPS position
solutions. Or it can be set up independently
so that if all the satellites simply vanished
(LightSquared, anyone??) no-one would
even notice.
Show me the money!
Locata exits stealth mode in September
at ION 2011. We actively seek qualified
integration partners that know a game-
changer when they see one. Opportunity
knocks. New markets await. Locata is now
open for business.
Information & expressions of interest:
gpswprofile@locatacorp.com
2011: Leica Geosystems
Locata for mining
2011: First flight trial USAF
Locata system
TS CORPORATE PROFILE ST
CORPORATE PROFILE COMPANY DIRECTORY
Microwave Photonic
Systems
1155 Phoenixville Pike,
Ste 106
West Chester, PA 19380
610-344-7676
info@b2bphotonics.
com
www.microwave
photonicsystems.com
Mobile Mark, Inc.
3900-B River Road
Schiller Park, IL 60176
847-671-6690
info@mobilemark.com
www.mobilemark.com
NavCom Technology
20780 Madrona Ave.
Torrance, CA 90503
310-381-2000
sales@navcomtech.
com
www.navcomtech.com
Navman Wireless
OEM Solutions
27422 Portola Parkway,
Ste 320
Foothill Ranch, CA
92610
866-527-9896
us.sales@
navmanwireless.com
www.
navmanwirelessoem.
com
NovAtel, Inc.
1120 68th Ave N.E.,
Calgary, AB T2E 8S5
Canada
1-403-295-4900
gps@novatel.com
www.novatel.com
NVS Technologies AG
Letzaustrasse 2
CH-9462 Montlingen
Switzerland
+41 71 760 0736
info@nvs-gnss.com
www.nvs-gnss.com
O P
OmniSTAR
Dillenburgsingel 69,
2263 HW
Leidschendam / P.O.
Box 113,
2260 AC Leidschendam
The Netherlands
+31 (0)70 3170900
info@omnistar.nl
www.omnistar.nl
Oscilloquartz SA
Rue des Brvards 16
CH-2002 Neuchatel
Switzerland
+41-32-722-5555
osa@oscilloquartz.com
www.oscilloquartz.com
Pacic Crest
Corporation
510 DeGuigne Drive
Sunnyvale, CA 95085
info@paciccrest.com
www.paciccrest.com
PCTEL
471 Brighton Drive
Bloomingdale, IL 60108
630-372-6800
antenna.sales@pctel.
com
www.antenna.com
Polaris Wireless
301 North Whisman
Street
Mountain View,
California 94043
1-408-492-8900
products@
polariswireless.com
www.polariswireless.
com
Q R
QinetiQ Ltd.
Cody Technology Park
Ively Road,
Farnborough
Hants GU14 0LX
United Kingdom
+44 (0) 8700 100 942
gpssales@qinetiq.com
www.qinetiq.com
Racelogic Ltd.
Unit 10, Swan Business
Centre Osier Way,
Buckingham,
Bucks, MK18 1TB
United Kingdom
+44-1280-823803
vbox@racelogic.co.uk
www.labsat.co.uk
Rakon Ltd.
8 Sylvia Park Road
Mt. Wellington
Auckland 1060
New Zealand
+64-9-573-5554
sales@rakon.com
www.rakon.com
Raytheon Space and
Airborne Systems
P.O. Box 902
EO/E18/G132
El Segundo, CA 90245-
0902
520-663-9641
tyler_w_trickey@
raytheon.com
www.raytheon.com
REDTAIL Telematics
3990 Old Town Avenue
Ste B-104
San Diego, CA 92110
866-711-4880
sales@
redtailtelematics.com
www.redtailtelematics.
com
Rohde & Schwarz
Mhldorfstrae 15
81671 Mnchen
(Munich)
Germany
www2.rohde-schwarz.
com
S T
Septentrio NV/SA
Ubicenter, Philipssite 5
3001 Leuven, Belgium
+32-16-300800, +1-888-
655-9998
info@septentrio.com
www.septentrio.com
Spectracom
Corporation
95 Methodist Hill Drive
Rochester, NY 14623
585-321-5800
sales@spectracomcorp.
com
www.spectracomcorp.
com
Spectratime
8408 Big Timber Dr.
Austin, TX 78735
sales@spectratime.com
www.spectratime.com
Spirent Federal
Systems, Inc.
22345 La Palma Ave.
#105
Yorba Linda, CA 92887
714-692-6565
info@spirentfederal.
com
www.SpirentFederal.
com
SPIRIT Telecom
A. Solzhenizyna, 27
Moscow 109004, Russia
+7 (495) 661-21-78
marketing@spiritdsp.
com
www.spiritdsp.com
STMicroelectronics
Via Olivetti, 2
20041 Agrate Brianza
(MI)
Italy
www.st.com/gps
Symmetricom
2300 Orchard Parkway
San Jose, CA 95131
1-978-232-1422
marketing@
symmetricom.com
www.symmetricom.
com
Systron Donner
Inertial
2700 Systron Drive
Concord, CA 94518
925-979-4500
sales@systron.com
www.systron.com
Tallysman Wireless
308 Legget Drive, Ste
202
Ottawa, Ontario K2K
1Y6
Canada
info@tallysman.com
tallysman.com
Teejet Technologies
P.O. Box 7900
North Avenue at
Schmale Road
Wheaton, IL 60187
630-665-5000
info@teejet.com
www.teejet.com
Telogis Fleet
Management
Software
85 Enterprise, Ste 450
Aliso Viejo, CA 92656
866-835-6447
team@telogis.com
www.telogis.com
TEW America
2860 Zanker Road, Ste
201
San Jose, CA 95134
408-324-1151
support@tewamerica.
com
www.tewamerica.com
Thales
3, rue Toussaint Catros
Le Haillan 33187, France
+33-4-75-79-35-35
info.navequipment@
fr.thalesgroup.com
www.thalesgroup.com
Trimble
935 Stewart Drive
Sunnyvale, CA 94085
408-481-8000
sales_info@trimble.
com
www.trimble.com
U Z
u-blox AG
Zuercherstrasse 68
CH-8800 Thalwil
Switzerland
+41-44-722-7444
info@u-blox.com
www.u-blox.com
VGI Solutions/OnPOZ
Precise Positioning
4101 Molson St., Ste
400
Montreal, Quebec H1Y
3L1
Canada
514-495-0018
sales@vgisolutions.
com
www.vgisolutions.com
CORPORATE PROFILE
A
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COMPANY DIRECTORY
Pacific Crest
510 DeGuigne Drive
Sunnyvale, CA 94085
Phone:
1-408-481-8070
1-800-795-1001
Fax:
1-408-481-8984
Email:
info@pacificcrest.com
Web:
www.PacificCrest.com
Pacific Crest is the leading supplier of
wireless data communication solutions
designed for positioning and remote
sensing applications. The company is
also responsible for the sale and support
of Trimbles high-accuracy GNSS board
sets to the OEM and system integrator
market. The combination of world class
communication and GNSS technology
with Pacific Crests reputation for
customizing solutions, results in an
unrivaled offering in the marketplace.
Pacific Crest provides a total customer
solution that reduces the size,
cost, and complexity of critical
data communications and
positioning systems.
Markets Served
Pacific Crest serves
a broad cross-section
of major markets with
its rugged and reliable radio
and positioning solutions. These
markets are broken down into two
discrete application segments: precise
positioning and remote sensing.
Precise positioning applications include
land/marine surveying, construction
and machine control, agriculture,
and infrastructure monitoring. These
applications utilize both Global Navigation
Satellite Systems (GNSS) technology
and the radio links that communicate
Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) corrections
from GNSS reference stations to GNSS
rover receivers. Pacific Crest is uniquely
positioned in the Geomatics industry in
that it offers both the GNSS positioning
technology and the radio links required for
precise positioning.
Remote Sensing applications include
environmental monitoring, water
management, and pipeline/transmission
line management. These applications
require the broadcast of digital information
from remote sensing devices to central
offices that process the data for decision
making. Devices such as weather
stations, pH meters and pressure sensors
relay their measurements to radio links
for broadcast back to the central stations
which, in turn, send command/control
instruction back to the remote sensors.
Positioning Solutions
Pacific Crest offers Trimbles
latest centimeter-level
positioning technology to
system integrators for a
variety of guidance and control
applications. The Trimble GNSS
receiver modules harness GPS L1/L2/L5
and GLONASS L1/L2 signals and are easy-
to-integrate into specialized or custom
hardware solutions to provide fast
RTK initialization with proven
low-elevation tracking.
Configurations include
a single-board
solution
for precise
position and
heading; decimeter
positioning with
OmniSTAR XP/HP
support; and tracking the
experimental Galileo GIOVE-A
and GIOVE-B test satellites for signal
evaluation and test purposes.
Radio Solutions
Radio modems from Pacific Crest provide
wireless data links for RTK positioning and
remote sensing. These broad spectrum
transceivers offer up to 35 Watts of power
and over-the-air link rates as high as
19,200 bps. Pacific Crest is the leading
provider of high-performance data links
for the Geomatics industry based on
the acceptance of its communications
protocols as the standard for RTK
surveying.
Compact and lightweight, the radios are
also watertight and rugged enough for the
toughest environments. They are easily
configurable in the field with an enhanced
user interface. Easy-to-integrate modules
are also available to system integrators
seeking the best radio modems possible.
Pacific Crest
Accessories
Buffer boxes
ALLSAT GmbH
Cable assemblies
ALLSAT GmbH
Blue Sky Network
Brandywine Communications
Hirschmann Car Communication
Impact Power, Inc.
JAVAD GNSS
Larsen Antennas/Pulse Electronics
Leica Geosystems
Microwave Photonic Systems
NavCom Technology
PCTEL
Teejet Technologies
Trimble
Communications datalinks/modems
ALLSAT GmbH
Ashtech
Blue Sky Network
JAVAD GNSS
John Deere AMS
Leica Geosystems
KCS BV
NavCom Technology
Pacific Crest
QinetiQ Ltd.
Tallysman Wireless
Trimble
Connectors
Accubeat
ALLSAT GmbH
JAVAD GNSS
PCTEL
Teejet Technologies
Trimble
Power supplies/converters
ALLSAT GmbH
Impact Power, Inc.
JAVAD GNSS
Leica Geosystems
NavCom Technology
Trimble
Other
Blue Sky Network
Jackson Labs Technologies, Inc.
JAVAD GNSS
Microwave Filter Company, Inc.
Antennas
Antijam/interference suppression
units
CAST Navigation LLC
ITT Electronics Systems
JAVAD GNSS
Lockheed Martin Mission Systems and
Sensors
NavCom Technology
NovAtel, Inc.
NVS Technologies AG
PCTEL
QinetiQ Ltd.
Raytheon Space and Airborne Systems
Spirent Federal Systems, Inc.
GPS, integrated
746th Test Squadron
Antenova Ltd.
Ashtech
Baseband Technologies, Inc.
Blue Sky Network
Eka Technologies, Inc.
ERCOGENER
Fastrax Ltd.
ftech Corporation
GPSantennas.com
GPS Networking, Inc.
Hemisphere GPS
ikeGPS Americas
Impact Power, Inc.
Inventek Systems
JAVAD GNSS
KCS BV
Laird Technologies
Leica Geosystems
Sensors
Mobile Mark, Inc.
NavCom Technology
Navman Wireless OEM Solutions
NovAtel, Inc.
Oscilloquartz SA
PCTEL
Racelogic Ltd.
Spectracom Corporation
Spectratime
Symmetricom
Systron Donner Inertial
Tallysman Wireless
Teejet Technologies
Trimble
u-blox AG
GPS, external
Allis Communications Co. Ltd.
Ashtech
Blue Sky Network
DeLorme
EndRun Technologies
ERCOGENER
Fastrax Ltd.
ftech Corporation
GPSantennas.com
+
CORPORATE PROFILES
PRODUCT & SERVICES
DIRECTORY
Buyers Guide
2
0
1
1
PRODUCT & SERVI CES DI RECTORY
PCTEL provides antenna solutions for
network timing, military applications,
aircraft navigation and vehicle tracking with
designs incorporating precise performance,
maximum durability, and ease of installation.
PCTEL
Phone: 630.372.6800
Toll-Free Phone: 800.323.9122
Email: antenna.sales@pctel.com
Web: www.antenna.com
ftech provides high performance GPS
receivers and RF modules for various
applications which included professional
industrial eld and consumer electronics
products.
ftech
Phone: +886-6-6008999
Fax: +886-6-5050826
Email: sales@f-tech.com.tw
www.f-tech.com.tw
Racelogic
Unit 10, Swan Business
Centre, Osier Way,
Buckingham, MK18 1TB,
UK
Email:
labsat@racelogic.co.uk
Web:
www.labsat.co.uk
Key contacts:
Mark Sampson,
Product Manager
Phone:
+44 (0)1280 823803
LabSat
Testing devices live in the field is realistic
but impossible to repeat. On the other
hand, simulation is unrealistic and doesnt
take into account the effects of real
environments. LabSat takes the benefits
of live sky and simulation by enabling
users to record and then replay GNSS RF
data as well as user generated scenarios.
This gives a blend of realism and
repeatability that is invaluable in testing,
and makes developing GPS, GLONASS
or GALLILEO products easier and more
effective.
LabSat is the original record and replay
system, and is also the most affordable
full constellation product available, with
most of the work in reproducing GNSS
signals handled by a standard laptop PC,
reducing hardware costs and making the
unit more portable.
Elements unique to LabSat include
the ability to record synchronised multi
camera video with the data, serial data
record/replay, and selectable 2 or 4 bit
sampling.
Customers include Nokia, RIM
(Blackberry Smartphone), ST Ericsson,
Telefonica, Thales Aerospace, Bosch,
Siemens, BMW, Daimler Chrysler,
Fujitsu, Broadcom, General Motors,
Delphi, Raytheon, Denso, Nav N Go,
Seiko Epson and Samsung.
Who makes LabSat?
LabSat is designed and manufactured by
Racelogic, experts in the field of GNSS
testing, simulation, and data logging for
the automotive, marine, mining, and
GNSS development industries. With
all R&D and manufacturing at its UK
headquarters, Racelogic supply systems
to users in over 86 countries and are an
ISO 9001 company.
SatGen Software. Enables fast and accurate creation of user generated simulation scenarios
LabSat. Offers the ability
to record and replay GPS +
GLONASS data in a compact,
simple to use device
LabSat offers repeatable and realistic GNSS
device testing
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Hemisphere GPS
ikeGPS Americas
Impact Power, Inc.
Inventek Systems
JAVAD GNSS
KCS BV
Laird Technologies
Leica Geosystems
Mobile Mark, Inc.
NavCom Technology
NovAtel, Inc.
NVS Technologies AG
Oscilloquartz SA
Pacific Crest
PCTEL
Racelogic Ltd.
Spectratime
Symmetricom
Tallysman Wireless
Teejet Technologies
Trimble
u-blox AG
GPS/communications
Ashtech
Blue Sky Network
Fastrax Ltd.
ftech Corporation
GPSantennas.com
Impact Power, Inc.
Inventek Systems
JAVAD GNSS
John Deere AMS
KCS BV
Laird Technologies
Leica Geosystems
Mobile Mark, Inc.
NavCom Technology
NovAtel, Inc.
Oscilloquartz SA
PCTEL
Racelogic Ltd.
Spectratime
Symmetricom
Tallysman Wireless
Trimble
Differential GPS
DGPS-capable radiobeacon
receivers
ALLSAT GmbH
Ashtech
ftech Corporation
GENEQ, Inc.
Hemisphere GPS
JAVAD GNSS
Leica Geosystems
NovAtel, Inc.
NVS Technologies AG
Racelogic Ltd.
Trimble
Real-time DGPS correction services
ALLSAT GmbH
AXIO-NET GmbH
Geodetics, Inc.
Hemisphere GPS
JAVAD GNSS
John Deere AMS
Leica Geosystems
NavCom Technology
NovAtel, Inc.
NVS Technologies AG
OmniSTAR
Pacific Crest
Racelogic Ltd.
Trimble
Real-time DGPS receivers
ALLSAT GmbH
Ashtech
Communication & Navigation (C&N)
Esterline CMC Electronics
Fastrax Ltd.
GENEQ, Inc.
Geodetics, Inc.
JAVAD GNSS
John Deere AMS
Leica Geosystems
NavCom Technology
NovAtel, Inc.
NVS Technologies AG
Oscilloquartz SA
Racelogic Ltd.
Septentrio NV/SA
SPIRIT Telecom
Teejet Technologies
Trimble
Reference stations
ALLSAT GmbH
Ashtech
AXIO-NET GmbH
eRide , Inc.
Geodetics, Inc.
JAVAD GNSS
John Deere AMS
Leica Geosystems
NavCom Technology
NovAtel, Inc.
NVS Technologies AG
Pacific Crest
Septentrio NV/SA
Trimble
Digital compasses
Hemisphere GPS
ikeGPS Americas
Leica Geosystems
JAVAD GNSS
Trimble
Electronic charts/maps
DeLorme
DigitalGlobe
ikeGPS Americas
JAVAD GNSS
John Deere AMS
Leica Geosystems
Trimble
GLONASS hardware/software
ALLSAT GmbH
Ashtech
CAST Navigation LLC
CellGuide Ltd.
Fastrax Ltd.
IFEN GMBH
Impact Power, Inc.
JAVAD GNSS
John Deere AMS
Leica Geosystems
NavCom Technology
NovAtel, Inc.
NVS Technologies AG
Oscilloquartz SA
Pacific Crest
PCTEL
Racelogic Ltd.
Septentrio NV/SA
SPIRIT Telecom
Tallysman Wireless
Teejet Technologies
Trimble
Integrated Navigation
Equipment
Dead reckoning
Applanix
eRide , Inc.
Fastrax Ltd.
NovAtel, Inc.
NVS Technologies AG
Trimble
u-blox AG
Inertial
746th Test Squadron
Applanix
CAST Navigation LLC
eRide , Inc.
Fastrax Ltd.
Geodetics, Inc.
JAVAD GNSS
NavCom Technology
NovAtel, Inc.
Racelogic Ltd.
Septentrio NV/SA
Teejet Technologies
Trimble
Radiobeacon
JAVAD GNSS
Locata
NVS Technologies AG
Racelogic Ltd.
Integrated Instrumentation
with GPS
Automated machine control
Ashtech
Geodetics, Inc.
Hemisphere GPS
JAVAD GNSS
John Deere AMS
KCS BV
Leica Geosystems
NavCom Technology
SPIRIT Telecom
Teejet Technologies
Trimble
Bar code scanner
KCS BV
Trimble
Best GPS Multiband Antennas to optimize
Tracking & Fleet Management. Combine GPS
with Cellular, WiFi, Public Safety, Orbcomm,
M2M and more!
Mobile Mark, Inc.
3900-B River Road
Schiller Park IL 60176
Phone: (847) 671-6690
Fax: (847) 671-6715
Email: info@mobilemark.com
Contact: Ken Lukowski, VP Sales
Acumens DataBridge SDR2 is a self-
contained, low-power tool for logging RS-
232 and other serial data to ash media
an ideal replacement for PC-based data
systems.
Acumen Instruments Corp.
2625 N Loop Dr Ste 2200
Ames IA 50010
Phone: 515-296-5369
Email: alkratoska@acumeninstruments.com
www.acumeninstruments.com
CORPORATE PROFILE
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World leaders in frequency
control solutions enabling
GPS performance.
Application engineering
and support offices:
USA, Japan, China, Taiwan,
England, Germany, France,
New Zealand, Korea and
Malaysia.
Rakon Limited
Head Office:
8 Sylvia Park Road,
Mt Wellington
Auckland 1060
New Zealand
Phone:
+64 9 573 5554
Email:
sales@rakon.com
Web:
www.rakon.com
Growth through Speed and
Innovation
Since its inception in 1967, Rakon has
advanced, grown and diversified to
become a global leader in frequency
control solutions.
No. 1 in GPS
Rakon are world leaders of frequency
control solutions which enable GPS
performance. The worlds leading
companies choose Rakon because of
their unrivalled application understanding
and technical expertise. Since developing
the first 0.5 ppm TCXO for GPS
applications, Rakon continues to pioneer
next generation frequency control
