AS 2550.

11993
Australian Standard
R
CranesSafe use
Part 1: General requirements
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This Australian Standard was prepared by committee ME/5, Cranes. It was approved on
behalf of the Council of Standards Australia on 2 July 1993 and published on 13 September
1993.
The following interests are represented on Committee ME/5:
A.C.T. Occupational Health and Safety Office
Association of Consulting Engineers, Australia
Australian Chamber of Manufactures
Australian Institute of Building
Bureau of Steel Manufacturers of Australia
Construction and Mining Equipment Association of Australia
Crane Industry Council of Australia
Department of Defence (Commonwealth)
Department of Employment, Industrial Relations and Training, Tas.
Department of Employment, Vocational Education, Training & Industrial Relations, Qld.
Department of Labour, S.A.
Department of Occupational Health, Safety and Welfare, W.A.
Electricity Supply Association of Australia
Institution of Engineers, Australia
Lift Manufacturers Association of Australia
Maritime Services Board of New South Wales
Metal Trades Industry Association of Australia
Occupational Health and Safety Authority, Vic.
Port of Melbourne Authority
Public Works Department, N.S.W.
Railways of Australia Committee
Telecom Australia
University of New South Wales
Water Board, SydneyIllawarraBlue Mountains
WorkCover Authority, N.S.W.
Work Health Authority, N.T.
Review of Australian Standards. To keep abreast of progress in industry, Australian Standards are subject to
periodic review and are kept up to date by the issue of amendments or new editions as necessary. It is important
therefore that Standards users ensure that they are in possession of the latest edition, and any amendments thereto.
Full details of all Australian Standards and related publications will be found in the Standards Australia Catalogue
of Publications; this information is supplemented each month by the magazine The Australian Standard, which
subscribing members receive, and which gives details of new publications, new editions and amendments, and of
withdrawn Standards.
Suggestions for improvements to Australian Standards, addressed to the head office of Standards Australia, are
welcomed. Notification of any inaccuracy or ambiguity found in an Australian Standard should be made without
delay in order that the matter may be investigated and appropriate action taken.
This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 91157.
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AS 2550.11993
Australian Standard
R
CranesSafe use
Part 1: General requirements
First published as part of AS CB21938.
Second edition 1960.
Revised and redesignated in part as AS 1418.11977.
Revised and redesignated in part as AS 25501982.
Revised and redesignated in part as AS 2550.11993.
Incorporating:
Amdt. 11995
PUBLISHED BY STANDARDS AUSTRALIA
(STANDARDS ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA)
1 THE CRESCENT, HOMEBUSH, NSW 2140
ISBN 0 7262 8388 6
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PREFACE
This Standard was prepared by the Standards Australia Committee on Cranes, to supersede, in part,
AS 25501982, CranesMobile, tower and derrickSelection and operation.
This Part 1 of CranesSafe use, covers requirements which apply generally to cranes and similar lifting
appliances. Specific requirements for CranesSafe use will be covered by subsequent parts.
It is intended to publish the following parts:
(a) General requirements
(b) Tower cranes
(c) Mobile and vehicleloading cranes
(d) Guided storing and retrieving appliances
(e) Builders hoists and equipment
(f) Special purpose appliances
(g) Vehicle hoists
(h) Elevating work platforms
(i) Building maintenance units
(j) Concrete placing equipment
(k) Mast work platforms
E Copyright STANDARDS AUSTRALIA
Users of Standards are reminded that copyright subsists in all Standards Australia publications and software. Except where the Copyright Act allows and
except where provided for below no publications or software produced by Standards Australia may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system in any form
or transmitted by any means without prior permission in writing from Standards Australia. Permission may be conditional on an appropriate royalty
payment. Requests for permission and information on commercial software royalties should be directed to the head office of Standards Australia.
Standards Australia will permit up to 10 percent of the technical content pages of a Standard to be copied for use exclusively inhouse by
purchasers of the Standard without payment of a royalty or advice to Standards Australia.
Standards Australia will also permit the inclusion of its copyright material in computer software programs for no royalty payment provided such
programs are used exclusively inhouse by the creators of the programs.
Care should be taken to ensure that material used is from the current edition of the Standard and that it is updated whenever the Standard is amended or
revised. The number and date of the Standard should therefore be clearly identified.
The use of material in print form or in computer software programs to be used commercially, with or without payment, or in commercial contracts is subject
to the payment of a royalty. This policy may be varied by Standards Australia at any time.
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CONTENTS
Page
SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL

1.1 SCOPE 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.2 APPLICATION 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.3 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.4 DEFINITIONS 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SECTION 2 PLANNING

2.1 GENERAL 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.2 MATTERS TO BE CONSIDERED 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SECTION 3 SELECTION

3.1 GENERAL 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SECTION 4 SITING

4.1 GENERAL 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.2 CRANE STANDING 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.3 PROXIMITY HAZARDS AND VISIBILITY 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.4 ENVIRONMENTAL RESTRICTIONS 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.5 CLEARANCES 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SECTION 5 PERSONNEL

5.1 MANAGEMENT 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.2 CRANE OPERATORS 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.3 CRANE CHASERS AND DOGMEN 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.4 ALCOHOL AND DRUG USAGE 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SECTION 6 ERECTION AND DISMANTLING

6.1 IDENTIFICATION OF CRANE COMPONENTS 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6.2 INSTRUCTIONS 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6.3 ELECTRICAL SUPPLY 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6.4 CORRECT FUNCTION OF SAFETY DEVICES 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SECTION 7 OPERATION

7.1 OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7.2 PREOPERATION CHECKS 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7.3 COMMUNICATION OF IRREGULARITIES 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7.4 LEAVING THE CRANE UNATTENDED 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7.5 ABNORMAL NOISE OR MOVEMENT 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7.6 HOUSEKEEPING 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7.7 ACCESS ONTO A CRANE 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7.8 PERSONS APPROACHING THE PROXIMITY OF A CRANE 15 . . . . . . . . .

7.9 CRANE OPERATION 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7.10 CONTROL OF LOAD 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7.11 TAG LINES 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Page

7.12 COMMUNICATION 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7.13 HANDLING LOADS OVER PUBLIC ACCESS AREAS AND
ADJACENT BUILDINGS 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7.14 LOADS SUPPORTED BY MAGNETIC, VACUUM AND FRICTION
LIFTING ATTACHMENTS 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7.15 RIDING ON THE CRANE 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7.16 SUSPENSION OF PERSONS BY CRANE 19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7.17 OPERATION NEAR AERIAL CONDUCTORS (OVERHEAD POWER
LINES) 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7.18 OPERATION NEAR UNDERGROUND LIVE CONDUCTORS 23 . . . . . . . .

7.19 MULTIPLE CRANE OPERATION 23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7.20 SPECIAL DUTIES 24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7.21 WEATHER CONDITIONS 27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7.22 ACCIDENT OR DAMAGE 27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7.23 MODIFICATIONS TO CRANES 27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7.24 NECESSARY EQUIPMENT 27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7.25 GUARDING 27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7.26 LOAD RATING CHARTS 27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7.27 LOAD TESTING 27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SECTION 8 MAINTENANCE, INSPECTION AND REPAIR

8.1 GENERAL 28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8.2 INSPECTION 28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8.3 MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR 29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SECTION 9 ROPES, HOOKS AND ATTACHMENTS

9.1 ROPES 30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9.2 HOOKS AND HOOK BLOCKS 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9.3 ATTACHMENTS 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
APPENDICES

A SAFE BEARING PRESSURE FOR CRANE OUTRIGGERS 32 . . . . . . . . . . . .

