International Journal of Emerging trends in Engineering and Development ISSN 2249-6149

Issue1, Vol. 3(November-2011)

Page 286

Energy Efficient Mass Street Lighting
System
Mrs. Ajaz Fatima
#1
, Dr. Syed Abdul Sattar
#2
, Mr. Shaik Qadeer
#3
, and Dr. Mohammed Yousuf Khan
#4

#1&3
Electrical Engineering Department, Osmania University
Muffakham Jah College of Engineering and Technology, Mount Pleasant, Banjarahills Road No.3, Hyderabad,
India, fatimaeee@mjcollege.ac.in , haqbei@gmail.com, 04023355771
#2
Electronic and communication, Jawaharlal Nehru University
Royal college of engineering, Hyderabad, syed49in@yahoo.com, 04023355771.
#4
Principal Polytechnics, Moulana Azad National Urdu University
Hyderabad, India,yousuf_lect@yahool.com , 040-232478272


Abstract
Street lighting is one of the major portion of the electricity consumed- almost 12% of the total
power consumed. There are several methods to conserve energy in street lighting. Two ways are
proposed to achieve energy conservation: Voltage reduction method and Seasonal Effect
Method. Energy can be saved by reducing the supply voltage to a value greater than the
threshold of fitting. It is shown in the case study that substantial energy can be saved with the
reduction in supply voltage. Energy can be further saved with precise switching, taking into
consideration the time of sunrise and sunset during different seasons. The paper also presents
the implementation of these methods on 8051 microcontroller for automation.

Keywords- Automation, Energy conservation, Seasonal effect, Sodium vapor lamp, Voltage
reduction,
#3
corresponding author
Nomenclature-
LDR = Light Dependent Resistors
n = number of cycles
P = Power (Watts)
V
s
=Supply Voltage (Volts)
V
av
= average voltage

(Volts)

1.0 Introduction

Electricity is an indispensable component in every walk of life. Total annual production of
electricity in India is approximately, 1, 20,000 MW [1], [8]. The total quantity of power
expended on street lighting annually is 12,000 MW [1]. This is approximately 12% of the total
demand. Thus, with such a major portion of electricity being dedicated to a single sector, even a
small amount of energy would translate into large savings in electricity consumed and thus the
money saved.

The existing system:
International Journal of Emerging trends in Engineering and Development ISSN 2249-6149
Issue1, Vol. 3(November-2011)

Page 287

These are of two types namely [2]:
Manual switching
Automation using Photo Detectors (such as Light Dependent Resistors)

Manual switching: As the name suggests, switching is done manually. This becomes the biggest
disadvantage of this type of operation causing lot of wastage due to human error.

Light Dependent Resistors: The LDRs are used for switching. The nonlinear relationship of the
LDR resistance and the intensity of light as shown in fig. 1.is the major problem with this
method ,also the LDR is affected with the problem of aging [5] The paper proposes the
following two methods and their implementation for automation -voltage reduction method and
Seasonal Effect.

Fig 1: Nonlinear behavior of LDR
2.0 Proposed Methods

2.1 Voltage Reduction Method:
Large amount of power can be saved using this method [1]. At late nights, due to fall in load the
supply voltage will raise considerably- say from 230V to 240V. We know that Sodium vapour
lamps are widely used for street lighting. A case study shows that the level of illumination in
sodium vapour lamps does not alter much with the reduction in voltage above threshold value
[4]. The flow of traffic is also significantly reduced at late nights. This discussion motivates us to
utilize lower voltage to illuminate the streets at night without hampering the visibility of the
commuters. Table 1 shows the relationship between applied voltage and power consumed for a
sodium vapour lamp.

2.2 The Seasonal Effect:
This method makes use of the fact that the days are longer in the summer and the nights are
shorter, whereas the days are shorter in winter and the nights are longer[7].This implies that the
duration during which the lights are required to be switched ON varies from season to season.
The lights may be switched on at sunset and switched off at sunrise.
This paper uses the above two methods to achieve the energy conservation, using
microcontrollers. By setting the proper time for the ON and OFF cycles of the applied voltage,
the average value of the voltage is reduced. The setup involves the use of a solid state relay to
achieve high frequency switching, which causes reduction in voltage. The integral control cycle
involves continuous switching ON of the supply and switching OFF for a number of cycles. If n
is the number of ON cycles and m the number of OFF cycles, then the average voltage delivered
to the load is given by:
International Journal of Emerging trends in Engineering and Development ISSN 2249-6149
Issue1, Vol. 3(November-2011)

Page 288

(1)


According to the integral cycle control, by varying the ON & OFF cycles, average voltage can be
reduced. [5]








Fig 2: Integral control cycle

2.2.1 Case study on voltage reduction using Sodium lamps:
It takes some time for the sodium lamp to reach the maximum

brightness. If switched OFF when
hot, it does not switch ON until it cools down. It can withstand a sudden voltage drop of about
30V, without its illumination being affected [4], [3]. It is obvious that the reduction in voltage
decreases the power consumed. Thus the Energy is conserved

Table 1: Power consumed at different voltages















2.2.2 Seasonal Effect:
The length of the day is a function of the season and varies from season to season. The length of
all the days over the whole year is determined. A database is developed which stores all these
values. The date of installation is required to be entered at the time of installation. The
microcontroller works in three modes.

