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A hydrogen atom in a hydrogen bond between two water molecules can shi"t
"rom one to the other
!he hydrogen atom leaves its electron behind and is trans"erred as a $roton,
or h"dro#en $$$$$$$$$ 2=
B
4
!he molecule with the e,tra $roton is now a $$$$$$$$$$$$ ion 2='@
B
4,
though it is o"ten re$resented as =
B
!he molecule that lost the $roton is now a $$$$$$$$$$$$ ion 2@=
Diologists use something called the $= scale to describe whether a solution is
acidic or basic 2the o$$osite o" acidic4
Acids and 1ases
An $$$$$$$$$$$$ is any substance that increases the =
B
concentration o" a
solution
A $$$$$$$$$$$$ is any substance that reduces the =
B
concentration o" a
solution
The p. Scale
>n any aqueous solution at )53+ the $roduct o" =
B
and @=
is constant and
can be written as
!he p. o" a solution is de"ined by the negative logarithm o" =
B
concentration,
written as
Acidic solutions have $= values less than 7
Dasic solutions have $= values greater than 7
Most biological "luids have $= values in the range o" ? to :
&igure '(50
&igure '(CA05
1uffers
in a solution
Most bu""ers consist o" an acidEbase $air that reversibly combines with =
B