Ac Lab (Final Document)

Analog Communications Lab II B.
Tech II Semester
EXP NO:
Date:
AMPLITUDE MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
AIM:
To stu! the "rocess o# Am"litue moulation an emoulation an to calculate the e"th o#
moulate $a%e b! changing the moulating signal am"litue.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
&. Am"litue moulation an emoulation trainer 'it
(. C)O
*. Patch chors.
AMPLITUDE MODULATOR:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page &
Analog Communications Lab II B.Tech II Semester
DEMODULATOR:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
THEORY:
In Am"litue moulation+ the am"litue o# carrier signal is %arie b! the moulating %oltage
$hose #re,uenc! is in%ariabl! lo$er than that o# the carrier #re,uenc!. In "ractice+ the carrier
#re,uenc! ma! be high #re,uenc! -./0 $hile the moulating #re,uenc! is auio #re,uenc!.
/ormall!+ A1 is e#ine as a s!stem o# moulation in $hich the am"litue o# the carrier signal is
mae "ro"ortional to the instantaneous am"litue o# the moulating %oltage.
Let the carrier %oltage an the moulating %oltage+ an res"ecti%el! be re"resente b!
2 3c sin 4ct
2 3m sin 4mt
Note that "hase angle has been ignore in both e5"ressions since it is unchange b! the am"litue
moulation "rocess. Its inclusion here $oul merel! com"licate the "roceeings $ithout a##ecting
the result. .o$e%er+ it $ill certainl! not be "ossible to ignore "hase angle $hen $e eal $ith
#re,uenc! an "hase moulation.
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page (
/rom the e#inition o# A1+ it #ollo$s that the ma5imum am"litue 3c o# the unmoulate
carrier $ill ha%e to be mae "ro"ortional to the instantaneous moulating %oltage 3m sin 4mt $hen
the carrier is am"litue moulate.
FREQUENCY SPECTRUM OF THE AM WAVE:
6e shall sho$ mathematicall! that the #re,uencies "resent in the A1 $a%e are the carrier
#re,uenc! an the #irst "air o# sie ban #re,uencies+ $here a sieban #re,uenc! is e#ine as
#SB 2 #c 7 n#m an in #irst "air n2&
6hen carrier signal is am"litue moulate+ the "ro"ortionalit! constant is mae e,ual to unit!+ an
the instantaneous moulating %oltage %ariations are su"erim"ose onto the carrier am"litue. Thus
$hen there is tem"oraril! no moulation+ the am"litue o# the carrier is e,ual to its unmoulate
%alue. 6hen moulation is "resent+ the am"litue o# the carrier is %arie b! its instantaneous %alue.
This situation is illustrate in #igure&+ $hich sho$s ho$ the ma5imum am"litue moulate %oltage
is mae to %ar! in accorance $ith moulating %oltage changes. /ig& also sho$s that something
unusual -istortion+ as it ha""ens0 $ill occur i# 3m is greater than 3c. This+ an the #act that the ratio
3m83c o#ten occurs+ leas to the #ollo$ing e#inition o# the moulation ine5.
m 2 9999999999 -&0
The moulation ine5 is a number l!ing bet$een : an &+ an it is %er! o#ten e5"resse as a
"ercentage an calle the "ercentage moulation.
Figure 1
/rom #ig& an e,uation &.It is "ossible to $rite an e,uation #or the am"litue o# the am"litue o# the
am"litue ; moulate %oltage+ thus $e ha%e
A2 3c < 2 3c < 3m sin 4mt
2 3c-&< m sin 4mt0
The instantaneous %alue o# the resulting am"litue ; moulate $a%e is
3 2 A sin= 2 A sin 4ct 2 3c-& < m sin 4mt0 sin 4ct 99999999 -(0
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page *
E,uation ; -(0 ma! be e5"ane b! means o# the trigonometrical relation
Sin 5 sin ! 2 > ? cos-5 ; !0 ; cos -5 < !0@+ to gi%e
99999 -*0
It has been sho$n that the e,uation o# am"litue moulate $a%e contains three terms. The #irst
term is ientical to e,uation & an re"resents the unmoulate carrier. It is a""arent that the "rocess
o# am"litue moulation has the e##ect o# aing to the unmoulate $a%e+ rather than changing it.
The t$o aitional terms "rouce are the t$o siebans outline. The #re,uenc! o# the lo$er
sieban -LSB0 is #c 9 #m an the #re,uenc! o# the u""er sie ban -ASB0 is #c < #m. The %er!
im"ortant conclusion to be mae at this stage is that the ban $ith re,uire #or am"litue
moulation is t$ice the #re,uenc! o# the moulating signal. In moulation b! se%eral sine $a%es
simultaneousl!+ as in the A1 broacasting ser%ice+ the ban $ith re,uire is t$ice the highest
moulate #re,uenc!.
REPRESENTATION OF AM: Am"litue moulation ma! be re"resente in an! o# three $a!s+
e"ening on the "oint o# %ie$. /ig ( sho$s the #re,uenc! s"ectrum an so illustrates e,uation *.
A1 is sho$n sim"l! as consisting o# three iscrete #re,uencies+ o# these the central #re,uenc!+ i.e.
the carrier has the highest am"litue+ an other t$o are is"ose s!mmetricall! about it+ ha%ing
am"litue $hich are e,ual to each other+ but $hich can ne%er e5cee hal# the carrier am"litue.
Figure2
The a""earance o# the am"litue moulate $a%e is o# great interest+ an it is sho$n in #ig9 ( #or one
c!cle o# moulating sine $a%e.
Ine5 o# moulation #rom the $a%e#orm o# #igure is
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page B
PROCEDURE:
&. Connect the circuit as "er the circuit iagram.
(. A""l! the message signal an carrier signal b! using #unction generators.
*. B! ma'ing message am"litue Cero+ note o$n the reaings o# moulate $a%e-no
moulation0.
B. B! increasing the message am"litue in ste"s+ obser%e the out"ut $a%e#orms an tabulate as
"er the table.
D. Plot the $a%e#orms an calculate moulation inices in each case.
E. Com"are theoretical an "ractical %alues of m .
F. /ee the A1 $a%e to the emoulator circuit an obser%e the out"ut.
G. Note o$n #re,uenc! an am"litue o# the emoulate out"ut $a%e#orm.
OBSERVATIONS:
S.NO.
&.Aner moulation
(.Per#ect moulation
*.O%er moulation
9999999999 2 9999999999
Demoulate $a%e am"litue 2 999999999999 /re,uenc! 2 999999999999
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page D
MODEL WAVEFORMS:
RESULT:
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page E
EXP NO:
Date:
DSB SC MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
AIM:
To obser%e the $a%e#orms o# A19DSB SC 1oulation an Demoulation.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
&. Balance moulation an emoulation trainer 'it.
(. Cathoe ra! oscillosco"e.
*. Patch chors.
BALANCED MODULATOR:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page F
SYNCHRONOUS DEMODULATOR:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
THEORY:
The "ur"ose o# communication s!stem is to transmit in#ormation bearing signals or baseban
signals through a communication channel se"arating the transmitter #rom the recei%er. The term
baseban is use to esignate the ban o# #re,uencies re"resenting the original signal as eli%ere b!
sources o# in#ormation. A shi#t o# the range o# #re,uenc! in a signal is accom"lishe b! $hich some
characteristic o# a carrier is %arie in accorance $ith a moulating $a%e.
Balance moulator is use #or generating DSB9SC signal A balance moulator consists o#
t$o stanar am"litue moulators arrange in balance con#iguration so as to su""ress the carrier
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page G
$a%e. The t$o moulators are ientical e5ce"t the re%ersal o# sign o# the moulating signal a""lie
to them.
/igure sho$s IC that ha%e been s"eci#icall! esigne #or use as balance moulators. /igure
is the &BHE balance moulator $hich is manu#acture b! 1otorola+ National+ an Signetics. This
e%ice uses a i##erential am"li#ier con#iguration. Its carrier su""ression is rate at a minimum o# 9
D:b $ith a t!"ical %alue 9ED b at D:: I.C. The trainer contains a balance moulator using a &BHE
integrate circuit. Jou $ill %eri#! that it oes su""ress the carrier an also aKust it #or o"timum
carrier su""ression.
In sim"le non9linear circuits+ the unesire non9linear terms -harmonics0 are eliminate b! a
ban "ass #ilter. .ence+ the ban "ass #ilter must be care#ull! esigne. But in a balance moulator+
the unesire non9linear terms are automaticall! balance out an at the out"ut $e get onl! the
esire terms+ so #ilter esign is not so stringent.
The base ban signal can be reco%ere #rom a DSB9SC $a%e b! #irst multi"l!ing $ith locall!
generate sine $a%e an then lo$ "ass #iltering the "rouct. It is assume that the local oscillator
signal is e5actl! s!nchroniCe in both #re,uenc! an "hase $ith the carrier $a%e use in the "rouct
moulator to generate base ban signal. This metho o# emoulation is 'no$n as s!nchronous
etection.
PROCEDURE:
&. A balance moulator using a &BHE integrate circuit. Jou $ill %eri#! that it oes su""ress the
carrier an also aKust it #or o"timum carrier su""ression.
(. Balance moulation circuit is esigne using &BHE integrate circuit+ an connect balance
moulator circuit as "er the circuit iagram.
*. A""l! the "o$er su""l! <&(3 to the "in No.G o# IC &BHE.
B. A""l! the message signal an carrier signal #rom #unction generators.
D. B! aKusting the carrier null+ obser%e the DSB9SC $a%e#orm at the out"ut
E. Note o$n the reaings o# $a%e#orms as "er the tabular #orm.
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page H
OBSERVATIONS:
Am"litue Time "erio /re,uenc!
&. 1essage signal
(. Carrier signal
*. DSB9SC o8"
MODEL WAVEFORMS:
RESULT:
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page &:
EXP NO:
Date:
FREQUENCY MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
AIM:
To stu! the "rocess o# #re,uenc! moulation an emoulation an to calculate the e"th o#
moulation L ban$ith o# moulate $a%e.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
&. /re,uenc! moulation an emoulation trainer 'it
(. Cathoe )a! Oscillosco"e
*. Patch Chors.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:
FM MODULATOR:
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page &&
FM DEMODULATOR:
THEORY:
/re,uenc! moulation is a s!stem in $hich the am"litue o# the moulate carrier is 'e"t
constant+ $hile its #re,uenc! is %arie b! the moulating signal. Phase moulation is a similar
s!stem in $hich the "hase o# the carrier is %arie instea o# its #re,uenc!M as in /1+ the am"litue o#
the carrier remains constant.
The general e,uation o# an unmoulate $a%e+ or carrier+ ma! be $ritten as
X 2 A sin -4t < N0
6here X 2 instantaneous %alue o# %oltage or current.
A 2 -ma5imum0 am"litue
4 2 angular %elocit! -ra8s0
N 2 "hase angle -ra0
Note that 4t re"resents an angle in raians.