Mode 1: Installation time is greater than the sunrise time for the day entered and lesser than the
sunset time.
Operation: The microcontroller goes into Switch OFF mode until sunset.
Applied
voltage(Volts)
Power
Consumed(Watts)
250 305
245 300
240 290
235 280
230 270
225 250
220 240
215 230
210 220
205 205
200 190
m n
n
230 V
av

ON ON OFF
International Journal of Emerging trends in Engineering and Development ISSN 2249-6149
Issue1, Vol. 3(November-2011)

Page 289

Mode 2: Installation time is greater than the sunset time for the day entered and lesser than the
00:00 hrs.
Operation: The microcontroller goes into Switch ON mode until sunrise.
Mode 3: Installation time entered is greater than 00:00 hrs and lesser than the sunrise time for
the next day.
Operation: The microcontroller goes into Voltage reduction mode until sunrise of the next day.
Once the mode of operation is determined, the sequence of operation will be as follows and will
remain the same until the microcontroller is reset.

3.0 Implementation for Automation

The implementation of the proposed system is based on the flow chart, figure 3 and the
corresponding code is included in the appendix A. The data base DB-01 is created using one
dimensional array for sunrise and sunset of the whole year. The data for time and date is then
fetched from the HyperTerminal (a serial communication utility from Microsoft operating
system), figure 4.


























Fig 3: Flow Chart for automation of the proposed system

The unit of time in DB-01 is minutes. The user entered data is converted to minutes. The
installation time is checked for three cases as shown above. Depending on this information the
Select
Mode 1
Select
Mode 2

Start
Create DB -1
Read data
fromH.T-2
Inst time >
sunrise time
Inst time >
sunset
Convert time unit -3
Valid Time
Mm-dd-yy
A
A
A
B
Select
Mode 3


C
Inst time >
00.00 Hrs <
sunset
A
Switch OFF
Delay based on database
Switch ON
Voltage Reduction
Delay based on database
B
Switch ON
Delay based on
database
Voltage Reduction

Switch ON

Delay based on
database
International Journal of Emerging trends in Engineering and Development ISSN 2249-6149
Issue1, Vol. 3(November-2011)

Page 290

mode of operation of the controller is decided. Once the mode of operation is fixed, the delay
loop is calculated based on the data base and the operation is put in an infinite loop.
4 Testing and Results

4.1 Testing:

It is very important to switch ON and OFF at the right time to use optimum amount of energy.
The installer has to enter the data in the following sequence.

The current date
The current month
The current time

The date taken is 1
st
January the time of installation is 17.30hrs. From the data base, the sunrise
and sunset on 1
st
Jan is 06:43 AM and 05:53 PM. It was observed that after reaching 17:53hrs,
[7] the mode of operation changes from switch ON to switch OFF mode. The intensity of light
was significant till 12:00 PM. At this time the controller goes into the voltage reduction mode,
with only slight reduction in intensity. At sunrise next day the light switched ON at sunrise i.e. at
06:46 AM (2
nd
January).




Fig 4: Snapshot of hyper terminal during data reading for installation

4.2 Results

4.2.1 Calculations:

International Journal of Emerging trends in Engineering and Development ISSN 2249-6149
Issue1, Vol. 3(November-2011)

Page 291

During 00:00 AM to 06:00 PM, the voltage can be reduced from 230V to 210V without much
effect on the illumination. The voltage reduction can be calculated as follows:

The energy consumption for 12 hrs at 230V = 3.24kWh
The energy consumption for 6 hrs at 230V = 1.62kWh
The energy consumption for 6 hrs at 210V = 2.64kWh
Therefore energy saved per lamp per day = 3.24 (1.62+1.32) = 0.3kWh
Energy saved per lamp per annum = 0.3 * 365= 109.5 KWh
If thousand sodium vapor lamps are in use then the energy saving per annum will be
109.5 * 1000 = 109,500KWh.
If the tariff of Rupees 6 per KWh is considered then the cost of energy saved per annum
109,500 * 6 = Rs. 657,000.
If n = 7 and m = 1, then Average Voltage = 230 * sqrt(7/(7+1)) = 210 V
The energy saved with 1000 lamps at 210 V is 109.5 KWh.