B ROUTINE CHECKS FOR CRANES 33 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

C SAFE WORK PROCEDURES FOR THE MAINTENANCE AND
THE INSPECTION OF CRANES 34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

D RECOMMENDED MINIMUM SERVICE REQUIREMENTS
FOR CRANES 36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

E STANDARDS FOR COMPONENTS USED IN LIFTING SYSTEMS 37 . . . . .
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5 AS 2550.1 1993
STANDARDS AUSTRALIA
Australian Standard
CranesSafe use
Part 1: General requirements
S E C T I O N 1 S C O P E A N D G E N E R A L
1.1 SCOPE This Standard specifies the general requirements for cranes, hoists and
winches.
Except as given in Clause 7.20.4(a), it does not include requirements for cranes, hoists
and winches mounted on waterborne vessels.
NOTE: Where this Standard uses the word crane it shall be taken to mean hoist or winch
as applicable.
1.2 APPLICATION This Standard specifies the general requirement for the safe use
of all cranes as covered by AS 1418.
Specific usage for different types of cranes is specified in the additional parts of AS 2550,
except for those cranes detailed in AS 1418, Parts 2 and 3; that information is contained
only in this Standard.
1.3 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS The following documents are referred to in this
Standard:
AS
1418 SAA Crane Code
1418.1 Part 1: General requirements
1801 Industrial safety helmets
1891 Industrial safety belts and harnesses
2076 Wire rope grips
2549 CranesGlossary of terms
2759 Steel wire ropeApplication guide
3000 SAA Wiring Rules
4024 Safeguarding of machinery
4024.1 Part 1: General principles*
NOHSC (National Occupational Health and Safety Commission)
National Standard and National Code of Practice for Noise Management and
Protection of Hearing at Work
* First published as an Interim Standard.
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AS 2550.1 1993 6
1.4 DEFINITIONS For the purpose of this Standard, the definitions given in AS 2549
and those below apply.
1.4.1 Competent persona person who by reasons of qualifications and experience has
the knowledge and skill necessary to perform the duties with respect to which the
expression is used.
1.4.2 Managementpersons responsible for the direction of all activities associated
with the operation of a crane.
1.4.3 Managements instructions shall include the manufacturers latest instructions,
recommendations and specifications. Where any of these instructions, recommendations
and specifications are not available from the manufacturer, they shall be drawn-up by a
competent person.
1.4.4 Shallindicates that a statement is mandatory.
1.4.5 Shouldindicates a recommendation.
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7 AS 2550.1 1993
S E C T I O N 2 P L A N N I N G
2.1 GENERAL The planning and application of crane requirements should commence
as early as possible in the development of each project.
Where cranes are required to operate in or near new buildings or structures, crane
loadings and access should be considered at the project design stage.
Wherever practicable, the planning should include consultation with the crane
manufacturer and proprietor.
2.2 MATTERS TO BE CONSIDERED At appropriate stages during planning, the
following matters shall be considered, where applicable:
(a) Establishment of a management plan.
(b) Selection of cranes (see Section 3).
(c) Obtaining authorizations.
(d) Requirements of regulatory authorities.
(e) Site access and crane siting.
(f) Protection and safety of public.
(g) Proximity of power lines and other services.
(h) Procedures for the setting up and dismantling of the crane and the method of lift.
(i) Make up of the crane crew, which may include
(i) erection crew;
(ii) crane operator;
(iii) dogmen and crane chasers;
(iv) spotters;
(v) riggers;
(vi) power line observers; and
(vii) persons under training or instruction.
(j) Communication system.
(k) Weather conditions.
(l) Ground conditions.
(m) Proximity of excavations.
(n) Selection of lifting gear.
(o) Personal safety equipment.
(p) Emergency procedures.
(q) Inspection, maintenance, and repair.
(r) Lightning protection.
(s) The documentation of work procedures where the lifting operation is not of a
routine type, e.g. multiple crane lifting.
(t) Consultation and coordination with other groups working in the area.
(u) Night operations.
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AS 2550.1 1993 8
S E C T I O N 3 S E L E C T I O N
3.1 GENERAL Before selecting a crane for a particular operation, the following
information shall be ascertained:
(a) The mass of the load to be lifted.
(b) The nature of the load to be lifted.
(c) The speed and frequency of operation.
(d) The maximum load that will be imposed on the crane.
(e) The nature of the rigging or slinging to be used.
(f) The position from which the load is to be lifted.
(g) The position to which the load is to be placed.
(h) The movement limitations of the crane and the load.
(i) Other limitations of the crane.
(j) Where multiple crane lifting is involved
(i) how the load is to be proportioned;
(ii) how the load proportioning is to be maintained;
(iii) whether the cranes have the appropriate additional capacity over the
proportioned load to be lifted; and
(iv) the operating characteristics of the crane, e.g. speed of hoisting.
(k) The environmental factors.
The danger of instability due to loss of inflation of a tyre should be considered. For
example, foam-filled tyres should be used for rough terrain.
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9 AS 2550.1 1993
S E C T I O N 4 S I T I N G
4.1 GENERAL Where applicable, particular attention shall be given to the following
factors:
(a) Crane standing (see Clause 4.2).
(b) Proximity hazards and visibility (see Clause 4.3).
(c) Environmental factors, e.g. noise and noxious fumes (see Clause 4.4).
(d) Clearances (see Clause 4.5).
4.2 CRANE STANDING
4.2.1 General The analysis of the forces imposed by a crane on the crane standing is a
vitally important factor. The crane standing shall conform to the crane manufacturers
recommendations and shall be of sufficient strength to withstand both the in-service
conditions and the out-of-service conditions.
Where a crane is to be supported on, or tied to, a permanent or temporary structure, the
design of the structure shall be checked to confirm that it is capable of withstanding the
forces likely to be imposed by the crane. In the assessment of the surface-bearing
capacity, seasonal variations shall be considered.
NOTE: Guidance on outrigger safe-bearing capacity on soils is given in Appendix A.
4.2.2 Wind force The wind forces on cranes may have a considerable influence on the
stability and strength requirements of the supports and foundations. Therefore, care is
necessary in the installation of holding-down devices, rail clamps, temporary connections
and anchorages.
Where there is a likelihood of the maximum wind speed specified by the manufacturer
being exceeded, the managements operating instructions shall include positive directions
to ensure that the crane is stowed in a safe position, and not operated during the period
when the wind speed exceeds the manufacturers specifications.
4.2.3 In-service conditions During in-service conditions, the loads imposed on the
crane standing are usually due to the combined effects of the following:
(a) Mass of the crane including the counterweight.
(b) Mass of the load and attachments.
(c) Dynamic forces caused by the crane and load movements during operation.
(d) Wind forces, resulting from operation in wind speed up to the maximum permitted
for in-service conditions, acting in any direction on the crane and load.
4.2.4 Out-of-service conditions When the crane is in an out-of-service condition, the
loads expected to be imposed on the crane standing are usually due to the combined
effects of the following:
(a) Mass of the crane including the counterweight.
(b) Wind forces, acting in any direction on the crane, due to the maximum wind speeds
expected on the particular site.
4.2.5 Underground services Where a check reveals the existence of underground
services, adequate precautions shall be taken to ensure the stability of the crane.
4.2.6 Stability on crane standing Where a crane is required to work in the vicinity of
an excavation or an embankment, particular care and appropriate precautions shall be
taken. The mass of the crane and the load may affect the excavation or the embankment,
and a slip may occur causing the crane to tip.
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AS 2550.1 1993 10
4.3 PROXIMITY HAZARDS AND VISIBILITY
4.3.1 Proximity hazards Consideration shall be given to the presence of proximity
hazards such as
(a) overhead power lines;
(b) nearby built structures or other cranes; and
(c) public access areas including roadways, railways, rivers and aircraft flight paths.
In some situations, aircraft warning lights are required to be fitted to the top of cranes and
the jib and the boom sections are required to be painted specific colours. The
recommended colours for maximum visibility are alternating bands of international orange
and white.
4.3.2 Visibility The crane should be sited in such a way that the crane driver always
has optimum visibility.
4.4 ENVIRONMENTAL RESTRICTIONS Precautions should be taken against the
effects of noise and exhaust gases emitted by cranes sited in a building or other enclosed
space, as well as other environmental factors.
4.4.1 Noise
4.4.1.1 Noise management The National Standard and National Code of Practice for
Noise Management and Protection of Hearing at Work provides a framework for
management of noise in the workplace. This document should be referred to when
planning a noise management strategy in a workplace.
In addition to the general principles of hazard control, the recognition and understanding
of the effects of noise are an important part of strategy for noise control. This becomes
more important when personal protective measures are required.
4.4.1.2 Noise exposure criteria The maximum allowable exposure to noise in the