I# an! one o# these three "arameters is %arie in accorance $ith another signal+ normall! o# a lo$er
#re,uenc!+ then the secon signal is calle the moulation an the #irst is sai to be moulate b! the
secon. In the #re,uenc! moulation #re,uenc! o# the carrier is mae to %ar!. /or sim"licit!+ it is
again assume that the moulation signal is sinusoial. This signal has t$o im"ortant "arameters
$hich must be re"resente b! the moulation "rocess $ithout istortion: namel!+ its am"litue an
#re,uenc!. It is assume that the "hase relations o# a com"le5 moulation signal $ill be "reser%e.
B! the e#inition o# #re,uenc! moulation+ the amount b! $hich the carrier #re,uenc! is %arie #rom
its unmoulate %alue+ calle the e%iation+ is mae "ro"ortional to the instantaneous %alue o# the
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page &(
moulating %oltage. The rate at $hich this #re,uenc! %ariation changes is e,ual to the moulating
#re,uenc!.
The situation is illustrate in #ig&+ $hich sho$s the moulating %oltage an the resulting #re,uenc!
%ariation $ith time $hich seen to be ientical to the %ariation $ith time o# the moulating %oltage.
As an e5am"le o# /1+ all signals ha%ing the same am"litue $ill e%iate the carrier #re,uenc! b! the
same amount+ sa! BD I.C+ no matter $hat their #re,uencies. Similarl!+ all signals o# the same
#re,uenc!+ sa! ( I.C+ $ill e%iate the carrier at the same rate o# (::: times "er secon+ no matter
$hat their ini%iual am"litues. The am"litue o# the #re,uenc! moulate $a%e remains constant
at all times+ this is+ in #act the greatest signal a%antage o# /1.
MATHEMATICAL REPRESENTATION OF FM:
The instantaneous #re,uenc! o# the #re,uenc! moulate $a%e is gi%en b!
$here unmoulate -or a%erage0 carrier #re,uenc!
I 2 "ro"ortionalit! constant
2 instantaneous moulating %oltage.
The ma5imum e%iation #or this "articular signal $ill occur $hen the cosine term has its ma5imum
%alue+ 7&. Aner these conitions+ the instantaneous #re,uenc! $ill be
so that the ma5imum e%iation O $ill be gi%en b!
The instantaneous am"litue o# the /1 signal $ill be gi%en b! a #ormula o# the #orm
3 2 A sin ?/ -4c + 4m0@ 2 A sin=
6here / -4c + 4m0+ is some #unction o# the carrier an moulating #re,uencies. This #unction
re"resents an angle an $ill be calle = #or con%enience. The "roblem no$ is to etermine the
instantaneous %alue #or this angle.
=
/igure (
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page &*
As fig 2 shows, is the angle traced out by the vector A in time t. If A were rotating with constant
angular velocity, say P. this angle $oul be gi%en b! Pt in raians. In this instance the angular
%elocit! is an!thing but constant. It is governed by the formula for obtained from the equation
that is . In orer to #in , must be integrate $ith
res"ect to time. Thus
=
2
.
9999999999 -&0
The e%iation utiliCe+ in turn+ the #act that is constant+ the #ormula
cos n! d! = "sin n!# $ n
$hich ha sho$n that 2 %. &quation ' may now be sub divided to give the
instantaneous %alue o# the /1 %oltage + thus
The moulation ine5 #or /1+ m# is e#ine as
= "ma!. frequency deviation# $ "modulating frequency# = % $
It is im"ortant to note that as the moulating #re,uenc! ecreases an the moulating %oltage
am(litude i.e. % remains constant+ the moulation ine5 increases. This $ill be the basis #or
istinguishing #re,uenc! moulation #rom "hase moulation. Note also that m#+ $hich is the ratio o#
t$o #re,uencies is measure in raians.
CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
In this 'it+ #re,uenc! moulation is generate b! using IC G:*G. The #re,uenc! o# the $a%e #orm
generator is a irect #unction o# the DC %oltage at terminal G -measure #rom 3<0. B! altering this
%oltage+ #re,uenc! moulation is "er#orme. /or small e%iations-e.g.7&:P0 the moulating signal
can be a""lie irectl! to "in G+ merel! "ro%iing DC ecou"ling $ith a ca"acitor as in /ig *. An
e5ternal resistor bet$een "ins F L G is not necessar!+ but it can be use to increase in"ut im"eance
from about )*+ "(in , - ) . connecte together# to about "/ 0 ) *+#.
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page &B
/or larger /1 e%iations or #or #re,uenc! s$ee"ing+ the moulating signal is a""lie bet$een the
"ositi%e su""l! %oltage at "in G.
During the emoulation+ /1 out"ut is gi%en to a "hase loc' lo"" -DED0. 6e ha%e seen that+
uring loc'+ the a%erage c le%el o# the "hase com"arator out"ut is irectl! "ro"ortional to the
#re,uenc! o# the in"ut signal. As the #re,uenc! shi#ts+ it is this out"ut $hich causes the 3CO to shi#t
an 'ee"ing trac'ing. In other $ors+ the "hase com"arator out"ut is an e5act re"lica o# the original
moulating auio signal. /igB sho$s connections o# DED as /1 emoulator. The com"onent %alues
sho$n are #or a carrier #re,uenc! o# G( I.C a""ro5. The emoulate out"ut is #ollo$e b! a three
stage #ilter to remo%e )# com"onent.
PROCEDURE:
&. Connect the circuit as sho$n in the circuit iagram.
(. Chec' the circuit "ro"erl! an a""l! the "o$er su""l! to the circuit.
*. Obser%e the carrier signal #rom the /1 moulator at "in ( o# the IC G:*G.
B. A""l! the moulating signal #rom the #unction generator to the /1 in"ut as sho$n.
D. Trigger C)O $ith res"ect to C.&. AKust am"litue o# the moulating signal until $e get
unistorte /1 out"ut. It is i##icult to trigger /1 on analog C)O. That is $h! !ou aKust
moulating signal am"litue until small istortion noti#ie in /1 out"ut.
E. Calculate ma5imum #re,uenc! an minimum #re,uenc! #rom the /1 out"ut an calculate
moulating ine5 an ban$ith using table+ sho$n belo$.
F. Connect the /1 out"ut to the emoulator in"ut as sho$n belo$.
G. In this conition ecrease the am"litue o# the moulating signal generator until $e get
unistorte o# the emoulate out"ut.
OBSERVATIONS:
Am"litue Time "erio /re,uenc!
1essage signal
Carrier signal
Demoulator o8"
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page &D
1essage /re,uenc! e%iation De"th o# moulation Ban$ith
signal
#&2#ma59#c #(2#c9#min B6& B6(
FORMULAE REQUIRED:
&. #
ma5
2 &8T
min
(. #
min
2 &8T
ma5
*. /re,uenc! De%iation- #0 2 #
ma5
9#
c.
or #
c
9#
min.
B. De"th o# moulation-m
#
02 #8#
m
. $here #
m
is message #re,uenc!.
D. Ban$ith2(- #<#
m
0
MODEL WAVE FORMS:
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page &E
RESULT:
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page &F
DIODE DETECTOR
EXP NO:
Date:
AIM:
To etect the en%elo"e o# an A1 $a%e using ioe etector.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
&. Dioe etector Trainer 'it
*. Patch chors.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page &G
THEORY:
Ieall!+ an en%elo" etector "rouces an out"ut signal that #ollo$s the en%elo"e o# the in"ut
signal $a%e#orm e5actl!. Some %ersion o# this circuit is use in almost all commercial A1 raio
recei%ers.
An en%elo"e etector consists o# a ioe an a resistor9ca"acitor #ilter. On "ositi%e hal# c!cle
o# the in"ut signal+ the ioe is #or$ar biase an the ca"acitor charges u" ra"il! to the "ea' %alue
o# the in"ut signal. 6hen the in"ut #alls belo$ this %alue+ the ioe becomes re%erse9 biase an
ca"acitor ischarges slo$l! through the loa resistor. This ischarging "rocess continues until the
ne5t "ositi%e hal# c!cle. The charging time constant must be short com"are $ith the carrier "erio
&8#
c
. i.e. )CQQ&8#
c
. The ischarging time constant time constant )C must be long enough to ensure
that the ca"acitor ischarges slo$l! through the loa resistor.
PROCEDURE:
&. S$itch on the trainer.
(. AKust moulating signal to the esire le%el.
*. Connect the TP& to TP( terminals.
B. Obser%e the out"ut $a%e at TP* on C)O.
D. No$ connect this signal to the in"ut o# etector terminal -TPB0.
E. Obser%e the recti#ie out"ut signal at TPD an emoulate out"ut at TPF.
F. Connect C)O to TPH terminal an TPF to TPG $ith "atch chors an obser%e am"li#ie
%ersion o# the moulating signal.
G. Calculate the e##icienc! using #ormula
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page &H
OBSERVATIONS:
Am"litue Time Perio /re,uenc!
1essage Signal
Carrier Signal
A1 O8P
Detector O8P
MODEL WAVEFORMS:
RESULT:
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page (:
PREEMPHASIS AND DEEMPHASIS
AIM:
To "lot the #re,uenc! res"onse o# the "re9em"hasis an e9em"hasis circuits.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
&. Pre9em"hasis an De9em"hasis trainer 'its.
*. /unction generator.
B. Patch chors.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:
Pree!"#$%i%:
Dee!"#$%i%:
EXP NO:
Date:
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page (&
THEORY:
/re,uenc! moulation is much more immune to noise than am"litue moulation an is
signi#icantl! more immune than "hase moulation. A single noise #re,uenc! $ill e##ect the out"ut o#
a recei%er onl! i# it #alls $ith in its "ass ban. The carrier an noise %oltages $ill mi5 an i# the
i##erence is auible+ it $ill naturall! inter#ere $ith the rece"tion o# $ante signals.
The noise has a greater e##ect on the higher moulating #re,uencies than on lo$er ones. Thus+
i# the higher #re,uencies $ere arti#iciall! booste at the transmitter an corres"oningl! cut at the
recei%er+ im"ro%ement in noise immunit! coul be e5"ecte. This boosting o# the higher moulating
#re,uencies+ in accorance $ith a "rearrange cur%e+ is terme "ree!"#$%i%& an the com"ensation
at the recei%er is calle 'ee!"#$%i%(
I# t$o moulating signals ha%e the same initial am"litue+ an one o# them is "re9em"hasiCe
to -sa!0 t$ice this am"litue+ $here as the other is una##ecte -being at a much lo$er #re,uenc!0+
then the recei%er $ill naturall! ha%e to e9em"hasiCe the #irst signal b! a #actor o# (+ to ensure that
both signals ha%e the same am"litue in the out"ut o# the recei%er. Be#ore emoulation+ i.e.+ $hile
susce"tible to noise inter#erence+ the em"hasiCe signal ha t$ice the e%iation it $oul ha%e ha
$ithout "re9em"hasis+ an $as thus more immune to noise. Alternati%el!+ it is seen that $hen this
signal is e9em"hasiCe an! noise sieban %oltages are e9em"hasiCe $ith it+ an there#ore ha%e a
corres"oningl! lo$er am"litue than the! $oul ha%e ha $ithout em"hasis again their e##ect on
the out"ut is reuce.
