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1.

blackbody
A body with a surface emissivity of 1. Such a body will emit all
of the thermal radiation it can (as described by theory), and
will absorb 100% of the thermal radiation striking it. Most
physical objects have surface emissivities less than 1 and
hence do not have blackbody surface properties.
2. density, r The amount of mass per unit volume. In heat transfer
problems, the density works with the specific heat to
determine how much energy a body can store per unit
increase in temperature. Its units are kg/m
3
.
3. emissive power The heat per unit time (and per unit area) emitted by an
object. For a blackbody, this is given by the Stefan-Boltzmann
relation s*T
4

4. graybody A body that emits only a fraction of the thermal energy
emitted by an equivalent blackbody. By definition, a graybody
has a surface emissitivy less than 1, and a surface reflectivity
greater than zero.
5. heat flux, q The rate of heat flowing past a reference datum. Its units are
W/m
2
.
6. internal energy,
e
A measure of the internal energy stored within a material per
unit volume. For most heat transfer problems, this energy
consists just of thermal energy. The amount of thermal energy
stored in a body is manifested by its temperature.
7. radiation view
factor, F
12

The fraction of thermal energy leaving the surface of object 1
and reaching the surface of object 2, determined entirely from
geometrical considerations. Stated in other words, F
12
is the
fraction of object 2 visible from the surface of object 1, and
ranges from zero to 1. This quantity is also known as the
Radiation Shape Factor. Its units are dimensionless.
8. rate of heat
generation, q
gen

A function of position that describes the rate of heat
generation within a body. Typically, this new heat must be
conducted to the body boundaries and removed via
convection and/or radiation heat transfer. Its units are W/m
3
.
9. specific heat, c A material property that indicates the amount of energy a
body stores for each degree increase in temperature, on a per
unit mass basis. Its units are J/kg-K.
10. Stefan- Constant of proportionality used in radiation heat transfer,
Boltzmann
constant, s
whose value is 5.669 x 10
-8
W/m
2
-K
4
. For a blackbody, the heat
flux emitted is given by the product of s and the absolute
temperature to the fourth power.
11. surface
emissitivy, e
The relative emissive power of a body compared to that of an
ideal blackbody. In other words, the fraction of thermal
radiation emitted compared to the amount emitted if the
body were a blackbody. By definition, a blackbody has a
surface emissivity of 1. The emissivity is also equal to the
absorption coefficient, or the fraction of any thermal energy
incident on a body that is absorbed.
12. thermal
conductivity, k
A material property that describes the rate at which heat
flows within a body for a given temperature difference. Its
units are W/m-k.
13. thermal
diffusivity, a
A material property that describes the rate at which heat
diffuses through a body. It is a function of the body's thermal
conductivity and its specific heat. A high thermal conductivity
will increase the body's thermal diffusivity, as heat will be able
to conduct across the body quickly. Conversely, a high specific
heat will lower the body's thermal diffusivity, since heat is
preferentially stored as internal energy within the body
instead of being conducted through it. Its units are m
2
/s.
14. Heat transfer - the exchange of thermal energy, between physical systems depending
on the temperature and pressure, by dissipating heat.
15. Temperature is a fundamental property that indicates the internal energy of
matter. Any temperature scale (Celsius, Fahrenheit, etc.) may be used as long as the
units are kept consistent.

16. Conduction is a mode of heat transfer through a substance, either solid or fluid, on a
molecular level as a result of a temperature gradient being present.

17. Convection is a mode of heat transfer when there is fluid flow. As in conduction, a
temperature gradient must be present, but convection is influenced by fluid flow, which
alters the temperature gradient.

18. Radiation is a mode of heat transfer that occurs via electromagnetic radiation, and does
not require any transport medium or material.

19. Heat is the amount of energy moved across a thermodynamic barrier, and is measured
in Joules (J).

20. First law of thermodynamics states that in closed system the internal energy can be
changed by work or heat only, i.e.,
U = q + w.

21. enthalpy (H, J) H=U+pV, where U is the internal energy, pressure and V volume. Its
change gives the heat at constant pressure when there is no other work.

22. entropy (S, J/K) is a thermodynamic quantity that expresses the degree of disorder or
randomness in a system at the molecular level dS= qrev/T.

23. Second law of thermodynamics states that in isolated systems the entropy increases in
spontaneous pro- cesses, i.e., S > 0; in reversible process at equilibrium it is constant, i.e., S =
0. or It is impossible to convert heat completely into work. or Heat cannot spontaneously flow
from a material at lower temperature to a material at higher temperature.
24. Third law of thermodynamics states that every substance has finite positive entropy except the
entropy of pure, perfect crystalline structure wich is 0 at 0 K.

25. work (w, J) is the scalar product of the applied force and the displacement of the object (in the
direction of force).

26. energy (E, J) is the capacity to do work or to produce change.
27. Advection - Advection is the transport mechanism of a fluid substance or conserved
property from one location to another, depending on motion and momentum.
28. Thermal expansion is the tendency of matter to change in volume in response to a
change in temperature,[1] through heat transfer.
29. Melting - Melting is a physical process that results in the phase transition of a substance from
a solid to a liquid.

Heat engine is a system that performs the conversion of heat or thermal energy to
mechanical energy which can then be used to do mechanical work.
[22][23]

Thermocouple is a temperature-measuring device and widely used type of temperature
sensor for measurement and control, and can also be used to convert heat into electric
power.
Thermoelectric cooler is a solid state electronic device that pumps (transfers) heat from
one side of the device to the other when electrical current is passed through it. It is based
on the Peltier effect.
Thermal diode or thermal rectifier is a device that causes heat to flow preferentially in
one direction.

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