Fig 4: Shows the relationship bet the power consumed with drop in voltage

Table 2: Energy consumption for different durations at different voltage

Voltage(V) Energy
Consumpti
on
(KWh)for
12 hrs
Energy
Consumpti
on (KWh)
for 6 hrs
250 3.66 1.83
245 3.60 1.80
240 3.48 1.74
235 3.36 1.68
230 3.24 1.62
225 3.00 1.50
220 2.88 1.44
215 2.76 1.38
210 2.64 1.32
205 2.52 1.26
200 2.28 1.14
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
voltage vs
power
International Journal of Emerging trends in Engineering and Development ISSN 2249-6149
Issue1, Vol. 3(November-2011)

Page 292




5.0 Conclusion

The methods proposed in the paper have been verified through automation and it is found that
the claimed saving is being achieved. The work can be taken ahead by conducting the study for
the electronic LED street lights and also using solar Photovoltaic based street lighting [9],[6].

AKOWLEDEMENT

The authors would like to thank principal, MJCET for providing the necessary support for taking
up this research work.

Appendix A- C code for the implementation of the proposed system

void main()
{ unsigned int i,h,m,n,d,time,x,loop,indicate;
code unsigned int a[ ]=
{405,1438,05,1072,406,1074,407,1075,407,1075,407,1075,407,1076,407,1076,407,1076,408,1078,408,1078,408,1078,408,1077,
408,1077,408,1078,409,1078,409,1080,409,1080,409,1080,409,1083,409,1083,408,1084,408,1084,408,1085,408,1086,408,1086,
408,1087,408,1087,408,1087,408,1089,408,1090,408,1092,408,1092,408,1092,408,1093,408,1094,408,1094,408,1094,408,1094,
408,1095,408,1095,408,1095,408,1096,408,1097,405,1097,405,1098,405,1098,403,1098,403,1099,403,1099,401,1100,401,1100,
407,1101,401,1101,401,1103,398,1102,398,1102,398,1102,394,1102,395,1104,395,1104,395,1104,393,1105,393,1104,392,1105,
392,1105,392,1105,392,1105,392,1105,387,1105,387,1105,387,1105,387,1105,387,1107,387,1107,383,1107,383,1107,383,1107,
383,1106,383,1105,378,1108,378,1109,378,1109,378,1109,375,1109,375,1110,373,1110,373,1110,373,1109,371,1109,371,1112,
371,1112,370,1113,370,1113,370,1113,370,1112,370,1109,370,1109,366,1109,366,1111,366,1111,366,1111,366,1111,359,1113,
359,1110,359,1112,359,1112,359,1112,359,1113,359,1114,359,1114,355,1114,355,1114,355,1114,355,1114,353,1114,353,1114,
353,1114,353,1114,350,1114,350,1122,350,1122,350,1122,350,1123,350,1123,350,1123,350,1123,350,1123,347,1124,347,1124,
347,1124,346,1124,346,1124,346,1124,346,1124,344,1126,344,1126,344,1126,344,1126,342,1127,342,1127,342,1128,342,1128,
342,1130,342,1130,342,1130,342,1130,342,1130,342,1130,342,1130,341,1132,341,1127,341,1127,341,1127,341,1127,341,1127,
341,1127,341,1127,341,1127,341,1127,341,1127,341,1128,341,1128,341,1130,341,1130,341,1130,341,1130,341,1131,341,1132,
341,1132,341,1133,341,1133,341,1134,341,1132,341,1133,346,1133,346,1134,346,1134,346,1134,344,1134,345,1140,345,1140,
345,1140,345,1140,345,1140,345,1140,346,1140,346,1140,346,1140,347,1140,347,1140,347,1140,347,1140,347,1140,347,1140,
347,1140,349,1140,349,1140,349,1140,350,1138,350,1138,350,1138,350,1138,351,1138,351,1138,351,1138,351,1138,352,1137,
352,1137,352,1137,353,1136,354,1135,354,1135,354,1135,356,1134,356,1134,356,1134,356,1134,356,1134,356,1134,356,1134,
357,1131,357,1131,357,1131,358,1129,358,1129,358,1129,358,1129,359,1127,359,1127,359,1127,359,1127,360,1126,360,1126,
360,1126,360,1126,360,1126,360,1126,360,1126,360,1126,360,1126,361,1119,362,1108,362,1109,362,1109,362,1106,362,1106,
362,1104,362,1104,362,1104,362,1104,363,1102,363,1100,363,1101,363,1099,363,1097,364,1095,364,1095,364,1095,364,1093,
364,1093,364,1092,364,1092,364,1090,364,1090,365,1089,365,1089,365,1087,365,1087,365,1087,365,1087,365,1086,366,1086,
366,1085,364,1084,366,1083,366,1082,366,1081,366,1081,366,1080,367,1077,367,1078,367,1076,367,1076,368,1075,368,1074,
368,1074,368,1072,368,1071,368,1071,368,1071,369,1071,369,1069,369,1069,369,1068,369,1068,369,1067,369,1067,369,1067,
372,1067,372,1066,372,1066,372,1065,373,1067,375,1067,375,1067,376,1066,376,1065,378,1064,378,1063,378,1062,380,1062,
380,1061,380,1061,380,1061,381,1061,383,1061,383,1061,383,1061,383,1061,383,1060,385,1060,385,1060,389,1060,389,1060,
389,1060,389,1060,389,1059,389,1059,389,1059,389,1059,389,1059,389,1059,390,1060,390,1060,390,1060,391,1060,391,1061,
391,1061,391,1062,393,1062,393,1062,393,1062,395,1062,395,1062,395,1062,397,1062,397,1062,397,1064,398,1064,398,1064,
398,1065,398,1065,398,1066,400,1066,400,1066,400,1066,400,1066,403,1067,403,1067,403,1068,403,1068,403,1070,405,1071
};
TMOD=0x20;
SCON=0x50;
TH1=-3;
TL1=-3;
TR1=1;
P2=0x00;
/*sending data to PC, the Data for look up table [7] */
International Journal of Emerging trends in Engineering and Development ISSN 2249-6149
Issue1, Vol. 3(November-2011)