The amount o# "re9em"hasis in A.S /1 broacasting+ an in the soun transmissions
accom"an!ing tele%ision+ has been stanariCe at FD micro secons+ $here as a number o# other
ser%ices+ notabl! CCI) an Australian T3 soun transmission+ use D: micro secons. The usage o#
microsecons #or e#ining em"hasis is stanar. A FD micro secons e9em"hasis corres"ons to a
#re,uenc! res"onse cur%e that is * b o$n at the #re,uenc! $hose time constant )C is FD micro
secons. This #re,uenc! is gi%en b! #2&8( )C an is there#ore (&(:.CM $ith D:9microsecons e9
em"hasis it $oul ha%e been *&G: .C.
I# em"hasis is a""lie to am"litue moulation+ some im"ro%ement $ill also result+ but it is
not as great as in /1 because the highest moulating #re,uencies in A1 are no more a##ecte b!
noise than an! others.
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page ((
A"art #rom that+ it $oul be i##icult to introuce "re9em"hasis an e9em"hasis in e5isting
A1 ser%ices since e5tensi%e moi#ications $oul be neee+ "articularl! in %ie$ o# the huge
numbers o# recei%ers in us.
PROCEDURE:
&. Connect the circuit as "er the circuit iagram
(. A""l! an in"ut sinusoial signal #rom #unction generator to "re9em"hasis circuit
*. B! 'ee" increasing the #re,uenc! o# the in"ut+ measure the out"ut %oltage using C)O.
B. Note o$n the reaings till a #re,uenc! o# &:I.R
D. Plot the gra"h #or gain an #re,uenc!
E. )e"eat the ste"s & to D #or De9em"hasis.
OBSERVATIONS:
PREEMPHASIS:
In"ut2
/re,uenc!-.C0 Out"ut-%olts0
Sain2
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page (*
DEEMPHASIS:
In"ut2
/re,uenc!-.C0 Out"ut-%olts0
Sain2
MODEL GRAPHS:
RESULT:
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page (B
AGC CHARACTERISTICS
AIM: To stu! an %eri#! the ASC characteristics o# am"li#ier.
APPARATUS:
&. ASC Characteristics trainer 'it.
(. Cathoe )a! Oscillosco"e (:1.C.
*. Patch chors.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
THEORY:
EXP NO:
Date:
ASC circuit controls gain o# )/ an I/ stage to enable almost constant signal %oltage at the
out"ut o# %ieo etector+ es"ite changes in the signal "ic'e u" b! the antenna. The out"ut is
#iltere an the c %oltage obtaine to the in"ut -bias0 circuits o# the )/ an I/ am"li#iers to control
their gain. Since ASC %oltage is "ro"ortional to the signal strength+ e%en $ea' )/ signals $ill also
e%elo" some control %oltage. This $hen a""lie to the )/ am"li#ier $ill ten to reuce its gain+
though the stage shoul eli%ers ma5imum "ossible gain #or $ea' signals to maintain high signal to
Noise ratio. There#ore the )/ am"li#ier is not #e an! ASC %oltage till the signal strength attains a
certain "reetermine le%el. This is achie%e b! "ro%iing ela!e ASC+ %oltage ela! circuit in
ASC line.
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page (D
PROCEDURE:
&. S$itch on the trainer.
(. AKust am"litue an #re,uenc! o# A/ generator to (:m3 an ( I.C res"ecti%el!.
*. Connect A/ out"ut terminal -TP&0 to in"ut terminal -TP&B0 A/ am"li#ier.
B. Connect ASC i8" -TP&E0 terminal to groun -TP&D0.
D. 1easure in"ut signal %olts an out"ut signal %oltage.
E. 3ar! in"ut signal le%el an ta'e out"ut %alues each time.
F. No$ s$itch on ASC an connect ASC i8" to TP( terminal instea o# groun.
G. Set DC bias %olts to about :.D3.
H. 1easure A/ out"ut %olts #or the same in"ut le%els o# signal as in ste" E.
&:. Tabulate the reaings an ra$ the out"ut to in"ut %olt cur%es #or sim"le ASC an $ithout
ASC #or the A/ am"li#ier.
&&. )e"eat the e5"eriment #or i##erent #re,uencies o# in"ut signal.
MODEL GRAPH:
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page (E
OBSERVATIONS:
S(NO Fi) Vi) V* +i,#*u, AGC V* +i,# AGC
PRECAUTIONS:
1( A%oi loose connections.
2( A%oi shorting o# su""l! terminals to groun.
RESULT:
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page (F
SAMPLING THEOREM
EXP NO:
Date:
AIM:
To obser%e the $a%e#orms o# i##erent t!"es o# signal sam"ling an its reconstruction.
a0 Natural sam"ling
b0 /lat to" sam"ling
c0 Sam"le an hol.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
&. Analog Sam"ling trainer Iit
(. C)O
*. BNC Cables
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page (G
THEORY:
S$!"-i)g T#e*re!: A ban limite signal o# #inite energ!+ $hich has no #re,uenc! com"onents
higher than 4.C+ is com"letel! escribe b! s"eci#!ing the %alues o# the signal at instants o# time
se"arate b! &8(4 secons.
Though the use o# the sam"ling "rocess+ an analog signal is con%erte into a corres"oning se,uence
o# sam"les that are usuall! s"ace uni#orml! in time an the sam"ling rate is so chosen such that the
se,uence o# sam"les uni,uel! e#ines the original analog signal.
The #inite energ! signal g-t0 is sam"le instantaneousl! an at a uni#orm rate+ once e%er! Ts secons+
$e obtain an in#inite se,uence o# sam"les s"ace Ts secons a"art L enote b! ?g-n Ts0@. The
sam"ling rate #s 2 &8Ts
T
-t0 2 U g -nTs0 O -t ; nTs0 9 sam"le %ersion o# signal
n29 T
&. Prior to sam"ling+ a lo$ "ass "re alias #ilter is use to alternate those high #re,uenc! com"onents
o# the signal that are not essential to the in#ormation being con%e!e b! the signal.
(. The #iltere signal is sam"le at a rate slightl! higher than N!,uist rate. The reconstruction #ilter
is lo$ "ass $ith a "ass ban e5tening #rom 4 to 4+ $hich itsel# etermine b! the "re alias #ilter.
The #ilter has a transition ban e5tening #rom 4 to #s ; 4.
PROCEDURE:
&. Connect the circuit.
a. Out"ut o# moulating signal generator #rom TP& to moulating signal in"ut TPB in sam"ling
circuit 'ee"ing the s$itch in &I.C "osition an am"litue "ot to ma5 "osition.
b. Out"ut o# "ulse generator #rom TP( to sam"ling "ulse in"ut in sam"ling circuit TP* 'ee"ing
the s$itch in &EI.C "osition.-AKust the ut! c!cle "ot to mi "osition i.e.+ D:P0
(. S$itch ON the "o$er su""l!.
*. Obser%e the out"uts o# sam"ling+ sam"ling an hol at TPF+ TPG res"ecti%el!. B! %ar!ing the
am"litue "ot also obser%e the e##ect on out"uts.
B. B! %ar!ing ut! c!cle "ot obser%e the e##ect on sam"ling out"uts -ut! c!cle is %ar!ing #rom
&:9D:P0
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page (H
D. 3ar! the s$itch "osition in the "ulse generator circuit to *( I.C an obser%e the out"uts at
TPF+ TPG. b! %ar!ing the am"litue "ot also obser%e the e##ect on out"uts.
E. No$+ %ar! the s$itch "osition in moulating signal generator to ( I.C an re"eat all the
abo%e ste"s *LB.
F. S$itch O// the "o$er su""l!.
Re.*)%,ru.,i*):
a. Out"ut o# moulating signal generator #rom TP& to moulating signal in"ut TPB in
sam"ling circuit 'ee"ing the s$itch in & I.C "osition+ am"litue "ot to ma5 "osition.
b. Out"ut o# "ulse generator circuit #rom TP( to sam"ling "ulse in"ut at TP* in the sam"ling
circuit+ 'ee"ing the s$itch in &E I.C "osition -AKust the ut! c!cle "ot to mi "osition i.e.+
D:P0.
c. Connect the sam"le out"ut #rom TPF to the in"ut o# lo$ "ass #ilter TP&:.
. Out"ut o# lo$ "ass #ilter #rom TP&& to in"ut o# AC am"li#ier TP&(+ 'ee" the gain "ot in AC
am"li#ier to ma5 "osition.
*. Obser%e the out"ut o# AC am"li#ier at TP&*.the out"ut $ill be the re"lica o# the in"ut. B!
%ar!ing the gain "ot obser%e the emoulating signal am"li#ication.
B. Similarl! connect the sam"le an hol out"ut to TP&: an obser%e reconstructe the signal.
D. 3ar! the s$itch "osition in the sam"ling #re,uenc! circuit to *( I.C an no$ re"eat the
ste"s *LB.
E. 3ar! the s$itch "osition in the moulating signal generator to ( I.C an re"eat all the abo%e
ste"s * to D.
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page *:
OBSERVATIONS:
Am"litue -%
"9"
0 Time "erio /re,uenc!
1essage Signal
Pulse Signal
Natural Sam"le
Out"ut
Sam"leL hol
Out"ut
Demoulate
O8P &
Demoulate
O8P (
MODEL WAVEFORMS:
RESULT:
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page *&
EXP NO:
Date:
PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION / DEMODULATION
AIM:
&. To stu! the "ulse Am"litue 1oulation L Demoulation Techni,ues.
(. To stu! the e##ect o# am"litue an #re,uenc! %ariation o# moulating signal on the
out"ut.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
&. Pulse am"litue moulation an emoulation trainer.
*. Patch Chors.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page *(
THEORY:
In PA1+ the am"litue o# regularl! s"ace "ulses are %arie in "ro"ortion to the
corres"oning sam"le %alues o# a continuous message signal+ the "ulses can be o# rectangular #orm
or other a""ro"riate sha"e. In natural sam"ling -message is multi"lie b! a "erioic train o#
rectangular "ulses0+ the to" o# each moulate rectangular "ulse %aries $ith the message signal
$here as in PA1 it is maintaine #lat+ as sho$n in #ig.
Figure: F-$, 0 ,*" %$!"-e%
There are t$o o"erations in%ol%e in the generation o# the PA1 signal
&. Instantaneous sam"ling o# the message m-t0 e%er! Ts secons+ $here the sam"ling rate #s 2 &8 Ts
is chosen in accorance $ith the sam"ling theorem.
(. Lengthening the uration o# each sam"le so obtaine to some constant %alue T.
In igital circuit technolog!+ these t$o o"erations are Kointl! re#erre to as VSA1PLE L
.OLDW. B! lengthening the uration o# each sam"le is to a%oi the use o# an e5cessi%e channel
ban$ith as it is "ro"ortional to "ulse uration. /or the #igure+ the PA1 signal is e5"resse as
6here Ts is the sam"ling "erio an m -nTs0 is the sam"le %alue o# m -t0 obtaine at time+ t 2 nTs.