technology, enabling GPS performance in
extreme environments.
Diverse Solutions and Markets
Rakon dont just make products, they
create custom solutions. Rakon has
an extensive portfolio of products with
extreme performance capabilities
including crystals, XOs, VCXOs, TCXOs,
OCXOs, SAW oscillators, crystal filters,
Digital Dispersive delay Lines (DDL),
Digital Pulse Compression Sub-systems
(DPCSS) and complete RF subsystems.
Rakons specialty products include the
RF module; a miniaturised GPS radio
frequency front end module (GRM).
The module is plug and play ensuring
virtually no receiver RF design time and
simplifying material requirements. Its
OCXO solutions can deliver accuracies of
sub 0.05 ppb.
Rakons GPS markets include consumer
GPS such as PNDs, smart wireless
devices and mobile phones. Other GPS
markets include surveying, agriculture,
locator beacons, communications
infrastructure, military and aerospace.
Rakon Worldwide
Applications engineering support is
available globally. Offices are located in the
USA, NZ, England, France, China, Taiwan,
Germany, Japan, Malaysia and Korea.
Manufacturing sites are located in NZ,
India, England, France and soon China.
Visit Rakons website at rakon.com or
contact one of our international locations
by emailing sales@rakon.com
State-of-the-art testing technology
Precision and accuracy at every level
Core Technology
Septentrio develops all critical building
blocks for its high-performance GNSS re-
ceivers in-house.
Septentrio products are built around:
The advanced Septentrio GNSS chipset
solutions
Septentrios GNSS+ algorithms:
tracking for superior sensitivity
high precision positioning
APME multipath mitigation
exceptionally stable tracking under
high vibration conditions
AIM+ Advanced Interference Monitor-
ing & Mitigation
GNSS/Inertial navigation solutions
Certiable Avionics GNSS rmware
Versatile OEM GNSS Receivers...
Septentrio designs and sells high-
performance OEM Satellite Navigation
Receivers for all GNSS systems: GPS,
Galileo, GLONASS, Compass and SBAS.
PolaRx
family
The PolaRx family of receivers is a com-
plete platform of high-end multi-frequency
GNSS reference station receivers.
AsteRx
family
The AsteRx family is a platform of com-
pact multi-frequency, single- or multi-an-
tenna rover receivers featuring low power
consumption, high update rates and easy
integration in various static or kinematic
products.
All receivers can be delivered as OEM
board or in a rugged enclosure. Septentrio
also delivers antennas, cables and other
accessory products.
They are provided with intuitive graphical
user interface software and various software
tools to facilitate instant use and easy inte-
gration in various applications.
for Demanding Applications
Septentrio offers a broad range of reliable
and competitive OEM products for use in
existing and emerging markets.
Land & Marine Survey and Mapping
Machine Control for Agriculture,
Construction, Mining, Dredging, Marine
Engineering
High Integrity Navigation for land, sea & air
SBAS applications
Continuously Operating Reference
Stations and Networks
Precise Time and Frequency Transfer
Scientic applications
Certiable avionics
Galileo & Septentrio
Galileo is the European contribution to
the world of GNSS, adding signicantly to
the capabilities of Satellite Navigation sig-
nals. From its beginning, Septentrio has
staunchly supported and actively contrib-
uted to the Galileo program. The rst ever
GNSS receiver to receive live Galileo sig-
nals was designed and built by Septentrio.
Septentrio continues to play a key role in
the realization of Galileo. Septentrio pro-
vides its customers with the earliest possi-
ble access to Galileo receiver technology.
Working with Septentrio
Septentrios international team of GNSS
experts covers all aspects of advanced
GNSS receiver design. Our open and ex-
ible collaboration with customers allows
short rmware development cycles while
maintaining quality as a key element, re-
sulting in high customer satisfaction.
Septentrio Headquarters
Greenhill Campus,
Interleuvenlaan 15G
B-3001 Leuven
BELGIUM
Phone:
+32 (0)16 300 800
Fax:
+32 (0)16 221 640
USA Ofce
20725 Western Avenue,
Suite #144
Torrance, CA 90501
Phone:
+1 (888) 655-9998 (toll-free)
Fax:
+1 (323) 297-4648
Email:
info@septentrio.com
sales@septentrio.com
septentrioUS.sales@septentrio.com
Web:
www.septentrio.com
Septentrio
Septentrio, PolaRx and AsteRx are registered trademarks in the
United States and/or other countries. All other company names
and products mentioned herein may be the property of their
respective companies. 2011 Septentrio. All rights reserved.
11-05-11 GPS World Buyers Guide.indd 1 12/05/11 09:58
Camera
DeLorme
ikeGPS Americas
JAVAD GNSS
KCS BV
Teejet Technologies
Trimble
Datalogger
Acumen Instruments
Ashtech
DeLorme
Fastrax Ltd.
ftech Corporation
ikeGPS Americas
JAVAD GNSS
John Deere AMS
KCS BV
Leica Geosystems
NovAtel, Inc.
PCTEL
Racelogic Ltd.
Septentrio NV/SA
SPIRIT Telecom
Tallysman Wireless
Trimble
Infrared/multispectral sensors
DigitalGlobe
Trimble
Integrity monitoring
Geodetics, Inc.
JAVAD GNSS
KCS BV
Leica Geosystems
NavCom Technology
NovAtel, Inc.
Septentrio NV/SA
Trimble
Laser rangefinders
ikeGPS Americas
Leica Geosystems
Trimble
PC/laptop/handheld computer
Ashtech
DeLorme
Geodetics, Inc.
ikeGPS Americas
JAVAD GNSS
John Deere AMS
KCS BV
Leica Geosystems
Racelogic Ltd.
SPIRIT Telecom
Trimble
Variable-rate controllers
Hemisphere GPS
JAVAD GNSS
John Deere AMS
NavCom Technology
Teejet Technologies
Trimble
Videography (including time/
position captioning)
Applanix
JAVAD GNSS
Trimble
Wireless communications
DeLorme
Fastrax Ltd.
ftech Corporation
Geodetics, Inc.
ikeGPS Americas
JAVAD GNSS
John Deere AMS
KCS BV
Leica Geosystems
NavCom Technology
NovAtel, Inc.
Oscilloquartz SA
Pacific Crest
PCTEL
QinetiQ Ltd.
Racelogic Ltd.
Spectratime
Symmetricom
Tallysman Wireless
Trimble
Yield monitors
John Deere AMS
NavCom Technology
Trimble
Ionospheric calibrators
Geodetics, Inc.
Mapping
Chartplotters
Microwave Filter Company offers lter
products and components to 50 GHz.
Contact our technical staff with your lter
requirements.
6743 Kinne Street,
East Syracuse, New York 13057,
Tel: (800) 448-1666 Fax: (315) 463-1467
Email: mfcsales@microwavelter.com
www.microwavelter.com
Contact: Sandy Nelepovitz
Jackson Labs Technologies, Inc. designs and
manufactures Precision Timing and Frequency
References including ground-breaking Chip Scale
Atomic Oscillators (CSACs) and ultra-miniature
GPS Disciplined Oscillators. All products are
made in the U.S.A. Product groups are offered
that specically target the following markets:
miniature UAVs, full scale UAVs, manned air-
craft including jet ghters, tracked vehicles, man-
packs, commercial, and telecom applications. A
large selection of available output frequencies
such as 10MHz, 16MHz, 25MHz, 50MHz, and
100MHz are offered, as well as a large selection
of oscillator stabilities, phase noise performance,
and temperature ranges. Our smallest product is
less than 1 inch square and consumes less than
0.5W, and our highest performance product is
slightly larger than a pack of cigarettes, and is
based on a Cesium Vapor Atomic Reference for
ultra-fast warm-up, very low power, and very
good holdover performance.
170 Knowles Drive, Suite 208
Los Gatos, CA. 95032
Phone: (408) 866-8078 Fax: (408) 866-8481
www.jackson-labs.com
AsteRx2i HDC receiver, Septentrio.
Core Technology
Septentrio develops all critical building
blocks for its high-performance GNSS re-
ceivers in-house.
Septentrio products are built around:
The advanced Septentrio GNSS chipset
solutions
Septentrios GNSS+ algorithms:
tracking for superior sensitivity
high precision positioning
APME multipath mitigation
exceptionally stable tracking under
high vibration conditions
AIM+ Advanced Interference Monitor-
ing & Mitigation
GNSS/Inertial navigation solutions
Certiable Avionics GNSS rmware
Versatile OEM GNSS Receivers...
Septentrio designs and sells high-
performance OEM Satellite Navigation
Receivers for all GNSS systems: GPS,
Galileo, GLONASS, Compass and SBAS.
PolaRx
family
The PolaRx family of receivers is a com-
plete platform of high-end multi-frequency
GNSS reference station receivers.
AsteRx
family
The AsteRx family is a platform of com-
pact multi-frequency, single- or multi-an-
tenna rover receivers featuring low power
consumption, high update rates and easy
integration in various static or kinematic
products.
All receivers can be delivered as OEM
board or in a rugged enclosure. Septentrio
also delivers antennas, cables and other
accessory products.
They are provided with intuitive graphical
user interface software and various software
tools to facilitate instant use and easy inte-
gration in various applications.
for Demanding Applications
Septentrio offers a broad range of reliable
and competitive OEM products for use in
existing and emerging markets.
Land & Marine Survey and Mapping
Machine Control for Agriculture,
Construction, Mining, Dredging, Marine
Engineering
High Integrity Navigation for land, sea & air
SBAS applications
Continuously Operating Reference
Stations and Networks
Precise Time and Frequency Transfer
Scientic applications
Certiable avionics
Galileo & Septentrio
Galileo is the European contribution to
the world of GNSS, adding signicantly to
the capabilities of Satellite Navigation sig-
nals. From its beginning, Septentrio has
staunchly supported and actively contrib-
uted to the Galileo program. The rst ever
GNSS receiver to receive live Galileo sig-
nals was designed and built by Septentrio.
Septentrio continues to play a key role in
the realization of Galileo. Septentrio pro-
vides its customers with the earliest possi-
ble access to Galileo receiver technology.
Working with Septentrio
Septentrios international team of GNSS
experts covers all aspects of advanced
GNSS receiver design. Our open and ex-
ible collaboration with customers allows
short rmware development cycles while
maintaining quality as a key element, re-
sulting in high customer satisfaction.
Septentrio Headquarters
Greenhill Campus,
Interleuvenlaan 15G
B-3001 Leuven
BELGIUM
Phone:
+32 (0)16 300 800
Fax:
+32 (0)16 221 640
USA Ofce
20725 Western Avenue,
Suite #144
Torrance, CA 90501
Phone:
+1 (888) 655-9998 (toll-free)
Fax:
+1 (323) 297-4648
Email:
info@septentrio.com
sales@septentrio.com
septentrioUS.sales@septentrio.com
Web:
www.septentrio.com
Septentrio
Septentrio, PolaRx and AsteRx are registered trademarks in the
United States and/or other countries. All other company names
and products mentioned herein may be the property of their
respective companies. 2011 Septentrio. All rights reserved.
11-05-11 GPS World Buyers Guide.indd 1 12/05/11 09:58
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JAVAD GNSS
Leica Geosystems
Data conversion
ALLSAT GmbH
Ashtech
BAE Systems
Geodetics, Inc.
JAVAD GNSS
John Deere AMS
Leica Geosystems
Trimble
Digital mapbases
deCarta
DeLorme
DigitalGlobe
ikeGPS Americas
Geographic info systems
ALLSAT GmbH
Applanix
Ashtech
BAE Systems
DeLorme
GENEQ, Inc.
Geodetics, Inc.
Hemisphere GPS
ikeGPS Americas
JAVAD GNSS
John Deere AMS
Leica Geosystems
Trimble
Imagery
Applanix
BAE Systems
deCarta
DeLorme
DigitalGlobe
JAVAD GNSS
John Deere AMS
Leica Geosystems
Trimble
Interfaces
ALLSAT GmbH
Ashtech
BAE Systems
Geodetics, Inc.
JAVAD GNSS
Trimble
Systems
ALLSAT GmbH
Applanix
Ashtech
DeLorme
GENEQ, Inc.
Geodetics, Inc.
JAVAD GNSS
John Deere AMS
NavCom Technology
Trimble
Travel information databases
DeLorme
Photogrammetry/GPS
integrated systems
Applanix
BAE Systems
DeLorme
DigitalGlobe
Geodetics, Inc.
JAVAD GNSS
Leica Geosystems
NavCom Technology
Trimble
Precise ephemeris
information
746th Test Squadron
Geodetics, Inc.
NavCom Technology
Trimble
Publications, guides, videos,
training software, etc.
JAVAD GNSS
John Deere AMS
Leica Geosystems
Trimble
Receiver components
Alphanumeric displays
JAVAD GNSS
John Deere AMS
Leica Geosystems
Trimble
Bandpass filters
JAVAD GNSS
PCTEL
Chips/ICs
Ashtech
CellGuide Ltd.
CSR plc
eRide , Inc.
Fastrax Ltd.
JAVAD GNSS
NavCom Technology
NVS Technologies AG
STMicroelectronics
Trimble
u-blox AG
Graphical Displays
Geodetics, Inc.
GPSantennas.com
JAVAD GNSS
John Deere AMS
Leica Geosystems
NovAtel, Inc.
Racelogic Ltd.
Trimble
Interfaces
Ashtech
Geodetics, Inc.
JAVAD GNSS
NavCom Technology
NovAtel, Inc.
Trimble
Modules
Antenova Ltd.
Ashtech
CellGuide Ltd.
DeLorme
ERCOGENER
eRide , Inc.
Fastrax Ltd.
ftech Corporation
Geodetics, Inc.
Hemisphere GPS
JAVAD GNSS
John Deere AMS
NavCom Technology
NovAtel, Inc.
NVS Technologies AG
Oscilloquartz SA
Pacific Crest
Rakon Ltd.
Spectratime
SPIRIT Telecom
Thales
Trimble
u-blox AG
Quartz crystals
Greenray Industries
JAVAD GNSS
Oscilloquartz SA
Rakon Ltd.
Spectratime
Symmetricom
TEW America
RF amplifiers/preamplifiers
EndRun Technologies
JAVAD GNSS
NavCom Technology
NVS Technologies AG
PCTEL
Tallysman Wireless
Trimble
Receiver-performance
analysis
746th Test Squadron
CAST Navigation LLC
Fastrax Ltd.
Geodetics, Inc.
IFEN GMBH
JAVAD GNSS
Leica Geosystems
NovAtel, Inc.
Trimble
Receivers
Attitude/direction finding
Ashtech
DeLorme
Geodetics, Inc.
Hemisphere GPS
Inventek Systems
JAVAD GNSS
NavCom Technology
NovAtel, Inc.
Antenova is a leading provider of high
performance integrated antennas and
RF antenna modules for embedded GPS
applications.
Antenova Ltd.
Far Field House
Albert Road, Quy
Cambridge CB25 9AR, UK
Phone: +1 (0) 1223 810 600
Fax: + 44 (0) 1223 810 650
www.antenova.com
GSS6400 Record Replay System, Spirent Federal.
Spirent Federal Systems
22345 La Palma Ave,
Ste 105
Yorba Linda, CA 92887
Phone:
714 692 6565
Fax:
714 692 6567
Email:
Web:
Key contacts:
Jeff Martin
Director of Sales
Kalani Needham
Sales Manager
Spirent GSS8000 Simulation System
Spirent Federal Systems
GNSS Simulators
Spirent is the worlds leading provider
of GPS/GNSS simulators. We provide
simulators that cover all applications,
including research and development,
integration/verification, and production
testing. With a broad line of products, we
are sure to have the right solution for you.
GSS8000
Our flagship simulator, the GSS8000, is
fully approved for Y-code, SAASM, AES
M-code and SDS M-code
testing. We provide options
and configurations for
testing GNSS interference
effects and interference
mitigation techniques, such
as integrated GPS/inertial
testing, CRPA testing,
and jamming/anti-jam
simulation.
We have delivered
simulators that produce both legacy
signals as well as modernized signals
such as L2C, L5, and L1C. In addition to
the complete spectrum of GPS signals,
systems can include GLONASS L1/
L2 plus all frequencies and services of
Galileo. Add to the list SBAS (WAAS,
MSAS & EGNOS) and Japans Quasi-
Zenith Satellite System (QZSS), and you
have the most comprehensive GPS/
GNSS simulator in the world.
CRPA Test System
Spirents Controlled Reception Pattern
Antenna (CRPA) Test System generates
both GPS L1/L2 and interference
signals; multiple GSS8000 chassis may
be combined to coherently control
up to seven antenna elements. Null-
steering and space/time adaptive CRPA
testing are both supported by this
comprehensive approach.
GSS7790
Spirents GSS7790
Multi-Output Simulation
System allows the signal
from each satellite to be
mapped to a separate RF
output. These signals can
then be fed to individual
transmit antennas, which
when suitably deployed
in an anechoic chamber,
replicate the spatial diversity of satellite
and jammer signals incident on the
receiver antenna. Additional flexibility
is offered as the signal is further split
into its GPS L1 and L2 components, as
appropriate.
With more than 25 years of GPS/GNSS
simulation experience, Spirent provides
simulators that incorporate the highest
levels of quality, accuracy, fidelity, and
reliability with unparalleled performance
and customer support.
Controlled Reception Pattern
Antenna (CRPA) Test System
Spirent GSS7790
Simulation System
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Pacific Crest
Septentrio NV/SA
SPIRIT Telecom
Trimble
Automatic vehicle location
Applanix
Ashtech
ERCOGENER
Fastrax Ltd.
Geodetics, Inc.
GPS Insight LLC
Inventek Systems
JAVAD GNSS
John Deere AMS
KCS BV
NavCom Technology
NovAtel, Inc.
NVS Technologies AG
QinetiQ Ltd.
Septentrio NV/SA
SPIRIT Telecom
Trimble
Aviation
Ashtech
ERCOGENER
Geodetics, Inc.
Hemisphere GPS
JAVAD GNSS
NavCom Technology
NovAtel, Inc.
NVS Technologies AG
Pacific Crest
Septentrio NV/SA
SPIRIT Telecom
Thales
Computer GPS cards/modules
Ashtech
DeLorme
ERCOGENER
Fastrax Ltd.
ftech Corporation
Geodetics, Inc.
Inventek Systems
NavCom Technology
NovAtel, Inc.
NVS Technologies AG
Pacific Crest
QinetiQ Ltd.
SPIRIT Telecom
Trimble
u-blox AG
Digital signal prcessor integrated
chip (DSP-IC)
Ashtech
CellGuide Ltd.
JAVAD GNSS
NavCom Technology
Trimble
Geodetic/geophysical
Ashtech
Geodetics, Inc.
JAVAD GNSS
Leica Geosystems
NavCom Technology
NovAtel, Inc.
NVS Technologies AG
Pacific Crest
Septentrio NV/SA
SPIRIT Telecom
Trimble
Handheld
Ashtech
CellGuide Ltd.
DeLorme
ERCOGENER
Fastrax Ltd.
