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INTRODUCTION
The SAR systems are placed on satellites for the imaging process.
Microwave satellites register images in the microwave region of the
electromagnetic spectrum. Two mode of microwave sensors exit- the active
and the passive modes. SAR is an active sensor which carry on –board an
instrument that sends a microwave pulse to the surface of the earth and
register the reflections from the surface of the earth.
There are two panel control electronics (PCE) and only one is active
during operation. The PCE generates commands for the T/R modules on the
basis of pre-programmed configuration tables. The PCE acquires the data
received by the T/R modules and sends them to the digital control electronics
(DCE). The DCE forms the part of the central electronics. The DCE has a
timing generator for generating timing signals for the active array. It also
provides for interfacing to the spacecraft. There is a power converter in the
central electronics which converts a spacecraft voltage of 28V dc to 115V ac
and supplies the panel. On the panel, the ac voltage will be conditioned
for the panel control electronics and the T/R modules. The T/R modules are
connected to a RF ground support equipment. The other parts of the EGSE
are the digital ground support equipment and the master controller. The
master controller will be a computer system which will control and co-
ordinate the whole processes of the system.
The image formation from the radar echo of the SAR instrument
involves a highly sophisticated processing effort. The main function of the
processing and storage subsystem is to process and store the information
obtained from the SAR instrument. The processing stages involves-
1. Buffering of the SAR raw data stream in real-time
2. Off-line image processing and compression of the buffered SAR data
3. Mass memory data management and organisation
4. Reformatting and output of compressed data at downlink rate
Raw data buffering : The digital input data stream fed to the processing and
storage subsystem will have a peak data rate of 2.88Gbps for a SAR
instrument with 150MHz bandwidth. This is the maximum data rate which
must be handled by the input of the subsystem. The input data comes in
bursts, which corresponds to the receive echoes of the radar system. The
maximum receive duty cycle of the instrument is required to be upto 70%.
The continuous data stream after the range extension buffer ,which is
realised in the data sorter is upto 2.016Gbps in the worse case. This is the
range of data which is required to be written into the solid state mass
memory continuously. The solid state mass memory is organised in memory
modules. The necessary number of memory modules is determined by the
maximum input data rate of each memory module and by the required total
mass memory capacity.
Off-line SAR data compression: The average orbit duty cycle for the SAR
instrument is specified to be less than 5%. This means that the instrument is
One MPS is baseline , shown as the left most agent here, others are
optional. They may be implemented in the event that the memory capacity of
the system is to upscaled.
TOPAS ARCHITECTURE
ADVANTAGES
1. Operational under all weather conditions with the capabilities for sensing
the earth day and night.
2. Provides description of surface texture.
3. Has own source of illumination
4. Cloud and fog cover are not a problem.
5. Vegetation and subsurface penetration capabilities.
DISADVANTAGES
1. Image distortion
2. Coarse resolution
3. Extensive shadowing of areas characterised with relief.
APPLICATIONS
CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION 1
6. TOPAS ARCHITECTURE 12
8. APPLICATIONS 14
9. CONCLUSION 15
10. BIBLIOGRAPHY 16
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I also thank all the other faculty members of AEI department and my
friends for their help and support.