workplace is the level specified in the National Occupational Health and Safety
Commission, National Standard and National Code of Practice for Noise Management and
Protection of Hearing at Work, or other requirements of the regulatory authority.
4.4.1.3 Noise control A comprehensive program should be developed to plan and
implement the actions to be taken in noise control. The hierarchy of noise control should
consider
(a) the elimination or reduction of noise at source;
(b) the control of noise transmission from source;
(c) job redesigning to minimize employee numbers and duration of exposure; and
(d) personal hearing protection.
4.4.2 Noxious fumes Regulations restrict both the road and site use of cranes which
produce excessive exhaust fumes or other pollutants.
4.5 CLEARANCES When setting up a crane, the clearance for persons between
moving parts of the crane and fixed structures or other natural or built objects shall be as
follows:
(a) Clear width . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . not less than 500 mm.
(b) Vertical clearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . not less than 2000 mm.
Where these clearances cannot be maintained, then suitable provisions shall be made to
exclude persons from any potential trapping spaces.
Clearance between two or more cranes working within a site, or sharing the same air
space shall be included in a procedure to ensure contact between parts of the cranes does
not occur. Agreement shall be reached on adjoining sites.
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11 AS 2550.1 1993
S E C T I O N 5 P E R S O N N E L
5.1 MANAGEMENT Managements responsibilities concerning each crane, shall be
clearly understood and written down as a policy statement, which shall be readily
available. The policy shall enhance the effectiveness of the managements efforts to
prevent accidents.
Managements responsibilities shall cover the following matters:
(a) The planning, selection and control of each crane.
(b) Ensuring that sufficient qualified and trained personnel and suitable equipment are
available for the operation.
(c) The transport and setting up of the crane.
(d) The operation of cranes by competent and trained personnel.
(e) The supply and maintenance of the crane logbook.
(f) The proper maintenance of the crane and associated equipment, incorporating the
use of the logbook as necessary.
(g) The preparation and maintenance of instructions for the assembly, operation,
maintenance and inspection of the crane (see Clause 7.1).
(h) Ensuring each crane to be used has been designed and installed in accordance with
relevant Standards and complies with the requirement of the regulatory authority.
(i) After those years of service covering the design life of the crane or where this is
unknown, 25 years for the structure and 10 years for the mechanical components,
the installation should be examined and assessed by a competent person to ensure
that the installation or plant is suitable for continued safe operation.
When assessing the suitability of the crane for future use, consideration should be
given to
(i) the use of the manufacturers expertise and recommendations*;
(ii) initial design and theoretical life;
(iii) actual past usage of the crane;
(iv) the condition of the crane; and
(v) anticipated future use.
(j) Where a crane is upgraded, the complete installation or plant shall conform to the
requirements of the relevant current Australian Standards.
(k) Where a fixed position crane (rail-mounted or structure-mounted) is changed in
location, recognition should be given to the regulatory authoritys possible
requirement to upgrade the installation to the requirements of the most recent
Australian Standards.
(l) The crane operator and the person charged with the supervision of the cranage
operation shall each be not less than 18 years of age.
(m) The selection and use of personal protective equipment.
* In all cases of complex mechanical assemblies, for example, gearboxes, the examination should be carried
out by the manufacturer wherever practicable.
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AS 2550.1 1993 12
5.2 CRANE OPERATORS
5.2.1 Qualifications The qualifications of crane operators shall conform to the
requirements of the applicable regulatory authority.
5.2.2 Authorization Each crane operator shall be in possession of a certificate of
competency where applicable, and be authorized by a responsible representative of the
crane user or hiring contractor to operate the particular crane.
5.2.3 Physical and mental fitness of crane operator The crane operator shall not
operate a crane unless he or she is physically and mentally capable. In the event of a
crane operator becoming unwell when in control of a crane, the operator shall render the
crane out-of-service and report the matter to the supervisor. When the operator is in the
control cabin of a crane and is too incapacitated to descend safely from the crane, the
operator should indicate his or her condition and wait in the crane cabin for help to arrive.
5.3 CRANE CHASERS AND DOGMEN
5.3.1 Qualifications The qualifications of the crane chasers and the dogmen shall
comply with the requirements for certification of the applicable regulatory authority.
5.3.2 Authorization Each crane chaser and dogman shall be in possession of an
appropriate certificate of competency and be authorized by a responsible representative of
the crane user or hiring contractor to work with the particular crane.
5.3.3 Identification The person directing the crane movement (crane chasers and
dogmen) should be readily identifiable to the crane operator.
5.4 ALCOHOL AND DRUG USAGE Persons working with cranes shall avoid the use
of alcohol and drugs which may have a detrimental effect on their performance.
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S E C T I O N 6 E R E C T I O N A N D D I S M A N T L I N G
6.1 IDENTIFICATION OF CRANE COMPONENTS Where necessary, components
of cranes subject to frequent erection and dismantling shall be clearly marked to prevent
incorrect site assembly. Any component with a mass greater than 250 kg should be
marked with its mass.
The materials of construction of the major components and special fasteners involved in
site assembly shall be recorded. Where practicable, this information should be marked on
the components.
6.2 INSTRUCTIONS (see Clause 7.1.) Managements instructions shall be strictly
followed. Any departure from the specified procedures may impose excessive loading on
structural and mechanical parts. Adherence to the following is required:
(a) Managements instruction book shall be available to the erection staff.
(b) The erection or dismantling operation shall be supervised by a competent person.
(c) The erection staff shall be familiar with the prescribed procedures.
(d) The prescribed procedures for the assembly of components shall be followed in the
correct sequence, using the correct equipment and tools.
(e) Only parts and components meeting the manufacturers performance and strength
requirements shall be used.
(f) It is recommended that jib or boom jointing pins be assembled so that they can be
removed by a person standing on the outside of the jib or boom. Jibs and booms
may collapse if incorrectly assembled.
6.3 ELECTRICAL SUPPLY Installation of the electrical supply shall be in
accordance with AS 3000 and the appropriate Part, Sections and Clauses of AS 1418.
6.4 CORRECT FUNCTION OF SAFETY DEVICES During erection and
dismantling operations, it is sometimes necessary to disconnect or bypass load moment
systems, overload cutouts or motion limit switches. Before the crane is put into service,
the person supervising erection of the crane shall ensure that all safety devices are
functioning correctly.
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AS 2550.1 1993 14
S E C T I O N 7 O P E R A T I O N
7.1 OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS The employers operating instructions for each
crane shall incorporate the manufacturers latest recommendations and be clearly
identified to the crane by reference to the manufacturers serial number, or the owners
plant number, or by a clear description which identifies the crane. Where the
manufacturers operating instructions are not available, then suitable operating instructions
shall be compiled by a competent person. The operating instructions manual shall be
readily available to the operator.
7.2 PRE-OPERATION CHECKS Before commencing operations, the crane operator
or other authorized person shall carry out routine checks in accordance with the operating
instructions which shall be sufficient to ensure the safe operation of the crane.
NOTE: A typical check list is given in Appendix B.
Before placing a crane in service, the crane operator shall review the logbook and be
satisfied about
(a) the absence of all unauthorized personnel on the crane, e.g. maintenance personnel;
(b) the safe working condition of the crane;
(c) the safe operation of each motion of the crane; and
(d) the satisfactory condition and inflation of tyres, where applicable.
Where any adjustments or alterations are necessary to ensure the safe operation and
functional operation of the crane, these shall be carried out by authorized personnel.
7.3 COMMUNICATION OF IRREGULARITIES When going off duty an operator
shall communicate and enter into the logbook all pertinent details of the cranes
performance, particularly any irregularities concerning the operation of the crane and of
all incidences concerning the safe operation of the crane in any way whatsoever.
7.4 LEAVING THE CRANE UNATTENDED A crane shall not be left unattended,
even for short periods, unless the following actions have been taken:
(a) All loads have been removed from the hook.
(b) The hook shall be raised to a position where it is safely clear of other operations, or
hooked back or otherwise secured.
(c) Where applicable, the electric power supply shall be switched off.
(d) Appropriate motion brakes and locks have been applied to put the crane in a safe
condition.