Geodetics, Inc.
Hemisphere GPS
ikeGPS Americas
Inventek Systems
ITT Communications Systems
JAVAD GNSS
Leica Geosystems
NovAtel, Inc.
NVS Technologies AG
QinetiQ Ltd.
SPIRIT Telecom
Trimble
Land vehicle navigation/route
guidance
Applanix
Ashtech
CellGuide Ltd.
DeLorme
GENEQ, Inc.
Geodetics, Inc.
Hemisphere GPS
Inventek Systems
JAVAD GNSS
John Deere AMS
KCS BV
Leica Geosystems
NavCom Technology
NovAtel, Inc.
NVS Technologies AG
Pacific Crest
Septentrio NV/SA
SPIRIT Telecom
Trimble
Marine
Applanix
Ashtech
ERCOGENER
eRide , Inc.
Fastrax Ltd.
GENEQ, Inc.
Geodetics, Inc.
Hemisphere GPS
Inventek Systems
JAVAD GNSS
KCS BV
NavCom Technology
NovAtel, Inc.
NVS Technologies AG
Pacific Crest
QinetiQ Ltd.
Septentrio NV/SA
SPIRIT Telecom
Thales
Trimble
Military
Applanix
Ashtech
CAST Navigation LLC
EndRun Technologies
ERCOGENER
FEI-Zyfer, Inc.
Geodetics, Inc.
JAVAD GNSS
KCS BV
Sensors
Microsemi
NavCom Technology
NovAtel, Inc.
NVS Technologies AG
Pacific Crest
QinetiQ Ltd.
Unmatched holdover performance with
STAR4+ GPS and GLONASS clocks.
Allows TD-LTE eNodeB 24+ hours holdover
with best Double Oven OCXO and ATDC
digital drift compensation.
Oscilloquartz SA since 1949
Rue des Brvards 16
CH-2002 Neuchtel - Switzerland
Phone: +41 32 722 55 55 Fax: +41 32 722 55 56
Email: osa@oscilloquartz.com
www.oscilloquartz.com
ADL Sentry wireless data link, Pacific Crest.
Spectratime
SPIRIT Telecom
Symmetricom
Thales
Trimble
OEM modules/engines/chipsets
Ashtech
CellGuide Ltd.
CSR plc
DeLorme
ERCOGENER
eRide, Inc.
Fastrax Ltd.
ftech Corporation
Geodetics, Inc.
Hemisphere GPS
Impact Power, Inc.
Inventek Systems
JAVAD GNSS
Leica Geosystems
NavCom Technology
NovAtel, Inc.
NVS Technologies AG
Oscilloquartz SA
Pacific Crest
QinetiQ Ltd.
Racelogic Ltd.
Septentrio NV/SA
Spectratime
SPIRIT Telecom
Symmetricom
Tallysman Wireless
Thales
Trimble
u-blox AG
PCMCIA cards
Geodetics, Inc.
John Deere AMS
Leica Geosystems
Radio frequency integrated chip
(RF-IC)
JAVAD GNSS
NavCom Technology
STMicroelectronics
Software receivers
Ashtech
CSR plc
Fastrax Ltd.
IFEN GMBH
ITT Geospatial Systems
JAVAD GNSS
NVS Technologies AG
Rakon Ltd.
SPIRIT Telecom
Trimble
u-blox AG
Space
Ashtech
Geodetics, Inc.
JAVAD GNSS
NovAtel, Inc.
Spectratime
Symmetricom
Trimble
Surveying
Applanix
Ashtech
GENEQ, Inc.
Geodetics, Inc.
Hemisphere GPS
JAVAD GNSS
Leica Geosystems
NavCom Technology
NovAtel, Inc.
Pacific Crest
Septentrio NV/SA
Trimble
Surveying/GIS
Applanix
Ashtech
DeLorme
GENEQ, Inc.
Geodetics, Inc.
Hemisphere GPS
ikeGPS Americas
JAVAD GNSS
Leica Geosystems
NavCom Technology
NovAtel, Inc.
Pacific Crest
Trimble
Surveying/RTK
Applanix
Ashtech
GENEQ, Inc.
Geodetics, Inc.
Hemisphere GPS
JAVAD GNSS
John Deere AMS
Leica Geosystems
NavCom Technology
NovAtel, Inc.
NVS Technologies AG
Pacific Crest
Septentrio NV/SA
SPIRIT Telecom
Trimble
Timing
Ashtech
EndRun Technologies
eRide , Inc.
Fastrax Ltd.
FEI-Zyfer, Inc.
ftech Corporation
Greenray Industries
JAVAD GNSS
NovAtel, Inc.
NVS Technologies AG
Oscilloquartz SA
Pacific Crest
QinetiQ Ltd.
Septentrio NV/SA
Spectratime
SPIRIT Telecom
Symmetricom
Tallysman Wireless
Thales
Trimble
u-blox AG
Tracking
Ashtech
CellGuide Ltd.
DeLorme
Fastrax Ltd.
ftech Corporation
Geodetics, Inc.
Inventek Systems
JAVAD GNSS
John Deere AMS
KCS BV
NavCom Technology
NovAtel, Inc.
QinetiQ Ltd.
SPIRIT Telecom
Tallysman Wireless
Trimble
Satellite signal simulators/
pseudolites
CAST Navigation LLC
IFEN GMBH
JAVAD GNSS
NVS Technologies AG
Rohde & Schwarz
Racelogic Ltd.
Security code decryption
devices
Seminars/training
ALLSAT GmbH
DeLorme
JAVAD GNSS
John Deere AMS
NavCom Technology
Oscilloquartz SA
Spectratime
Trimble
Software
Coordinate conversion
ALLSAT GmbH
Ashtech
BAE Systems
DeLorme
Fastrax Ltd.
Geodetics, Inc.
Inventek Systems
JAVAD GNSS
Leica Geosystems
NavCom Technology
NovAtel, Inc.
NVS Technologies AG
Polaris Wireless
Teejet Technologies
Telogis Fleet Management Software
Trimble
VGI Solutions/OnPOZ Precise
Positioning
Geodetic surveying
ALLSAT GmbH
Applanix
World leaders in frequency control
solutions enabling GPS performance.
Application engineering and support
ofces: USA, Japan, China, Taiwan,
England, Germany, France, New Zealand,
Korea and Malaysia.
Rakon
www.rakon.com
Email: sales@rakon.com
Triumph-VS RTK base or rover system, JAVAD GNSS.
Ashtech
GENEQ, Inc.
Geodetics, Inc.
JAVAD GNSS
Leica Geosystems
Trimble
Positioning
Geotagging
Ashtech
BAE Systems
Fastrax Ltd.
ikeGPS Americas
JAVAD GNSS
NVS Technologies AG
Polaris Wireless
SPIRIT Telecom
Teejet Technologies
Trimble
u-blox AG
Positioning
GIS/LIS
ALLSAT GmbH
Applanix
BAE Systems
DeLorme
Geodetics, Inc.
GPS2CAD
JAVAD GNSS
Leica Geosystems
Trimble
GPS-related Internet applications
(mapping, navigation, tracking,
etc.)
ALLSAT GmbH
Applanix
Ashtech
deCarta
DeLorme
Fastrax Ltd.
Geodetics, Inc.
GPS Insight LLC
IFEN GMBH
Inventek Systems
JAVAD GNSS
John Deere AMS
Leica Geosystems
NovAtel, Inc.
Polaris Wireless
QinetiQ Ltd.
REDTAIL Telematics
Trimble
Mapping
ALLSAT GmbH
Applanix
Ashtech
BAE Systems
deCarta
DeLorme
JAVAD GNSS
John Deere AMS
Leica Geosystems
Polaris Wireless
REDTAIL Telematics
Teejet Technologies
Trimble
Mission planning
Ashtech
BAE Systems
IFEN GMBH
JAVAD GNSS
Leica Geosystems
NavCom Technology
NovAtel, Inc.
Polaris Wireless
Trimble
Positioning
Navigation/route guidance
ALLSAT GmbH
Applanix
Ashtech
deCarta
DeLorme
Geodetics, Inc.
JAVAD GNSS
John Deere AMS
Leica Geosystems
NavCom Technology
NovAtel, Inc.
Polaris Wireless
REDTAIL Telematics
Trimble
Network adjustment
Ashtech
DeLorme
Geodetics, Inc.
JAVAD GNSS
Leica Geosystems
NavCom Technology
Polaris Wireless
Trimble
Positioning
Orbit analysis and simulation
Ashtech
CAST Navigation LLC
Geodetics, Inc.
IFEN GMBH
JAVAD GNSS
NavCom Technology
NVS Technologies AG
QinetiQ Ltd.
Trimble
Pre-/postprocessing
ALLSAT GmbH
Applanix
Ashtech
AXIO-NET GmbH
BAE Systems
DeLorme
Fastrax Ltd.
Geodetics, Inc.
IFEN GMBH
ikeGPS Americas
JAVAD GNSS
Leica Geosystems
NavCom Technology
NovAtel, Inc.
Polaris Wireless
QinetiQ Ltd.
Septentrio NV/SA
Trimble
Positioning
System performance analysis
Ashtech
CAST Navigation LLC
Geodetics, Inc.
IFEN GMBH
JAVAD GNSS
John Deere AMS
Leica Geosystems
NovAtel, Inc.
Oscilloquartz SA
Polaris Wireless
Racelogic Ltd.
Trimble
Greenray manufactures quartz crystal
oscillators for use in a variety of industries
including military, communications and
instrumentation; several products are used in
GPS-related applications.
Greenray Industries, Inc.
840 West Church Road
Mechanicsburg, PA 17055
Phone: (717) 766-0223
Fax: (562) 860-7650
www.greenrayindustries.com
Email: sales@greenrayindustries.com
GeoExplorer 6000 Series GeoXH Handheld, Trimble.
Vehicle/vessel/asset tracking
Applanix
BAE Systems
Blue Sky Network
deCarta
Fastrax Ltd.
Geodetics, Inc.
GPS Insight LLC
Inventek Systems
JAVAD GNSS
John Deere AMS
KCS BV
NavCom Technology
NVS Technologies AG
Polaris Wireless
QinetiQ Ltd.
REDTAIL Telematics
Trimble
Surveying-Related Equipment
Dataloggers
Acumen Instruments
ALLSAT GmbH
Ashtech
ftech Corporation
ikeGPS Americas
JAVAD GNSS
KCS BV
Leica Geosystems
NovAtel, Inc.
PCTEL
Racelogic Ltd.
Septentrio NV/SA
SPIRIT Telecom
Trimble
Electronic fieldbooks
ALLSAT GmbH
Ashtech
ikeGPS Americas
JAVAD GNSS
KCS BV
Leica Geosystems
Trimble
Pen-based survey/GIS
ALLSAT GmbH
Ashtech
Geodetics, Inc.
ikeGPS Americas
JAVAD GNSS
Leica Geosystems
Trimble
System design/integration
746th Test Squadron
ALLSAT GmbH
Applanix
AXIO-NET GmbH
CAST Navigation LLC
Fastrax Ltd.
ftech Corporation
GENEQ, Inc.
IFEN GMBH
ikeGPS Americas
JAVAD GNSS
Sensors
NavCom Technology
NVS Technologies AG
QinetiQ Ltd.
Racelogic Ltd.
Spectratime
Trimble
Timing
Time-code generators
Accubeat
EndRun Technologies
FEI-Zyfer, Inc.
JAVAD GNSS
NVS Technologies AG
Oscilloquartz SA
Symmetricom
u-blox AG
Time-transfer stations
EndRun Technologies
FEI-Zyfer, Inc.
JAVAD GNSS
NovAtel, Inc.
NVS Technologies AG
Oscilloquartz SA
Septentrio NV/SA
Symmetricom
u-blox AG
Timing clocks
Accubeat
EndRun Technologies
FEI-Zyfer, Inc.
ftech Corporation
JAVAD GNSS
NovAtel, Inc.
NVS Technologies AG
Oscilloquartz SA
PCTEL
QinetiQ Ltd.
Rakon Ltd.
Septentrio NV/SA
Spectratime
Symmetricom
Trimble
u-blox AG
Timing/frequency systems
Accubeat
Ashtech
EndRun Technologies
FEI-Zyfer, Inc.
JAVAD GNSS
Leica Geosystems
NovAtel, Inc.
NVS Technologies AG
PCTEL
QinetiQ Ltd.
Rakon Ltd.
Septentrio NV/SA
Spectratime
Symmetricom
Trimble
u-blox AG
Tracking services (mobile
assets, roadside assistance,
E-911, etc.)
deCarta
Geodetics, Inc.
John Deere AMS
KCS BV
NavCom Technology
Trimble
Vehicle location/tracking
workstations and systems
(computer-aided dispatch)
deCarta
Geodetics, Inc.
John Deere AMS
NVS Technologies AG
Spectratime manufactures and markets high-
performance, cost-effective crystal, rubidium
and maser oscillators, smart integrated GPS
clocks and systems, and testing instruments.
Spectratime, Inc.
8408 Big Timber Dr
Austin, TX 78735
Phone: (512) 470-3980
www.spectratime.com
Email: sales@spectratime.com
Labsat GNSS simulator, Racelogic.
Tallysman Wireless manufactures high
performance GNSS antennas, GPS receivers
and RF modules for professional precision
applications, and intelligent GPS communica-
tions solutions for eet tracking systems.
Tallysman Wireless Inc.
308 Legget Drive, Suite 202
Ottawa ON K2K 1Y6 Canada
Phone: (613) 591-3131
Email: info@tallysman.com
www.tallysman.com
Contact: Robert Dumont, VP Sales & Mktg
A
utonomous navigation systems onboard precision
guided missiles or fghter planes depend on GNSS
and its very weak signals for positioning and
navigation. Performance of a GPS receiver usually depends
on the phase-lock loops (PLLs) used to down-convert these
weak signals and track their carrier phase and frequency. A
PLL can properly work only if its bandwidth is wide enough
to track the signal dynamics, which can be signifcantly
high, given the extremely rapid movements, accelerations,
and direction changes of a missile or plane. On the other
hand, wide-loop bandwidths allow larger portions of noise
and interference to enter the tracking loops and disturb the
signal tracking process. Excessive noise and interference
can lead to loss of lock.
Aiding from a frequency lock loop (FLL) allows reducing
the PLL bandwidth. This cannot prevent, however, frequent
loss of lock and can be strongly affected by interference. The
tradeoff between bandwidth requirements motivates design
of alternative tracking systems replacing conventional FLL-
assisted-PLLs.
We used fuzzy systems to design and test an innovative
FLL-assisted-PLL. The output of a fuzzy controller that
replaced standard loop flters drives the numerically
controlled oscillator (NCO). The proposed fuzzy frequency
phase lock loop (FFPLL) uses both frequency and phase
discriminator outputs to generate the required frequency
changes to tune the NCO, which in turn generates the local
carrier for signal down-conversion.
The main core of any fuzzy system is its fuzzy sets
or membership functions (MFs) that map input/output
parameters into defned linguistic variables describing the
input/output states. Loop discriminator outputs mainly
depend on the incoming signal carrier-to-noise power
density ratio (C/N
0
) and have a probability density function
(PDF) that, under lock conditions, can be accurately
approximated by a Gaussian distribution. Although the
mean of this Gaussian distribution is zero under normal
tracking conditions, it can be affected by sudden changes
Mitigation for Missiles
Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Tracking Loops Cope with Interference
A fuzzy tracking system performs as a narrow bandwidth tracking system in terms of noise reduction, and a wide bandwidth
tracking system in terms of dynamic response, overcoming the contradiction between receiver bandwidth requirements using
classical tracking techniques for either noise reduction or dynamic tracking.
Ahmed M. Kamel, Daniele Borio, John Nielsen, and Grard Lachapelle, University of Calgary
Precision Guidance
|
DEFENSE
in the presence of dynamics that can
cause cycle slips and other phase
errors. The standard deviation of
this distribution is also dependent on
the signal quality and hence on the
interference level. For these reasons,
the discriminator output values have
been clustered into several overlapped
Gaussian MFs that can linguistically
describe their state. The variance of
the Gaussian MFs assigned to the
phase and frequency discriminator
outputs are adaptively tuned according
to the incoming signal quality. So any
change in the interference power level
leads to variations in the Gaussian MF
variance to ensure accurate linguistic
description of the discriminator output
signal. The fuzzy rules are selected to
tune the NCO and ensure accurate and
robust signal tracking.
We assess performance of the fuzzy
tracking system in the presence of
different power levels of interference.
To generate GPS signals corrupted by
radio frequency (RF) interference, we
used a hardware GPS signal simulator
combined with two external signal
generators, and applied different
interference levels combined with
missile harsh dynamics to test the
proposed system. Results show that
the fuzzy tracking system signifcantly
improves system robustness and
accuracy such that it is able to track
very high dynamics with reduced
tracking jitter. The system shows
resilience against strong interference
up to a certain extent where increasing
jamming levels are compensated
by the online adaptation of the MF
distribution on the basis of a small
amount of data or C/N
0
information.
The system performs favorably
against standard tracking loops
that cannot sustain the same level
of dynamics and interference.
The adaptive FFPLL can sustain
interference power levels up to J/S =
40 dB. Even when the algorithm loses
lock, a fast, reliable reacquisition is
obtained when the interference power
is reduced.
Theoretical Basis
Most physical processes are nonlinear
in nature. Linear approximations and
models are employed because linear
systems are simple, understandable,
and can provide acceptable approx-
imations of the actual processes.
Unfortunately, most tracking problems
are too complex, and their linear
approximation does not provide
suffcient insight on the system in all
environmental conditions.
Standard tracking loop flters
are obtained by solving an
optimization problem where the noise
characteristics and the order of the
signal dynamics are known. Different
loop orders are obtained for different
orders of dynamics. Moreover, the
optimization problem is usually solved
by considering a linear approximation
of the loop. These assumptions are
strong, but the standard solution
can fail to provide satisfactory
performance when the loop is no
longer working in its linearity region,
or the noise characteristics are not
completely known. In such conditions,
an approach based on a linguistic
description of the system variables
may be preferable. In that sense, fuzzy
control systems provide suffcient tools
for designing a robust alternative to
standard loop flter.
In previous cases where researchers
tried to use fuzzy techniques for
PLL design, they used fuzzy logic
controllers (FLCs) in parallel with a
classic PLL architecture. We take a
different approach, designing a new
fuzzy rule-based tracking system to
replace the standard FLL-assisted-
PLL. The new system uses the noisy
phase and frequency discriminator
outputs and directly produces a control
signal that represents the frequency
change required by the NCO to
maintain phase lock.
New Signal-Tracking Approach
GPS L1 signals consist of carrier,
spreading code, and navigation data.
To successfully demodulate the
navigation data from the received
signal, an exact carrier wave replica
must be generated, generally using
PLLs and FLLs. FIGURE 1 shows the
basic block diagram of a standard PLL.
The two frst multiplication stages are
required to wipe off the input signal
carrier and pseudorandom noise
(PRN) code required for any CDMA
communication system. A local
replica of the PRN code is provided
by the delay lock loop (DLL) and is
used to remove the PRN sequence
from the incoming signal. The carrier
loop discriminator is used to estimate
the phase error between local and
incoming carrier. The discriminator
output, which represents the phase
error, is then fltered and used to tune
the NCO, which adjusts the frequency
of the local carrier wave. Thus, the
local carrier wave tends to be a precise
replica of the input signal carrier.
PLL design is a challenging task,
particularly if the receiver is affected
by high dynamics, or if the input signal
power is low due to signal interference
or degraded environments. It is
therefore desirable to provide robust
algorithms for the PLL design.
FLLs are more resilient against
signal dynamics and produce accurate
velocity measurements. PLLs however
also provide signal-phase information,
leading to a simplifed data demod-
ulation process as compared to
FLLs. Several attempts to combine
the benefts of both loops have been
done in the past, leading to various