The h-t0 is a stanar rectangular "ulse o# unit am"litue an uration Ts sho$n in #ig an is e#ine
as & :QtQT
h-t0 2 ? >
t 2 :+ t2 T
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page **
: other$ise
Figure: $1 Re.,$)gu-$r "u-%e #2,1& 31 S"e.,ru! H241
Re.*5er6 ,#e *rigi)$- !e%%$ge %ig)$-% !2,1:
The #irst ste" is to "ass S-t0 through a lo$ "ass #ilter $hose #re,uenc! is sho$n in #ig an it
is assume that the message limite to ban $ith 6 an the sam"ling rate #s is larger than the
N!,uist rate+ (6. The #ilter out"ut is e,ui%alent is "assing the original message signal m -t0 through
another lo$ "ass #ilter trans#er #unction .-#0.
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page *B
Figure%: 2$1 Pre $-i$% 4i-,ere' %"e.,ru! *4 i)4*r!$,i*) 3e$ri)g %ig)$-
231 S"e.,ru! *4 i)%,$),$)e*u%-6 %$!"-e' 5er%i*) *4 ,#e %ig)$-& $%%u!i)g ,#e u%e *4
$ %$!"-i)g r$,e gre$,er ,#$) ,#e N67ui%, r$,e
2.1 A!"-i,u'e re%"*)%e *4 re.*)%,ru.,i*) 4i-,er
B! using #lat to" sam"les to generate a PA1 signal+ $e ha%e introuce am"litue istortion as $ell
as ela! o# T8(. The istortion cause b! the use o# PA1 to transmit analog in#ormation bearing
signal is 'no$n as A"erture e##ect. This istortion ma! be correcte b! connecting E,ualiCer is
cascae $ith the lo$ "ass reconstruction #ilter. The e,ualiCer has the e##ect o# ecreasing the in .
ban loss o# the reconstruction #ilter as the #re,uenc! increases to com"ensate #or the a"erture e##ect.
1he amount of equali2ation needed in (ractice is usually small. 3or a duty 1$1s 4.', the am(litude
istortion is less than :.D "ercent.
Due to relati%el! short uration o# the transmitte "ulses the transmission o# PA1 signal
im"oses stringent re,uirements on the am"litue an "hase res"onses o# the channel. Also the noise
"er#ormance o# PA1 s!stem can ne%er be better than base ban signal transmission. Accoringl!+ #or
transmission o%er long istances+ PA1 $oul be use onl! as means o# message "rocessing #or time
i%ision multi"le5ing.
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page *D
PROCEDURE:
DOUBLE POLARITY:
MODULATION:
&. Connect the circuit as sho$n in iagram.
-a0 Out"ut o# the sine $a%e to moulating signal in"ut TP( 'ee"ing the s$itch in & I.C
Position an am"litue "ot to ma5 "osition.
-b0 &E I.C "ulse out"ut to "ulse in"ut TP&.-Iee" the #re,uenc! "ot in minimum
"osition in "ulse generator bloc'0.
*. 1onitor the out"uts at TPD+ TPE L TPF. An obser%e the out"uts also b! %ar!ing am"litue
"ot -$hich is in moulation signal generator bloc'0.
B. No$ %ar! the #re,uenc! selection s$itch "osition in moulating signal generator bloc' to (
I.C+ am"litue "ot to ma5 "osition.
D. Obser%e the out"uts at TPD+ TPE L TPF an obser%e the out"uts else b! %ar!ing am"litue
"ot.
E. )e"eat all the abo%e ste"s #or the "ulse #re,uenc! *( I.C -B! %ar!ing the #re,uenc! "ot in
the "ulse generator bloc'0.
SINGLE POLARITY PAM:
&. Connect the circuit as sho$n in iagram -DC in"ut is connecte0.
a. Out"ut o# the sine $a%e to moulating signal in"ut -TP(0 'ee"ing the s$itch in &
I.C "osition+ am"litue "ot in ma5 "osition.
b. &E I.C "ulse out"ut to "ulse in"ut TP&
*. )e"eat the abo%e ste"s * to E+ an obser%e the out"uts.
B. 3ar! the DC out"ut "ot until !ou get single "olarit! PA1 at TPD+ TPE an TPF.
D. S$itch O// the "o$er su""l!.
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page *E
DEMODULATION:
a. Out"ut o# the sine $a%e to moulating signal TP( 'ee"ing the s$itch in & I.C "osition+
am"litue "ot in ma5 "osition. &E I.C "ulse out"ut to "ulse in"ut TP&.
b. Sam"le out"ut+ sam"le an hol out"ut an /latto" out"uts res"ecti%el! to the in"ut o# lo$
"ass #ilter -TP0 an LP/ out"ut -TP&:0 to AC Am"li#ier in"ut -TP0.
(. Obser%e the out"ut o# lo$ "ass #ilter an AC am"li#ier at TP&: L TP&( res"ecti%el!+
corres"oning to in"uts #rom TPD+ TPE+ an TPF. The out"uts $ill be the true re"lica o# the
in"ut.
*. No$+ set the s$itch "osition in moulating signal generator to (I.C an obser%e the out"uts
at TP&: L TP&( res"ecti%el!+ corres"oning to in"uts #rom TPD+TPE L TPF.
B. 3ar! the #re,uenc! o# the "ulse to *( I.C -B! %ar!ing the #re,uenc! "ot -"ut it in ma5.
"osition0 in "ulse generator bloc'0 an re"eat the abo%e ste"s ( L *.
D. S$itch O// the "o$er su""l!.
OBSERVATIONS:
D*u3-e P*-$ri,6:
Am"litue -%
"9"
0Time "erio
/re,uenc!
1essage Signal
Pulse Signal
Natural Sam"le Out"ut
Sam"leL hol Out"ut
/lat to" Out"ut
Demoulate O8P &
Demoulate O8P(
Demoulate O8P*
Si)g-e P*-$ri,6:
DC In"ut 2 Am"litue 2
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page *F
MODEL WAVEFORMS:
RESULT:
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page *G
EXP NO:
Date:
PULSE WIDTH MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
AIM:
&. To stu! the Pulse 6ith 1oulation an Demoulation Techni,ues.
(. To stu! the e##ect o# Am"litue an /re,uenc! o# moulating Signal on P61 out"ut.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
&. Pulse $ith moulation an emoulation trainer 'it
(. Cathoe ra! oscillosco"e
*. Patch Chors.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page *H
THEORY:
The P61 is also calle "ulse uration moulation moulation -PD10 or "ulse length
moulation -PL10. The "ulse $ith -acti%e "ortion o# the ut! c!cle0 is "ro"ortional to the
am"litue o# the analog signal.
The cloc' signal o# the esire #re,uenc! is a""lie to the moulator+ #rom $hich the
negati%e trigger "ulses are eri%e $ith the hel" o# a ioe an )C combination $hich $or's as a
i##erentiator. These "ulses are a""lies to the "in no.( o# the DDD timer $hich is $or'ing in the
monostable moe. The! ecie the starting time o# the P61 "ulses. The en o# the "ulses e"ens
on )C combination+ an on the signal at "in no.D+ to $hich the moulating signal is a""lie.
There#ore the $ith o# the "ulses e"ens u"on the %alue o# the moulating signal+ an thus the
out"ut at "in no.* is the esire "ulse $ith moulate signal. P61 is merel! #e to an integrating
circuit #rom $hich a signal emerges $hose am"litue at an! time is "ro"ortional to the "ulse $ith
at that time.
PROCEDURE:
M*'u-$,i*):
&. Connect the circuit as sho$n in the iagram.
a. Sine $a%e out"ut o# 1oulating signal generator to 1oulating signal in"ut -TP(0+
'ee"ing the s$itch in & I.C "osition an am"litue "ot in ma5 "osition.
b. &E I.C "ulse out"ut -b! %ar!ing the #re,uenc! "ot -"ut it minimum "osition0 in "ulse
generator bloc'0 #rom "ulse generator to "ulse in"ut -TP&0.
*. Obser%e the out"ut o# "ulse $ith moulation bloc' at TP*. -B! %ar!ing the am"litue "ot0.
B. 3ar! the 1oulating signal generator #re,uenc! b! s$itching the #re,uenc! selector s$itch to
( I.C.
D. No$+ again obser%e the P61 out"ut at T"*. -B! %ar!ing the am"litue "ot0.
E. )e"eat the abo%e ste"s -* to D0 #or the "ulse #re,uenc! o# *( I.C -b! %ar!ing the #re,uenc!
"ot -"ut it in ma5imum "osition0 in "ulse generator bloc'0.
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page B:
De!*'u-$,i*):
a. Sine $a%e out"ut o# 1oulating signal generator bloc' to 1oulating signal in"ut TP(.
b.&EI.C "ulse out"ut -"ut #re,uenc! "ot minimum0 #rom "ulse generator bloc' to "ulse
in"ut TP&.
c. P61 out"ut to LP/ in"ut.
. LP/ out"ut to AC am"li#ier in"ut.
*. Obser%e the out"ut o# lo$ "ass #ilter an AC am"li#ier res"ecti%el! at TPE L TPG. The out"ut
$ill be the true re"lica o# the in"ut.
B. No$ %ar! the "osition o# the s$itch in 1oulating signal generator to ( I.C an obser%e the
out"uts at TPE L TPG.
D. )e"eat the ste"s &: L&& #or "ulse #re,uenc! *( I.C -B! %ar!ing the #re,uenc! "ot -"ut it
ma5.0 in "ulse generator bloc'0. Obser%e the out"ut $a%e#orms.
E. S$itch O// the "o$er su""l!.
OBSERVATIONS:
Am"litue -%
"9"
0 Time "erio /re,uenc!
1essage Signal
Pulse Signal
P61 O8P
Demoulate
O8P
PALSE 6IDT.S O/ P61 O8P: P
&
2 P
(
2
P
*
2 P
B
2
P
D
2 P
E
2
P
F
2 P
G
2
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page B&
MODEL WAVEFORMS:
RESULT:
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page B(
EXP NO:
Date:
PULSE POSITION MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
AIM:
To stu! the generation o# PP1 signal an its emoulation.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
&. Pulse "osition moulation an emoulation trainer 'it.
(. Cathoe ra! oscillosco"e
*. Patch Chors.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page B*
THEORY:
Pulse Position 1oulation ma! be use to transmit analog in#ormation+ such as
continuous s"eech or ata. It is a s!stem in $hich continuous $a%e#orms are sam"le at regular
inter%als. In#ormation regaring the signal is transmitte onl! at the sam"ling times+ together $ith
an! s!nchroniCing "ulses that ma! be re,uire.
The am"litue an $ith o# the "ulses is 'e"t constant in this s!stem+ $hile the "osition
o# each "ulse+ in relation to the "osition o# a recurrent re#erence "ulse is %arie b! each instantaneous
sam"le %alue o# the moulating $a%e. This means that the transmitter must sen s!nchroniCing
"ulses to o"erate timing circuits in the recei%er. The "ulse "osition moulation has the a%antage o#
re,uiring constant transmitter "o$er out"ut+ but the isa%antage o# e"ening on transmitter9
recei%er s!nchroniCation.