(e) For longer periods and for out-of-service conditions, isolation shall be made more
permanent by taking both the actions noted above and the following actions:
(i) Cranes shall be positioned at their assigned parking stations and stowed in
their specific out-of-service configuration.
(ii) Power supply shall be locked off.
(iii) Storm anchors shall be engaged where applicable.
(iv) Fuel supplies shall be turned off and the engine stopped where applicable.
(v) All doors and windows giving access to machinery or control cabins shall be
locked to prevent unauthorized access.
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(vi) Remote control equipment shall be isolated with locking key removed where
applicable.
Means shall be provided and used to prevent unauthorized operation of the crane during
the crane operators absence. For details of methods to safeguard particular types of
cranes, reference should be made to the operating instructions.
7.5 ABNORMAL NOISE OR MOVEMENT When any abnormal noise or movement
occurs during crane operation, the crane shall be taken out-of-service, and the incident
entered into the logbook and reported to management.
7.6 HOUSEKEEPING Each crane shall be kept as clean as is practicable. Loose
objects shall not be left on moving parts of the crane. Grease and oil spills, debris and
other materials which may cause a hazard shall be removed from the crane and associated
walkways, stairways, platforms, ladders, working areas and access areas.
Hazardous substances, e.g. fuel, shall be stored safely.
NOTE: There are regulations pertaining to the safe storage of hazardous substances.
Tools or other loose objects shall be stowed in receptacles specially provided for the
purpose, or otherwise securely stowed.
7.7 ACCESS ONTO A CRANE Access to a crane shall be by the means provided,
such as the crane operator access, the inspection access and the maintenance access.
Access onto a crane shall be made only when the crane is stationary.
Where the crane is under the control of a crane operator, the crane operator shall be
notified before any person gains access onto the crane.
7.8 PERSONS APPROACHING THE PROXIMITY OF A CRANE No personnel
shall be allowed to approach a crane when it is operating or travelling as there is a danger
that they may be struck by the crane or load, or trapped between fixed and moving parts
of the crane, e.g. between the slewing superstructure and the non-rotating structure of the
crane.
Barricades or guarding shall be provided where practicable.
7.9 CRANE OPERATION
7.9.1 General When operating a crane, the crane operator shall
(a) not exceed the rated working load of the crane except for the express purpose of a
test of the crane under the supervision of a competent person;
(b) be familiar with the location and operation of the main isolating switch;
(c) be familiar with the location and operation of the fire-fighting equipment;
(d) avoid sudden stops, jerks or other movements which may cause the load to swing
unduly;
(e) not move the hook or load when the hook or load is out of sight except where
directed to do so by an authorized person such as a dogman, crane chaser or rigger;
(f) ensure that the hook or load is sufficiently raised to avoid collision with any object
during horizontal movement;
(g) not hoist off vertical;
(h) avoid moving the load, lifting attachment or other object horizontally other than
when the load is freely suspended from the crane;
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AS 2550.1 1993 16
(i) when engaging the crane or part of the crane with end stops, do so with minimal
impact;
(j) follow the signals or directions given by the authorized person unless a dangerous
situation would be created by so doing in which case no movement shall be
undertaken;
(k) when loads have to be handled in the vicinity of persons, be alert to the possibility
of persons being trapped and injured by the movement of the crane or load and
exercise due caution. Where the person controlling the load or others may be
trapped, do not move the crane or load unless their safety is assured.
(l) avoid developing slack rope when landing a load; and
(m) position bridge and gantry cranes at their normal parking position when
out-of-service.
When a crane is under pedestrian control (i.e. using pendant controls, radio controls or
infrared controls) the operator shall maintain a sufficiently close relationship with the load
to ensure good visibility and that safe handling takes place. A clear and defined pathway
for the operator is critical. When using radio controls, management should make provision
for the security of the transmitter when not in use.
7.9.2 Hoisting of loads The crane shall not be required to handle any load greater than
the safe working load applicable to the configuration of crane and manner of loading or
any load which may create an unsafe situation.
The crane shall not be used for any purpose other than direct hoisting and moving the
load unless it is specifically designed for that purpose.
The crane operator shall raise the load a short distance and test the hoisting brake system
before continuing to raise the load in the following situations:
(a) For the first load of each working shift.
(b) For the first load of each working shift which is greater than 50 percent of the rated
capacity or the maximum line pull.
7.9.3 Multiple hoist line operation Where the load is suspended from more than one
hoist line, the load shall be handled in such a way that
(a) the rated load for each line is not exceeded;
(b) the sum of the load moments does not exceed the rated load moment for the crane;
and
(c) the sum of the load does not exceed the rated load of the crane.
7.9.4 Balancing the load Where it is difficult to estimate the position of the centre of
gravity of the load, it is recommended that the load be hoisted just clear of the ground
and stopped so that its balance can be checked and lowered for adjustment.
7.9.5 Use of motion limits The crane operator shall avoid unnecessary operation of
motion limits unless such usage is to a functional limit where a final limit is fitted.
7.9.6 Interruption of electric power supply In the event of interruption to the electric
power supply for the crane while the crane is in operation, the crane operator shall, as far
as is practicable, render the crane out-of-service until power has been restored (see
Clause 7.3).
If the crane is handling a load when the power supply is interrupted and the load is in a
position likely to cause a hazard, the load should be lowered manually to the surface or
floor level, where practicable and safe to do so.
7.9.7 Crane operation in the vicinity of airfields Before operating high cranes in the
vicinity of airfields, the management/operator shall ensure that the specific local
requirements for such operation are complied with.
7.10 CONTROL OF LOAD The crane chaser or the dogman shall direct the crane
operator from the time the crane load is hoisted until it is placed in position. The crane
chaser and dogman shall ensure that the crane load clears all obstructions and, where
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necessary, shall guide the load by hand or by means of a tagline (see Clause 7.11). Where
the load has to be manually handled, care should be taken to ensure the crane chaser or
dogman is not in a position of danger. This would generally mean that the load should be
pushed not pulled.
Where a load is being controlled by more than one crane chaser or dogman, only one of
them shall take responsibility for the lift and issue instructions to the crane driver and to
the other crane chasers or dogmen.
Before signalling the crane operator to raise a load, the crane chaser or dogman shall
ensure that
(a) the hoisting means is correctly applied to the load and to the crane hook;
(b) no part of the load is loose;
(c) the load is free from restraint and when hoisted will not foul any object;
(d) when hoisted, the load will not constitute a hazard to any personnel; and
(e) the position where the load is to be placed, is ready to receive the load.
7.11 TAG LINES When used, tag lines shall be of non-conductive material. Tag lines
shall be maintained clean and dry and shall be fully assessed for deterioration of strength
before use.
7.12 COMMUNICATION
7.12.1 Methods of signalling A reliable and efficient method of communication shall
be established between the crane operator and the dogman and the crane chasers.
7.12.2 Hand signals Hand signals shall be as shown in Figure 7.1. Only one hand shall
be used for signals. When signalling the movement of two hoisting motions, it shall be
arranged with the crane driver that one raised finger indicates one particular hoisting
motion and two raised fingers the other.
7.12.3 Bell, buzzer and whistle signals Bell, buzzer and whistle signals shall be as
shown in Figure 7.1. The bell or buzzer shall be located in a position where it can be
readily heard by the crane operator while at the control position.
If two or more cranes are operating in close proximity, the tones of each bell, buzzer or
whistle employed for the cranes shall be clearly distinguishable.
7.13 HANDLING LOADS OVER PUBLIC ACCESS AREAS AND ADJACENT
BUILDINGS The handling of loads over highways, railways, rivers, adjacent buildings
or other places to which the public have access shall be avoided. If this is not practicable,
permission shall be obtained from the appropriate authority and the area kept clear of
traffic and persons, or suitable overhead protection shall be provided during the operation.
7.14 LOADS SUPPORTED BY MAGNETIC, VACUUM AND FRICTION LIFTING
ATTACHMENTS If loads are supported by magnetic, vacuum or friction lifting
attachments, personnel shall be excluded from all areas that may be affected by a falling
load.
7.15 RIDING ON THE CRANE When a crane is operating or travelling, all personnel
on the crane shall be safely accommodated.
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AS 2550.1 1993 18
MOTION HAND SIGNAL WHISTLE,
BELL OR
BUZZER
SIGNAL
MOTION HAND SIGNAL WHISTLE,
BELL OR
BUZZER
SIGNAL
Hoisting
raise
2 short