FIGURE 1 Basic PLL block diagram (courtesy of Kai Borre).
FLL-assisted-PLL schemes where the
joint use of the two loops becomes
an effective way to accomodate high
signal dynamics. The ability of a
tracking loop to track signal dynamics
is also determined by the loop order.
For high dynamic scenarios, a 3rd
order PLL is usually used as it is only
sensitive to acceleration jerks. Higher-
order PLLs can produce system
instability and greater noise level.
FIGURE 2 shows the loop flter of a typical
2nd order FLL-assisted 3rd order PLL,
where T is the update period of the
loop. All the gains shown in the fgure
are design parameters and function
of loop bandwidths, B
np
and B
nf
, as
reported in TABLE 1.
The response of a GPS receiver to
different signal-to-noise levels depends
mainly on the code and carrier (phase/
frequency) tracking loop bandwidths.
However, there is a trade-off between
noise resistance and response to
dynamics. Narrow bandwidth track-
ing loops are more resistant to noise,
which makes them suitable for
moderate jamming environments.
Wide bandwidth tracking loops are
more responsive to dynamics. Thus,
tracking loop bandwidth requirements
for GPS receivers are conficting. One
solution is to adapt the tracking loop
bandwidth to the receiver measured
carrier-power-to-noise density ratio
(C/N
0
) and receiver dynamics.
However, this approach can hardly
solve for both concerns at the same
time; trade-off must be found.
Automatic control methods based
on artifcial intelligence approaches
(for example, fuzzy systems, neural
networks, and genetic algorithms)
have emerged as an alternative model
to analytic control theory. One of
the greatest advantages of fuzzy
controllers is the simple and intuitive
design. On the other hand, this
simplicity is perhaps the primary cause
of their initial slow acceptance among
the control community.
FIGURE 3 shows the structure of the
system design, where the standard
loop flter is replaced by the proposed
FFPLL controller. The fuzzy controller
is composed of three consecutive
layers named as fuzzifcation, fuzzy
associative memories (FAMs, or
fuzzy rules or fuzzy associations), and
defuzzifcation layers.
The fuzzifcation layer is composed
of a number of fuzzy sets characterized
by MFs determined by the designer.
These MFs are responsible for
converting the crisp input values into
linguistic values. The defuzzifcation
layer is related to the fuzzifcation layer
through the FAM rules that compose
the second layer. FAM rules operate in
parallel and to different degrees. Each
is a set-level implication and represents
ambiguous expert knowledge or
learned input-output transformations.
The system nonlinearly transforms
exact or fuzzy state inputs to a fuzzy
set output. This output is defuzzifed
with a centroid operation to generate
an exact numerical output.
System Design
The fuzzy frequency/phase tracking
system is designed to rapidly recover
the signal frequency in the presence
of large frequency errors, that is, after
acquisition/reacquisition, and to behave
as a PLL, with precise phase recovery,
in the case of small frequency errors.
The fuzziness of the system inputs is
mainly due to the low power of GPS
signals with respect to thermal noise,
the main source of phase/frequency
jitter. Noise distribution then plays
a major role in the system design.
This is why an a priori knowledge
of expected signal parameters such
as C/N
0
is essential. This knowledge
can be achieved during signal
acquisition or in the frst stages of
signal tracking. For example; a signal
with a C/N
0
equals to 39 dB-Hz, in
static condition and in an interference-
free environment, is characterized by
a phase discriminator output with a
distribution approximately Gaussian
as shown in FIGURE 4. The standard
deviation of this signal, when using
a standard PLL, can be theoretically
calculated as follows:
where (rad) is the standard
deviation the dot-product discrim-
inator, which also suits well the
arctangent discriminator used in this
research, T (s) is the predetection
DEFENSE
|
Precision Guidance
Precision Guidance
|
DEFENSE