The generation o# PP1 signal is sho$n in #igure.
The message signal m-t0 is #irst con%erte into PA1 signal b! means o# sam"le an hol
circuit+ generating a staircase $a%e #orm u-t0 an that the "ulse uration T o# the sam"le an hol
circuit is the same as the sam"ling uration Ts. Ne5t the signal u-t0 is ae to sa$ tooth $a%e
gi%ing the combine signal u-t0 is a""lie to a threshol etector $hich "rouces a %er! narro$
"ulse -a""ro5imating an im"ulse0+ each time u-t0 "asses a Cero crossing in the negati%e irection.
The resulting se,uence o# im"ulses i-t0 to e5cite a #ilter.
At the recei%ing en+ the original $a%e#orms ma! be reconstitute #rom the in#ormation
regaring the sam"les+ i# these are ta'en #re,uentl! enough. Consier a PP1 $a%e $ith uni#orm
sam"ling an assume the moulating signal m-t0 is strictl! ban limite.
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page BB
Con%ert the recei%e PP1 $a%e into P61 $a%e $ith the same moulation.
Integrate this P61 $a%e using a e%ice $ith a #inite integration time+ thereb! com"uting the
area uner each "ulse o# the P61 $a%e.
Sam"le the out"ut o# the integrator at a uni#orm rate to "rouce a PA1 $a%e+ $hose "ulse
am"litues are "ro"ortional to the signal sam"les m-nTs0 o# the original PP1 $a%e m-t0.
All the o"erations are linear. Practicall! PP1 recei%er inclues a non linear e%ice calle a SLICE)
at its in"ut en. The slicing le%el is normall! set at hal# the "ea' "ulse am"litue o# the recei%e
PP1 $a%e. The #unction o# the slicer is to "reser%e the "osition o# the eges o# the recei%e "ulses
an act as a nonlinear e%ice. The out"ut o# the slicer is i##erentiate an then hal# $a%e recti#ie
!ieling a %er! short "ulse+ each time the am"litue o# a "ulse in the recei%e PP1 $a%e "asses
through the slicing le%el.
PROCEDURE:
M*'u-$,i*):
-a0 Out"ut o# the sine $a%e to moulation signal in"ut -TP&0 in PP1 bloc'.
-b0 Iee"ing the s$itch in & I.C "osition an am"litue "ot in ma5 "osition.
*. Obser%e the P61 out"ut at TP(+ an i##erentiate out"ut signal at TPG.
B. No$+ 1onitor the PP1 out"ut at TP*.
D. Tr! %ar!ing the am"litue an #re,uenc! o# sine $a%e b! %ar!ing am"litue "ot an
#re,uenc! selection s$itch to ( I.C an obser%e the PP1 out"ut.
De!*'u-$,i*):
-a0 Sine $a%e out"ut o# & I.C #rom moulating signal generator to moulating
-b0 Signal in"ut -TP&0.Connect the PP1 out"ut -TP*0 to in"ut o# LP/ -TPB0.
*. Obser%e the emoulate signal at the out"ut o# LP/ at TPD.
B. Thus the reco%ere signal is the true re"lica o# the in"ut signal.
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page BD
-a0 As the out"ut o# LP/ has less am"litue+ connect the out"ut o# LP/ to the in"ut o# an AC
am"li#ier -TPD to TPE0.
-b0Obser%e the emoulate out"ut on the oscillosco"e at TP
F
an also obser%e the
am"litue o# emoulate signal b! %ar!ing gain "ot.This is am"li#ie emoulate
out"ut.
D. )e"eat the ste"s -B an E0 #or the 1oulating signal #or at #re,uenc! ( I.C
-$ith s$itch in "osition ( I.C0.
OBSERVATIONS:
A!"-i,u'e 25
""
1 Ti!e "eri*' Fre7ue).6
1essage Signal
Pulse Signal
P61 O8P
Di##erential
P61 O8P
PP1 O8P
Demoulate
O8P
PALSE SAPES O/ P61 O8P: P&2 P
(
2
P
*
2 P
B
2
P
D
2 P
E
2
P
F
2 P
G
2
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page BE
MODEL WAVEFORMS:
Re%u-,:
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page BF
EXP NO:
Date:
PHASE LOC8ED LOOP
AIM:
To calculate #ree running #re,uenc!+ loc' range+ ca"ture rage #or the gi%en PLL an com"are
them $ith their theoretical %alues.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
&. IC9NEDED
(. /unction generator
*. Po$er su""l!
B. C)O
D. Brea boar
E. Connecting $ires
THEORY:
PLL -Phase Loc'e Loo"0 is a linear integrate circuit containing #eebac'. As the name
suggests mainl! it contains a s,uare $a%e generator along $ith the "ro"er #eebac' #or trac'ing an
loc'ing the generate signal "er#ects to the in"ut signal.
Its main elements are "hase com"arator+ lo$ "ass #ilter+ error correction am"li#ier+ an %oltage9
controlled oscillator. 1he most frequently used P55 I6 s are 7& 898 and 7&89,.
The 3CO -%oltage Controlle Oscillator0 is a #ree running multi%ibrator $hose center
#re,uenc! is etermine b! an e5ternal timing ca"acitor an an e5ternal resistor. Its out"ut #re,uenc!
e%iation changes irectl! "ro"ortional to the a""lie c controlle %oltage hence it is calle a
%oltage9controlle oscillator.
The "hase com"arator is a e%ice+ $hich com"ares the "hase o# the t$o in"ut signals an
"rouces a c out"ut error signal $hose magnitue is irectl! "ro"ortional to their "hase i##erence.
Lo$ "ass #ilter remo%es the ri""les o# the 3CO an the in"ut signal #re,uencies "ass onl! a c
com"onent to its out"ut. Error am"li#ier am"li#ies the out"ut o# lo$ "ass #ilter an "ro%ies the in"ut
controlle %oltage #or 3CO.
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page BG
Each PLL uner $or's three states &0 /ree running (0 Ca"ture *0 Loc'e or trac'ing. These
states can be characteriCe b! #ree running #re,uenc! #
o
+ ca"ture range an loc' range #
L
res"ecti%el!.
Loc' )ange: The range o# #re,uencies o%er $hich the 3CO once loc'e $ith the in"ut signal $ill
remain loc'e is calle the loc' range.
Ca"ture )ange: The range o# #re,uencies o%er $hich the PLL $ill ac,uire loc' $ith an in"ut signal
is calle the ca"ture range.
It is $iel! use in a""lications such as automatic #re,uenc! trac'ing+ #re,uenc! multi"lications+
#re,uenc! s!nthesis an #re,uenc! emoulator.
BLOC8 DIAGRAM:
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page BH
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PIN DIAGRAM:
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page D:
PROCEDURE:
&. Connect the circuit as sho$n in the circuit iagram.
(. 1easure the #ree running #re,uenc! o# 3CO at "in no9B $ith the in"ut signal 3
in
set e,ual to
Cero
*. A""l! the in"ut signal o# & 3
PP
s,uare $a%e at &I.R at "in no9(.Connect this signal to one
channel o# C)O
B. Srauall! increase the in"ut #re,uenc! till the PLL is loc'e to the in"ut #re,uenc!. This
#re,uenc! gi%es the lo$er en o# ca"ture range -#
C&
0.So on increasing the in"ut #re,uenc! till the
PLL trac's the in"ut signal. This #re,uenc! gi%es the u""er en o# loc' range -#
L(
0.
D. Srauall! ecrease the in"ut #re,uenc! till the PLL is again loc'e. This is the u""er en o#
ca"ture range -#
C(
0.Iee" on ecreasing the in"ut #re,uenc! until the loo" is unloc'e. This
#re,uenc! gi%es the lo$er en o# loc' range -#
C&
0.
E. Com"are these "ractical %alues $ith their theoretical %alues.
C$-.u-$,i*)%:
&. /ree running #re,uenc!+
(. Loc' range + - f
L(
f
L&
0 f
L
G f
o
BKHz
&:
f
L
&
(
*. Ca"ture range+ - f
C

(
f
C&
0 f
C
H::Hz
( -*.E &:
*
0 C
OBSERVATIONS:
&. /ree running #re,uenc!+ #o2
(.
#
L(
29999999+ #
L&
299999999
Loc' range2#
L(
9#
L&
29999999999
*. #
C(
299999999+ #
C&
2999999999
Ca"ture range2#
C(
9#
C&
299999999
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page D&
Theoretical %alues Practical %alues
&.#
o
(.#
L
*.#
C
Loc' )ange
Ca"ture )ange
L( C& C( L(
RESULT:
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page D(
EXP NO:
SPECTRUM ANALY9ER
Date:
AIM:
To anal!Ce the i##erent signals using S"ectrum Anal!Cer.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
&. S"ectrum anal!Cer
(. &: 1.C /unction generator
*. C)O
B. BNC Connectors.
THEORY:
The anal!sis o# electrical signals is a #unamental "roblem #or man! engineers an scientists.
E%en i# the immeiate "roblem is not electrical+ the basic "arameters o# interest are o#ten change
into electrical signals b! means o# transucers. The re$ars #or trans#orming "h!sical "arameters to
electrical signals are great+ as man! instruments are a%ailable #or the anal!sis o# electrical signals in
the time an #re,uenc! omain.
The traitional $a! o# obser%ing electrical signals is to %ie$ them in time omain using
oscillosco"e. The time omain is use to reco%er relati%e timing an "hase in#ormation $hich is
neee to characteriCe electrical circuit beha%ior. .o$e%er+ not all circuit can be uni,uel!
characteriCe #rom Kust time omain in#ormation. Circuit elements such as am"li#iers+ oscillators+
mi5ers+ moulators+ etectors an #ilters are best characteriCe b! their #re,uenc! res"onse
in#ormation. This #re,uenc! in#ormation is best obtaine b! %ie$ing electrical signals in #re,uenc!
omain. To is"la! the signal in the #re,uenc! omain re,uires a e%ice that can iscriminate
bet$een #re,uenc! omains is the s"ectrum anal!Cer. It gra"hicall! is"la!s the %oltage or "o$er as
a #unction o# #re,uenc! on a C)T. In the time omain+ all #re,uenc! com"onents o# a signal are seen
summe together.
In the #re,uenc! omain+ com"le5 signals are se"arate in to their #re,uenc! com"onents+
an "o$er le%el at each #re,uenc! is is"la!e. The #re,uenc! omain is a gra"hical re"resentation
o# signal am"litues as a #unction o# #re,uenc!. The #re,uenc! omain contains in#ormation not #oun
in time omain.