Hoisting
lower
1 long

Luffing
boom up
3 short

Luffing
boom down
4 short

Slewing
right
1 long,
2 short
Slewing
left
1 long,
1 short

Jib-trolley out:
telescoping
boom extend
1 long,
3 short
Jib-trolley in;
telescoping
boom retract
1 long,
4 short

Travel
and
traverse
Not
applicable STOP
1 short

CREEP SPEED: APPROPRIATE HAND SIGNAL FOR MOTION WITH HAND OPENING AND CLOSING
FIGURE 7.1 SIGNALS
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7.16 SUSPENSION OF PERSONS BY CRANE
7.16.1 General A person shall not ride upon the hook or the sling of a crane or upon
any load while the load is being moved. A person suspended from a crane shall be
accommodated in a workbox designed for the purpose.
The use of the workbox shall be limited to those situations where it is necessary to elevate
personnel to perform special tasks of short duration and where it is not practicable to use
scaffold or a specially designed device.
7.16.2 Requirements for the workbox The workbox shall
(a) be a unit specifically designed as a workbox;
(b) be marked on one side in a prominent position with
(i) the tare weight of the workbox,
(ii) the maximum number of occupants,
(iii) the maximum mass which can be carried, in kilograms, and
(iv) an identification reference;
(c) contain not more than three persons, one of whom shall be a person competent in
crane signals;
(d) be in a safe working condition;
(e) slings shall be permanently attached to the workbox by locked shackles or other
similar means;
(f) have provisions for safety harness lanyards to be attached;
(g) be painted in high visibility colours;
(h) where an access door is fitted, it shall only open inwards and be provided with
means to secure the door; and
(i) only be used to lift persons and their equipment.
NOTE: Where regulatory authorities have specific requirements for the construction and use of
workboxes, these shall be adhered to.
7.16.3 Requirements for the crane used with a workbox A crane used with a
workbox shall
(a) be fitted with a safety hook;
(b) be equipped with controls that return to the neutral position when released and this
action causes the motion to stop;
(c) be equipped with power lowering;
(d) be equipped with a positive lockout control so that inadvertent disengagement of the
lockout is not possible, thus preventing free fall of the workbox;
(e) be fitted with an up-limit switch on the hoist motion; and
(f) be fitted with a down limit switch, if the workbox is to be lowered below the crane
supporting surface.
7.16.4 Operation of the crane with suspended personnel When personnel are
suspended from a crane, the crane operator shall
(a) ensure that the workbox and lifting attachments have been inspected by a competent
person prior to use, and that the logbook has been checked;
(b) remain at the controls of the crane;
(c) ensure that all movements of the crane are carried out under power;
(d) ensure that at the maximum radius of the task to be performed, the crane has a
minimum safe working load of 1000 kg;
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AS 2550.1 1993 20
(e) ensure that, when the jib or boom of the crane is at its maximum radius for the task to
be performed, the safe working load for the crane in this condition, when divided by 2,
is equal to or greater than the total load of the workbox and its contents;
(f) ensure that the workbox shall only be used to lift persons and their equipment;
(g) have effective means of communication with any person in the workbox; and
(h) ensure that mobile cranes do not travel while people are in the workbox.
(i) ensure that movements of the workbox are at slow speeds with minimum acceleration
and deceleration.
(j) workboxes should not be used in winds in excess of 7 m/s (25 km/h), electrical storms,
snow, ice, sleet or other adverse weather conditions which could affect the safety of
personnel.
It is recommended that flammable liquids, oxygen and acetylene cylinders and the like, be
correctly secured and housed in a compartment separate to the workbox and that only
minimum quantities, sufficient to carry out the work, are carried together with a suitable fire
extinguisher.
Personnel suspended from a crane shall wear a general purpose safety harness complying with
AS 1891, with the safety line attached to the safety harness anchorage points.
Personnel shall not enter or leave the workbox when elevated except, in an emergency, unless
each of the following conditions are met:
(i) Risk analysis shows that this alternative means of access is safer than all other alternative
means.
(ii) The structural adequacy of the landing area has been established and the landing area is
clear.
(iii) Where the landing is at the edge of a structure, the maximum gap between the workbox
and landing shall not exceed 100 mm, the workbox shall be secured to a suitable point on
the landing and access and egress shall not take place unless a safety harness is properly
worn and attached to a suitable anchorage on the structure.
7.17 OPERATION NEAR AERIAL CONDUCTORS (OVERHEAD POWER LINES)
7.17.1 Precautions When operating a crane in close proximity to aerial conductors, the
following precautions shall be observed by the operator and other persons working with the
crane:
(a) When operating in an unfamiliar area, check for the presence of aerial conductors.
(b) Consider all such conductors to be live unless it is positively known that they have been
de-energized and isolated. Documentary evidence of the continuing isolation of the power
supply shall be obtained before approaching conductors.
(c) The load and crane shall not approach any closer than the following:
(i) For distribution lines on poles . . . . . . . . 2 m as shown in Figure 7.2(a).
(ii) For transmission lines on towers . . . . . . 6 m unless designated otherwise by
the electricity supply authority (see Figure 7.2(b).
(iii) Where power lines are dedicated to the use of public transport authorities, e.g.
tramways and railways; as for Figure 7.2(a).
High visibility insulating materials may allow a reduced approach distance.
(d) Notify the power supply authority and obtain special procedures from that authority
when it is necessary to operate within the distances shown in Figure 7.2.
(e) Where necessary, provide ground barriers to warn operators. The recommended distance
of the barriers from the line of conductors shall be as shown in Figure 7.2(a) and (b).
Consider the effects of wind and temperature on conductor movement, especially near
the centre of large spans.
(f) Use non-conducting taglines when these are required.
(g) Do not allow any person, other than the crane operator, to be in contact with any part of
the crane or the load, except with a non-conducting tagline, once the lift has commenced.
(h) Ensure appropriate earthing systems are fitted and in contact with the ground.
(i) High visibility bunting may be applied to the conductors as an indication of location of
the conductors.
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DIMENSIONS IN METRES
FIGURE 7.2 CLEARANCES FROM LIVE AERIAL CONDUCTORS
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AS 2550.1 1993 22
7.17.2 Aerial conductor contact If the crane or load contacts aerial conductors, the
relevant electricity supply authority shall be immediately notified of the situation and, until
assistance is received, a responsible person shall remain near the crane to warn of the danger of
electrocution.
In such an event and where practicable, the crane operator should act as follows:
(a) Remain inside the cabin or on the crane.
(b) Warn all other personnel to keep away from the crane and not to touch any part of the
crane, rope or load.
(c) Without anyone approaching the crane, operate the crane in such a manner to break
contact, where possible.
(d) When unable to move or disentangle the crane from the aerial conductors, remain inside
the cabin or on the crane and take no further action until it is confirmed that conditions
are safe.
(e) When it is essential to leave the cabin or crane because of fire or some other reason
then, to avoid being electrocuted, jump clear as far away from the crane as possible and
avoid touching the crane and the ground at the same time. When moving away from the
crane, the crane operator should shuffle or hop slowly across the affected area to avoid a
simultaneous contact with areas of high potential difference (see Figure 7.3).
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23 AS 2550.1 1993
Where the crane driver is immobilized, the power shall be isolated before assistance is given.
When a crane has been in contact with a live aerial conductor, a check shall be made by a
competent person for any damage to the hoisting rope and other crane components. Any
actions recommended by the competent person shall be completed before the crane is returned
to service.
NOTE: Regulatory authorities may require advice of any power line contact.
7.18 OPERATION NEAR UNDERGROUND LIVE CONDUCTORS When operating a
crane in close proximity to live buried power lines, the same precautions as given in
Clause 7.17 shall be observed as appropriate.
7.19 MULTIPLE CRANE OPERATION
7.19.1 General Hoisting a load with two or more cranes requires greater attention to
planning and supervision than hoisting with one crane, because the effects of the relative
motion between the cranes may induce additional loadings on the cranes, the load and the
lifting gear. Because of this and the difficulty in monitoring these additional loads, multiple
crane hoisting shall be used only when the physical dimensions, characteristics, mass or
required movement of the load prevent the operation from being carried out by a single crane.
Multiple crane hoisting shall be planned with extreme care and shall include an accurate
assessment of the proportion of the load to be carried by each crane. It is essential that
planning shall ensure that the hoist ropes remain vertical.
During multiple crane hoisting operations, only one motion should be undertaken at any time,
and movements should be planned so that luffing-up is used in preference to luffing-down.
7.19.2 Capacity requirements For multiple crane hoisting operations using two or more