FIGURE 3 Schematic diagram of a fuzzy tracking loop design.

FIGURE 2 Schematic of a loop filter of a 2nd order FLL-assisted 3rd order PLL (courtesy of
Elliot Kaplan).

TABLE 1 FLL-assisted-PLL loop filter gains.

Precision Guidance
|
DEFENSE
integration time and c / n
0
carrier to noise power expressed
as a ratio (Hz).
Figure 4 shows the time-domain representation for the
phase-discriminator output during tracking the incoming
signal received from PRN 5 using a 4 Hz 3rd-order
PLL in 1-millisecond coherent integration time and its
histogram with the Gaussian function approximation. The
corresponding Gaussian probability density function (PDF)
in this case covers the signal expected values in standard
tracking conditions at certain C/N
0
levels, and it can be
linguistically described as zero-state if compared to the
ideal phase discriminator output. The mean and standard
deviation, which are the two main parameters that govern
the Gaussian distribution function, are directly related to the
signal dynamics and signal quality respectively.
Receiver dynamics can cause phase tracking errors, and
hence the distribution mean will be shifted from zero. On
the other hand, the changes in signal quality will produce
changes in the standard deviation as illustrated in Equation
(1). An appropriate mapping between the signal PDF and
fuzzy MFs can be made, and in this case, the probability
of occurrence described by the PDF will be replaced by a
degree of occurrence sensed by a number of overlapped
Gaussian MFs as shown in Figure 4(c).
Using this approach, both phase and frequency-error
inputs in addition to the NCO tuning-frequency output
domains are clustered into several overlapping Gaussian
fuzzy sets, each of them describing a certain linguistic
defnition of input or output value (big, medium, small,
zero, and so on). The number of MFs adopted for the fuzzy
controller is reported in TABLE 2.
The number of fuzzy sets associated with each fuzzy
variable is a design parameter selected according to the
required tracking accuracy. How much these contiguous
sets should overlap is also a design issue depending on the
problem at hand; too much overlap blurs the distinction
between the fuzzy set values, whereas too little overlap

FIGURE 4 (a) Time domain representation of a PLL phase
discriminator output, (b) Histogram and Gaussian approximation,
(c) An example of mapping between PDF and MF.
DEFENSE
|
Precision Guidance
can produce excessive overshoot and
undershoot.
The fuzzy rules that relate all the
linguistic variables can be expressed
as:
R
i
: if x
1
is A
i
1
and x
2
is A
i
2
,
then y is B
i
. i = 1, 2 . . . 81
where x
1
, x
2
, and y are linguistic
variables, and A
i
1
, A
i
2
and B
i

are linguistic labels (or fuzzy
sets) characterized by an MF. A
defuzzifcation process is used to
determine a crisp value according to
the fuzzy output from the inference
mechanism. The fuzzy centroid
method, which calculates the center of
the area of the inference mechanism
output possibility distribution, is used
as defuzzifcation strategy in the
FFPLL. The output y is obtained as
(2)
where n is the number of fuzzy output
sets, y
i
is the numerical value of the ith
output membership function, and u(y
i
)
represents its membership value at the
ith quantization level. TABLE 3 shows the
fuzzy rule table providing the human
knowledge base of the controller.
Gaussian MFs ended by trapezoidal
rules were chosen as shown in FIGURE 5,
FIGURE 6, and FIGURE 7, respectively. The
variance of each Gaussian function
can be changed according to signal
noise level as described earlier, and
online adaptation can be performed
as described in a later paragraph. The
FAMs are designed to act like an FLL
for fast frequency tracking recovery in
case of large frequency error indicated
by the frequency discriminator. That
can be seen in Table 3 in all the rules
except when the frequency error is in
the zero region. In this case it starts
to look for the phase error, which is
indicated by the phase discriminator
for accurate phase tracking, and to
extract the required data message.
Interference Effects
As shown in Equation (1), higher C/N
0

values ensure a small noise standard
deviation, hence accurate and stable
tracking. Increasing signal interference
level will decrease the C/N
0
level.
Interference signal power usually
changes according to the receiver
maneuver by approaching or moving
away from a jammer, jammer motion,

TABLE 3 Fuzzy rules. The terms are B: big, MB: medium big, M: medium, S: small, and Ze: zero.

FIGURE 8 Modified FFPLL with estimation of phase and frequency discriminator output
standard deviation for MF online adaptation.

TABLE 2 Distribution of fuzzy membership functions.

FIGURE 5 Phase membership functions.

FIGURE 6 Frequency membership functions.

FIGURE 7 NCO tuning frequency
membership functions.
Type Fuzzy Variable Number of MFs
Input(1) Phase 9
Input(2) Frequency 9
output Tuning frequency 11

Precision Guidance
|
DEFENSE
or to the jammer power changes.
These changes affect the effective
C/ N
O
on the receiver side. The analogy
between Gaussian noise distribution
and fuzzy MFs as shown in Figure 4
still holds, but a continuous change of
the MF parameters particularly the
standard deviation is required to
cope with the C/N
0
variations.
For online adaptation of the
MFs, the noise standard deviation
associated with the phase and
frequency discriminator outputs must
be continuously estimated. This can
be done using past samples from the
phase and frequency discriminators.
Small analysis windows, used for
collecting past phase and frequency
discriminator samples, should be used
to properly follow rapid changes due
to the interfering signal. A tradeoff
between sensitivity and accuracy must
be taken into consideration. For this
research, we found a small analysis
window with a width of 1 second to
be enough for good sensitivity at high
dynamics. FIGURE 8 shows the modifed
FFPLL system with the standard
deviation estimation. This information
is used for the online adaptation of the
Gaussian fuzzy MFs.
Test and Simulation
The primary equipment used for testing
the proposed algorithm is a hardware
simulator. The hardware confguration
is capable of producing GPS signals
in the L1, L2 and L5 frequencies
in addition to adjustable additive
interference through two separate
signal generators. Several custom
scenarios representing typical missile
motion in space have been designed
and tested. The radio frequency (RF)
signals are collected through a front
end after passing through an external
low noise amplifer (LNA) using
sampling frequency of 10 MHz, and
saved for post-processing.
To assess performance of the
tracking algorithm under interference
and dynamic effects, we designed two
categories of simulation scenarios.
The frst category is designed to test
interference effects where a static
receiver with gradually increasing
interference level has been used.
Both the interference and high
dynamic effects are examined in the
second category, in which scenarios
of a missile that maneuvers near an
interference source are designed.
Four different tracking schemes are
used for GPS signal tracking. They
include the usage of a standard PLL
with narrow and wide bandwidths
(4 Hz and 14 Hz, respectively), FLL-
assisted-PLL using narrow bandwidths
(3/4 Hz), and fnally the new FFPLL.
The performance of each algorithm is
evaluated by assessing the continuity
of tracking during high dynamics,
that is, the ability of the receiver to
maintain lock, and the noise standard
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DEFENSE
|
Precision Guidance
deviation of the estimated Doppler.
Interference Effect on Accuracy
The frst test category involves
studying the interference effect on
GPS signal tracking capability and
accuracy, using a custom scenario of
a static GPS receiver with gradually
increasing interference level. A
continuous wave (CW) interference
signal centered at the L1 frequency is
combined with the generated GPS L1
signal and collected by the front end
for post processing. FIGURE 9 shows the
increasing interference effect on the
signal quality particularly the signal
C/N
0
. In this scenario, the jamming
to signal (J/S) interference power is
gradually increased every 10 seconds
in steps of 10 dB each starting from 0
dB higher than the GPS L1 power.
After reaching an interference power
of about 40 dB higher than the GPS
power, none of the tracking algorithms
was able to track the signal and hence
40 dB is considered the maximum
jamming tracking threshold. FIGURE 10
shows the estimated Doppler standard
deviation for PRN 23 using the four
tracking schemes described earlier at
different interference levels. It is clear
that the FFPLL scheme is superior to
the other three conventional tracking
schemes in terms of Doppler tracking
jitter and hence tracking accuracy.
The changes in C/N
0
level due to the
increasing interference level affect the
discriminators output noise level as
described in equation (1). These effects
can be noticed clearly in Figure 10.
On the contrary, these changes are
almost absorbed by the adaptive
FFPLL, and hence the C/N
0
changes
have a minimum effect on the Doppler
tracking accuracy.
Interference and High Dynamics
The second test category assesses
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FIGURE 9 PRN 23 C/N
0
level changes due to
increasing interference power.

FIGURE 10 Doppler standard deviation
calculated for PRN 23 using four tracking
configurations.
Precision Guidance
|
DEFENSE
the system performance under CW interference and high
dynamics. The scenario considered here comprises the
effect of missile maneuver near an interference source. Due
to this maneuver, the GPS signal C/N
0
is changed with the
distance from the interference source. The missile velocity
in this scenario is increased to reach 300 meters/second
performing hard maneuvers with acceleration up to 8 g and
jerks up to 50 g/second. The same scenario is repeated fve
times with different CW interference powers. Due to missile
high dynamics narrow bandwidth PLL or FLL/PLL was
not able to provide continuous signal tracking and losing
lock occurred, that is why only a 14 Hz bandwidth PLL and
FFPLL are considered. Interference powers generated are
20, 30, 40, 45, 50 dB respectively above normal GPS signal
power. FIGURE 11 shows the 3D plot of missile trajectory and its
maneuver near the jammer, while FIGURE 12 shows the effect
of this maneuver on the signal C/N
0
for PRN 3 when a 40 dB
interference signal is applied. C/N
0
increases and decreases
according to the separation from the interference source.
Tracking results show the ability of continuous tracking
under interference level up to 40 dB higher than the GPS signal
for both PLL 14 Hz and FFPLL. Higher levels of interference
lead to tracking loss. FFPLL is able to recover tracking mode
and retrieve the signal phase when interference source is
disabled due to missile maneuver away from the jamming
source whereas the wideband PLL is not able to retrieve back
the signal phase in these high dynamics conditions.
FIGURE 13 shows the effect of adding a 40-dB interference
signal on PRN 3 estimated Doppler and Doppler standard
deviation respectively, using PLL 14 Hz and FFPLL. Tracking

FIGURE 11 3D plot of the missile maneuver near an interference
source.
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FIGURE 12 C/N
0
evaluated as a function of time for PRN 3 during
maneuver around an interference source.
DEFENSE
|
Precision Guidance
continuity is achieved using both algorithms; the interference
signal greatly affects PLL tracking accuracy whereas FFPLL
tracking accuracy is much better in both interference and
interference free conditions.
Conclusions
The fuzzy tracking system solves the contradiction between
receiver bandwidth requirements using classical tracking
techniques for either noise reduction or dynamics tracking.
It shows better performance in both cases since it performs
as a narrow bandwidth tracking system in terms of noise
reduction, and a wide bandwidth tracking system in terms of
dynamic response.
The fuzzy tracking algorithm FFPLL provided tracking
robustness in very high dynamics and signal interference up
to 40 dB higher than GPS L1 power. The noise level calculated
from the estimated Doppler is small, equivalent to results
obtained with a very narrow PLL bandwidth under normal
conditions. During high dynamics, tracking continuity
is achieved using FFPLL with dynamic performance
comparable to a wideband PLL or FLL/PLL. Signal tracking
recovery is achieved if the interference power causing signal
tracking denial is reduced or turned off.
Manufacturers
Spirent GSS7700 simulator, National Instruments PXI 5661
front-end.
AHMED M. KAMEL is a Ph.D. candidate in the Position, Location and
Navigation (PLAN) Group at the University of Calgary. He holds an M.Sc. in
electrical engineering from Military Technical College (MTC), Cairo, Egypt.
DANIELE BORIO received a Ph.D. in electrical engineering from Politecnico
di Torino, Italy, was a senior research associate in PLAN Group, and is a post-
doctoral fellow at the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission.
JOHN NIELSEN is an associate professor at the University of Calgary.
GRARD LACHAPELLE is professor of geomatics engineering at U. of Calgary,
Canada Research Chair in wireless location, and head of the PLAN Group.
www.intergeo.de
Host: DVW e. V. - German Society for Geodesy, Geoinformation and Land Management
Conference organiser: DVW GmbH
DGfK e. V. - Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Kartographie
Trade fair organiser: HINTE Messe- und Ausstellungs-GmbH
Nuremberg, September 27
th
to 29
th
, 2011
w
ith 59
th
G
erm
an
C
artographic C
onference
S
eptem
ber 27 29, 2011
Knowledge and Action for Planet Earth

FIGURE 13 Estimated Doppler calculated for PRN 3 using PLL 14 Hz and FFPLL at J/S = 40 dB.
* GPS and GLONASS Modernization
* GPS and GNSS lnteroperabiIity for MiIitary
AppIications
* GPS/GaIiIeo CompatibiIity and
lnteroperabiIity
* lntegrated AppIications of Eartn
Observation, Communication and GNSS
* lnterference and Spectrum Management
* Land Based AppIications
* LBS TecnnoIogy and AppIications
* Location Based Services
* Marine Navigation
* MuIti-ConsteIIation User Receivers
* New MuIti-ConsteIIation GNSS Product
Announcements
* New Product and CommerciaI Service
Announcements
* Next Generation GNSS lntegrity
* Pedestrian Navigation
* Advanced MuIti-ConsteIIation lntegrity
Concepts
* Advances in MiIitary GPS Systems
* AIgoritnms & Metnods
* AIternatives and Backups to GNSS
]academic focus)
* AIternatives and Backups to GNSS
]consumer/commerciaI focus)
* Aviation AppIications
* GaIiIeo and otner Emerging GNSS
]COMPASS, OZSS, lRNSS)
* GaIiIeo System Design and Services
* Geodesy and Surveying
* GNSS AIgoritnms and Metnods
* GNSS and tne Atmospnere
* GNSS Ground Based Augmentation
Systems ]GBAS)
* GNSS SimuIation and Testing
* GNSS Space Based Augmentation
Systems ]SBAS)
* PortabIe Navigation Devices
* Precise Point Positioning and RTK
* Precise Positioning and RTK for CiviI
AppIications
* Precise Positioning and RTK for MiIitary
AppIications
* Preserving tne AvaiIabiIity and lntegrity of
GNSS in Harsn Environments
* Receiver & Antenna TecnnoIogy
* ReguIatory Service AppIications
* Remote Sensing witn GNSS & lntegrated
Systems
* Robust Navigation in GNSS-Denied and
GNSS-CnaIIenged Environments
* Software Receivers and GNSS Antennas
* Timing and Scientihc AppIications
* Urban and lndoor Navigation TecnnoIogy
]academic focus)
* Urban and lndoor Navigation TecnnoIogy
]commerciaI focus)
The 24th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation
Register today at www.ion.org
September 2023, 2011
Pre-Conference Tutorials: September 19 & 20
Oregon Convention Center
Portland, Oregon
An opportunity to hear the worlds leading authorities on global navigation satellite systems!
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TECHNICAL SESSION TOPICS
ION GNSS 2011 ION GNSS 2011
GNSS
|
GLONASS
O
ctober 18, 1989, the Queen Elizabeth Auditorium
in London, around 8:30 am. Unknown to me, two
60-minute periods were about to imprint themselves
indelibly on my memory.
I walked up the stairs to the exhibition booth of my
company, Ashtech, at The Royal Institute of Navigation
conference. My good friend, the late Ann Beatty, met me
and asked, Any news from home?
I thought it was just a casual customary question, and
replied: Thanks, all OK. She had a strange look on her
face. She continued: Are all your family really OK? I
replied again: Thanks, all good. She then realized that I
had no clue about the cataclysmic event that had hit the San
Francisco Bay area. She abruptly said, Dont you know?
The big one came! The big earthquake hit San Francisco!
Californians know the rumors that when The Big One
comes, Nevada will have ocean frontage. Now she was
telling me that The Big One came! I rushed to the phone,
and the recorded AT&T message said, All lines to your area
are out of service. It took me another hour to nd out that
this was not yet The Big One, and that my family was safe. I
Javad Ashjaee
The recent broadcast of the first CDMA
signal from the new GLONASS-K satellite
culminates a long series of events that
began in 1989. A key participant gives a
first-hand account of the history of many
meetings, formal and informal, that
created true interoperability between the
two major satellite systems, giving users a
modern GNSS in action.
How GPS and GLONASS
Got Together and Other Recent Events
GLONASS
|
GNSS
will never forget these 60 minutes of my life. Never!
Nor will I ever forget the events of the next 60 minutes.
After the stress had settled a bit, a delegation from the
Russian Space Agency visited our booth. First they expressed
their sympathy regarding the earthquake. Then we discussed
GPS technology and its similarities with GLONASS. Both
systems were fairly new then, although GPS had started
rst, with a Block I launch in 1978, followed by GLONASS
with a launch in 1982. At the time we met in London, GPS
was ying 12 satellites, and GLONASS also had 12 in orbit.
The Russian delegation visited all GPS manufacturers
booths in the exhibition hall and then gathered in the coffee
area for their private discussions. A few hours before the
conference closed, they returned to our booth and said, We
want to combine GPS and GLONASS, and you are our rst
choice. Simply put, I was fascinated and excited.
After working out visa and travel details, four months
later I arrived in Moscow in the cold days of February 1990.
It was still the Soviet Union.
I had grown up in Iran where the U.S.S.R. was our
neighbor to the north. Remembering the global political
landscape of my childhood days, I felt both fascination and
fear as my airplane landed at Moscow airport.
Upon meeting the people who greeted me at the airport,
my fears disappeared, and my fascination grew stronger.
Our rst formal meeting took place in the Institute of
Space Device Engineering (ISDE), a division of the Russian
Space Agency that was responsible for the GLONASS
program. The OPENING PHOTO shows me with the late Dr.
Nikolay Yemelianovich Ivanov, director of the GLONASS
program, at that rst meeting.
I want to focus a bit on the GLONASS team and applaud
them for their efforts. What makes the GLONASS team
special is that they worked under much harder political

FIRST MOSCOW MEETING The late Dr. Vadim Alexandrovich Salichev, a
GLONASS program scientist, is on the far right, next to Dr. Ivanov.
On the far left, next to me, sits Dr. Yury Nikolayevich Korolev,
GLONASS senior scientist.