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page D*
TYPES OF SPECTRUM ANALY9ERS:
There are t$o basic t!"es o# s"ectrum anal!Cers+ s$e"t9tune an real time anal!Cers. The
s$e"t9tune anal!Cers are tune b! electricall! s$ee"ing them o%er their #re,uenc! range. There#ore
the #re,uenc! com"onents o# a s"ectrum are sam"le se,uentiall! in time. This enables "erioic an
ranom signals to be is"la!e+ but ma'es it im"ossible to is"la! transient res"onse. )eal time
anal!Cers+ on the other han+ simultaneousl! is"la! the am"litue o# all signals in the #re,uenc!
range o# the anal!Cer: hence the name real9time. This "reser%es the time e"enenc! bet$een signals
$hich "ermits in#ormation to be is"la!e. )eal time anal!Cers are ca"able o# is"la!ing transient
res"onse as $ell as "erioic an ranom signals. The s$e"t tune anal!Cers are usuall! o# the tr#
-tune raio #re,uenc!0 or su"erhetero!ne t!"e. A tr# anal!Cer consists o# a #re,uenc! range+ a
etector to "rouce %ertical e#lection on a C)T+ an a horiContal scan generator use to s!nchroniCe
the tune #re,uenc! to the C)T horiContal e#lection. It is a sim"le+ ine5"ensi%e anal!Cer $ith $ie
#re,uenc! co%erage+ but lac's resolution an sensiti%it!. Because tr# anal!Cers
ha%e s$e"t #ilter the! are limite in s$ee" $ith.
APPLICATIONS OF SPECTRUM ANALY9ERS
11 M*'u-$,i*) Me$%ure!e),%: 6hen the #re,uenc! scan o# s"ectrum anal!Cer is set to Cero an 59
a5is is re"resenting time instea o# #re,uenc!+ it o"erates as a #i5e tune recei%er to measure
am"litue against time. This is calle its s!nchrosco"e moe. 6hen anal!Cer is tune to carrier
#re,uenc! $ith ban$ith at least t$ice that o# moulation #re,uenc! an $ith a linear is"la!+ the
en%elo"e o# an A1 signal is obser%e. 1easuring the "ea' 3" an through 3t+ moulation ine5 can
be etermine.
6hen o"erate in normal moe+ t$o siebans se"arate #rom the carrier b! moulation
#re,uenc! #m are obser%e. The moulation ine5 can be calculate #rom the siebans an carrier
am"litue. Similarl! it can be use to calculate the istortion occurring in moulation "rocess. The
sieban con#iguration in #re,uenc! moulation enables obser%er to calculate the #re,uenc!
moulation ine5.
21 C*),i)u*u% +$5e %ig)$- 4re7ue).6 %,$3i-i,6
The #re,uenc! ri#t o# a signal can be measure b! obser%ing the e5cursions o# the signal
across the is"la!. O%er "erio o# minutes+ it gi%es long term stabilit! $hile o%er "erio o# secons it
gi%es short term stabilit!.
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page DB
:1 H$r!*)i. 'i%,*r,i*) !e$%ure!e),
The istortion a##ects the #re,uenc! com"onents o# a signal to be transmitte. The harmonics
a""ear as the aitional signals in the s"ectrum anal!Cer at multi"les o# the carrier #re,uenc!. To
'ee" it lo$+ its measurement "la!s an im"ortant role. The s"ectrum anal!Cer can be use to ma'e
such istortion measurements.
;1 N*i%e !e$%ure!e),
The noise can be measure $ith %er! straight#or$ar metho using the s"ectrum anal!Cer.
Similarl! the measurement o# im"ulse noise also can be measure using s"ectrum anal!Cer. The
e5am"les o# im"ulse noise in the generation o# %oltage s"i'es ue to engine ignition an electric
motor commutation.
E<$!i)i)g "u-%e !*'u-$,i*)
This is the #irst a""lication o# s"ectrum anal!Cer. The s"ectrum anal!Cer can be use to
measure or e%aluate the ,ualit! o# the "ulse moulation. The i##icult tas' o# measuring "ulse
moulation o# raar transmitters is "ossible ue to s"ectrum anal!Cer.
A"art #rom these common a""lications it is use in the #ollo$ing a""lications as $ell.
&0 In the #iels o# biomeical electronics+ geological sur%e!ing+ oceanogra"h!. It is use to anal!Ce
the $ater an air "ollution.
(0 It is use to measure the antenna "attern.
*0 It is use to tune the "arametric am"li#ier.
B0 It is use to e5amine the %ibration signals #rom the automobiles+ air"lanes+ s"ace %ehicles briges
an other mechanical s!stems. It "ro%ies use#ul in#ormation about mechanical integrit!+ unbalance
an bearing+ gear $ear.
D0 It #ins number o# a""lications in the #iel o# electronic testing relate to trouble shooting an
,ualit! control.
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page DD
PROCEDURE:
&. S$itch on &: 1.C /unction generator an set the generator to &1.C sinusoial signal.
(. 3eri#! b! using C)O.
*. Turn on the S"ectrum anal!Cer.
B. Be#ore gi%ing the in"ut signal to the s"ectrum anal!Cer+ ma'e sure that
"a# Ban$ith+ 3ieo #ilter shoul be on "osition
"b# Center #re,uenc! shoul be Cero
"c# J9"osition shoul be minimum
"d#Atleast one A117 should be on.
D. Ase a BNC connector to connect the #unction generator signal to the s"ectrum anal!Cer.
E. Obser%e the s"ectrum "rouce b! the signal generator.
F. Push the mar'er button to mar' %alue o# the s"ectrum.
G. 1o%e the mar'er to the "ea's an measure the #re,uenc!.
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page DE
RESULT:
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page DF
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page DG
MATLAB E=PERIMENTS
2C*!!u)i.$,i*) ,**- 3*< / Si!u-i)>1
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page DH
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page E:
EXP NO:
Date:
AMPLITUDE MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
Ai!:
&. To $rite a matlab "rogram an to obser%e the moulation ine5 an $a%e#orms #or
Am"litue moulation.
(. To create bloc' iagram #or a communication s!stem in%ol%ing A1 an to obser%e the
$a%e#orms.
U%i)g ,**- 3*<
Pr*.e'ure:
&. Belo$ "rogram is entere in the eitor $ino$ o# 1atlab.
(. The "rogram is sa%e $ith the name: amXtoolbo5
*. Simulation is run an the $a%e #orm is "rinte.
B. /rom $a%e#orms+ 3ma5 an 3min are obser%e an moulation ine5 is calculate
Pr*gr$!:
clcM
P Pre"are to sam"le a signal at a rate o# &:: sam"les "er secon.
#s 2 &::M P Sam"ling rate
t 2 Y::BZ#s<&[\8#sM P Time "oints #or sam"ling
5 2 sin-(Z"iZt0 P Create the signal+ a sinusoi $ith am"litue &.
Pchange the am"litue o# signal #or i##erent moulation inices
#c 2 &:M P Carrier #re,uenc! in moulation
carram"2&
iniX"hase2:
! 2 ammo-5+#c+#s+iniX"hase+carram"0P moulate
Pi# the carram" is not use+DSBSC signal $ill be generate
C 2 amemo-!+#c+#s+iniX"hase+carram"0MP emoulate
"lot-t+5+\'9\+t+!+\g9\+t+C+\r9\0
legen-\base ban signal\+\moulate signal\+ \emoulate signal\0
5label-\time in secons\0
!label-\am"litue\0
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page E&
W$5e 4*r!%:
2
base band signal
1.5
modulated signal
demodulated signal
1
0.5
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
time in seconds
O3%er5$,i*)%:
12
S.No. 3ma5 3min
-3ma593min0
-3ma5<3min0
Re%u-,:
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page E(
EXP NO:
Date:
U%i)g 3-*.> %e,%
DSB AM DSB AM
Sine Wave
DSB AM DSB AM
Modulator Demodulator
Passband Passband
Scope
Pr*.e'ure:
&. 1atlab is o"ene b! ouble clic'ing the 1atlab icon on the es'to".
(. Simulin' librar! bro$ser -SLB0 is o"ene b! ouble clic'ing simulin' icon on toolbar.
*. In SLB go to #ile 9] ne$ 9] moel. A $ino$ $ill be o"ene in $hich a moel can be eite.
B. E5"an Simulin' librar!
D. Double clic' on sources icon in simulin' librar!. Clic' on sin $a%e bloc' an rag it into
moel eitor.
E. Colla"se Simulin' librar! an e5"an communications bloc'set. E5"an moulation
sublibrar!. Clic' analog "assban moulation. Clic' on DSB A1 moulator Passban bloc'
an rag it into moel eitor. Similarl! clic' an rag DSB A1 emoulator Passban bloc'.
F. Colla"se communications bloc'set an o"en simulin' 8sin's. Select an rag sco"e bloc' in
to moel eitor.
G. Double clic' sco"e bloc'. A sco"e $ino$ o"ens. In sco"e $ino$ clic' the "arameters
icon. Sco"e "arameters $ino$ o"ens. Aner the Seneral tab+ ma'e no. o# a5es e,ual to *.
Do not alter other "arameters. Clic' a""l! an then o'.
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page E*
H. Le#t clic' on in"ut "ort o# DSB A1 moulator Passban bloc' an rag to out"ut "ort o#
sin$a%e bloc'. Similarl! ma'e other connections as sho$n in the iagram.
&:. Double clic' on sin$a%e bloc'. /ollo$ing ialog bo5 a""ears. Eit the "arameters as sho$n
&&. &dit the other bloc: (arameters also as shown below. In each bloc:
clic: o: after eiting the "ro"erties
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page EB
&(. )un simulation b! #irst setting time to D secons b! clic'ing triangle button or b!
selecting start o"tion in simulation sub menu.
&*. Print the $a%e #orms is"la!e in sco"e.
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page ED
W$5e4*r!%:
Re%u-,:
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page EE
EXP NO:
Date:
DSB SC MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
Ai!:
&. To $rite a matlab "rogram an to obser%e the $a%e#orms #or DSBSC moulation an
emoulation.
(. To create bloc' iagram #or a communication s!stem in%ol%ing DSBSC an to obser%e the
$a%e#orms
U%i)g ,**- 3*<
Pr*.e'ure:
(. The "rogram is sa%e $ith the name: sbscXtoolbo5
Pr*gr$!:
clcM
%Pre"are to sam"le at a rate o# &:: sam"les "er
secon. #s 2 &::M P Sam"ling rate
%Create the signal+ a sinusoi.
5 2 sin-(Z"iZt0
iniX"hase2:
! 2 ammo-5+#c+#s+iniX"hase0MPmoulation
C 2 amemo-!+#c+#s+iniX"hase0MPemoulation
"lot-t+5+\'99\+t+!+\g9\+t+C+\r99\0
!label-\am"litue\0
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page EF
W$5e4*r!%:
1.5
base band signal
modulated signal
1 demodulated signal
0.5
a
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
time in seconds
Re%u-,:
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page EG
EXP NO:
Date:
U%i)g 3-*.> %e,%
DSBSC AM
DSBSC AM
Sine Wave
DSBSC AM
DSBSC AM
Modulator
Demodulator
Passband
Passband
Scope1
Pr*.e'ure:
*. In SLB go to #ile 9] ne$ 9] moel. A $ino$ $ill be o"ene in $hich a moel can be
eite.
moel eitor.
sublibrar!.Clic' analog "assban moulation. Clic' on DSBSC A1 moulator Passban
bloc' an rag it into moel eitor. Similarl! clic' an rag DSBSC A1 emoulator
Passban bloc'.