cranes, the following minimum capacity requirements for each crane shall apply:
(a) For two cranes . . . . . . . . 20 percent greater than the calculated share of the load.
(b) For three cranes . . . . . . . . 33 percent greater than the calculated share of the load.
(c) For four or more cranes . . . 50 percent greater than the calculated share of the load.
7.19.3 Planning for multiple crane hoisting
7.19.3.1 Mass of load The total mass of the load and its distribution shall be either known
or calculated. If the information is taken from a technical drawing, allowance should be made
for manufacturing tolerances.
7.19.3.2 Centre of gravity The position of the centre of gravity shall be assessed carefully
and allowances made for each uncertainty.
7.19.3.3 Mass of lifting gear The mass of the lifting gear shall be part of the calculated load
on the cranes and its mass distribution shall be accurately known.
7.19.3.4 Synchronization of the crane motions The crane motions should be synchronized;
therefore, cranes of equal capacity and similar characteristics should be used whenever
possible. In practice, there will always be some variation due to differences in response to the
activation of the motion controller and the setting and efficiency of the braking system.
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AS 2550.1 1993 24
The safe working load of a crane is calculated on the assumption that the load will be
raised and lowered in a vertical plane. The crane structure will have been designed to
withstand any lateral loads imposed by accelerations in the various crane motions, but it is
unsafe to rely on this lateral strength to withstand horizontal components of non-vertical
lifts. Since it is unlikely that the motions of the two cranes will be accurately
synchronized, particularly if the cranes have dissimilar characteristics, the operation shall
be performed at slow speeds with extreme care being exercised to maintain the hoist ropes
as close to vertical as possible.
7.19.3.5 Pick and carry In pick and carry operations the axis of both or all cranes shall
be kept aligned in the same direction. The possibility is that once out of alignment, the
movement of one crane may push or pull either the other crane or cranes and cause loss
of stability.
Figures 7.4(a) and 7.4(b) provide examples of stable pick and carry operations.
Figure 7.4(c) is an example of unstable pick and carry operation where the movement of
either crane, acting through the load, can adversely affect the stability of the other crane.
7.19.3.6 Instrumentation Instruments are available to monitor constantly the angle of
the load, and the verticality and force in each hoist rope throughout the lifting operation.
Their use is recommended.
7.19.3.7 Wind As multiple crane hoisting is sensitive to weather conditions,
particularly wind speed, an adequate assessment of the prevailing conditions should be
made before commencement of a multiple hoisting operation.
7.19.4 Supervision One competent person who shall not be one of the crane operators,
shall be in attendance and in overall control of the multiple crane operation. Only this
person shall give instructions to the crane operators except in an emergency, when a stop
signal may be given by any person observing a situation leading to danger. If all
necessary locations cannot be observed from one position, additional competent personnel
should be located at suitable positions to observe and report to the person in charge of the
operation.
7.19.5 Communications Effective means of communications shall be provided and
maintained for the duration of the lifting operations.
7.20 SPECIAL DUTIES
7.20.1 General The crane manufacturer shall be consulted for the use of the crane for
all special duties, such as grabbing, pile driving, magnet lifting and demolition. Where the
crane manufacturers recommendations are not available then the advice of a competent
person shall be obtained.
7.20.2 Grabbing and magnet crane service When cranes are used for grabbing or
magnet crane service, allowance shall be made for the following, where applicable:
(a) Mass of the grab.
(b) Mass of the magnet.
(c) Mass of other attachments.
(d) Mass of the load.
(e) Loads resulting from fast slewing.
(f) Grab or suction effects.
(g) Impact loads.
For these operations, consideration shall be given to the tear-off/break-out forces.
7.20.3 Swinging-ball demolition service The use of a swinging ball for demolition
should be restricted to cranes designed for arduous duty, such as convertible dragline
excavators.
A crane which has been used for swinging-ball demolition shall not be used for general
lifting until it has been thoroughly inspected by a competent person and found to be in a
satisfactory condition.
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25 AS 2550.1 1993
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AS 2550.1 1993 26
Dynamic loadings are imposed on the boom or jib structure and other parts of the crane
by the movement and the impact of the ball.
When a crane is used for demolition duties, the cabin shall be fitted with a falling object
protective structure against falling objects.
7.20.4 Lifting products of demolition Lifting products of demolition may be
hazardous because the loads may be greater than assessed or may impose excessive
dynamic loads on the crane. Cranes used for this purpose shall have a capacity not less
than 1.5 times the assessed load.
7.20.5 Piling service Piling service necessitates the use of special equipment. It is
essential to ensure that the additional mass of the piling equipment and the loads arising
during operation do not overload the crane, boom or jib structure or adversely affect the
stability of the crane.
Particular attention should be given to the crane standing during operation to avoid
differential settlement of crawler tracks or crane supports, which may adversely affect the
stability of the crane.
Particular care should be given to the examination of ropes on sheaves and on drums, rope
terminal fittings and rope anchorages during the following operations:
(a) Pile driving When a pile is being pitched in position for driving, side loading on
the boom and side dragging of piles should be avoided.
If a drop hammer is used, the following should be avoided:
(i) Premature catching of the falling hammer.
(ii) Snatching the hammer following over-running of the rope on the hoisting
drum after the hammer has struck.
Before working below the drop hammer, the hammer shall be lowered onto the
positively-locked safety system and the crane hoist mechanism shall be locked out.
NOTE: Where a drop hammer is used on a crane mounted on a barge or other floating plant,
the release of the hammer produces a reaction on the vessel which should be taken into
account when considering the stability of the combined unit.
(b) Pile extraction For pile extraction, an extractor, which is usually a reciprocating or
vibratory type (and may be used either for driving or extraction of piles), strikes the
pile upwards and breaks its adhesion. The actual force used to withdraw the pile is
provided by the crane hoist rope from which the extractor is suspended. Extraction
shall be effected by a smooth haul on the hoist rope. Under no circumstances shall
the hoist rope be jerked or the crane tipped to achieve faster results.
In assessing the required capacity of a crane for pile extraction duty, the following
shall be considered:
(i) Mass of the extractor.
(ii) Mass of the pile.
(iii) Adhesion and frictional forces occurring between the ground and the pile.
For sheet pile extraction, a further allowance is necessary for the friction between the pile
being extracted and the adjacent pile remaining in the ground.
7.20.6 Inspection After a crane has been used in the above modes (Clauses 7.20.1 to
7.20.4) it shall be subjected to a complete and meticulous inspection before being returned
to lifting duties.
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27 AS 2550.1 1993
7.20.7 Recreational use Cranes shall not be used for recreational purposes. (Some
regulatory authorities may vary this requirement.)
7.21 WEATHER CONDITIONS
7.21.1 Wind conditions Gusting or strong wind conditions have an adverse effect on
crane stability. Handling of loads with large wind-catching surfaces may result in loss of
control of the load or overturning of the crane despite the mass of the load being within
the safe working load of the crane. Even in relatively light wind conditions, the handling
of loads presenting large windage surfaces should be avoided.
It is advisable that an anemometer be available at the working site, and that for tower
cranes the anemometer be mounted at the highest point of the crane structure.
Where wind speeds exceed the manufacturers operating recommendations, cranes shall be
placed out-of-service.
7.21.2 Visibility conditions Where adverse weather conditions such as snow, fog and
dust, have an adverse effect on visibility or the communication system, the crane shall be
placed out-of-service until conditions improve to such an extent that a dangerous situation
no longer exists.
7.21.3 Wet conditions Brake or clutch units and electrical equipment on all cranes
shall be protected against the ingress of water or other adverse weather conditions which
may affect their efficiency. Following shutdown periods and before the start of hoisting
operations, all friction brakes and clutches shall be carefully tested.
7.21.4 Lightning Outdoor cranes should not be operated during a storm when lightning
strikes could reasonably be expected.
7.22 ACCIDENT OR DAMAGE When the crane is involved in any accident or the
crane or equipment sustains damage or failure, the crane operator shall report such
occurrences to management.
The crane or equipment shall then be inspected and repaired as required and declared as
satisfactory by a competent person before it is returned to service.
NOTE: Specific legislation may require notification of the accident or damage to the regulatory
authority.
7.23 MODIFICATIONS TO CRANES Modifications to any part of a crane, including
the addition of display signs, shall not be undertaken without the approval of the
manufacturer or management after an engineering assessment.