Page 293

loop=0;
while(_data1[i]!='\0')
{ SBUF=_data1[i++];
while(!TI);
TI=0; }
loop=0;
indicate=0;
while(1)
{
while(!RI);
RI=0;
temp_arry[loop]=SBUF;
if(temp_arry[loop]=='@')
indicate++;
if(indicate==1)loop++;
if(indicate==2)break;
}
temp_arry[loop]='\0';
loop=0;
while(temp_arry[loop]!='\0')
{
SBUF=temp_arry[loop++];
while(!TI);
TI=0;}
loop=0;
d=(temp_arry[1]-48)*10+(temp_arry[3]-48);
n=(temp_arry[5]-48)*10+(temp_arry[7]-48);
m=(temp_arry[9]-48)*10+(temp_arry[11]-48);
h=(temp_arry[13]-48)*10+(temp_arry[15]-48);
init_lcd(8);
i=(((n-1)*60)+2*d)-2;
display_lcd("index is=");
m=m+(h*60);
while(1)
{
time=a[i+1]-m;
P2=0xf0;//p2.7&p2.6 is used for lcd
clear_lcd();
display_lcd(" switch off");
delay(100);
tmdelay(time);
time=1440-a[i+1];
P2=0xFF;
clear_lcd();
display_lcd("switch on");
delay(100);
tmdelay(time);
i=i+2;
if(i==730) i=0;
time=a[i];
//voltage reduction
clear_lcd();
display_lcd("voltage reduction");
delay(100);
do {
for(x=210;x>0;x--)
{
P2=0xFF;
delay(2)
P2=0xf0;
delay1(1);
P2=0xff;
International Journal of Emerging trends in Engineering and Development ISSN 2249-6149
Issue1, Vol. 3(November-2011)

Page 294

}P2=0xff;}while((time--)>0);m=a[i]; P2=0xf0 ;}}


REFERENCES

[1] Ereu, G.M.; Mantilla, J.O.; , "A Methodology to Determine Electrical Energy Consumption
in Street Lighting Systems," Transmission & Distribution Conference and Exposition: Latin
America, 2006. TDC '06. IEEE/PES, vol., no., pp.1-5, 15-18 Aug. 2006
[2] Lennox, E.C.; "Street lighting," Electrical Engineers - Part II: Power Engineering, Journal
of the Institution of, vol.93, no.32, pp.170-183, April 1946
[3] ANSI C.82.5-1990 Technical Standards. Losses in the Ballasts.
[4] IEC 662 Technical Standards. Sodium Vapor Lamps.
[5] Industrial Electronics. Thomas E Kissell. Printice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., 3
rd
Edition,
2003.
[6] Hiranvarodom, S.; "A comparative analysis of photovoltaic street lighting systems installed
in Thailand," Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, 2003. Proceedings of 3rd World Conference
on, vol.3, no., pp.2478-2481 Vol.3, 18-18 May 2003
[7] www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/sunrise,
[8] www.cslforum.org/india
[9] Long, X.; Liao, R.; Zhou, J.; , "Development of street lighting system-based novel high-
brightness LED modules," Optoelectronics, IET , vol.3, no.1, pp.40-46, February 2009

List of figures:
Fig 1: Characteristics curve for Light Dependent Resistors
Fig 2: Integral control cycle
Fig 3: Flow Chart
Fig 4: Serial Communication to the set-up during installation
Fig 5: Shows the relationship bet the power consumed with drop in voltage

List of Tables:
Table 1: Relationship between applied voltages and power consumed for a sodium vapor lamp.
Table 2: Energy consumption for different durations at different voltages