DR. NIKOLAY YEMELIANOVICH IVANOV signs the protocol of our
cooperation to combine GPS and GLONASS.

IN THE EVENING after the first meeting they took me to a restaurant
for dinner. This photo with Dr. Ivanov, director of the GLONASS
program, shows how fast our friendship grew.
How GPS and GLONASS
Got Together and Other Recent Events
GNSS
|
GLONASS
and fnancial conditions than the GPS or Galileo teams.
But still they were able to make the project successful. The
Soviet Union and later Russia went through huge political,
economic, social, and geographical revolutions, but the
GLONASS team managed to keep the satellite navigation
program alive and successful.
Galileos management, while enjoying much more
stability and fnancial luxury, can certainly appreciate and
understand the signifcance of what the GLONASS team
accomplished. Galileo also beneftted from the European
integration of 27 countries, while the Soviet Union
disintegrated into 15 separate nations.
Despite all their heroic work, individuals on the GLONASS
team have received almost no international recognition. At
home they went unnoticed, due to their political situations.
For example, the highest international recognition that Dr.
Ivanov received was that he became a member of the GPS
World Advisory Board, which I facilitated. In this article, I
want to salute some members that I know and at least keep
their names and photos recorded in the GPS World archives.
In the frst meeting, everyone recognized and emphasized
the great potential of combining GPS and GLONASS for a
variety of applications. I became more assured of the deep
desires of my hosts to make this happen. They had prepared
detailed charts and plans, especially for high-precision
applications. They also gave me the GLONASS Interface

SECOND MOSCOW MEETING. On the right side are Dr. Ivanov and his
team. On the left side, the second person from the left is the late
Dr. Stanislav Ulianovich Sila-Navitsky. Behind me is my then-vice
president Jon Ladd and two of our best engineers, Roger Helkey
and Robert Lorenz. Years later Jon joined NovAtel as its CEO and
did a great job in growing NovAtel.

ION 1990 ASHTECH BOOTH displaying U.S.S.R. and American flags.

REAL DINNER in General Gusevs Paris hotel room. General Gusev is
on the right. Facing him is Dr. Ivanov. With his back to the camera
is Dr. Salichev, and facing the camera are Stas and Bob Lorenz.
General Gusev still has a consulting role with ISDE. GLONASS
misses the three on the left: Stas, Ivanov, and Salichev, who have
all passed away.

INTERVIEW WITH RUSSIAN TV upon announcement of our combined GPS
and GLONASS products in Moscow. In back on the left is Dr. Viktor
Stepanovich Kislov, now deputy executive head, Russian Cadastre
and Cartography Registration; next to him, his deputy Dr. Boris
Alexandrovich Altshuller, now director of Land Survey of Russia.

THIS IS HOW ITS DONE. Satnav discussion in General Gusevs Paris
hotel room. Ivanov is pouring, Stas is laughing.
GLONASS
|
GNSS
Control Document (ICD) for the frst
time.
We signed a cooperation protocol
and agreed to explore technical details
in our next meeting, which occurred
a few months later. There I began to
know Dr. Stanislav Stas Ulianovich
Sila-Navitsky, at that time the chief
scientist of Dr. Ivanovs team. Later
he became my vice president in three
companies that I founded. He also
became my best friend of 19 years,
before he passed away on May 7, 2010.
We had several meetings in Moscow
and one in Paris in the headquarters of
our partner SAGEM.
I have wonderful memories of all
the meetings. One meeting in Paris
included General Leonid Ivanovich
Gusev, the head of ISDE. One evening
Stas called my hotel room and asked
me to cancel our dinner at a famous
French restaurant and instead join them
for a real dinner. Apparently General
Gusev was tired of French food! The
real dinner took place in the Generals
hotel room, and the menu consisted of
dark Russian bread, Russian kielbasa
sausage, Russian seledka herring, and
an abundance of Russian vodka.
Our frst announcement of
combining GPS and GLONASS was
published in GPS World magazine,
in only its second issue, March/April
1990. That year we had a poster
banner in our Institute of Navigation
exhibition, showing the American
fag and the Soviet fag (hammer and
sickle) next to each other. My very
good friend, Colonel Gaylord Green,
the second director of the GPS Joint
Program Offce, refused to have his
picture taken with me in front of that
banner. Instead, we stood over to
another side of the booth for his photo.
A few months after the Paris
meeting, the political process known
as perestroika began and caused the
Soviet Union to end. Life became
extremely diffcult for Russians.
I called Stas to discuss the situation.
We concluded that we had no choice
but to continue the plan on our own
if we wanted to combine GPS and
GLONASS. I went back to Moscow
several times, and in February 1992
offcially opened the Moscow offce of
Ashtech. This offce is still operational
in Moscow with about 10 percent
of the original team. It is now in the
process of being purchased by Trimble
Navigation. What a turn of events!
In 1996 we introduced the frst
combined GPS and GLONASS
receiver; the product announcement
appeared in GPS World, July 1996.
Back home in the United States, the
situation was different. Supporting
GLONASS was an unpatriotic act.
The most prominent fgures of GPS
teased me for wasting my time with
GLONASS. The news favored their
arguments: the Russian economy was
going downhill. In September 1998,
the Russian ruble collapsed more than
300 percent within a week. Banks
closed. Even Coca Cola was not able
to pay its employees in Russia because
of bank closures. Many western
companies left Russia. During that
period, I intentionally stayed longer
times in Moscow and managed to pay
our employees without a day of delay.
Furthermore, a more than three-fold
rate change in favor of the dollar made
our employees relatively rich, because
their salaries were based on the U.S.
dollar.
I remained confdent that
GLONASS would succeed because
I had seen the enthusiasm and
dedication of GLONASS management

ANNOUNCEMENT of the agreement to build a combined GPS/GLONASS receiver, in the second
issue of GPS World, March/April 1990.
GNSS
|
GLONASS
and engineers.
My Ashtech partners wanted to take
the company public to recoup their
investments. They thought Wall Street
would negatively view GLONASS
and the Russian connection. So my
aspiration did not match theirs, and I
started Javad Positioning System (JPS)
in 1996. About 90 percent of the staff
engineers followed me to JPS.
One of John Scullys vice presidents
did to Ashtech what Scully did to
Apple. Meanwhile JPS became very
successful, as Apple did when Steve
Jobs returned.
Subsequent to another event and
termination of some obligations and
commitments, I started JAVAD GNSS
in June 2007. Almost all of the key
people followed me again. Our current
team has a history of working together
for close to 20 years.
In JAVAD GNSS we raised the bar
of GPS/GLONASS integration to a
higher level and focused in two new
directions. The frst was to eliminate
the problem of GLONASS inter-
channel biases, which is inherent to
the GLONASS frequency-division
multiple access (FDMA) signal
structure. The second was to support
the opinion of GLONASS engineers
who were pushing for a new code-
division multiple access (CDMA)
signal for GLONASS, similar to the
GPS signal.
We resolved the GLONASS inter-
channel biases issue around 2009 and
announced, Our GLONASS is as
good as GPS.
On the second front, we worked
with the top managements of ISDE
and the Information Analysis Center
(IAC) of the Russian Space Center to
demonstrate the advantages of CDMA
for high-precision applications.
Some years ago, Stas had confded
in me that the issue of CDMA was
nothing new, and had been extensively
deliberated at all levels of various
GLONASS organizations during the
early design phase of the system. The
result of all these discussions was that
engineers and technical people favored
CDMA, but the higher management,
mostly infuenced by the military
organizations, held out for FDMA.
The reason for favoring FDMA is still
a secret, though some believe that they
just wanted to be different from GPS
and did not see much advantage in
CDMA. Some also believed FDMA
gave better jamming protection.
Of course in those very early
days, no one imagined using GPS
or GLONASS for high-precision
applications, and as such truly there
was not much difference between
CDMA and FDMA. Much later, the
notion of using carrier phase of GPS
and GLONASS signals for high-
precision applications was discovered,
and then the advantages of CDMA
became relevant, as Dr. Ivanov also
hinted in our frst meeting.
After we combined GPS and
GLONASS, and as a lot of our
worldwide users began comparing
the two systems, the issue of CDMA
versus FDMA again came up for
discussion among the GLONASS
authorities.
More recently, since 2007, we had
several meetings in the offces of ISDE
in Moscow, in IAC in Korolev (the
Russian Space City), and several in
our JAVAD GNSS offce in Moscow.
Most importantly, we had several
meetings in my Moscow apartment,
enhanced by Russian vodka and the
best Armenian cognac, courtesy of
Sergey Revnivykh, head of IAC.
All meetings were open and candid,
discussing and demonstrating the
advantages of CDMA, in support of
the ISDE engineers who were reluctant
to express their opinion above certain
levels.
I also met with the head of the
Russian Space Agency, Dr. Anatoly
Nikolayevich Perminov, who per-
sonally supported and sponsored me
in obtaining an extended Russian
residency visa. Let me also express my
appreciation for receiving the Medal of
Honor from the Russian Cosmonauts
Federation, along with the offcial
astronaut watch. I dont understand
the reason for receiving a Kalashnikov
AK-47 semi-automatic rife from
ISDE for my birthday. I wonder how I
can transport it home!
General Anatoly Shilov (deputy di-
rector of the Russian Space Center),
Dr. Vicheslav Dvorkin (GLONASS
deputy general designer), Sergey
Revnivykh, Viktor Kosenko (frst
deputy of chief GLONASS designer)
and Sergey Karutin (GLONASS se-
nior scientist) are the new generation of
GLONASS leaders who deserve credit
for supporting CDMA on GLONASS.
Recently, a new GLONASS-K sat-
ellite was launched, transmitting an
experimental CDMA signal in addi-
tion to the legacy signals. Almost im-
mediately, we announced tracking of
the new GLONASS-K satellite and
its new L3 signal details, hours after
it started transmitting. See GPS World
archives and our website for details of
this signal which seems, in all aspects,

FIRST GPS/GLONASS RECEIVER, from the pages
of GPS World, July 1996.
GLONASS
|
GNSS
as good as GPS.
Another new issue of signifcant international concern
was a new frequency for GLONASS. This issue was more
political than technical, and is discussed under the umbrella
of interoperability.
In the early days of my frequent travels to Russia, the
KGB probably suspected that I was a CIA agent and the
CIA probably suspected that I was a KGB agent! I would not
be surprised if both the CIA and KGB monitored every bit of
my travels and activities. After some years, the San Francisco
airport authorities stopped interrogating me for my activities
in Russia any time I came back home. Perhaps because of
their deep investigations, I earned the trust and friendship of
both sides, and their confdence that I had nothing in mind
other than helping to integrate GPS and GLONASS. I was
an unoffcial member and friend of both U.S. and Russian
delegations during the so-called interoperability discussions
since 2007, which sometimes touched on the CDMA issue
as well.
Some of the most fruitful and friendly discussions
between the U.S. and Russian delegations occurred in my
apartment in Moscow, after their offcial meetings. Ken
Hodgkins of U.S. State Department; Mike Shaw, director
of the National Space-Based Positioning, Navigation, and
Timing Coordination Offce; David Turner, director of the
Center for Space Policy & Strategy; Scott Feairheller of the
U.S. Air Force; and Tom Stansell, consultant to the GPS
Wing were some of my honored guests.
The new GLONASS frequency discussions are still in
progress, and I am proud to host and support both sides the
best that I can. Sometimes it is fun to observe that discussions
resemble poker games where hands are known to all sides,
but players still try to bluff each other! Lets leave it at that
for now.
In May of this year, I had a conversation with General
Anatoly Shilov, now second-in-command of the Russian
Space Agency, reporting to the frst deputy of the minister
of defense, General Vladimir Popovkin, who recently
replaced Dr. Perminov as head of the Russian Space Center.
This is an indication of increased attention and support from
the Russian government to its GLONASS program. In our
conversation, General Shilov was enthusiastic and optimistic
that the GLONASS program will move forward faster.
GLONASS has proven to be a real and reliable complement
to GPS. If it were not for the failure of the launch of three
GLONASS satellites in December 2010, its constellation
would be complete and fully, globally operational today.
It will happen soon. Sergey Revnivykh estimates that
currently the system has 99.8 percent global coverage.
Today, a truly reliable and fast RTK is not possible without
combining GPS and GLONASS satellites.
The most recent testimony to the success of GLONASS
comes from the long-time GLONASS opponents who once

STAS HELPING our cook prepare dinner for my daughter and her
friends when they visited Moscow.
FDMA and CDMA
Multiple access, a basic concept in data communication,
employs several transmitters to send information
simultaneously over a single channel. The code-division
multiple access (CDMA) approach adopted by GPS in
the 1970s (and by Galileo and Compass since then)
uses spread-spectrum technology and a special coding
scheme, where each transmitter is assigned a separate
orthogonal code, to allow several messages to be
multiplexed over the same single-frequency physical
channel. By contrast, frequency-division multiple
access (FDMA), also a spread-spectrum passive ranging
technique, divides the channel by frequency. Brad
Parkinson stated that the CDMA modulation used
for passive ranging is clearly the most fundamental
innovation of GPS in GPS World, July 2010.