F. Colla"se communications bloc'set an o"en simulin' 8sin's. Select an rag sco"e bloc'
in to moel eitor.
icon. Sco"e "arameters $ino$ o"ens. Aner the Seneral tab+ ma'e no. o# a5es e,ual to
*. Do not alter other "arameters. Clic' a""l! an then o'.
H. Le#t clic' on in"ut "ort o# DSBSC A1 moulator Passban bloc' an rag to out"ut "ort
o# sin$a%e bloc'. Similarl! ma'e other connections as sho$n in the iagram.
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page EH
&:. Double clic' on sin$a%e bloc'. /ollo$ing ialog bo5 a""ears. Eit the "arameters as
sho$n
''. &dit the other bloc: (arameters also as shown below. In each bloc: clic: o: after
eiting the "ro"erties.
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page F:
&(. )un simulation b! #irst setting time to :.D secons b! clic'ing triangle button or b!
selecting start o"tion in simulation sub menu.
W$5e4*r!%:
Re%u-,:
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page F&
EXP NO:
Date:
FREQUENCY MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
Ai!:
&. To $rite a matlab "rogram an to obser%e the moulation ine5 an $a%e#orms #or #re,unc!
moulation.
(. To create bloc' iagram #or a communication s!stem in%ol%ing /1 an to obser%e the $a%e
#orms
U%i)g ,**- 3*<
Pr*.e'ure:
(. The "rogram is sa%e $ith the name: #mXtoolbo5
B. /rom $a%e#orms+ #ma5 an #min are obser%e an moulation ine5 is calculate
Pr*gr$!:
/s 2 E::::M P Sam"ling rate o# signal
/c 2 *:M P Carrier #re,uenc!
t 2 Y::/s[\8/sM P Sam"ling times
s& 2 sin-(Z"iZ*Zt0MPmoulating signal
e% 2 GM P /re,uenc! e%iation in moulate signal
! 2 #mmo-s&+/c+/s+e%0M P 1oulate
C 2 #memo-!+/c+/s+e%0M P Demoulate
"lot-t+!+\r\+t+s&+\b\0M
legen-\moulate signal\+ \emoulate signal\0
!label-\am"litue\0
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page F(
O3%er5$,i*)%:
S.No. #m #min #ma5 2 f ;<=2" f0fm#
Re%u-,:
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page F*
EXP NO:
Date:
U%i)g 3-*.> %e,%
Pr*.e'ure:
FM FM
Sine Wave Scope
FM FM
Modulator Demodulator
Passband Passband
moel eitor.
sublibrar!. Clic' analog "assban moulation. Clic' on /1 moulator Passban bloc' an
rag it into moel eitor. Similarl! clic' an rag /1 emoulator Passban bloc'.
F. Colla"se communications bloc'set an o"en simulin' 8sin's. Select an rag sco"e bloc' in
to moel eitor.
H. Le#t clic' on in"ut "ort o# /1 moulator Passban bloc' an rag to out"ut "ort o# sin$a%e
bloc'. Similarl! ma'e other connections as sho$n in the iagram.
&:. Double clic' on sin$a%e bloc'. /ollo$ing ialog bo5 a""ears. Eit the "arameters as sho$n
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page FB
''. &dit the other bloc: (arameters also as shown below. In each bloc: clic: o: a#ter eiting
the "ro"erties.
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page FD
&(. )un simulation b! #irst setting time to :.D secons b! clic'ing triangle button or b! selecting
start o"tion in simulation sub menu.
Re%u-,:
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page FE
EXP NO:
Date:
DIODE DETECTOR
Ai!:
&. To $rite a matlab "rogram an to obser%e the emoulate $a%e#orms o# ioe etector
(. To create bloc' iagram #or ioe etector an to obser%e the $a%e#orms.
U%i)g ,**- 3*<
Pr*.e'ure:
(. The "rogram is sa%e $ith the name: ioeXetXtoolbo5
*. Simulation is run an the $a%e#orms are "rinte.
Pr*gr$!:
clcM
%Pre"are to sam"le a signal #or #our secons+
%at a rate o# &:: sam"les "er secon.
#s 2 &::M P Sam"ling rate
5 2 sin-(Z"iZt0
carram"2&PC.ANSE T.E A1PLITADE O/ CA))IE) /O) DI//E)ENT 1ODALATION
INDICES
iniX"hase2:M
! 2 ammo-5+#c+#s+iniX"hase+carram"0MP! 2 ammo-5+/c+/s+iniX"hase+carram"0
#or a2&:&:B:(
i# !-a0]2:
C-a02!-a0M
else C-a02:M
en
en
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page FF
Ya+b[2butter-&+:.:&+\lo$\0
#2#ilter -a+b+C0
"lot -t+C+t+#0
5label-\time\0
!label-\am"litue\0
legen-\recti#ie $a%e\+\#iltere $a%e\0
W$5e4*r!%:
2
rectifed wave
1.8
fltered wave
1.6
1.4
a
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
00 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
time
Re%u-,:
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page FG
DSB AM
Sine Wave
DSB AM
Modulator
Passband
EXP NO:
Date:
U%i)g 3-*.> %e,%
butter
Zero-Order
Switch Scope
Hold
Analog
Filter Design
Ground
Pr*.e'ure:
moel eitor. Clic' on Communications bloc'set8moulation8analog "assban8DSB A1
bloc' an rag it into moel eitor. Clic' on simulin'8commonl! use bloc's8s$itch+ an
rag it into moel eitor. Clic' on simulin'8iscrete8Cero orer hol an rag it into moel
eitor. Clic' on simulin'8commonl! use bloc's8groun an rag it into moel eitor.
E. Colla"se Simulin' librar! an e5"an signal "rocessing bloc'set. E5"an #iltering sub
librar!. Clic' on /ilter esigns. Clic' on analog #ilter esign bloc' an rag it into moel
eitor. Colla"se signal "rocessing bloc'set an o"en simulin' 8sin's. Select an rag sco"e
bloc' in to moel eitor.
F. Double clic' sco"e bloc'. A sco"e $ino$ o"ens. In sco"e $ino$ clic' the "arameters
G. Le#t clic' on in"ut "ort o# "rouct bloc' an rag to out"ut "ort o# sin$a%e bloc'. Similarl!
ma'e other connections as sho$n in the iagram.
H. Double clic' on sin$a%e bloc'. /ollo$ing ialog bo5 a""ears. Eit the "arameters as sho$n:
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page FH
&:. &dit the other bloc: (arameters also as shown below. In each bloc: clic:
o: after editing the "ro"erties.
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page G:
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page G&
W$5e4*r!%:
Re%u-,:
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page G(
EXP NO:
Date:
AGC CHARACTERISTICS
Ai!:
&. To $rite a matlab "rogram an to obser%e the $a%e#orms $ith an $ithout ASC.
(. To create bloc' iagram #or ASC an to obser%e the $a%e#orms $ith an $ithout ASC.
U%i)g ,**- 3*<
Pr*.e'ure:
(. The "rogram is sa%e $ith the name: ASCXtoolbo5
*. Simulation is run an the $a%e#orms $ith an $ithout ASC are "rinte.
Pr*gr$!:
A2in"ut-\enter the carrier signal "ea'\0
B2in"ut-\enter the baseban signal "ea'\0
#&2in"ut-\enter the baseban signal #re,uenc!\0
#(2in"ut-\enter the carrier signal #re,uenc!\0
#s2in"ut-\enter the sam"ling #re,uenc!\0
t2:::.::&:&M
12cos-(Z"iZ#&Zt0M
N2cos-(Z"iZ#(Zt0M
m2B8AM
O2AZ-&<mZ10.ZNM
O&2OM
#or i2&:length-t0
i# O&-i0Q2:
O&-i02:M
en
en
Yen+num[2butter-(+(Z"iZ#&8#s0M
1&2#ilter-en+num+O&0M
1&&2#ilter-en+num+1&0M
1&(2#ilter-en+num+1&&0M
1&*2#ilter-en+num+1&(0M
A%2mean-1&*0M
is"-\ASC Bias is\0
is"-A%0
1&*&21&*8A%M
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page G*
is"-\1a5 o# emoulate signal be#ore Bias Correction
is\0 is"-ma5-1&*00
is"-\1a5 o# emoulate signal a#ter Bias Correction is\0
is"-ma5-1&*&00
sub"lot-*+&+&0
"lot-t+O0M
title-\1oulate Carrier\0
sub"lot-*+&+(0
"lot-t+1&*0
title-\emoulate Signal\0
a5is-Y: & : B[0
sub"lot-*+&+*0
"lot-t+1&*&0
title-\Demoulate signal a#ter Bias
correction\0 a5is-Y: & : B[0
W$5e4*r!% #or A2&+ B2&+ /&2&:+ /(2&:: an /s2&::::
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page GB
+$5e4*r!% #or A2:.&+B2:.&+ /&2&:+ /(2&:: an /s2&::::
Re%u-,:
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page GD
EXP NO:
Date:
U%i)g 3-*.> %e,%
butter
DSB AM
-K-
Sine Wave Zero-Order
DSB AM
Hold
Switch Gain Zero-Order
Mean
Divide
Modulator Analog Hold1
Passband Filter Design1
Ground
Scope
Pr*.e'ure:
moel eitor. Clic' on communications bloc'set8moulation8analog "assban
moulation8DSBA1 moulater "assban bloc' an rag it into moel eitor. Clic' on
simulin'8 iscrete 8 Cero orer hol an rag it into moel eitor. Clic' on simulin'8 iscrete 8
s$itch an rag it into moel eitor. Clic' on simulin'8 commonl! use bloc's8 groun an
rag it into moel eitor. Clic' on simulin'8 commonl! use bloc's8 gain an rag it into
moel eitor. /rom signal "rocessing bloc'set rag mean bloc' in to moel eitor. Drag
simulin'8math o"erations8 i%ie in to moel eitor.
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page GE
G. Le#t clic' on in"ut "ort o# DSBA1 bloc' an rag to out"ut "ort o# sin$a%e bloc'. Similarl!
'4. &dit the other bloc: (arameters also as shown below. In each bloc: clic: o: after editing
the "ro"erties.
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page GF
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page GG
Set the sine $a%e am"litue an in"ut o##set signal "arameter in DSBA1 bloc' to :.& 3 an obser%e
the $a%e#orms. )e"eat this "oint #or %oltage o# & 3.
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page GH
Re%u-,:
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page H:
EXP NO:
Date:
SAMPLING THEOREM
Ai!:
&. To $rite a matlab "rogram an to obser%e the $a%e#orms #or i##erent rates o# sam"ling.
(. To create bloc' iagram #or a sam"ling an reconstruction s!stem an to obser%e the
$a%e#orms
S,$,e!e),:
This theorem states that original signal can be reconstructe #rom the sam"le signal+ i# the sam"les
are ta'en at a #re,uenc! #
s
$hich is e,ual to or greater than ( 5 #m+ $here #m is the highest
#re,uenc! com"onent o# the signal that is being sam"le.