7.24 NECESSARY EQUIPMENT A fire extinguisher appropriate to the hazards
involved should be provided for every crane as required.
7.25 GUARDING All guarding shall be fitted and maintained as required to comply
with AS 4024.1.
7.26 LOAD RATING CHARTS Load rating charts applicable to the various specified
operating configurations of the crane shall be readily accessible to the operator at all
times.
7.27 LOAD TESTING Load testing may be dangerous. Load testing is designed to
prove a cranes load carrying capacity and it shall be borne in mind that the crane may
not withstand the loading. It is necessary to ensure that all personnel, not essential to the
test, are kept away from the area. Test personnel should be positioned so that they are
unlikely to be injured should there be a mishap. The test area should be roped off and
notices posted prohibiting unauthorized entry.
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AS 2550.1 1993 28
S E C T I O N 8 M A I N T E N A N C E , I N S P E C T I O N
A N D R E P A I R
8.1 GENERAL Managements instructions for routine maintenance and inspection of
the crane shall be readily available. The instructions shall include the manufacturers
recommendations for routine maintenance and inspection, and shall give specifications for
consumable items such as ropes, lubricating oils, and hydraulic fluids.
A logbook (record) shall be kept of all cranes and workboxes, giving all pertinent
information such as hours worked, adjustments, insulation checks, renewal of parts,
inspections and repairs, as detailed in Clause 8.3.3. Based on this record, a program of
planned maintenance and repair work should be introduced to contribute towards
trouble-free and safe operation. The logbook shall be readily availabe for the crane or
workbox.
NOTE: For guidance on safe work procedures, see Appendix C.
8.2 INSPECTION Each crane shall be inspected periodically in accordance with
managements instructions and with full consideration of the crane duties, to ensure that
(a) the parts of the crane subject to deterioration through corrosion, damage, wear,
abrasion and like effects are replaced before they become unserviceable; and
(b) the crane is maintained in a safe, serviceable condition.
8.2.1 Major inspection Managements instructions shall include directions for the
extent and frequency of major inspections.
The frequency of major inspections shall be in conformance with the manufacturers
recommendations, or Clause D2.4, whichever is more frequent.
A major inspection shall have the following meaning:
(a) A comprehensive and detailed examination by a competent person sufficient to
ensure that the crane is safe to use.
(b) As considered necessary by a competent person, visual examination shall be
supplemented by non-destructive examination to determine the condition of the
crane.
(c) As considered necessary by a competent person, parts of the crane shall be
dismantled to enable the condition of the crane to be determined.
(d) As considered necessary by a competent person, such measurements of crane
components shall be taken to enable the condition of the crane to be determined.
NOTES:
1 The frequency and extent of inspections shall be related to the severity of the operating
conditions of the crane.
2 Inspections shall be thoroughly conducted by a competent person authorized by
management. All such inspections shall be appropriate to both the current crane use and
future crane use.
3 The crane shall be maintained in a clean and accessible condition to enable inspections to be
made safely and efficiently.
4 Documentation shall be readily available stating that the crane has been inspected by a
competent person and is in a safe, serviceable condition.
Where experience has shown particular problems with a crane or hoist, then a specific
program shall be established to alleviate the problems.
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29 AS 2550.1 1993
8.3 MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR
8.3.1 General All maintenance and repair shall be carried out in accordance with the
managements instructions using suitable tools and any special equipment specified for the
purpose.
8.3.2 Worn or unserviceable parts Any part of a crane, or its ancillary or auxiliary
equipment, which becomes so worn or unserviceable as to constitute a hazard or impair
the operation of the crane or may constitute a hazard before the next periodic inspection,
shall be repaired or replaced. The repaired or new part shall comply with the
manufacturers recommendations or specifications and, where these are not available, to
the relevant requirements of the applicable part of AS 1418.
NOTES
1 In some States and Territories, repairs must comply with the requirements of the regulatory
authority.
2 A recommended servicing frequency for cranes is given in Appendix D.
8.3.3 Log maintenance Prior to leaving the crane, the operator or other person
responsible shall record in the logbook the crane checks, adjustments, renewal of parts,
repairs and inspections performed, the hours worked by the crane, duties performed by the
crane including maximum loading and all incidents and irregularities of loading,
operation, wear, damage and the like concerning the safe use of the crane. Each log entry
shall be signed by the responsible person making the entry and should contain details of
that persons identification and qualifications.
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AS 2550.1 1993 30
S E C T I O N 9 R O P E S , H O O K S
A N D A T T A C H M E N T S
9.1 ROPES
9.1.1 Replacement of ropes Only ropes of the correct size, type and construction
specified by the crane manufacturer or the rope manufacturer shall be used and these shall
be in accordance with AS 2759 or other appropriate internationally recognized Standard.
9.1.2 Rope reeving Where it is possible to vary the number of falls of the hoist rope
or parts of rope in the luffing system, it is important to ensure that these are in
accordance with the crane manufacturers recommendations for boom and jib lengths and
loads to be lifted. It should be noted that if a load moment system is fitted, the system
generally operates accurately only when its setting corresponds to the length of boom or
jib fitted and the type of rope reeving adopted.
Where a crane is fitted with a load sensing device, the device may require adjustment
after a change of reeving before the crane is placed in service.
9.1.3 Rope guards or keepers Rope guards or keepers where fitted to sheaves or
drums shall remain in their correct positions and be removed only for the purposes of
maintenance, inspection or adjustment. This is of particular importance if, under certain
circumstances, the rope system may develop a slack rope condition. Failure to observe
this may allow a rope to run off a sheave or drum and become trapped or damaged.
9.1.4 Guide rollers and sheaves Guide rollers or guide sheaves are sometimes fitted
on the boom or jib so that the rope does not rub against the structure. Where these are
fitted, it is essential that they be checked frequently to ensure that they are free to rotate.
A seized roller or sheave may cause serious damage to a rope, leading to its premature
failure. Boom or jib protective strips, where fitted, shall be frequently checked for
security and serviceability.
9.1.5 Rope drums and sheaves Rope drums and sheaves shall be examined at regular
intervals for wear.
Sheaves shall revolve freely on their supporting shafts and particular attention shall be
given to lubrication.
9.1.6 Rope terminal fittings Only rope terminal fittings as specified by the crane or
rope manufacturer shall be used to attach a rope to a drum, anchorage, hook block or
structure of the crane. Improvised fittings shall not be used.
Attention shall be given to the assembly of wedge and socket fittings, and such fittings
shall be provided with a rope tail clip (see AS 2076).
9.1.7 Rope lengths Ropes of the correct length shall be fitted. With variable boom or
jib lengths it may be necessary to fit a specific length of rope for a particular boom or jib
length and rope reeving combination. Too short a rope may result in the rope completely
paying out with all the load being taken by the anchorage. Too long a rope may exceed
the drum spooling capacity and result in the rope riding over the flanges and becoming
trapped in the machinery causing severe damage and possibly premature rope failure.
Before hoisting operations commence following installation of a new rope or a change of
configuration, the rope drums shall be checked in the extreme spooling conditions to
ensure that the rope lengths are correct.
9.1.8 Rope stretch Rope stretch may create problems with the setting of hoisting
limiting devices and the overfilling of the drum. Frequent inspections, particularly during
the early life of the installed rope, shall be carried out and the limiting devices adjusted or
the rope cut back to the appropriate length.
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9.1.9 Examination of ropes Ropes wear and are affected by climatic and
environmental conditions, e.g. saline, corrosive or abrasive atmospheres. A thorough
periodic examination by a competent person for wear, damage and corrosion is necessary
for the safety of rope systems.
Particular attention should be paid to tucked splices and those sections of rope close to
the terminal fittings. Ropes which are composed of more than one layer of strands, such
as non-rotating ropes, may deteriorate internally at the interface between the layers, and it
is therefore essential that the rope be carefully and competently examined. If multi-layer
drums are used, examination is necessary of not only that part of the rope which is in
constant use, but also of the rope which may remain spooled and inoperative on the drum
for long periods.
Boom and fly-jib suspension ropes are often placed at positions remote from the basic
crane structure. Such ropes shall be carefully examined, particularly those sections lying
round sheaves.
The criteria for inspection and discard shall be in accordance with AS 2759.
9.2 HOOKS AND HOOK BLOCKS The hook or hook block shall be capable of