MEDAL OF HONOR of the Russian Cosmonauts Federation. The
certificate reads: Russian Cosmonauts Federation Medal of
honor. According to the decision of the Presidium of Russian
Cosmonauts Federation, from January 26, 2009, Javad Ashjaee
is awarded this Medal of Honor for participation in the
implementation of space projects. This is a unique recognition
for a foreigner in Russia.
GNSS
|
GLONASS
criticized me for supporting the system. Recently they had to
pay a lot of money to acquire the frst company that I founded
in Moscow, which they believed would never survive.
This year at JAVAD GNSS, I and most of my original
employees and GLONASS designers are celebrating our
20th year in Russia, and we are working harder to make the
integration of GPS and GLONASS even better.
On May 7, 2010, Stas lost to leukemia. He was not present
to witness the successful introduction of our TRIUMPH-VS
receivers. My refrigerators in Moscow are full of medicines
that he brought for me any time I had a little cold. I miss him
a lot, and our team is dedicated to following the path that
Stas loved so much.
I want to briefy summarize the current status and the
future of GPS and GLONASS from the users point of view.
GLONASS now has 24 satellites transmitting FDMA
signals in two frequency bands. The failure in the last
launch to deploy three more satellites delayed completion of
the constellation to the end of 2011. The good thing about
GLONASS is that both of its L1 and L2 signals are not
encrypted and give better data than GPS P1 and P2 that are
encrypted.
GLONASS is considering a plan to add CDMA signals
to all satellites and not suffer from inter-channel biases. But
it will take about 10 years for this plan to become complete
for public use, even if the plan is approved and followed.
At JAVAD GNSS, we have already mitigated the effect of
GLONASS inter-channel biases to the accuracy of better
than 0.2 millimeters. We made GLONASS FDMA the same
as GPS CDMA by adding some innovations (patent pending)
and enhanced algorithms.
The GPS plan is to add a third frequency signal (called L5)
and add an unencrypted signal in L2. But it will take several
years to have enough new satellites transmitting these new
signals to make them usable for daily work.
In the near term, we have two complete systems, consisting
of about 30 GPS and 27 GLONASS satellites. The current
non-encrypted GLONASS signals give it an edge over the
current GPS encrypted signals, given the fact that we have
mitigated the GLONASS FDMA inter-channel biases.
GLONASS is also enhancing its control segment to better
monitor GLONASS satellites and improve the systems clock
and orbit parameters. Most of these errors are cancelled in
differential and high-precision applications anyway.
Existence of two complete and free systems, GPS and
GLONASS, will place some doubt on the future of Galileo,
as it will be extremely diffcult for Galileo to hope to collect
money from users to fund itself. The addition of Galileo,
as a third system, will not really add much beneft for users
anyway. The only push for deploying Galileo must come
from some European military organizations to support their
specifc interest.
I have been extremely fortunate also to have had
the opportunity to work on GPS from its early days,
co-pioneering high-precision applications at Trimble
Navigation. I owe a lot to Charlie Trimble, who helped me
to lift myself up when I sought refuge in the United States
in 1981. He taught me GPS as well as dedication in business.
I also beneftted from Sunday meetings with Dr. Bradford
Parkinson, the frst program director of GPS, who was and
still is a board member of Trimble Navigation. I am curious
to fnd out how Brad, as a board member, voted in the recent
matter of the purchase of Ashtech. Since leaving Trimble,
my innovative products at Ashtech, JPS, and JAVAD GNSS
have been well documented through the years in GPS World.
My emphasis on GLONASS in this memoir is only to
record some histories and recognize GLONASS and some
of its pioneers who were often overlooked. GPS is already
a well-known, well-established system and is the backbone
of GNSS.
As a fnal note, let me add that our current JAVAD GNSS
products have the option of tracking all current and future
signals of GPS, GLONASS, QZSS, and Galileo. Yes, Galileo
too!

INFORMAL INTEROPERABILITY MEETING in my Moscow apartment. From left to right: David Sterne, Pentagon GPS team; Glen Gibbons, former
editor of GPS World; Col. Mark Crews, GPS Wing representative (he signed the CDMA memorandum with Russia in 2007); Dr. Stanislav
Stas Ulianovich Sila-Navitsky of JAVAD GNSS; Mike Shaw, then director of the U.S. PNT Coordinating Office; myself; Sergey Revnivykh; Ken
Hodgkins, U.S. State Department; Ekaterina Andrushak, Russian Space Center international relations; Dr. Rudolph Bakitko, senior GLONASS
designer; and Scott Feairheller of the U.S. Air Force.
June 8 - 9, 2011
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INNOVATION
|
GNSS Modernization
I
n July 2007, the United States and
Europe announced agreement on
the use of the multiplexed binary
offset carrier (MBOC) modulation
as a common baseline for Galileo
Open Service signals in the E1 band
and GPS L1C signals in the L1 band.
According to the most recent Galileo
Signal-In-Space Interface Control
Document (SIS-ICD; see Further
Reading), the MBOC power spec-
tral density (PSD) has been fxed to

G
MBOC
( f ) =
10
11
G
BOC(1,1)
( f ) +
1
11
G
BOC(6,1)
( f )
(1)
where G
BOC(m,n)
( f ) is the normalized
PSD of a BOC(m,n)-modulated pseu-
dorandom noise (PRN) code with
sine phasing. The indices m and n are
related to the sub-carrier frequency,
f
sc
, and the chip frequency, f
c
, via m =
f
sc
/f
ref
and n = f
c
/f
ref
, respectively; f
ref
=
1.023 MHz is the reference C/A-code
frequency, and N
B
= 2f
sc
/f
c
= 2m/n is
the BOC modulation index.
The MBOC PSD is obtained by
taking the data and pilot channels
together. The data and pilot chan-
nels can use, independently, one of
the following modulations: compos-
ite binary offset carrier (CBOC) or
time-multiplexed binary offset carrier
(TMBOC) modulations. CBOC and
TMBOC, in turn, have several vari-
ants. Since the data and pilot channels
are typically processed independent-
ly, it is important to understand the
differences between various CBOC
and TMBOC modulations and this is
the primary goal of this article. There
are several possible ways to achieve
a PSD as given in Equation (1) and
they are based on combining the data
and pilot channels in the Galileo and
modernized GPS systems. The main
IN GEOFFREY CHAUCERS 1391 ESSAY, A Treatise on the Astrolabe (one of the earli-
est known instruction manuals in English), he says (with modern spelling)
Right as diverse paths lead the folk the right way to Rome. He was talking
about the use of English rather than Latin or another language to convey the
same information. And we now commonly use the shortened version of this
expression all roads lead to Rome to express the sentiment that a par-
ticular problem can be solved in different ways.
So it was with the decision by the United
States and Europe to use a common,
interoperable signal for the new GPS III civil
service and the Galileo Open Service on the
L1/E1 frequency of 1575.42 MHz. The road to
Rome was tedious, long, and a little bumpy
at times. A number of studies and a lot of
rhetoric centered on how to make the new
signal compatible with the legacy GPS L1
signals, the C/A-code and the P(Y)-code, as
well as the modernized GPS military signal
on L1, the M-code.
A similar compatibility issue had been
solved when the M-code was added to the
legacy GPS signals, starting with the Block
IIR-M satellites. The M-code is a binary-offset-carrier (BOC) signal a split
spectrum signal that places most of its power near the edges of the allo-
cated GPS frequency bands, thereby having negligible impact on the legacy
signals. The M-code modulation, designated BOC(10.23,5.115) and com-
monly abbreviated BOC(10,5), uses a subcarrier frequency of 10.23 MHz and
a spreading code rate of 5.115 megachips per second to achieve the desired
spectral separation. This design provides military users with an improved sig-
nal with little impact on civil users.
Similar approaches were initially proposed for the new GPS L1C and Galileo
E1/L1 OS signals with a BOC(1,1) modulation initially agreed on. However,
further studies showed that a signal with better acquisition capabilities and
improved multipath performance (while still compatible with the existing
GPS signals) was a multiplexed BOC modulation, MBOC(6,1,1/11), formed
by multiplexing a wideband signal, BOC(6,1), with a narrow-band signal,
BOC(1,1), in such a way that 1/11th of the power is allocated, on average, to
the high frequency component. Such a signal has the added benefit that one
can choose whether to make use of just the low-frequency component in,
say, a simple mass market receiver or also use the high-frequency compo-
nent for more demanding applications.
It turns out that the agreed-upon MBOC spectrum can be achieved by fol-
lowing one of several different signal-construction paths with some resulting
differences in how a receiver tracks the signal and its associated performance.
In this months column, we take a look at some of the options.
The MBOC spectrum can be
achieved in different ways.
INNOVATION INSIGHTS
with Richard Langley
MBOC Signal Options
Performance of Multiplexed Binary Offset Carrier Modulations for Modernized GNSS Systems
E. Simona Lohan, Mohammad Z. H. Bhuiyan, and Heikki Hurskainen
GNSS Modernization
|
INNOVATION
modulation types for pilot or data channels that can be
used in order to achieve (when combined) the MBOC PSD
can be summarized as follows:
1. The CBOC method: CBOC is formed via a weighted
sum or difference of BOC(1,1)- and BOC(6,1)-modulated
code symbols (where the BOC(1,1) part is passed through
a delay block in order to match the rate of the BOC(6,1)
part) as defned in Equation (2):

s
CBOC
(t) = w
1
s
BOC(1,1),h
(t) w
2
s
BOC(6,1)
(t)
(2)
where s
BOC(1,1),h
is the up-sampled BOC(1,1)-modulated
code (that is, the code provided at the same rate as the
s
BOC(6,1)
signal), s
BOC(6,1)
is the BOC(6,1)-modulated code,
and w
1
and w
2
are amplitude weighting factors, chosen in
such a way to match (as closely as possible, when both
data and pilot channels are considered) the PSD of Equa-
tion (1), with w
1
2
+ w
2
2
= 1. When the two right-hand terms
are added in Equation (2), CBOC(+) is formed; when sub-
tracted, CBOC() is formed. A third alternative for CBOC
implementation is to use the CBOC(+/) approach, where
the odd-numbered chips are CBOC(+)-modulated and the
even chips are CBOC()-modulated. The current Galileo
SIS-ICD uses a CBOC(+) variant (also called CBOC in-
phase) for the E1-B data channel and a CBOC() variant
(also called CBOC anti-phase) for the E1-C data-less (or
pilot) channel.
2. The time-multiplexed BOC (TMBOC) method: the
whole signal is divided into blocks of N code symbols with
M (<N) code symbols sine-BOC(1,1)-modulated, while
N-M code symbols are sine-BOC(6,1)-modulated. The typ-
ical shorthand notation for this variety of TMBOC would
be TMBOC(6,1,(N-M)/N), referring to the sine-BOC(6,1)
component of the signal. This time-domain division may
be applied for both pilot and data channels, individually.
The choice of the N and M parameter values depends on
the desired power percentage of the pilot channel with re-
spect to the data channel. We have shown in earlier work
(see Further Reading) that, from the point of view of the
MBOC autocorrelation function, TMBOC and CBOC(+)
implementations are equivalent, as long as the weights are
related to the N and M values using w
1
= (M/N) and w
2
=
((N-M)/N). Various TMBOC implementations exist ac-
cording to the values chosen for N and M and according
to whether the BOC(1,1) code symbols are in phase or out
of phase with the BOC(6,1) code symbols. For example,
for a 50-percent/50-percent power split between the pilot
and data channels using in-phase code symbols, M = 9
and N = 11 (that is, TMBOC(6,1,2/11) is used), while for
a 75-percent/25-percent power split between the pilot and
data channels (again, using in-phase code symbols), M =
29 and N = 33 (that is, TMBOC(6,1,4/33) is used).
A major difference between CBOC and TMBOC sig-
nals is that CBOC signals have four different levels (as
a weighted sum or difference of two sub-carriers), while
TMBOC signals have only two levels. The impact of these
differences in the tracking stage of a receiver has been
analyzed, for example, by a team of researchers led by Ol-
ivier Julien (see Further Reading). They showed that an
optimal CBOC receiver should generate a local replica
that also has four levels, resulting in a replica encoded on
more than just one bit. This complicates the CBOC re-
ceiver architecture, compared to TMBOC 1-bit receiver
architectures. In terms of performance, a CBOC() receiv-
er proved to have the same delay-tracking variance perfor-
mance as a TMBOC(6,1,4/33) receiver and both slightly
outperform a TMBOC(6,1,1/11) receiver. And consider-
In 20 years, Ill be dead.
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ing multipath error performance, a TMBOC(6,1,4/33) re-
ceiver was shown to give the best performance, followed
very closely by a CBOC() receiver. Our research extends
this earlier study.
Examples of CBOC and TMBOC waveforms are shown
in FIGURE 1. Here, w
1
= (10/11) and the TMBOC waveform
has every frst chip BOC(6,1)-modulated (inside blocks of
11 chips). In the fgure, only the frst fve modulated chips
are shown for clarity.
Our article addresses the following issues: First, we an-
alyze the spectral differences between various CBOC and
TMBOC modulations in terms of their effect on receiver
performance. Secondly, we look at the navigation data er-
ror probability, the tracking error variance in the presence
of noise, and the robustness of the signal in the presence of
multipath and bandwidth limitations of MBOC variants,
by taking into account the spectral differences between
the different variants. Thirdly, we justify the choice of
CBOC(+) for data channels and CBOC() for pilot chan-
nels in the Galileo SIS-ICD in terms of these receiver per-
formance criteria.
Spectral Differences of CBOC/TMBOC Modulations
The spectral differences refer to the differences in the
PSD of various waveforms. We recall that the PSD is the
Fourier transform of the CBOC/TMBOC autocorrelation
function. CBOC/TMBOC signals are formed from the
convolution of PRN code waveforms, CBOC/TMBOC
modulation waveforms, and navigation data (when pres-
ent). If the same PRN code is used for the BOC(1,1) and
BOC(6,1) modulations, some cross-correlation terms ap-
pear in the autocorrelation function, which will also ap-
pear in the frequency spectrum. Indeed, following the
model, after straightforward derivations, we obtain the
generic CBOC/TMBOC PSD as:

G( f ) = w
1
2
H
BOC(1,1),h
( f )
2
+ w
2
2
H
BOC(6,1)
( f )
2
+2kw
1
w
2
Re H
BOC(1,1),h
( f )H
BOC(6,1)
( f )
( )
(3)
where H
BOC(1,1),h
(f) and H
BOC(6,1)
(f) are the following Fourier
transforms of the modulation waveforms:

H
BOC(1,1),h
( f ) = T
B
sinc( fT
B
)e
j fT
B
1 e
j 2 fT
c
1+ e
j 2 f
T
c
2
1 e
j 2 f
T
c
2
1 e
j 2 fT
B

(4)

H
BOC(6,1)
( f ) = T
B
sinc( fT
B
)e
j fT
B
1 e
j 2 fT
c
1+ e
j 2 fT
B

(5)
Above, T
B
= T
C
/12 is the BOC(6,1) sub-interval and sinc(x)
= sin(x)/x. The formula given in Equation (3) covers all
CBOC/TMBOC cases: k = +1 for CBOC(+) and TMBOC,
k = 1 for CBOC(), and k = 0 for CBOC(+/), respectively.
Equation (3) characterizes either the pilot channels PSD
or the data channels PSD. In order to achieve the PSD of
Equation (1), data and pilot channels should be combined.
For example, if k = 0, any combination of data and pilot
channels is possible in order to attain the PSD. If k 0,
then the data channel should use in-phase combining (k =
+1) and the pilot channel should use anti-phase combining
(k = 1) or vice versa.
Now, if we take as a reference the PSD of CBOC(+/)
(which, incidentally, is also the PSD of Equation (1)), the
spectral differences between the other CBOC/TMBOC
modulations and CBOC(+/) are quantized by the follow-
ing equation:

E( f ) =
2kw
1
w
2
2
f
2
T
B
tan( fT
B
) tan( f
T
c
2
) sin
2
( fT
c
)
(6)
Examples of spectral difference between CBOC(+/
0 2 4
-1.0
-0.5
0
0.5
1.0
Chip interval

0 2 4
-1.0
-0.5
0
0.5
1.0
Chip interval

0 2 4
-1.0
-0.5
0
0.5
1.0
Chip interval

0 2 4
-1.0
-0.5
0
0.5
1.0
Chip interval

CBOC(+) signal
CBOC(-) signal
CBOC(+/-) signal TMBOC signal
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
-0.08
-0.06
-0.04
-0.02
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
Frequency, f (MHz)
E
(
f
)

CBOC(+)
CBOC(-)
TMBOC(6,1,29/33)
TMBOC(6,1,9/11)

FIGURE 1 Example of MBOC waveforms for a PRN sequence [1, -1, 1,
-1, -1].

