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=
l
l
l
l
(1)
p= p
sh
+p
(2)
By introducing the parameters
p
p
sh
sh
= and
p
p
l
l
=
Reinforced Concrete 2012 lecture 9/6
4
sh
sh
1
1
+
=
l
l
l
sh
1 =
l
The load intensities can then be determined:
p
sh
=
sh
p and p
p
For the two extreme cases, this yields in:
5 , 0
sh
= =
l
9 , 0
sh
0,1
Reinforced Concrete 2012 lecture 9/7
4. The effect of fixing the corners of the slab against lifting
the corners of the slab lift, if they are
not loaded by vertical forces of const-
ructions above, resulting in torsional
moments
Moment distribution
along a diagonal strip
Moments equilibrium at corners
8
p
3 , 0
8 2
) 1 , 1 (
2
p
m
2
2
l
l
=
=
Reinforced Concrete 2012 lecture 9/8
Top reinforcement designed for negative moments
bottom bars
in practice:
top mesh reinforcement parallel to sup-
ports is used with the same intensity
as that, designed for positive moments
top bars
Reinforced Concrete 2012 lecture 9/9
5. The yield line theory
Yield lines: straight lines along primary cracks
Along yield lines: m=m
max
, v=0
,
More exact model at corners:
y =
l
l where can be freely
adopted between 0,1 and 0,5 .
For example:
2
l
sh
opt
l
l
2
1
= (results min.
quantity of reinforcement)
yield line
l
sh
m
sh
m
l
Reinforced Concrete 2012 lecture 9/10
Equilibrium of triangular and trapezoidal panels of the slab
Consider one of the triangular panels and the equilibrium of moments
with respect to axis y :
M
y
=0:
sh
sh
m
3
y
2
y p
l
l
l
=
l l
l l l
l
l l l
, o
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
m
8
p
3
4
8
p
6
8
6
p
6
py
m = = = = =
where
2
3
4
=
l
and
8
p
m
2
, o
l
l
l
=
Reinforced Concrete 2012 lecture 9/11
Consider now one of the trapezoidal panels and the equilibrium of
moments with respect to axis x :
M
x
=0:
l l l
l
l
l l
l l
l l l
sh
sh sh sh sh
m
2 2
p
2
) 2 (
3 2
p
2
2 =
Expressing m
sh
, we get:
m
sh
=
sh , o sh
2
sh
m
8
p
)
3
4
1 ( =
l
where: =
3
4
1
sh
and m
o,sh
=
8
p
2
sh
l
The load p =p
Ed
will be substituted in direction of the shorter and longer
span respectively with modified values corresponding to the directions:
p
3
4
1 p
sh
=
p
3
4
p
2
=
l
( ) p p p
l sh
+
Reinforced Concrete 2012 lecture 9/12
6. Design conditions set up for the parameter to determine
the yield line pattern
Beside
2
sh
opt
2
1
= =
l
l
l
some further conditions that can be set up to
determine the value of the parameter :
-let the steel necessary in direction of the longer span be equal to
the area of the distribution steel of that necessary in direction of the
shorter span: a
s,
=0,2a
s,sh
(or approximately: m
=0,2m
sh
)
-let the reinforcement be same in the two perpendicular directions:
a
s,
=a
s,sh
(or approximately: m
=m
sh
)
-let the triangle of the yield line pattern be rectangular:
sh
5 , 0 y l l
l
= = that is:
l
l l / 5 , 0
sh
=
Limits of y determine limites of , which should be checked:
2
y
10
l l
l l
that is: 5 , 0 1 , 0
Reinforced Concrete 2012 lecture 9/13
7. Application of the yield-line theory for more komplex situations:
-a system of continuous two-way slabs
Reinforced Concrete 2012 lecture 9/14
-irregular ground plan forms can be completed to rectangle and handled
like that
Reinforced Concrete 2012 lecture 9/15
8. Application of the yield line theory for different support
condtions of rectangualr slabs and different ground plan forms
-rectangular slab panel simply supported along three sides
and free along the forth side:
the maximum
moment:
8 / l p m
2
x Ed
= ,
Reinforced Concrete 2012 lecture 9/16
-rectangular slab with two free neighbouring edges and two
restrained edges:
the maximum
moment:
8 / l p m
2
x Ed
=
-rectangular slab with two free neighbouring edges and two
restrained edges
Maximum
moment:
2 / l p m
2
y Ed
=
Reinforced Concrete 2012 lecture 9/17
Circular and other ground plan forms that can be characterized
with inscribed circle, simply supported along the perimeter
8
D p
m
2
Ed
=
b
a
1
1
Reinforced Concrete 2012 lecture 9/18
9. Numerical example
Rectangular slab simply supported along the perimeter with
optimal sidelength rate
Problemt
By what sidelength rate will the relationship m
sh
= 5 m
be true just at
=
opt
? Lifting of the corners is impeded.
Solution
Let be: =
l
l
l
sh
opt
=
2
2
1
(1)
Reinforced Concrete 2012 lecture 9/19
(1-
8
p
3
4
. 5
8
p
)
3
4
2
2
opt
2
sh
opt
l
l l
= (2)
From (2) with the substitution =
l
l
l
sh
we get:
(1-
2
opt
2
opt
3
20
)
3
4
=
By expressing
2
and substituting it in (1):
opt
(1-
2
opt opt
3
20
2
1
)
3
4
=
We get the solution
opt
= 0,214 =
2 2
h
r
2
1
) (
2
1
=
l
l
Reinforced Concrete 2012 lecture 9/20
654 , 0 214 , 0 2 = =
That means: in case of
sh
= 0,654
,
or
= 1,528
sh
that is at about
by the sidelength rate 1:1,5 will the rate of moments in the two
directions be equal to 1:5 just by =
opt
.
In the shorter direction will then be
715 , 0 214 , 0
3
4
1
3
4
1
sh
= = =
m
sh
= 0,715
8
p
2
sh
l
that is by 28,5 % smaller, then in case of not taken into account the
effect of two-way ection. It is reasonable not to forget this rate, and try
to apply in the practice when possible!