handling the load. The hook shall not be loaded beyond its safe working load. To prevent
displacement of the sling or load, the hook should be provided with a safety catch or
other effective device to minimize, as far as is practicable, the risk of the sling or load
becoming detached.
The hook shall not be overcrowded. Where multiple slings are used, they should be
attached to a shackle which is then placed on the hook. This prevents the danger of the
hook being strained owing to the spread of the slings and also the danger of a sling
fouling the safety catch or slipping over the point of the hook. All end links, rings or
shackles shall ride freely on the hook.
When the crane is working with a single fall of rope and the load is set down, thus
relieving the tension in the hoist rope, the hook may spin. Personnel should always
exercise care in approaching the hook to disconnect the sling.
9.3 ATTACHMENTS
9.3.1 General Lifting attachments used with cranes, shall comply with AS 1418.1 or
any Standard listed in Appendix E, or any equivalent international or national Standard.
9.3.2 Identification and marking Each lifting attachment should be clearly and
permanently marked with its tare mass, the safe working load and an identification
reference.
9.3.3 Workboxes Design and construction of workboxes shall be in conformance with
the requirements of the applicable regulatory authority.
9.3.4 Inspection All lifting attachments shall be inspected regularly and the extent of
each inspection shall be consistent with the design and usage of the attachment.
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AS 2550.1 1993 32
APPENDIX A
SAFE BEARING PRESSURE FOR CRANE OUTRIGGERS
(Informative)
Soil description
Safe bearing pressure
for crane outriggers
kPa
tonnes (f )
per square
metre
tons (f ) per
square foot
Hard clay 700 70 6.5
Medium dense to dense gravel/coarse
sand
800 80 7.5
Loose medium and coarse sand/dense
fine sand
500 50 4.7
Stiff clay 350 35 3.3
Loose fine sand 400 40 3.7
Soft clay 80 8 0.7
Loose fill Not rated Not rated Not rated
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33 AS 2550.1 1993
APPENDIX B
ROUTINE CHECKS FOR CRANES
(Informative)
It is recommended that the following routine checks of the crane be carried out by the
operator or other authorized person, where applicable at frequencies to suit the
application:
(a) Check the oil levels, fuel level and lubrication.
(b) Check the ropes, rope terminal fittings and anchorages, rope drums and sheaves for
any damage and wear.
(c) Check the condition and inflation pressures of tyres.
(d) Check that all water is drained from air reservoirs.
(e) Check the crane for any loose or damaged structural component including supports
and outriggers where fitted. Loose joints may be readily noticed by flaking or
marking on the paint surface or by rust marks. Similarly, cracks may often be
detected by rust runs.
(f) Check the security of the counterweight. Where this is in the form of removable
weights, check that the weights correspond to those shown on the counterweight
chart for the operating condition in use.
(g) Check that the load moment system where fitted is correctly set or fitted (or both)
with the program appropriate to the boom or jib length, and fly-jib lengths and falls
or parts of rope.
(h) Check that the indicator appropriate to the boom, jib or fly-jib length is fitted.
(i) Check that the crane cabin is in a tidy condition and free from grease and oil, rags,
tools and materials other than those for which storage provision is made.
(j) Check the pneumatic systems and hydraulic systems including their safety devices.
(k) Check the operation of the crane through all motions with particular attention to
brakes.
(l) Check the operation of all limit switches or cut-outs and safety devices. Exercise
caution in making the checks in the event of non-operation.
(m) Check that, where telephone or radio communications are being used, the calling
signal is functioning and any messages may be clearly heard.
(n) Check that fire extinguishers are in place and satisfactory for use.
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AS 2550.1 1993 34
APPENDIX C
SAFE WORK PROCEDURES FOR THE MAINTENANCE AND THE
INSPECTION OF CRANES
(Informative)
C1 SCOPE This Appendix provides guidance on the safe working procedures for the
maintenance and inspection of cranes.
C2 RESTRICTION OF ACCESS Personnel should not gain access to a crane or
crane superstructure except where such access is necessary for them to carry out their
duties.
C3 AUTHORIZATION FOR ACCESS Personnel should not gain access to a crane
unless authorized.
C4 WARNING TO OTHER PERSONNEL The person responsible for safety within
the area where the crane is located should ensure that all personnel within the area, and
those who may enter the area, are warned of potential hazard.
C5 WORK NEAR CRANES Where maintenance or other work needs to be performed
near a crane, electric power to the crane-supply conductors or crane, where applicable,
should be disconnected except where the crane, or part of the crane, needs to be energized
to effect maintenance work. Precautions shall be taken to ensure that personnel involved
in the maintenance or inspection of the crane and personnel in the vicinity of the crane
are not subjected to an electrical hazard or a hazard due to movement of the crane.
C6 WORK ON CRANES Electric power to the crane should be isolated and internal
combustion engines should be stopped except where the crane, or part of the crane, needs
to be energized to effect the maintenance or inspection. Where the electric power is not
isolated or the internal combustion engines are not stopped, not less than two persons
should be present, one of whom should be free to take any action necessary to protect
personnel in an emergency.
When working on a crane, the following precautions should be observed:
(a) The crane should be taken out-of-service.
(b) The crane should be moved to a position remote from the operating position, where
applicable.
(c) The crane should be prevented from moving.
(d) Only tools suitable for the purpose should be used.
(e) All maintenance and inspection should be in accordance with managements
instructions.
C7 LOCK-OUT OF MAIN ISOLATOR OR CRANE ISOLATOR Where the power
supply to the crane is isolated, the main isolator, shall be locked in the off position and
the means of unlocking retained by the person responsible for the maintenance or
inspection as nominated in managements instructions.
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35 AS 2550.1 1993
The person responsible for the maintenance or inspection should ensure that all tools,
equipment and other loose materials have been removed from the crane and crane runways
and that safe conditions prevail for the resumption of normal operation of the crane before
the power is restored to the crane.
C8 OVERHEAD MAINTENANCE OR INSPECTION Where overhead maintenance
or inspection may create a hazard from falling objects, the area below should be isolated
from surrounding areas and hazard warning signs displayed.
C9 MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTION IN ELEVATED POSITIONS Where
personnel are required to work in elevated positions and there is a danger of falling, such
personnel shall use an industrial safety harness complying with AS 1891.
C10 HEAD PROTECTION Where personnel are subject to a danger from falling
objects, such personnel shall wear an industrial safety helmet complying with AS 1801.
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AS 2550.1 1993 36
APPENDIX D
RECOMMENDED MINIMUM SERVICE REQUIREMENTS FOR CRANES
(Informative)
D1 CONTROL POINTS
D1.1 General Test drive and general visual inspection. Check for loose objects and
extraneous materials. Check mounting of components, surface treatments.
D1.2 Structural Check for corrosion, damage, deformation and wear.
D1.3 Function Check on the condition of bearings, seals couplings, bushes and
sheaves.
D1.4 Measuring The measuring of electrical components such as motor windings,
brake coils, insulation resistances.
D1.5 Adjustment Adjustment of brakes, limit switches and timers as necessary.
D1.6 Lubrication Lubrication and oil changes according to the manufacturers
instructions.
D2 CONTROL FREQUENCY
D2.1 General Table D1 gives the recommended minimum service requirements for
cranes.
D2.2 Safety control Safety control comprises regularly repeated safety inspections.
D2.3 Preventative service Preventative service and preventative maintenance
comprises checking for correct operation of all functions at a frequency of every 400 shift
hours.
D2.4 Major inspection A major inspection shall comprise a thorough inspection of all
mechanical, electrical and structural components. Major inspections should be at a timing
frequency not exceeding 12 months.
TABLE D1
RECOMMENDED MINIMUM SERVICE REQUIREMENTS
Crane Classification
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7
Working hours per day 0.5 0.51 >1.2 >2.4 >4.8 >8.16 >16
Safety control, weeks 12 12 8 4 3 2 1
Preventative service, weeks 48 48 32 16 12 8 4
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37 AS 2550.1 1993
APPENDIX E
STANDARDS FOR COMPONENTS USED IN LIFTING SYSTEMS
(Informative)
The following is a list of Standards for components that are used in lifting systems:
AS
1138 Thimbles for wire rope
1353 Flat synthetic-webbing slings
1353.1 Part 1: Product specification
1353.2 Part 2: Care and use
1380 Fibre-rope slings (of natural or synthetic rope)
1438 Wire-coil flat slings
1504 Fibre ropeThree-strand, hawser laid
1666 Wire-rope slings
1752 Fibre-ropeEight-strand plaited
2076 Wire rope grips
2089 Sheave blocks (including ships cargo blocks) of maximum lift 60 t
2317 Collared eyebolts
2318 Swivels for hoists
2319 Rigging screws and turnbuckles
2321 Short-link chain for lifting purposes (non-calibrated)
2740 Wedge-type sockets
2741 Shackles
2759 Steel wire ropeApplication guide
2841 Galvanized steel wire strand
3569 Steel wire ropes
3585 End fittings for flat-webbing slings
3775 Chain slings Grade T
3776 Lifting components for Grade T chain slings
3777 Shank hooks and large-eye hooks Maximum 25 t
B291 Lifting rings and links
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