FIGURE 2 Examples of PSD spectral differences (linear scale) between
various CBOC/TMBOC implementations and CBOC(+/) assuming
an MBOC receiver.
INNOVATION
|
GNSS Modernization
) and each of the following modulations: CBOC(),
CBOC(+), and TMBOC(6,1,(N-M)/N), respectively, are
shown in FIGURE 2. Clearly, these differences are very small.
Impact on System Performance
As mentioned before, pilot and data channels typically
use different CBOC/TMBOC modulations, in order to
achieve an overall PSD as described by Equation (1). Now,
based on the derivations we have presented so far, the fol-
lowing questions can be addressed: Which are the most
suitable modulations (among the four discussed here;
namely, CBOC(+), CBOC(), CBOC(+/), and TMBOC)
to be used for a pilot channel and for a data channel, re-
spectively; and how will the differences in the PSDs affect
the error probability of the decoded signal and the track-
ing performance of each channel?
Uncoded Error Probability and Fractional Out-of-Band Energy.
Data and pilot channels are usually processed indepen-
dently and then combined (for example, non-coherently)
in order to perform the line-of-sight (LOS) signal delay
estimation and the navigation data detection. Since dif-
ferent CBOC or TMBOC modulations can be used for the
data and pilot channels, one question to be addressed here
is what is the most suitable modulation type. Addition-
ally, the carrier-to-noise-density ratio (C/N
0
) deterioration
when another modulation type is employed is also impor-
tant. These two issues are addressed in this section.
One important spectral parameter that allows us to
answer the question about error probability in the de-
coded data is the so-called fractional out-of-band energy
(FOBE), which tells us about the fraction of the signal
power remaining outside a certain double-sided band-
width, B
w
. FOBE is related to the power containment fac-
tor, used by some authors, via (1 FOBE(B
w
)). Clearly,
FOBE depends on the signal modulation type. The higher
FOBE is, the greater the deterioration of the signal energy
we have after the receiver bandwidth limiting flters, and
thus the higher error probability of the decoded signal we
have. From the data-channel point of view, correctly de-
coding the navigation data is very important and there-
fore, low FOBE is the most important characteristic when
Modulation B
w
= 24.552 MHz B
w
= 8 MHz
CBOC(+/) 1.57 1.90
CBOC(+) 1.55 1.80
CBOC() 1.60 2.01
BOC(1,1) 0 0
BOC(6,1) 0.77 13.81
TMBOC(6,1,4/33) 0.07 0.41

TABLE 1 Differences in CNR (in dB) needed to achieve the same 10
-2

error probability of the decoded signal with various CBOC/TMBOC
modulations. The reference performance is computed at the
C/N
0
for BOC(1,1) modulation (37.44 dB-Hz at B
w
= 24.552 MHz and
37.67 dB-Hz at B
w
= 8 MHz)
GNSS Modernization
|
INNOVATION
choosing the modulation type. The bit error probability in
decoding a binary signal, such as a BOC or MBOC signal,
can be computed by taking into account the signal energy
deterioration due to fltering. Using the basic formula for
computing the bit error probability in decoding a 2-level
signal (in the cases of BOC or TMBOC modulation) or a
4-level signal (in the case of CBOC modulation), we can
compare the performance of various TMBOC and CBOC
modulations in terms of error probability of the decoded
data bits, as shown in FIGURE 3. Clearly, the error probabil-
ity criterion is more important for a data channel than for
a pilot channel. Sine-BOC(1,1) and BOC(6,1) modulations
are included in the comparison of Figure 3 as benchmarks.
A double-sided bandwidth of 24.552 MHz was considered
here, following the choice in the Galileo SIS-ICD.
As seen in Figure 3, in terms of the error probability of
the decoded signal, BOC(1,1) modulation gives the best
results, followed closely by TMBOC(6,1,4/33). In order to
achieve an error probability of 10
-2
, the CNR differences
shown in TABLE 1 are needed for the different modulation
types. From Table 1, it can be seen that, among CBOC
modulations, the CBOC(+) modulation is the best option
from the point of view of decoding the data, and, there-
fore, it makes it a suitable option for data channels, as cho-
sen in the Galileo SIS-ICD. We remark that the huge CNR
gap for BOC(6,1) at B
w
= 8 MHz is due to the fact that the
power containment of a BOC(6,1) signal is very poor at
such a low bandwidth.
Gabor Bandwidth and Tracking Error Variance. Another im-
portant spectral parameter of interest in this analysis is
the root-mean-square (RMS) or Gabor bandwidth. A larg-
er RMS or Gabor bandwidth permits a higher accuracy
against thermal noise and the tracking accuracy is approx-
imately inversely proportional to the RMS bandwidth.
The code-tracking error variance is an important param-
eter when trying to achieve accurate location estimates.
Indeed, a Cramr-Rao lower bound (CRLB) on the track-
ing error variance has been derived by other researchers.
Following the derivation for CRLB on the tracking error
variance, we can also compare the performance of various
CBOC and TMBOC modulations, as presented in FIGURE 4.
Clearly, this criterion is more important for a pilot chan-
nel than for a data channel. A double-sided receiver band-
width of 24.552 MHz was considered here.
In terms of the tracking error variance bound, which
linearly decreases with the CNR (on a dB scale), the CNR
differences between various modulations are shown in
TABLE2 for a 4-Hz tracking-loop bandwidth. Clearly, from
Table 2, CBOC modulations are better in terms of track-
ing error variance than TMBOC modulation, and, among
the CBOC variants, CBOC() has the best performance.
This justifes the fact that the Galileo SIS-ICD has cho-
sen the CBOC() as the best option for pilot channels. We
can also see in Table 2 that the bandwidth limitation has
an important effect on the tracking error bounds, as ex-
pected. At low receiver bandwidth (such as 8 MHz), the
differences between various modulations are rather small,
while at high or infnite bandwidths, BOC(6,1) modulation
is by far the best option, followed by CBOC() with a 1.69
dB gap in CNR (that is, CBOC() requires an additional
1.69 dB in order to achieve the same tracking error perfor-
mance as BOC(6,1)).
Multipath Error Envelope. The typical procedure for evalu-
ating the performance of a multipath-mitigation technique
is via the multipath error envelope (MEE). The MEE
curves are obtained for two extreme phase variations of a
multipath signal with respect to the LOS component while
varying the multipath (that is, second path) delays from 0
to 1.2 chips at maximum, since the multipath errors be-
come less signifcant after that. The upper multipath er-
20 25 30 35 40
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
C/N
0
(dB-Hz)
E
r
r
o
r

p
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y

CBOC(+/-)
CBOC(+)
CBOC(-)
TMBOC(6,1,4/33)
BOC(1,1)
BOC(6,1)
20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36
10
-5
10
-4
10
-3
C/N
0
(dBHz)
T
r
a
c
k
i
n
g

e
r
r
o
r

v
a
r
i
a
n
c
e

b
o
u
n
d

(
s
e
c
o
n
d
s
2
)

CBOC(+/)
CBOC(+)
CBOC()
TMBOC(6,1,4/33)
BOC(1,1)
BOC(6,1)

FIGURE 3 Detection error probability for CBOC/TMBOC-modulated
signals with a 24.552 MHz double-sided bandwidth.

FIGURE 4 Cramr-Rao lower bound on tracking error variance (in
seconds
2
) for CBOC/TMBOC-modulated signals with a 24.552 MHz
double-sided bandwidth.
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ror envelope can be obtained when the paths are in-phase
(that is, 0 phase difference) and the lower multipath er-
ror envelope when the paths are out-of-phase (that is, 180
phase difference). In MEE analysis, several simplifying
assumptions are usually made in order to distinguish the
performance degradation caused by the multipath only.
Such assumptions include zero additive white Gaussian
noise, ideal infnite-length PRN codes, zero residual Dop-
pler shift, and zero initial code-delay error.
The MEE curves are generated here for different vari-
ants of MBOC implementation. The multipath perfor-
mance of these MBOC variants with a BOC(1,1)-mod-
ulated reference receiver is also presented. In the MEE
generation, the second path amplitude was fxed at 3 dB
lower than the LOS component. The MEE curves were
generated for a 24.552 MHz double-sided bandwidth. The
narrow early-minus-late (nEML) correlator with an ear-
ly-late correlator spacing of 0.0833 chips was used here
as a tool for evaluating the performance of the different
MBOC variants in the presence of multipath. The nEML
is based on the idea of narrowing the spacing between the
early and late correlator pair, where the choice of correla-
tor spacing depends on the receivers available front-end
bandwidth along with the associated sampling frequency.
MEE curves are shown for all of the examined MBOC
variants in FIGURE 5. It can be observed from the fgure that
CBOC() has the best multipath mitigation performance
followed by the TMBOC(6,1,4/33) and CBOC(+) variants.
A similar conclusion can be drawn when a BOC(1,1) ref-
erence receiver is used instead of the respective MBOC
reference receiver. However, from Figure 5, it is obvious
that there is a moderate performance degradation when a
BOC(1,1) reference receiver is used instead of the respec-
tive MBOC version, as expected intuitively.
Simulation Results in Multipath Fading Channel
Simulations have been carried out in closely spaced mul-
tipath scenarios for different MBOC variants with a fnite
front-end bandwidth. The simulation profle is summa-
rized in TABLE 3. A Rayleigh fading channel model is used
in the simulation, where the number of channel paths is
fxed to two. The successive path separation is random be-
tween 0.02 and 0.35 chips. The channel paths are assumed
to obey a decaying power delay profle (PDP).
The received signal duration is 0.8 seconds for each
particular C/N
0
level. The tracking errors are computed
after each N
c
N
nc
-milliseconds interval (in this case, N
c
N
nc

= 20 milliseconds). In the fnal statistics, the frst 600 mil-
liseconds are ignored in order to remove the initial error
bias that may come from the delay difference between the
received signal and the locally generated reference code.
Therefore, for the above confguration, the left-over track-
ing errors after 600 milliseconds are mostly due to the ef-
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
Multipath spacing (chips)
M
u
l
t
i
p
a
t
h

e
r
r
o
r

(
m
e
t
e
r
s
)

CBOC(+)
CBOC(-)
TMBOC(6,1,4/33)
CBOC(+), BOC(1,1) rx
CBOC(-), BOC(1,1) rx
TMBOC(6,1,4/33), BOC(1,1) rx
GNSS Modernization
|
INNOVATION
Parameter Value
Channel profile 2-path Rayleigh fading channel
Path power Decaying PDP with = 0.1 chip
Path spacing Random between 0.02 and 0.35 chip
Path phase Random between 0 and 2
Samples per chip, N
s
48
E-L spacing,
EL
0.0833 chip
Number of correlators, M 3
Double-sided bandwidth 24.552 MHz
Filter type and order Finite impulse response and 6th order
Coherent integration, N
c
20 milliseconds
Non-coherent integration, N
nc
1 block
Initial delay error 0.1042 chip
First path delay Random between 0 and 0.1042 chip
Tracking-loop bandwidth 2 Hz
Tracking-loop order 1st order

TABLE 3 Simulation profile description.

FIGURE 5 Multipath error envelope curves for a narrow early-minus-
late correlator with a 24.552 MHz double-sided bandwidth.
Modulation B
w
= 24.552 MHz B
w
= 8 MHz
CBOC(+/-) 2.18 0.32
CBOC(+) 2.73 0.50
CBOC(-) 1.69 0.15
BOC(1,1) 4.24 0
BOC(6,1) 0 6.78
TMBOC(6,1,4/33) 2.22 0.65

TABLE 2 Differences in CNR (in dB) needed to achieve the same tracking-
error variance bound with various CBOC/TMBOC modulations.
fect of multipath only. We ran the simulations for 1,000
statistical points, for each C/N
0
level. The RMS error
(RMSE) of the delay estimates can be plotted in meters,
by using the relationship RMSE
m
= RMSE
chips
T
c
, where c
is the speed of light, T
c
is the chip duration, and RMSE
chips

is the RMSE in chips. An RMSE versus C/N
0
plot for the
given multipath channel profle is shown in FIGURE 6.
As seen in the fgure, the CBOC() reference receiver has
the best multipath mitigation performance under a good
C/N
0
(that is, 40 dB-Hz and higher) followed by the other
two MBOC variants (CBOC(+) and TMBOC(6,1,4/33)),
which exhibit almost similar performance. A similar con-
clusion can be drawn for the BOC(1,1) reference receiver,
where the CBOC()-modulated transmitted signal with
BOC(1,1) reference receiver showed the best multipath
mitigation performance among all three of the studied
MBOC variants. In Figure 6, we observe that the small
performance deterioration caused by use of a BOC(1,1)
reference receiver is visible only under good C/N
0
condi-
tions (that is, 40 dB-Hz and higher).
Conclusions
This article discusses the spectral differences between
CBOC and TMBOC modulations and their impact on
system performance. The exact frequency-domain form
of the PSD for CBOC and TMBOC waveforms has been
shown and the impact on tracking error variance bounds
and on the error probability of the demodulated signal
has been discussed. In addition, the multipath mitigation
performances of different MBOC variants were present-
ed in terms of RMSE and multipath error envelopes. It
was shown that the CBOC() variant is the best variant in
terms of multipath mitigation and tracking error variance,
while TMBOC behaves better than CBOC in terms of er-
ror probability of the demodulated data. We also showed
that the spectral differences and the differences between
CBOC and TMBOC variants in terms of the two con-
sidered performance criteria are rather small, especially
when the receiver bandwidth is not very high, and, there-
fore, several variants of MBOC can indeed be used for
design and research purposes.
Acknowledgments
The research leading to the results presented in this ar-
ticle received funding from the European Unions Sev-
enth Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant
agreement number 227890 (the Galileo-Ready Advanced
Mass Market ReceiverGRAMMARproject). This re-
search work has also been supported by the Academy of
Finland and by the Tampere Doctoral Programme in In-
formation Science and Engineering. Particular thanks are
also addressed to Stephan Sand from the German Aero-
space Center (DLR), Institute of Communications and
Navigation, for his useful comments.
ELENA SIMONA LOHAN has been an adjunct professor in the
Department of Communications Engineering at Tampere University of
Technology (TUT) in Hervanta, Finland, since 2007. She obtained her
Ph.D. degree in wireless communications from TUT. She also graduated
with an M.Sc. in electrical engineering from Politehnica University of
Bucharest, and with a diplme d'tudes approfondies in econometrics
from Ecole Polytechnique, Paris. Lohan is currently leading the research
activities in signal processing for wireless communications in the
Department of Communications Engineering at TUT.
MOHAMMAD ZAHIDUL H. BHUIYAN is a researcher in the Department
of Communications Engineering at TUT. His main research areas are
multipath mitigation and software receiver design for satellite-based
positioning applications.
HEIKKI HURSKAINEN received an M.Sc. degree in electrical engineering
and a doctoral degree in computing and electrical engineering from TUT
in 2005 and 2009, respectively. Currently, Hurskainen is a senior research
scientist in TUTs Department of Computer Systems where he works on
satellite navigation research projects.
30 35 40 45
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
C/N
0
(dB-Hz)
R
o
o
t
-
m
e
a
n
-
s
q
u
a
r
e

e
r
r
o
r

(
m
e
t
e
r
s
)

CBOC(+)
CBOC(-)
TMBOC(6,1,4/33)
CBOC(+), BOC(1,1) rx
CBOC(-), BOC(1,1) rx
TMBOC(6,1,4/33), BOC(1,1) rx
FIGURE 6 Root-mean-square error versus carrier-to-noise-density

ratio for different MBOC variants in a two-path fading channel with
24.552 MHz double-sided bandwidth.
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Further Reading
For references related to this article, go to gpsworld.com and click on Richard
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si mpl i f yi ng wi r el ess

FIGURE 6 Root-mean-square error versus carrier-to-noise-density

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