U%i)g ,**- 3*<
Pr*.e'ure:
(. The "rogram is sa%e $ith the name: sam"lingXtoolbo5
*. Simulation is run an the $a%e #orm is "rinte. The reconstructe $a%e#orm is
obser%e #or i##erent rates o# sam"ling an aliasing e##ect is obser%e.
Pr*gr$!:
clcM
t2:.:::&::.:::&:&:MPsam"le time2:.:::& si2sin-E.(GZt0M
Psignal #re,uenc!2&.C s,2s,uare-*.&BZBZt+&:0M
Psam"ling #re,uenc!2(.C. Chec' P#or*.&BZEZt+*.&BZBZt
an *.&BZ*Zt
s,"os2-s,]:0M
#or a2&:&:&:::::
"am&-a02si-a0Zs,"os-a0M
en
Yb+c[2butter- B+:.:::(+\lo$\0MP#ilter esigne #or &.:.C
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page H&
PnormaliCe cuto## #re,uenc! 6n must
Pbe a number bet$een : an &+ $here & corres"ons to the
PN!,uist #re,uenc!+ "i raians "er sam"le.
em2#ilter-b+c+"am&0MPemoulation
"lot-t+"am&+t+em0
legen-\sam"le signal\+ \reconstructe signal\0
!label-\am"litue\0
W$5e4*r!: a. #or &.D sam"les "er c!cle
1
sampled signal
0.8
reconstructed signal
0.6
0.4
a
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
time in seconds
b. #or ( sam"les "er c!cle
1
sampled signal
0.8
0.6
0.4
a
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
Ait!a
-0.8
Page H(
-1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
time in seconds
c. #or * sam"les "er c!cle
1
sampled signal
0.8
0.6
0.4
a
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
time in seconds
Re%u-,:
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page H*
EXP NO:
Date:
U%i)g 3-*.> %e,%
Pr*.e'ure:
moel eitor. Clic' on "ulse generator bloc' an rag it into moel eitor. Clic' on
simulin'8commonl! use bloc's8"rouct an rag it into moel eitor.
H. Double clic' on sin$a%e bloc'. /ollo$ing ialog bo5 a""ears. Eit the "arameters as sho$n
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page HB
'4. &dit the other bloc: (arameters also as shown below. In each bloc: clic: o: after editing
the "ro"erties.
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page HD
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page HE
W$5e4*r!%:
&&. Change the period(number of samples) "arameter %alue-in "ulse generator bloc'0 to (D:-o%er
sam"ling0an run simulation. Change the period(number of samples) "arameter %alue to
ED:-uner sam"ling0an run simulation.
Re%u-,:
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page HF
EXP NO:
Date:
PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION / DEMODULATION
Ai!:
&. To $rite a matlab "rogram an to obser%e the $a%e#orms #or "ulse am"litue moulation.
(. To create bloc' iagram #or a communication s!stem in%ol%ing PA1 an to obser%e the
$a%e#orms
U%i)g ,**- 3*<
Pr*.e'ure:
(. The "rogram is sa%e $ith the name: "amXtoolbo5
*. Simulation is run an the $a%e #orms are "rinte.
Pr*gr$!:
clcM
t2:.:::&::.:::&:BMPsam"le time2:.:::&
si2sin-E.(GZt0MPsignal #re,uenc!2&.C
s,2s,uare-*.&BZ&:Zt+&:0MPsam"ling
#re,uenc!2(.C s,"os2-s,]:0M
#or a2&:&:B::::
"am&-a02si-a0Zs,"os-a0M
en
Yb+c[2butter- B+:.:::&D+\lo$\0P#ilter esigne #or &.D
.C PnormaliCe cuto## #re,uenc! 6n must
Pbe a number bet$een : an &+ $here & corres"ons to the
PN!,uist #re,uenc!+ "i raians "er sam"le.
em2#ilter-b+c+"am&0MPemoulation
"lot-t+"am&+t+em0M
5label-\time\0
!label-\am"litue\0
legen-\PA1\+\emoulate $a%e\0
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page HG
W$5e4*r!%:
1
PAM
0.8
demodulated wave
0.6
0.4
a
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
time
Re%u-,:
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page HH
EXP NO:
Date:
U%i)g 3-*.> %e,%
Pr*.e'ure:
moel eitor. Clic' on "ulse generator bloc' an rag it into moel eitor. Clic' on
simulin'8commonl! use bloc's8"rouct an rag it into moel eitor.
H. Double clic' on sin$a%e bloc'. /ollo$ing ialog bo5 a""ears. Eit the "arameters as sho$n
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page &::
'4. &dit the other bloc: (arameters also as shown below. In each bloc: clic:
o: after editing the "ro"erties
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page &:&
&&. )un simulation b! #irst setting time to (: secons b! clic'ing triangle button or b! selecting
start o"tion in simulation sub menu.
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page &:(
&(. Print the $a%e #orms is"la!e in sco"e.
Re%u-,:
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page &:*
EXP NO:
Date:
PULSE WIDTH MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
Ai!:
&. To $rite a matlab "rogram an to obser%e the $a%e#orms #or P61.
(. To create bloc' iagram #or a communication s!stem in%ol%ing P61 an to obser%e the
$a%e#orms
U%i)g ,**- 3*<
Pr*.e'ure:
(. The "rogram is sa%e $ith the name: P61Xtoolbo5
Pr*gr$!:
clc
,2:M
t2:.:::&::.:::&:&:M
52-:.D0Zsin-BZ*.&BZt0MPgenerate baseban signal $ith
a P"erio o# :.D sec
!2sa$tooth-tZ&(D.E0MPgenerate sa$ tooth signal $ith
a P"erio o# :.:Dsec
!com2:9!MPcon%ert ecreasing sa$tooth to increasing
sa$tooth C2- 5]2 !0M
$-&02:M
#or a2&:&:&:::::
i# C-a0
i# ,22:
$-a<&02:M
,2&M
else
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page &:B
$-a<&02$-a0<&M"2$-a<&0M
en
else
$-a<&02"M
,2:M
en
en
#or a2&:&:&:::::
i# mo-a+&:::0]H::
%-a02$-a<&08&:::M
else
%-a02:M en
en
Ya+b[2butter-B+:.:::D+\lo$\0M
r2#ilter-a+b+%0M
"lot-t+r+t+%0
W$5e4*r!%:
1
base band signal
modulated signal
demodulated signal
0.5
a
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
0
-0.5
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
time in seconds
Re%u-,:
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page &:D
EXP NO:
Date:
U%i)g 3-*.> %e,%
Pr*.e'ure:
moel eitor. Clic' on re"eating se,uence bloc' an rag it into moel eitor. Clic' on
simulin'8commonl! use bloc's8relational o"erator an rag it into moel eitor.
E. Select an rag ata t!"e con%ersion bloc' #rom simulin'8commonl! use bloc's into moel
eitor.
F. Colla"se Simulin' librar! an e5"an signal "rocessing bloc'set. E5"an #iltering sub
H. Le#t clic' on in"ut "ort o# "rouct bloc' an rag to out"ut "ort o# sin$a%e bloc'. Similarl!
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page &:E
&:. Double clic' on sin$a%e bloc'. /ollo$ing ialog bo5 a""ears. Eit the "arameters as sho$n:
''. &dit the other bloc: (arameters also as shown below. In each bloc: clic:
o: after editing the "ro"erties.
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page &:F
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page &:G
Re%u-,:
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page &:H
EXP NO:
Date:
PULSE POSITION MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
Ai!:
&. To $rite a matlab "rogram an to obser%e the $a%e#orms #or PP1.
(. To create bloc' iagram #or a communication s!stem in%ol%ing PP1 an to obser%e the
$a%e#orms
U%i)g ,**- 3*<
Pr*.e'ure:
(. The "rogram is sa%e $ith the name: PP1Xtoolbo5
Pr*gr$!:
clc
c2:Mr2Ceros-&+&::::0
e2:M2:
t2&:&:&::::M
,2Ceros-&+ &::::0M
52-:.D0Zsin-*.&BZt8&:::0M
!-t02sa$tooth-:.:(D&(Zt0M
!com-t02:9!-t0M
#or a2&:&:&::::P""m
i# 5-a0Q2 !com-a0
C-a02&M
"-a02:M
b2:M else
C-a02:M
i# C-a022:LLb22:
"-a02&M
else
"-a02:M en
b2&M
en
i# "-a022&
,-a:a<D:02&MP""m out
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page &&:
en
en
#or a2&:&:&::::Prising ege etection
i# 5-a0]2 !com-a0
$-a02&M
u-a02:M
c2:M
else $-a02:M
i# $-a022: LL c22:
u-a02&M
else
u-a02:M en
c2&M
en
i# u-a022&
r-a:a<D:02&M
en
en
#or a2&:&:&::::PP61
generation i# ,-a022&
'2:M
elsei# r-a022&
'2&M
en
i# '22&
K-a02&M
else K-a02:M
en
en
$-&02:M
#or a2&:&:&::::PPA1
i# K-a0
i# 22:
$-a<&02:M
2&M
else $-a<&02$-a0
<&Me2$-a<&0M
en
else
$-a<&02eM
2:M
en
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page &&&
en
#or a2&:&:&::::
i# mo-a+D::0]BD:
%-a02$-a<&08D::M
else
%-a02:M en
en Ya+b[2butter-B+:.::&+\lo$\0M
P#ilter h2#ilter-a+b+%0M
g2siCe-%0
"lot-t+5+\r9.\+t+,+\b9\+t+h+\g99\0
!label-\am"litue\0
W$5e4*r!%:
1
base band signal
modulated signal
demodulated signal
0.5
a
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
0
-0.5
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
time in seconds
Re%u-,:
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page &&(
EXP NO:
Date:
U%i)g 3-*.> %e,%
S Q
R !Q
Edge
S-R
Detector
Flip-Flop
Scope3
Scope2
butter
Sine Wave
Convert
>=
Data Type Conversion
Relational Analog
Operator Filter Design
>=
Edge
Detector1
Repeating
Sequence 0 Relational
Scope1
Constant
Operator1
Pr*.e'ure:
moel eitor. Clic' on re"eating se,uence bloc' an rag it into moel eitor. Clic' on
simulin'8commonl! use bloc's8relational o"erator an rag it into moel eitor.
bloc' in to moel eitor. Similarl! rag other bloc's:ege etector #rom signal "rocessing
bloc'set+ constant bloc' #rom simulin' librar!+ sr #li"#lo" #rom simulin' e5tras8#li"#lo"s+
con%ert bloc' #rom simulin'8commonl! use bloc's.
F. Double clic' sco"e* bloc'. A sco"e $ino$ o"ens. In sco"e $ino$ clic' the "arameters
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page &&*
&:. &dit the other bloc: (arameters also as shown below. In each bloc: clic: o:
after editing the "ro"erties. Non mentione bloc's oes not re,uire an! "arameter change.
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page &&B
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page &&D
W$5e4*r!%:
Re%u-,:
De"artment o# ECE+SIET. Page &&E

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Ac Lab (Final Document)

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Analog Communications Lab II B.

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